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7.1.4.6

Technical data

Table 304:

IA, IB, IC Technical data

Characteristic

Value

Operation accuracy

Depending on the frequency of the measured

current: f

±2 Hz

at currents in the range of 0.01...4.00 × I

Current:

±0.5% or ±0.002 × I

(at currents in the range of 0.01...4.00 × I

)

Phase angle:

±2.5°

Suppression of harmonics

DFT: -50 dB at f = n × f

, where n = 2, 3, 4, 5,…

RMS: No suppression

7.1.5

Three-phase voltage VA, VB, VC

7.1.5.1

Identification

Function description

IEC 61850

identification

IEC 60617

identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2

device number

Three-phase voltage measurement

VMMXU

VA, VB, VC

7.1.5.2

Function block

GUID-5B741292-7FA6-4DEA-8D16-B530FD16A0FE-ANSI V1 EN

Figure 205:

Function block

When using open delta and delta VT connection types in the system,
ignore line-to-neutral voltage values.

1MRS240050-IB C

Section 7

Measurement functions

REF615R

395

Technical Manual

Содержание RELION REF615R

Страница 1: ... RELION PROTECTION AND CONTROL REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 4: ...t is furnished under a license and may be used copied or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license Trademarks ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders Warranty Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB represent...

Страница 5: ...cted and communicate data and information via a network interface which should be connected to a secure network It is the sole responsibility of the person or entity responsible for network administration to ensure a secure connection to the network and to take the necessary measures such as but not limited to installation of firewalls application of authentication measures encryption of data inst...

Страница 6: ...e within specified voltage limits Low voltage directive 2006 95 EC This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255 26 for the EMC directive and with the product standards EN 60255 1 and EN 60255 27 for the low voltage directive The product is designed in accordance with the international standards of the IEC 60255 series and AN...

Страница 7: ...ection 2 REF615R overview 31 Overview 31 Product version history 31 PCM600 and IED connectivity package version 32 Local HMI 32 Display 32 LEDs 33 Keypad 34 Programmable push buttons with LEDs 35 Web HMI 36 Authorization 37 Communication 37 Section 3 Basic functions 41 General parameters 41 Self supervision 51 Internal faults 51 Warnings 54 Programmable LEDs 55 Identification 55 Function block 56 ...

Страница 8: ...illation suppression 76 Binary outputs 76 Trip output contacts 77 Trip outputs TO 77 Dual single pole high speed trip outputs HSTO1 HSTO2 and HSTO3 78 Internal fault signal output IRF 79 GOOSE function blocks 80 GOOSERCV_BIN function block 80 Function block 80 Functionality 80 Signals 80 GOOSERCV_DP function block 81 Function block 81 Functionality 81 Signals 81 GOOSERCV_MV function block 81 Funct...

Страница 9: ...ality 85 Signals 85 Type conversion function blocks 86 QTY_GOOD function block 86 Functionality 86 Signals 86 QTY_BAD function block 86 Functionality 86 Signals 87 T_HEALTH function block 87 Functionality 87 Signals 87 T_F32_INT8 function block 88 Functionality 88 Function block 88 Settings 88 Configurable logic blocks 88 Shift register SHFT 88 Identification 88 Function block 89 Functionality 89 ...

Страница 10: ... 102 Monitored data 103 Factory settings restoration 104 Load profile record LoadProf 104 Functionality 104 Quantities 104 Length of record 105 Uploading of record 106 Clearing of record 107 Configuration 107 Signals 108 Settings 109 Monitored data 111 Section 4 Protection functions 113 Current protection 113 Three phase non directional overcurrent protection 51P 50P 113 Identification 113 Functio...

Страница 11: ...onality 137 Operation principle 137 Measurement modes 143 Directional overcurrent characteristics 143 Application 151 Signals 154 Settings 155 Monitored data 159 Technical data 160 Non directional neutral overcurrent protection 51N 50N and Non directional ground fault protection 51G 50G 161 Identification 161 Function block 161 Functionality 161 Operation principle 162 Measurement modes 164 Timer ...

Страница 12: ...nction block 205 Functionality 205 Operation principle 205 Measurement modes 205 Timer characteristics 205 Application 206 Signals 206 Settings 206 Monitored data 206 Technical data 206 Negative sequence overcurrent protection 46 206 Identification 206 Function block 207 Functionality 207 Operation principle 207 Application 209 Signals 210 Settings 210 Monitored data 212 Technical data 212 Phase d...

Страница 13: ...222 Identification 222 Function block 222 Functionality 222 Operation principle 223 Timer characteristics 226 Application 227 Signals 227 Settings 228 Monitored data 229 Technical data 229 Three phase undervoltage protection 27 229 Identification 229 Function block 230 Functionality 230 Operation principle 230 Timer characteristics 234 Application 234 Signals 235 Settings 236 Monitored data 237 Te...

Страница 14: ...nitored data 245 Technical data 246 Voltage per hertz protection 24 246 Identification 246 Function block 246 Functionality 247 Operation principle 247 Timer characteristics 250 Application 255 Signals 260 Settings 261 Monitored data 262 Technical data 263 Frequency protection 263 Frequency protection 81 263 Identification 263 Function block 263 Functionality 264 Operation principle 264 Applicatio...

Страница 15: ...e 283 Application 285 Signals 285 Settings 285 Monitored data 286 Ground directional power protection 32N 286 Identification 286 Function block 286 Functionality 287 Operation principle 287 Application 293 Signals 293 Settings 294 Monitored data 294 Thermal protection 295 Three phase thermal protection for feeders cables and distribution transformers 49F 295 Identification 295 Function block 295 F...

Страница 16: ...phase inrush detector INR 313 Identification 313 Function block 313 Functionality 313 Operation principle 314 Application 315 Signals 316 Settings 317 Monitored data 317 Technical data 317 Circuit breaker failure protection 50BF 318 Identification 318 Function block 318 Functionality 318 Operation principle 318 Application 325 Signals 327 Settings 327 Monitored data 328 Technical data 328 Master t...

Страница 17: ... Signals 343 Settings 344 Monitored data 344 Technical data 344 Section 6 Supervision functions 345 Circuit breaker condition monitoring 52CM 345 Identification 345 Function block 345 Functionality 345 Operation principle 346 Circuit breaker status 347 Circuit breaker operation monitoring 348 Breaker contact travel time 349 Operation counter 351 Accumulation of Iyt 351 Remaining life of circuit br...

Страница 18: ...nality 371 Operation principle 371 Application 375 Signals 376 Settings 376 Monitored data 377 Technical data 377 Cable fault detection CFD 378 Identification 378 Function block 378 Functionality 378 Operation principle 378 Signals 380 Settings 380 Monitored data 381 Section 7 Measurement functions 383 Basic measurements 383 Functions 383 Measurement functionality 384 Measurement function applicat...

Страница 19: ...ata 398 Technical data 399 Ground voltage VG 399 Identification 399 Function block 399 Signals 399 Settings 400 Monitored data 400 Technical data 400 Sequence current I1 I2 I0 400 Identification 400 Function block 401 Signals 401 Settings 401 Monitored data 402 Technical data 402 Sequence voltage V1 V2 V0 403 Identification 403 Function block 403 Signals 403 Settings 403 Monitored data 404 Technic...

Страница 20: ...s 412 Settings 412 Monitored data 412 Technical data 412 Section 8 Power quality measurement functions 413 Current total demand distortion PQI 413 Identification 413 Function block 413 Functionality 413 Operation principle 413 Application 414 Signals 415 Settings 416 Monitored data 416 Voltage total harmonic distortion PQVPH 417 Identification 417 Function block 417 Functionality 417 Operation pri...

