Concepts and Features
R&S
®
ZNB/ZNBT
151
User Manual 1173.9163.02 ─ 53
Calibration Type
Standards
Parameters
Error Terms
General Accuracy
Application
TRM
(n-port)
Reflect (equal at
both ports), Match,
Through (between
all port pairs)
All
Reflection tracking,
Source match,
Directivity,
Load match,
Transmission track-
ing
High
Reflection and
transmission mea-
surements, espe-
cially in test fixtures.
TRL
(n-port)
Reflect (at both
ports),
Through, Line1,
other Lines
(optional), combina-
tion with TRM
(optional)
All
Reflection tracking,
Source match,
Directivity,
Load match,
Transmission track-
ing
High, high directiv-
ity
Reflection and
transmission mea-
surements, espe-
cially for planar cir-
cuits. Limited band-
width.
TNA
(n-port)
Through, Attenua-
tion, Symmetric
network
All
Reflection tracking,
Source match,
Directivity,
Load match,
Transmission track-
ing
High, lowest
requirements on
standards
Reflection and
transmission mea-
surements, espe-
cially for planar cir-
cuits.
1)
Or any other 3 known one-port standards. To be used in a guided calibration, the known standards must be declared to be Open,
Short, and Match irrespective of their properties.
2)
Or any other known two-port standard. To be used in a guided calibration, the known standard must be declared to be Through,
irrespective of its properties.
The calibration type must be selected in accordance with the test setup. Select the cali-
bration type for which you can obtain or design the most accurate standards and for
which you can measure the required parameters with best accuracy.
5.5.1.1
Normalization (Refl Norm..., Trans Norm...)
A normalization is the simplest calibration type since it requires the measurement of
only one standard for each calibrated S-parameter:
●
One-port (reflection) S-parameters (S
11
, S
22
, ...) are calibrated with an Open or a
Short standard providing the reflection tracking error term.
●
Two-port (transmission) S-parameters (S
12
, S
21
, ...) are calibrated with a Through
standard providing the transmission tracking error term.
Normalization means that the measured S-parameter at each sweep point is divided by
the corresponding S-parameter of the standard. A normalization eliminates the fre-
quency-dependent attenuation and phase shift in the measurement path (reflection or
transmission tracking error). It does not compensate for directivity or mismatch errors.
This limits the accuracy of a normalization.
Calibration
