VNA Concepts and Features
R&S
®
ZNL/ZNLE
273
User Manual 1178.5966.02 ─ 07
8.6.2.9
Combining Several De-/Embedding Networks
The R&S
ZNL/ZNLE allows you to select a combination of networks to be numerically
added/removed at different layers
●
2-port networks at single ended physical ports
●
4-port networks at pairs of single ended physical ports
●
4-port networks at balanced logical ports
●
1-port ground loop networks
●
2-port differential match embedding networks at balanced logical ports
The different steps for deembedding and embedding are carried out in the following
order:
Figure 8-4: De-/Embedding calculation flow
This means that the real networks are removed before virtual networks are added.
The (de-)embedding steps are carried out in the following order:
1. Single Ended Deembedding: every physical port can be deembedded from a single
2-port network
2. Port Set Deembedding: every port pair can be deembedded from a sequence of 4-
port networks.
3. Balanced Deembedding: every balanced logical port can be deembedded from a
single 4-port network
4. Ground Loop Deembedding: the DUT's ground connection can be deembedded
from a single 1-port network
5. Ground Loop Embedding: the DUT's ground connection can be embedded in a sin-
gle 1-port network
6. Balanced Deembedding: every balanced logical port can be embedded in a single
4-port network
7. Port Set Embedding: every port set can be embedded in a sequence of 4-port net-
works.
8. Single Ended Embedding: every physical port can be embedded in a single 2-port
network
Offset Parameters and Embedding
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