Страница 21: ...ed data 436 Voltage unbalance PQVUB 440 Identification 440 Function block 440 Functionality 440 Operation principle 441 Application 445 Signals 446 Settings 447 Monitored data 448 Technical data 449 Section 9 Control functions 451 Circuit breaker control 52 451 Identification 451 Function block 451 Functionality 451 Operation principle 452 Application 454 Signals 455 Settings 456 Monitored data 45...

Страница 22: ...8 Sequence 482 Configuration examples 484 Delayed initiation lines 488 Shot initiation from protection pickup signal 489 Fast trip in Switch on to fault 490 Signals 491 Settings 492 Monitored data 495 Technical data 496 Synchronism and energizing check 25 496 Identification 496 Function block 496 Functionality 497 Operation principle 497 Application 505 Signals 508 Settings 508 Monitored data 509 ...

Страница 23: ...s 520 Exclusion mode 520 Configuration 521 Application 522 Settings 523 Monitored data 526 Fault locator FLO 526 Identification 526 Function block 526 Functionality 527 Operation principle 527 Application 530 Settings 531 Monitored data 532 Section 11 Other functions 533 Minimum pulse timer 533 Minimum pulse timer TP 533 Identification 533 Function block 533 Functionality 533 Signals 534 Settings ...

Страница 24: ...n block 540 Functionality 540 Signals 540 Settings 541 Pulse timer PT 541 Identification 541 Function block 542 Functionality 542 Signals 542 Settings 543 Technical data 543 Generic control points CNTRL 544 Identification 544 Function block 544 Functionality 544 Operation principle 544 Signals 546 Settings 547 Remote generic control points RCNTRL 549 Identification 549 Function block 550 Functiona...

Страница 25: ...unctionality 564 Signals 565 Settings 565 Technical data 566 Section 12 General function block features 567 Definite time characteristics 567 Definite time operation 567 Current based inverse definite minimum time characteristics 570 IDMT curves for overcurrent protection 570 Standard inverse time characteristics 576 User programmable inverse time characteristics 591 RI and RD type inverse time ch...

Страница 26: ...former accuracy class and accuracy limit factor 621 Non directional overcurrent protection 622 Example for non directional overcurrent protection 624 Section 14 Protection relay s physical connections 625 Connections to the rear panel terminals 625 Protective ground connections 625 Communication connections 626 Ethernet RJ 45 front connection 626 Ethernet rear connections 626 EIA 232 serial rear c...

Страница 27: ...Section 18 Glossary 653 Table of contents REF615R 21 Technical Manual ...

Страница 28: ...22 ...

Страница 29: ...ormal service 1 2 Intended audience This manual addresses system engineers and installation and commissioning personnel who use technical data during engineering installation and commissioning and in normal service The system engineer must have a thorough knowledge of protection systems protection equipment protection functions and the configured functional logic in the protection relays The insta...

Страница 30: ... manual IEC 61850 engineering guide Point list manual GUID 3983CF6E DF22 4183 B387 D67F3BB9593C V1 EN Figure 1 The intended use of documents during the product life cycle 1 3 2 Document revision history Document revision date Product version History A 2013 11 22 4 0 First release B 2016 10 24 4 1 Content updated to correspond to the product version C 2019 07 02 4 1 Content updated Download the lat...

Страница 31: ...ce of a hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage to equipment or property The information icon alerts the reader of important facts and conditions The tip icon indicates advice on for example how to design your project or how to use a certain function Although warning hazards are related to personal injury it is necessary to understand that under certain operational conditions...

Страница 32: ...hem may not be applicable to a specific configuration Table 1 Functions included in the protection relay Function IEC 61850 IEC 60617 REF615R Protection Three phase non directional overcurrent protection low stage instance 1 PHLPTOC1 3I 1 51P 1 Three phase non directional overcurrent protection high stage instance 1 PHHPTOC1 3I 1 50P 1 Three phase non directional overcurrent protection high stage ...

Страница 33: ...tion instance 2 ROVPTOV2 Uo 2 59N 1 Three phase undervoltage protection instance 1 PHPTUV1 3U 1 27 1 Three phase undervoltage protection instance 2 PHPTUV2 3U 2 27 2 Three phase overvoltage protection instance 1 PHPTOV1 3U 1 59 1 Three phase overvoltage protection instance 2 PHPTOV2 3U 2 59 2 Negative sequence overvoltage protection instance 1 NSPTOV1 U2 1 47 1 Negative sequence overvoltage protec...

Страница 34: ...2 U0 V1 V2 V0 Single phase power and energy measurement instance 1 SPEMMXU1 SP SE SP SE 1 Three phase power and energy measurement instance 1 PEMMXU1 P E P E 1 Current total demand distortion instance 1 CMHAI1 PQM3I PQI 1 Voltage total harmonic distortion instance 1 VMHAI1 PQM3U PQVPH 1 Voltage variation instance 1 PHQVVR1 PQ 3U PQSS 1 Voltage unbalance instance 1 VSQVUB1 PQMUBU 1 PQVUB 1 Load pro...

Страница 35: ... 8 Generic control points instance 1 SPCGGIO1 SPC 1 CNTRL 1 Generic control points instance 2 SPCGGIO2 SPC 2 CNTRL 2 Generic control points instance 3 SPCGGIO3 SPC 3 CNTRL 3 Remote Generic control points instance 1 SPCRGGIO1 SPCR 1 RCNTRL 1 Local Generic control points instance 1 SPCLGGIO1 SPCL 1 LCNTRL 1 Programmable buttons 16 buttons instance 1 FKEYGGIO1 FKEY FKEY Generic Up Down Counters insta...

Страница 36: ...30 ...

Страница 37: ...ns where an independent and redundant protection system is required Depending on the chosen standard configuration the protection relay is adapted for the protection of overhead line and cable feeders in isolated neutral resistance grounded compensated and solidly grounded networks Once the standard configuration protection relay has been given the application specific settings it can directly be ...

Страница 38: ...I is used for setting monitoring and controlling the protection relay The LHMI comprises the display buttons LED indicators and communication port GUID 4B2A5FAE 18FD 4343 8069 20D4182E81E4 V1 EN Figure 2 Example of the LHMI ANSI OCI GUID 497C4732 55E5 483A 89AE F8BACFE8DF36 V1 EN Figure 3 Example of the LHMI IEC 2 2 1 Display The LHMI includes a graphical display that supports one character size S...

Страница 39: ...2 2 2 LEDs The LHMI includes three protection indicators above the display Normal Pickup and Trip There are 11 matrix programmable LEDs on front of the LHMI The LEDs can be configured with PCM600 and the operation mode can be selected with the LHMI WHMI or PCM600 There are two additional LEDs which are embedded into the control buttons and They represent the status of the selected breaker n CBXCBR...

Страница 40: ... to acknowledge alarms reset indications provide help and switch between local and remote control mode GUID EA1C2ADF BB1E 4E10 A1DB D932910A156D V1 EN Figure 5 ANSI LHMI keypad with object control navigation and command push buttons and RJ 45 communication port GUID 9C6A0C22 756A 4474 8CF3 3DB80A09B43E V1 EN Figure 6 IEC LHMI keypad with object control navigation and command push buttons and RJ 45...

Страница 41: ...indicating field contact status or indicating or acknowledging individual alarms The push buttons are enabled in units ordered with the Enhanced OCI option For ordering details see the product guide The push buttons are available for customer use though disabled by factory default for the LHMI options A and C The LEDs can also be independently configured to bring general indications or important a...

Страница 42: ...ameter settings Measurement display DFR records Phasor diagram Single line diagram The menu tree structure on the WHMI is almost identical to the one on the LHMI GUID BDD3295E 1332 4CBF AD20 D4BB9F344955 V1 EN Figure 8 Example view of the WHMI The WHMI can be accessed locally and remotely Locally by connecting the laptop to the protection relay via the front communication port Remotely over LAN WA...

