Concepts and features
R&S
®
ZNA
218
User Manual 1178.6462.02 ─ 20
Figure 4-15: De-/Embedding calculation flow
This means that the real networks are removed before virtual networks are added.
The (de-)embedding steps are carried out in the following order:
1. Single Ended Deembedding: every physical port can be deembedded from a single
2-port network
2. Port Set Deembedding: every port set can be deembedded from one or more 4-, 6-
or 8-port networks. There is no restriction on the sequence of port pairs and deem-
bedding networks.
3. Balanced Deembedding: every balanced logical port can be deembedded from a
single 4-port network
4. Ground Loop Deembedding: the DUT's ground connection can be deembedded
from a single 1-port network
5. Ground Loop Embedding: the DUT's ground connection can be embedded in a sin-
gle 1-port network
6. Balanced Embedding: every balanced logical port can be embedded in a single 4-
port network
7. Port Set Embedding: every port set can be embedded in one or more 4-, 6- or 8-
port networks. There is no restriction on the sequence of port pairs and embedding
networks.
8. Single Ended Embedding: every physical port can be embedded in a single 2-port
network
9. Differential Match Embedding: the differential mode of a balanced logical port can
be embedded in a single 2-port network
1. Initial situation: DUT embedded in 2-port and 4-port networks (only 1 port shown)
Offset parameters and de-/embedding
