VNA Concepts and Features
R&S
®
ZNL/ZNLE
244
User Manual 1178.5966.02 ─ 07
Calibration Type
Standards
Parameters
Error Terms
General Accuracy
Application
One Path Two Ports Open, Short,
Match
1)
(at source
port),
Through
2)
between
the source port and
all target ports
S
t,j
for fixed source
port j and target
ports t
Reflection tracking,
Source match,
Directivity,
Transmission track-
ing
Medium to high
Unidirectional trans-
mission measure-
ments in any direc-
tion and between
any combination of
ports.
TOSM or UOSM
(2-port)
Open, Short,
Match
1)
(at each
port),
Through
2)
(between
all port pairs)
All
Reflection tracking,
Source match,
Directivity,
Load match,
Transmission track-
ing,
High
Reflection and
transmission mea-
surements; classi-
cal 12-term error
correction model.
1)
Or any other 3 known one-port standards. To be used in a guided calibration, the known standards must be declared to be Open,
Short, and Match irrespective of their properties.
2)
Or any other known two-port standard. To be used in a guided calibration, the known standard must be declared to be Through,
irrespective of its properties.
The calibration type must be selected in accordance with the test setup. Select the cali-
bration type for which you can obtain or design the most accurate standards and for
which you can measure the required parameters with best accuracy.
8.5.1.1
Normalization (Refl Norm..., Trans Norm...)
A normalization is the simplest calibration type since it requires the measurement of
only one standard for each calibrated S-parameter:
●
One-port (reflection) S-parameters (S
11
, S
22
, ...) are calibrated with an Open or a
Short standard providing the reflection tracking error term.
●
Two-port (transmission) S-parameters (S
12
, S
21
, ...) are calibrated with a Through
standard providing the transmission tracking error term.
Normalization means that the measured S-parameter at each sweep point is divided by
the corresponding S-parameter of the standard. A normalization eliminates the fre-
quency-dependent attenuation and phase shift in the measurement path (reflection or
transmission tracking error). It does not compensate for directivity or mismatch errors.
This limits the accuracy of a normalization.
●
Manual reflection normalizations offer
Complementary Match Standard Measure-
●
Manual transmission normalizations support
Complementary Isolation Measure-
Complementary Match Standard Measurements
For reflection normalizations, the mandatory Open or Short measurements can be
complemented by optional Match measurements. Additionally, measuring a Match
Calibration
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