Страница 43: ...tions ENGINEER Changing settings Clearing event list Clearing DFRs and load profile record Changing system settings such as IP address serial baud rate or DFR settings Setting the IED to test mode Selecting language ADMINISTRATOR All listed above Changing password Factory default activation For user authorization for PCM600 see PCM600 documentation 2 5 Communication The protection relay supports d...

Страница 44: ...or example for IEC 61850 DNP3 and Modbus Only one DNP3 client can be supported at a time All communication connectors except for the front port connector are placed on integrated optional communication modules The protection relay can be connected to Ethernet based communication systems via the RJ 45 connector 100Base TX or the fiber optic LC connector 100Base FX For the correct operation of redun...

Страница 45: ... solution supports the connection of up to thirty REF615R protection relays If more than 30 protection relays are to be connected it is recommended that the network is split into several rings with no more than 30 protection relays per ring 1MRS240050 IB C Section 2 REF615R overview REF615R 39 Technical Manual ...

Страница 46: ...40 ...

Страница 47: ... Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Secondary current 1 0 2A 2 1A 3 5A 2 1A Secondary current Primary current 1 0 6000 0 A 0 1 100 0 Primary current Amplitude corr 0 900 1 100 0 001 1 000 Amplitude correction Reverse polarity 0 False 1 True 0 False Reverse the polarity of the residual CT Table 6 Analog input settings phase voltages Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Descrip...

Страница 48: ...condary voltage 60 210 V 1 100 Secondary rated voltage L L VT connection 3 VAB 4 VA 3 VAB VAB or VA connection Amplitude corr A 0 900 1 100 0 001 1 000 Phase A Voltage phasor magnitude correction of an external voltage transformer Voltage input type 1 Voltage trafo 1 Voltage trafo Type of the voltage input Table 8 Analog input settings residual voltage Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Desc...

Страница 49: ... override is enabled communication tools do not need password to enter the protection relay except for WHMI which always requires it To avoid communication errors with PCM600 while authentication is enabled ensure that appropriate credentials are used for the specific action Confirm that the password in the protection relay properties is valid for the action attempted Table 10 Binary input setting...

Страница 50: ...order mode 1 ABC 2 BCA 3 CAB 4 ACB 5 CBA 6 BAC 1 ABC Selection for phase connection order IDMT Sat point 10 50 I I 1 50 Overcurrent IDMT saturation point 1 Used in the protection relay main menu header and as part of the disturbance recording identification 2 Depending on the product variant Table 14 HMI settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description FB naming convention 1 IEC61850 ...

Страница 51: ... 1 odd 2 even 2 even Parity for Serial interface 2 Address 2 1 255 2 Modbus unit address on Serial interface 2 Link mode 2 1 RTU 2 ASCII 1 RTU Modbus link mode on Serial interface 2 Start delay 2 0 20 4 Start frame delay in chars on Serial interface 2 End delay 2 0 20 3 End frame delay in chars on Serial interface 2 MaxTCPClients 0 5 5 Maximum number of Modbus TCP IP clients TCPWriteAuthority 0 No...

Страница 52: ...rmat 0 UTC 1 Local 1 Local UTC or local Coordinate with master CROB select timeout 1 65535 sec 1 10 Control Relay Output Block select timeout Data link confirm 0 Never 1 Only Multiframe 2 Always 0 Never Data link confirm mode Data link confirm TO 100 65535 ms 1 3000 Data link confirm timeout Data link retries 0 65535 1 3 Data link retries count Data link Rx to Tx delay 0 255 ms 1 0 Turnaround tran...

Страница 53: ...sable Legacy DNP Master SBO sequence number relax enable Default Var Obj 01 1 2 1 1 1 BI 2 BI with status Default Var Obj 02 1 2 1 2 1 BI event 2 BI event with time Default Var Obj 30 1 4 1 2 1 32 bit AI 2 16 bit AI 3 32 bit AI without flag 4 16 bit AI without flag Default Var Obj 32 1 4 1 4 1 32 bit AI event 2 16 bit AI event 3 32 bit AI event with time 4 16 bit AI event with time Paired Mode 1 D...

Страница 54: ...n 8 bit no parity protocol with a 16 bit CRC every 16 bytes This provides better error detection than parity Table 19 Serial communication settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Fiber mode 0 No fiber 2 Fiber light OFF loop 0 No fiber Fiber mode for COM2 Serial mode 1 RS485 2Wire 2 RS485 4Wire 3 RS232 no handshake 4 RS232 with handshake 1 RS485 2Wire Serial mode for COM2 CTS ...

Страница 55: ...y 10 58 125 165 IP address for SNTP primary server IP SNTP secondary 192 168 2 165 IP address for SNTP secondary server DST on time 02 00 Daylight savings time on time hh mm DST on date 01 05 Daylight savings time on date DST on day 0 No in use 1 Mon 2 Tue 3 Wed 4 Thu 5 Fri 6 Sat 7 Sun 0 No in use Daylight savings time on day of week DST offset 720 720 min 60 Daylight savings time offset in minute...

Страница 56: ...put 7 BOOLEAN 10 11 IN7 IN7 IN7 Common X110 Input 8 BOOLEAN 12 13 IN8 IN8 IN8 Common X130 Input 9 BOOLEAN 39 40 IN9 IN9 IN9 IN9 X130 Input 10 BOOLEAN 41 42 IN10 IN10 IN10 IN10 X130 Input 11 BOOLEAN 43 44 IN11 IN11 IN11 IN11 Note Binary inputs 1 8 in protection relays with high speed output contacts have common negative terminals 3 11 and 13 Table 22 Location of binary outputs hardware card Xnnn Bi...

Страница 57: ...al number of the binary input in a particular BIO card 3 2 Self supervision The protection relay s extensive self supervision system continuously supervises the software and the electronics It handles run time fault situation and informs the user about a fault via the LHMI and through the communication channels There are two types of fault indications Internal faults Warnings 3 2 1 Internal faults...

Страница 58: ...mal conditions the relay is energized and the self check contact terminals 16 15 is closed If the auxiliary power supply fails or an internal fault is detected the self check contact is opened IRF NC 15 14 NO 16 Self Check Alarm GUID A8541C82 656A 4DC5 A9CD 819B9133E4E5 V1 EN Figure 10 Output contact The internal fault code indicates the type of internal relay fault When a fault appears record the...

Страница 59: ... type or does not belong to the original composition Internal Fault Conf error X110 64 Card in slot X110 is wrong type is missing or does not belong to the original composition Internal Fault Conf error X120 65 Card in slot X120 is wrong type is missing or does not belong to the original composition Internal Fault Conf error X130 66 Card in slot X130 is wrong type is missing or does not belong to ...

Страница 60: ...ning indication message can be manually cleared If a warning appears record the name and code so that it can be provided to ABB customer service Table 26 Warning indications and codes Warning indication Warning code Additional information Warning System warning 2 An internal system error has occurred Warning Watchdog reset 10 A watchdog reset has occurred Warning Power down det 11 The auxiliary su...

Страница 61: ...rd comp 40 A new composition has not been acknowledged accepted Warning Protection comm 50 Error in protection communication Warning ARC1 cont light 85 A continuous light has been detected on the ARC light input 1 Warning ARC2 cont light 86 A continuous light has been detected on the ARC light input 2 Warning ARC3 cont light 87 A continuous light has been detected on the ARC light input 3 For furt...

Страница 62: ...Figure 13 Programmable LEDs on the right side of the IEC LHMI display All the programmable LEDs in the HMI of the protection relay have two colors green and red For each LED the different colors are individually controllable Each LED is seen in the Application Configuration tool as an individual function block Each LED has user editable description text for event description The state None OK Alar...

Страница 63: ...tructure for the programmable LEDs is presented in Figure 14 The common color selection setting Alarm colour for all ALARM inputs is in the General menu while the LED specific settings are under the LED specific menu nodes Alarm mode Description LED 1 Programmable LEDs Alarm color Red Green Follow S Follow F Latched S LatchedAck F S Programmable LED description LED 2 General GUID 0DED5640 4F67 411...

Страница 64: ...on of the input signal the alarm shows a steady light After acknowledgement by the local operator pressing any key on the keypad the alarm disappears Activating signal LED Acknow GUID 055146B3 780B 43E6 9E06 9FD8D342E881 V1 EN Figure 17 Operating sequence Latched S LatchedAck F S Latched Flashing ON This mode is a latched function At the activation of the input signal the alarm starts flashing Aft...

Страница 65: ...Alarm input for LED 3 RESET BOOLEAN 0 False Reset input for LED 3 OK BOOLEAN 0 False Ok input for LED 4 ALARM BOOLEAN 0 False Alarm input for LED 4 RESET BOOLEAN 0 False Reset input for LED 4 OK BOOLEAN 0 False Ok input for LED 5 ALARM BOOLEAN 0 False Alarm input for LED 5 RESET BOOLEAN 0 False Reset input for LED 5 OK BOOLEAN 0 False Ok input for LED 6 ALARM BOOLEAN 0 False Alarm input for LED 6 ...

Страница 66: ... Color for the alarm state of the LED Alarm mode 0 Follow S 1 Follow F 2 Latched S 3 LatchedAck F S 0 Follow S Alarm mode for programmable LED 1 Description Programmable LEDs LED 1 Programmable LED description Alarm mode 0 Follow S 1 Follow F 2 Latched S 3 LatchedAck F S 0 Follow S Alarm mode for programmable LED 2 Description Programmable LEDs LED 2 Programmable LED description Alarm mode 0 Follo...

Страница 67: ...tion Alarm mode 0 Follow S 1 Follow F 2 Latched S 3 LatchedAck F S 0 Follow S Alarm mode for programmable LED 8 Description Programmable LEDs LED 8 Programmable LED description Alarm mode 0 Follow S 1 Follow F 2 Latched S 3 LatchedAck F S 0 Follow S Alarm mode for programmable LED 9 Description Programmable LEDs LED 9 Programmable LED description Alarm mode 0 Follow S 1 Follow F 2 Latched S 3 Latc...

Страница 68: ...rogrammable LED 5 Enum 0 None 1 Ok 3 Alarm Status of programmable LED 5 Programmable LED 6 Enum 0 None 1 Ok 3 Alarm Status of programmable LED 6 Programmable LED 7 Enum 0 None 1 Ok 3 Alarm Status of programmable LED 7 Programmable LED 8 Enum 0 None 1 Ok 3 Alarm Status of programmable LED 8 Programmable LED 9 Enum 0 None 1 Ok 3 Alarm Status of programmable LED 9 Programmable LED 10 Enum 0 None 1 Ok...

Страница 69: ... relay configuration LED indication control is preconfigured in a such way that all the protection function general pickup and trip signals are combined with this function available as output signals OUT_START and OUT_OPERATE These signals are always internally connected to Pickup and Trip LEDs LEDPTRC collects and combines phase information from different protection functions available as output ...

Страница 70: ...us TCP or DNP3 over TCP IP is used SNTP time synchronization should be used for better synchronization accuracy DNP3 can be used as a time synchronization source When the SNTP server IP setting is changed the protection relay must be rebooted to activate the new IP address The SNTP server IP settings are normally defined in the engineering phase via the SCL file The relay can use one of two SNTP s...

Страница 71: ...6391A V1 EN Figure 20 Function block 3 6 2 Functionality The protection relay supports six setting groups Each setting group contains parameters categorized as group settings inside application functions The customer can change the active setting group at run time The active setting group can be changed by a parameter or via binary inputs depending on the mode selected with the Configuration Setti...

Страница 72: ...etting group SG is changed whenever switching the SG operation mode setting from Operator to either Logic mode 1 or Logic mode 2 Thus it is recommended to select the preferred operation mode at the time of installation and commissioning and not change it throughout the protection relay s service Changing the SG operation mode setting from Logic mode 1 to Logic mode 2 or from Logic mode 2 to Logic ...

Страница 73: ...ps or the pickup s is restored before the trip event If a pickup is restored without a trip event the pickup duration shows the protection function that has picked up first Pickup duration that has the value of 100 indicates that a protection function has tripped during the fault and if none of the protection functions has been tripped Pickup duration shows always values less than 100 The Fault re...

Страница 74: ...ency and zero for Frequency gradient and validity is set accordingly Measuring mode for phase current and residual current values can be selected with the Measurement mode setting parameter 3 7 2 Settings Table 33 FR Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Trig mode 0 Trip or Pickup 1 Trip only 2 Pickup ...

Страница 75: ...3 PHIPTOC2 17 EFLPTOC1 18 EFLPTOC2 19 EFLPTOC3 22 EFHPTOC1 23 EFHPTOC2 24 EFHPTOC3 25 EFHPTOC4 30 EFIPTOC1 31 EFIPTOC2 32 EFIPTOC3 35 NSPTOC1 36 NSPTOC2 7 INTRPTEF1 5 STTPMSU1 3 JAMPTOC1 41 PDNSPTOC 1 44 T1PTTR1 46 T2PTTR1 48 MPTTR1 50 DEFLPDEF1 51 DEFLPDEF2 53 DEFHPDEF 1 56 EFPADM1 57 EFPADM2 58 EFPADM3 59 FRPFRQ1 60 FRPFRQ2 61 FRPFRQ3 62 FRPFRQ4 63 FRPFRQ5 64 FRPFRQ6 Protection function Table co...

Страница 76: ...SPTOC1 86 MNSPTOC2 88 LOFLPTUC1 90 TR2PTDF1 91 LNPLDF1 92 LREFPNDF1 94 MPDIF1 96 HREFPDIF1 100 ROVPTOV 1 101 ROVPTOV 2 102 ROVPTOV 3 104 PHPTOV1 105 PHPTOV2 106 PHPTOV3 108 PHPTUV1 109 PHPTUV2 110 PHPTUV3 112 NSPTOV1 113 NSPTOV2 116 PSPTUV1 118 ARCSARC 1 119 ARCSARC 2 120 ARCSARC 3 96 SPHIPTOC 1 Table continues on next page Section 3 1MRS240050 IB C Basic functions 70 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 77: ...ickup duration FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Maximum pickup duration of all stages during the fault Trip time FLOAT32 0 000 999999 9 99 s Trip time Fault distance FLOAT32 0 00 9999 99 pu Distance to fault measured in pu Fault resistance FLOAT32 0 00 999 99 ohm Fault resistance Setting group INT32 1 6 Active setting group Shot pointer INT32 0 7 Autoreclosing shot pointer value Max diff current IA FLOAT32 0 0...

Страница 78: ...ent IG FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Maximum residual current Current IA FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Phase A current Current IB FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Phase B current Current IC FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Phase C current Current IG FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Residual current Current IN FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Calculated residual current Current I1 FLOAT32 0 000 50 000 xIn Positive sequence current Current ...

Страница 79: ... B to phase C voltage Voltage VCA FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Phase C to phase A voltage Voltage VG FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Residual voltage Voltage V0 FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Zero sequence voltage Voltage V1 FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Positive sequence voltage Voltage V2 FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Negative sequence voltage Voltage VA2 FLOAT32 0 000 4 000 xUn Phase A voltage b Voltage VB2 FLOAT32 0 000 4 00...

Страница 80: ...B voltage phase C current Angle VG2 IG2 FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Angle residual voltage residual current b Angle VBC2 IA2 FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Angle phase B to phase C voltage phase A current b Angle VCA2 IB2 FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Angle phase C to phase A voltage phase B current b Angle VAB2 IC2 FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Angle phase A to phase B voltage phase C current b 3 8 Nonvolatile ...

Страница 81: ...ate is filtered and no input state change is detected The low state starting from the time t0 exceeds the filter time which means that the change in the input state is detected and the time tag attached to the input change is t0 The high state starting from t1 is detected and the time tag t1 is attached Each binary input has a filter time parameter Input filter where is the number of the binary in...

Страница 82: ...the status is invalid and an event is generated The state of the input will not change when it is blocked that is its state depends on the condition before blocking The binary input is regarded as non oscillating if the number of valid state changes during one second is less than the set oscillation level value minus the set oscillation hysteresis value Note that the oscillation hysteresis must be...

Страница 83: ...ut they can require a minimum current burden to ensure a guaranteed operation All contacts are freely programmable except the internal fault output IRF 3 10 1 Trip output contacts Trip output contacts are normally used for energizing the breaker closing coil and trip coil external high burden lockout or trip relays 3 10 1 1 Trip outputs TO Trip output contacts are either dual NO contacts in series...

Страница 84: ...ay is ordered with the high speed output contact option The outputs are normally used in applications that require fast protection relay output contact activation time to achieve fast opening of a breaker such as arc protection or breaker failure protection where fast operation is required either to minimize fault effects to the equipment or to avoid a fault to expand to a larger area With the hig...

Страница 85: ...high speed output contacts is longer than that of the conventional output contacts 3 10 2 Internal fault signal output IRF The internal fault signal output change over form C IRF is a single contact included in the power supply module of the protection relay IRF NC 15 14 NO 16 Self Check Alarm GUID A8541C82 656A 4DC5 A9CD 819B9133E4E5 V1 EN Figure 24 Internal fault signal output IRF 1MRS240050 IB ...

Страница 86: ...ut passes the received GOOSE value for the application Default value 0 is used if VALID output indicates invalid status The IN input is defined in the GOOSE configuration and can always be seen in SMT sheet Settings The GOOSE function blocks do not have any parameters available in LHMI or PCM600 3 11 1 GOOSERCV_BIN function block 3 11 1 1 Function block GUID 44EF4D6E 7389 455C BDE5 B127678E2CBC V1...

Страница 87: ...n 3 11 2 3 Signals Table 39 GOOSERCV_DP Output signals Name Type Description OUT Dbpos Output signal VALID BOOLEAN Output signal 3 11 3 GOOSERCV_MV function block 3 11 3 1 Function block GUID A59BAF25 B9F8 46EA 9831 477AC665D0F7 V1 EN Figure 27 Function block 3 11 3 2 Functionality The GOOSERCV_MV function is used to connect the GOOSE measured value inputs to the application 1MRS240050 IB C Sectio...

Страница 88: ... GUID B4E1495B F797 4CFF BD19 AF023EA2D3D9 V1 EN Figure 28 Function block 3 11 4 2 Functionality The GOOSERCV_INT8 function is used to connect the GOOSE 8 bit integer inputs to the application 3 11 4 3 Signals Table 41 GOOSERCV_INT8 Output signals Name Type Description OUT INT8 Output signal VALID BOOLEAN Output signal Section 3 1MRS240050 IB C Basic functions 82 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 89: ...LID output indicates invalid status The CL output signal indicates that the position is closed Default value 0 is used if VALID output indicates invalid status The OK output signal indicates that the position is neither in faulty or intermediate state The default value 0 is used if VALID output indicates invalid status 3 11 5 3 Signals Table 42 GOOSERCV_INTL Output signals Name Type Description PO...

Страница 90: ...for the application Default value 0 is used if VALID output indicates invalid status The ANG output passes the received GOOSE angle value for the application Default value 0 is used if VALID output indicates invalid status 3 11 6 3 Signals Table 43 GOOSERCV_CMV Output signals Name Type Description MAG FLOAT32 Output signal amplitude ANG FLOAT32 Output signal angle VALID BOOLEAN Output signal 3 11 ...

Страница 91: ... 8 GOOSERCV_INT32 function block 3 11 8 1 Function block GUID 61FF1ECC 507D 4B6D 8CA5 713A59F58D5C V1 EN Figure 32 Function block 3 11 8 2 Functionality The GOOSERCV_INT32 function block is used to connect GOOSE 32 bit integer inputs to the application 3 11 8 3 Signals Table 45 GOOSERCV_INT32 Output signals Name Type Description OUT INT32 Output signal VALID BOOLEAN Output signal 1MRS240050 IB C S...

Страница 92: ...quality bits set or only test bit is set will indicate quality good status 3 12 1 2 Signals Table 46 QTY_GOOD Input signals Name Type Default Description IN Any 0 Input signal Table 47 QTY_GOOD Output signals Name Type Description OUT BOOLEAN Output signal 3 12 2 QTY_BAD function block 3 12 2 1 Functionality The QTY_BAD function block evaluates the quality bits of the input signal and passes it as...

Страница 93: ...CV_ENUM function block which is receiving the LD0 LLN0 Health stVal data attribute sent by another device The outputs OK WARNING and ALARM are extracted from the enumerated input value Only one of the outputs can be active at a time In case the GOOSERCV_ENUM function block does not receive the value from the sending device or it is invalid the default value 0 is used and the ALARM is activated in ...

Страница 94: ...on block GUID F0F44FBF FB56 4BC2 B421 F1A7924E6B8C V1 EN Figure 33 Function block 3 12 4 3 Settings The function does not have any parameters available in LHMI or Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600 3 13 Configurable logic blocks 3 13 1 Shift register SHFT 3 13 1 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Shift regist...

Страница 95: ...uts only one of which can be active at a time An event is generated each time the output changes The present active output is stored in non volatile memory and is restored at initialization 3 13 1 4 Operation principle The Operation setting is used to enable or disable the function When On is selected the function is enabled and when Off is selected the function is disabled The operation of SHFT c...

Страница 96: ...ored data view Each time a rising edge on the SHIFT input causes the output to change an event is generated that includes the number of the new asserted output The value ASSRTD_OUT is stored in a non volatile memory The value is used to set the corresponding output to TRUE at initialization If the Operation setting is set from Off to On the value of ASSRTD_OUT is initialized to 1 and O1 is set TRU...

Страница 97: ...nged When the HOLD input returns to FALSE the SHIFT input recognizes rising edges again Figure 38 shows the operation of the HOLD input with Hold mode setting set to Freeze Note that the RESET input overrides the HOLD input by immediately changing the asserted output to O1 SHIFT HOLD RESET O6 O7 O8 O5 O4 O3 O2 O1 GUID 01314E40 4D2E 42CE 9E00 09A331A9AE60 V1 EN Figure 38 Logic diagram with HOLD mod...

Страница 98: ...y returning O1 to TRUE after the HOLD input returns to FALSE The RESET input does not however override the ability of the Hold mode setting in Disable to keep all outputs set to FALSE while the HOLD input is TRUE SHIFT HOLD RESET O6 O7 O8 O5 O4 O3 O2 O1 GUID AD3A74B3 C05D 43FF 8FB9 8F999D8E0261 V1 EN Figure 39 Logic diagram with HOLD mode set to Disable The RESET input is used for resetting the fu...

Страница 99: ...se the next setting group RESET SHFT SHIFT HOLD O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 To Front Panel LEDs To Front Panel Push Buttons GUID 17F364D7 9603 4056 BA9E 391C28C608CC V1 EN Figure 41 Using SHFT with a protection function to select a setting group The Ox enable settings on SHFT must be used to disable outputs O7 and O8 since they are not used Specific setting groups can optionally be disabled also by se...

Страница 100: ...Settings Table 54 SHFT Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 on 5 off 1 on Operation Off On Hold mode 1 Freeze 2 Disable 1 Freeze Determine how outputs affected by HOLD input Description SHFTGAPC1 Status of Output 1 Description of output 1 Enable 0 False 1 True 1 True Allow output 2 to be asserted Description SHFTGAPC1 Status of Output 2 Description of...

Страница 101: ...1 True 1 True Allow output 8 to be asserted Description SHFTGAPC1 Status of Output 8 Description of output 8 3 13 1 8 Monitored data Table 55 SHFT Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description SHIFT BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Shift Input HOLD BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Hold present output RESET BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Reset to output 1 O1 BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Status of output 1 O2 BOOLEAN 0 Fals...

Страница 102: ...E which makes it possible to use only the required number of inputs and leave the rest disconnected OR has two inputs and OR6 has six inputs Function block GUID 9D001113 8912 440D B206 051DED17A23C V1 EN Figure 42 Function blocks Settings The function does not have any parameters available in LHMI or PCM600 3 13 2 2 AND function block Functionality AND and AND6 are used to form general combinatory...

Страница 103: ...natory expressions with Boolean variables The output signal is TRUE if the input signals are different and FALSE if they are equal Function block GUID 9C247C8A 03A5 4F08 8329 F08BE7125B9A V1 EN Figure 44 Function block Settings The function does not have any parameters available in LHMI or PCM600 3 13 2 4 NOT function block Functionality NOT is used to generate combinatory expressions with Boolean...

Страница 104: ... have the value 0 Function block GUID 5454FE1C 2947 4337 AD58 39D266E91993 V1 EN Figure 46 Function block Settings The function does not have any parameters available in LHMI or PCM600 3 13 2 6 MIN3 function block Functionality The minimum function MIN3 selects the minimum value from three analog values If the minimum value is to be selected from two signals connecting one of the inputs to two in ...

Страница 105: ...e output is returned to FALSE despite the state of the input Function block GUID 3D0BBDC3 4091 4D8B A35C 95F6289E6FD8 V1 EN Figure 48 Function block Settings The function does not have any parameters available in LHMI or PCM600 3 13 2 8 F_TRIG function block Functionality F_TRIG is used as a falling edge detector The function detects the transition from TRUE to FALSE at the CLK input When the fall...

Страница 106: ... circuit breaker status information Respectively T_POS_OK is used to validate the intermediate or faulty breaker position Table 56 Cross reference between circuit breaker position and the output of the function block Circuit breaker position Output of the function block T_POS_CL T_POS_OP T_POS_OK Intermediate 00 FALSE FALSE FALSE Close 01 TRUE FALSE TRUE Open 10 FALSE TRUE TRUE Faulty 11 TRUE TRUE...

Страница 107: ...ROL function outputs Only one output is active at a time Table 57 Truth table for CONTROL Input Output CTRL_OFF CTRL_LOC CTRL_STA 1 CTRL_REM TRUE any any any OFF TRUE FALSE TRUE any any LOCAL TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE any STATION TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE REMOTE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE OFF TRUE 1 If station authority is not in use the CTRL_STA input is interpreted as CTRL_REM The station author...

Страница 108: ... BOOLEAN Control output OFF LOCAL BOOLEAN Control output Local STATION BOOLEAN Control output Station REMOTE BOOLEAN Control output Remote 3 13 3 4 Settings Table 60 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description LR control 1 LR key 2 Binary input 1 LR key LR control through LR key or binary input Station authority 1 Not used 2 Station Remote 1 Not used Control command ori...

Страница 109: ... 11 Object direct 12 Object select 13 RL local allowed 14 RL remote allowed 15 RL off 16 Function off 17 Function blocked 18 Command progress 19 Select timeout 20 Missing authority 21 Close not enabled 22 Open not enabled 23 Device in IRF 24 Already close 25 Wrong client 26 RL station allowed 27 RL change Latest command response LR state Enum 0 Off 1 Local 2 Remote 3 Station LR state monitoring fo...

Страница 110: ...corded load quantities is about eight times the nominal value and values larger than that saturate The recording time depends on a settable demand interval parameter and the amount of quantities selected The record output is in the COMTRADE format 3 15 1 1 Quantities Selectable quantities are product dependent Table 62 Quantity Description Disabled Quantity not selected IA Phase A current instance...

Страница 111: ...cording capability is about 7 4 years when one quantity is recorded and the demand interval is set to 180 minutes The recording time scales down proportionally when a shorter demand time is selected or more quantities are recorded The recording lengths in days with different settings used are presented in Table 63 When the recording buffer is fully occupied the oldest data are overwritten by the n...

Страница 112: ... or any appropriate computer software that can access the C LDP COMTRADE folder The load profile record consists of two COMTRADE file types the configuration file CFG and the data file DAT The file name is same for both file types To ensure that both the uploaded file types are generated from the same data content the files need to be uploaded successively Once either of the files is uploaded the ...

Страница 113: ...affects the content of the COMTRADE configuration file is changed Also if data source for selected quantity is removed for example with ACT the load profile recorder stops recording and previously collected data are cleared 3 15 2 Configuration The load profile record can be configured with the PCM600 tool or any tool supporting the IEC 61850 standard The load profile record can be enabled or disa...

Страница 114: ... after uploading State change of Mem warning level or Mem alarm level parameters generates an event The IP number of the protection relay and the content of the Bay name setting are both included in the COMTRADE configuration file for identification purposes 3 15 3 Signals Table 64 LoadProf Output signals Name Type Description MEM_WARN BOOLEAN Recording memory warning status MEM_ALARM BOOLEAN Reco...

Страница 115: ...3 15 4 Settings 1MRS240050 IB C Section 3 Basic functions REF615R 109 Technical Manual ...

Страница 116: ...VB 14 VC 15 VAB2 16 VBC2 17 VCA2 18 VA2 19 VB2 20 VC2 21 S 22 P 23 Q 24 PF 25 S2 26 P2 27 Q2 28 PF2 29 SA 30 SB 31 SC 32 PA 33 PB 34 PC 35 QA 36 QB 37 QC 38 PFA 39 PFB 40 PFC 41 SA2 42 SB2 43 SC2 44 PA2 45 PB2 46 PC2 47 QA2 48 QB2 49 QC2 50 PFA2 51 PFB2 52 PFC2 0 Disabled Select quantity to be recorded Mem warning level 0 100 1 0 Set memory warning level Table continues on next page Section 3 1MRS...

Страница 117: ...0 100 1 0 Set memory alarm level 3 15 5 Monitored data Table 66 LoadProf Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description Rec memory used INT32 0 100 How much recording memory is currently used 1MRS240050 IB C Section 3 Basic functions REF615R 111 Technical Manual ...

Страница 118: ...112 ...

Страница 119: ...on instantaneous stage PHIPTOC 3I 50P 3 4 1 1 2 Function block A070553 ANSI V1 EN Figure 53 Function block 4 1 1 3 Functionality The three phase overcurrent protection function 51P 50P is used as one phase two phase or three phase non directional overcurrent and short circuit protection The function picks up when the current exceeds the set limit The trip time characteristics for low stage 51P and...

Страница 120: ...ns A070552 ANSI V1 EN Figure 54 Functional module diagram Level detector The measured phase currents are compared phasewise to the set Pickup value If the measured value exceeds the set Pickup value the level detector reports the exceeding of the value to the phase selection logic If the ENA_MULT input is active the Pickup value setting is multiplied by the Pickup value Mult setting Do not set the...

Страница 121: ...ration timer has reached the value of Trip delay time in the DT mode or the maximum value defined by the inverse time curve the TRIP output is activated When the user programmable IDMT curve is selected the operation time characteristics are defined by the parameters Curve parameter A Curve parameter B Curve parameter C Curve parameter D and Curve parameter E If a drop off situation happens that i...

Страница 122: ...IDMT curve but always at least the value of the Minimum trip time setting For more information see the IDMT curves for overcurrent protection section in this manual The timer calculates the pickup duration value PICKUP_DUR which indicates the percentage ratio of the pickup situation and the set trip time The value is available in the monitored data view Blocking logic There are three operation mod...

Страница 123: ...6 IDMT characteristics curves of which seven comply with the IEEE C37 112 and six with the IEC 60255 3 standard Two curves follow the special characteristics of ABB praxis and are referred to as RI and RD In addition to this a user programmable curve can be used if none of the standard curves are applicable The DT characteristics can be chosen by selecting the Operating curve type values ANSI Def ...

Страница 124: ...iled description of timers see the General function block features section in this manual Table 69 Reset time characteristics supported by different stages Reset curve type 51P 50P 1 2 Note 1 Immediate x x Available for all reset time curves 2 Def time reset x x Available for all reset time curves 3 Inverse reset x x Available only for ANSI and user programmable curves The Type of reset curve sett...

Страница 125: ... 3 single phase faults are not detected The setting 3 out of 3 requires the fault to be present in all three phases Many applications require several steps using different current pickup levels and time delays 51P 50P consists of three protection stages Low 51P High 50P 1 2 Instantaneous 50P 3 51P is used for overcurrent protection The function contains several types of time delay characteristics ...

Страница 126: ...been arranged as shown in Figure 56 The low set stage 51P operates time selectively both in transformer and LV side busbar faults The high set stage 50P 1 2 operates instantaneously making use of current selectivity only in transformer HV side faults If there is a possibility that the fault current can also be fed from the LV side up to the HV side the transformer must also be equipped with LV sid...

Страница 127: ...ng current operating time or blockings between successive overcurrent stages With blocking channels the operating time of the protection can be drastically shortened if compared to the simple time selective protection In addition to the busbar protection this blocking principle is applicable for the protection of transformer LV terminals and short lines The functionality and performance of the pro...

Страница 128: ...umerical units So for example a grading margin of 150 ms in the DT mode of operation can be used provided that the circuit breaker interrupting time is shorter than 60 ms The sensitivity and speed of the current selective stages become as good as possible due to the fact that the transient overreach is very low Also the effects of switching inrush currents on the setting values can be reduced by u...

Страница 129: ...ut between the incoming and outgoing feeders The protection scheme is implemented with three stage numerical overcurrent protection where the low set stage 51P operates in IDMT mode and the two higher stages 50P 1 2 and 50P 3 in DT mode Also the thermal withstand of the line types along the feeder and maximum expected inrush currents of the feeders are shown Faults occurring near the station where...

Страница 130: ...ration characteristics All the points mentioned earlier required to define the overcurrent protection parameters can be expressed simultaneously in a coordination plan In Figure 59 the coordination plan shows an example of operation characteristics in the LV side incoming feeder and radial outgoing feeder Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 124 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 131: ... 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode ENA_MULT BOOLEAN 0 False Enable signal for current multiplier Table 72 50P 1 2 Input signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode ENA_MULT BOOLEAN 0 False Enable signal for current multiplier 1MRS2...

Страница 132: ...P 1 2 Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup Table 76 50P 3 Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup 4 1 1 9 Settings Table 77 51P Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pickup value 0 05 5 00 xIn 0 01 0 05 Pickup value Pickup value mult 0 8 10 0 0 1 1 0 Multiplier for scaling the pickup value Ti...

Страница 133: ...ble 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Num of pickup phases 1 1 out of 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for trip activation Minimum trip time 20 60000 ms 1 20 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Pa...

Страница 134: ...Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Num of pickup phases 1 1 out of 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for trip activation Minimum trip time 20 60000 ms 1 20 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measur...

Страница 135: ... 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for trip activation Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time 4 1 1 10 Monitored data Table 83 51P Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time 51P Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status Table 84 50P 1 2 Monitored data Name Ty...

Страница 136: ...3 ms 17 ms 14 ms 51P and 50P 1 2 IFault 2 set Pickup value 23 ms 25 ms 28 ms Reset time 40 ms Reset ratio Typically 0 96 Retardation time 30 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms 3 Suppression of harmonics RMS No suppression DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 Peak to Peak No suppressi...

Страница 137: ...n directional overcurrent and short circuit protection for feeders The operation of this function is very similar to the 51P function except that inverse curves operating times are 10 times that of 51P The function also contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs timers or the function itself if desired 4 1 2 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disa...

Страница 138: ...exceeding of the value to the phase selection logic If the ENA_MULT input is active the Pickup value setting is multiplied by the Pickup value Mult setting The pickup value multiplication is normally done when the inrush detection function INR is connected to the ENA_MULT input GUID 640654EC 1E77 4ED5 BE41 9EC399B686BA ANSI V1 EN Figure 62 Pickup value behavior with ENA_MULT input activated Sectio...

Страница 139: ... is preselected with the global setting Blocking mode The Blocking mode setting has three blocking methods In the Freeze timers mode the trip timer is frozen to the prevailing value In the Block all mode the whole function is blocked and the timers are reset In the Block TRIP output mode the function operates normally but the TRIP output is not activated 4 1 2 5 Timer characteristics 51LT supports...

Страница 140: ...et curve type 51LT 1 Immediate x 2 Def time reset x 3 Inverse reset x 4 1 2 6 Application The long time overcurrent protection is used in special feeder protection application where operating time provided by 51P is not good enough for coordination purpose 4 1 2 7 Signals Table 89 51LT Input signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL ...

Страница 141: ...ve type Type of reset curve 1 Immediate 2 Def time reset 3 Inverse reset 1 Immediate Selection of reset curve type Table 92 51LT Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Num of pickup phases 1 1 out of 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for trip activation Minimum trip time...

Страница 142: ...currents in the range of 0 1 5 x In Pickup time 1 2 Minimum Typical Maximum IFault 2 x set Pickup value 23 ms 25 ms 28 ms Reset time 50 ms Reset ratio Typical 0 96 Retardation time 30 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms 3 Suppression of harmonics RMS No suppression DFT 50 dB at f n x...

Страница 143: ...otection function 67 51P and 67 50P is used as one phase two phase or three phase directional overcurrent and short circuit protection 67 51P and 67 50P pick up when the value of the current exceeds the set limit and directional criterion is fulfilled The trip time characteristics for low stage 67 51P and high stages 67 50P 1 and 67 50P 2 can be selected to be either definite time DT or inverse de...

Страница 144: ...quantity can be selected from the different polarization quantities which are the positive sequence voltage negative sequence voltage self polarizing faulted voltage and cross polarizing voltages healthy voltages The polarizing method is defined with the Pol quantity setting Table 95 Polarizing quantities Polarizing quantity Description Pos seq volt Positive sequence voltage Neg seq volt Negative ...

Страница 145: ...e short circuit or a ground fault characterized by an extremely low voltage At sudden loss of the polarization quantity the angle difference is calculated on the basis of a fictive voltage The fictive voltage is calculated using the positive phase sequence voltage measured before the fault occurred assuming that the voltage is not affected by the fault The memory function enables the function to t...

Страница 146: ...the NON_DIR input When the NON_DIR input is active 67 51P and 67 50P operate as a non directional overcurrent protection regardless of the Directional mode setting Operating zone Non operating zone Memory function operate zone Min trip voltage Min trip current Polarizing quantity Operating quantity GUID C30CD1A2 93E2 4A92 9FF3 58B7B2A98458 V1 EN Figure 65 Operating zones at minimum magnitude level...

Страница 147: ...E77 4ED5 BE41 9EC399B686BA ANSI V1 EN Figure 66 Pickup value behavior with ENA_MULT input activated Phase selection logic If the fault criteria are fulfilled in the level detector and the directional calculation the phase selection logic detects the phase or phases in which the measured current exceeds the setting If the phase information matches the Num of pickup phases setting the phase selectio...

Страница 148: ...ctivated The Inverse reset selection is only supported with ANSI or user programmable types of the IDMT operating curves If another operating curve type is selected an immediate reset occurs during the drop off situation The setting Time multiplier is used for scaling the IDMT trip and reset times The setting parameter Minimum trip time defines the minimum desired trip time for IDMT The setting is...

Страница 149: ...ined separately The forward operation area is limited with the Min forward angle and Max forward angle settings The reverse operation area is limited with the Min reverse angle and Max reverse angle settings The sector limits are always given as positive degree values In the forward operation area the Max forward angle setting gives the counterclockwise sector and the Min forward angle setting giv...

Страница 150: ...The value for DIR_A _B _C The ANGLE_X is not in any of the defined sectors or the direction cannot be defined due too low amplitude 0 unknown The ANGLE_X is in the forward sector 1 forward The ANGLE_X is in the reverse sector 2 backward The ANGLE_X is in both forward and reverse sectors that is when the sectors are overlapping 3 both Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 144 REF615R Techn...

Страница 151: ...urrent Used polarizing voltage Angle difference A IA VA ANGLE A V I A A RCA _ ϕ ϕ ϕ GUID 97073FAF B617 4ECD A4E9 752AFA1F7B89 ANSI V1 EN B IB VB ANGLE B V I B B RCA _ ϕ ϕ ϕ GUID 624E8145 C8F3 4831 A45C AD47D4A77A83 ANSI V1 EN C IC VC ANGLE C V I C C RCA _ ϕ ϕ ϕ GUID 7E8BA4E2 4CAE 453C ADEA D0BF05EE3ED8 ANSI V1 EN A B IA IB VAB ANGLE A V I I AB A B RCA _ ϕ ϕ ϕ GUID 90E82618 DEB6 4949 A968 C2FE034FB...

Страница 152: ... fault is between phases B and C the angle difference is measured between the polarizing quantity VBC and operating quantity IB IC in the self polarizing method GUID 7CBA5DD4 CABC 4365 A4E3 4B5F73527ECA ANSI V1 EN Figure 69 Two phase short circuit short circuit is between phases B and C Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 146 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 153: ...4791 A92C 9DBC0BA47EBF ANSI V1 EN A B IA IB VBC VCA ANGLE A V V I I BC CA A B RCA o _ ϕ ϕ ϕ 90 GUID FA1C82F1 94F6 4669 8303 D465948F0611 ANSI V1 EN B C IB IC VCA VAB ANGLE B V V I I CA AB B C RCA o _ ϕ ϕ ϕ 90 GUID 6D5785FC 2D25 48F9 B5D6 BD4E12A440E8 ANSI V1 EN C A IC IA VAB VBC ANGLE C V V I I AB BC C A RCA o _ ϕ ϕ ϕ 90 GUID B1524B24 5D74 4E0F 9432 7D19AC5A18C3 ANSI V1 EN The polarizing quantity ...

Страница 154: ... 46F7 A102 DCB1A6BD60D6 ANSI V1 EN Figure 71 Two phase short circuit short circuit is between phases B and C The equations are valid when network rotating direction is counter clockwise that is ABC If the network rotating direction is reversed 180 degrees is added to the calculated angle difference This is done automatically with a system parameter Phase rotation Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protecti...

Страница 155: ...short circuit phases B and C when the actuating polarizing quantity is the negative sequence voltage V2 Positive sequence voltage as polarizing quantity Table 101 Equations for calculating angle difference for positive sequence quantity polarizing method Faulted phases Used fault current Used polarizing voltage Angle difference A IA V1 ANGLE A V I A RCA _ ϕ ϕ ϕ 1 GUID 7BCB8B12 2484 49AD 92A3 839A3...

Страница 156: ...ly the network rotating direction is counter clockwise and defined as ABC If the network rotating direction is reversed meaning clockwise that is ACB the equations for calculating the angle difference needs to be changed The network rotating direction is defined with a system parameter Phase rotation The change in the network rotating direction affects the phase to phase voltages polarization meth...

Страница 157: ...se the same current time characteristic for all overcurrent protection relays in the network This includes the overcurrent protection of transformers and other equipment The phase overcurrent protection can also be used in closed ring systems as short circuit protection Because the setting of a phase overcurrent protection system in closed ring networks can be complicated a large number of fault c...

Страница 158: ...ction of the fault Otherwise there is a risk that the fault situation in one part of the feeding system can de energize the whole system connected to the LV side GUID E92DF9EA D7AD 4866 B426 08533D5E2973 ANSI V1 EN Figure 75 Overcurrent protection of parallel lines using directional protection relays 67 51P and 67 50P can be used for parallel operating transformer applications In these application...

Страница 159: ...n can be varied The time grading between the network level stages is challenging without unnecessary delays in the time settings In this case it is practical to use the directional overcurrent protection relays to achieve a selective protection scheme Directional overcurrent functions can be used in closed ring applications The arrows define the operating direction of the directional functionality...

Страница 160: ...current V_A_AB SIGNAL 0 Phase to ground voltage A or phase to phase voltage AB V_B_BC SIGNAL 0 Phase to ground voltage B or phase to phase voltage BC V_C_CA SIGNAL 0 Phase to ground voltage C or phase to phase voltage CA V1 SIGNAL 0 Positive phase sequence voltage V2 SIGNAL 0 Negative phase sequence voltage BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode ENA_MULT BOOLEAN 0 Fals...

Страница 161: ...MULT BOOLEAN 0 False Enable signal for current multiplier NON_DIR BOOLEAN 0 False Forces protection to non directional Table 104 67 51P Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup Table 105 67 50P Output signals Name Type Description PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup TRIP BOOLEAN Trip 4 1 3 9 Settings Table 106 67 51P Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Des...

Страница 162: ...tion Max reverse angle 0 90 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in reverse direction Min forward angle 0 90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in forward direction Min reverse angle 0 90 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in reverse direction Pol quantity 2 Pos seq volt 1 Self pol 4 Neg seq volt 5 Cross pol 5 Cross pol Reference quantity used to determine fault direction Table 107 67 51P Non group settings Parameter...

Страница 163: ... xIn 0 01 0 10 Pickup value Pickup value mult 0 8 10 0 0 1 1 0 Multiplier for scaling the pickup value Directional mode 1 Non directional 2 Forward 3 Reverse 2 Forward Directional mode Time multiplier 0 05 15 00 0 01 1 00 Time multiplier in IEC ANSI IDMT curves Operating curve type 1 ANSI Ext Inv 3 ANSI Norm Inv 5 ANSI DT 9 IEC Norm Inv 10 IEC Very Inv 12 IEC Ext Inv 15 IEC DT 17 Programmable 15 I...

Страница 164: ...ion as non dir when dir info is invalid Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Min trip current 0 01 1 00 xIn 0 01 0 01 Minimum trip current Min trip voltage 0 01 1 00 xUn 0 01 0 01 Minimum trip voltage Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curve parameter B 0 0000 0 7120 0 1217 Parameter B for customer progra...

Страница 165: ...h Direction phase C ANGLE_A FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Calculated angle difference Phase A ANGLE_B FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Calculated angle difference Phase B ANGLE_C FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Calculated angle difference Phase C 67 51P Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status Table 111 67 50P Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 10...

Страница 166: ...sabled Status 4 1 3 11 Technical data Table 112 67 51P and 67 50P Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the current voltage measured fn 2 Hz 67 51P Current 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 In Voltage 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 Vn Phase angle 2 67 50P 1 and 67 50P 2 Current 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 In at currents in the range of 0 1 10 In 5 0 of t...

Страница 167: ... 3 Maximum Pickup value 2 5 In Pickup value multiples in range of 1 5 20 4 1 4 Non directional neutral overcurrent protection 51N 50N and Non directional ground fault protection 51G 50G 4 1 4 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Non directional ground fault protection low stage EFLPTOC Io 51N G Non directional ground ...

Страница 168: ...onding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 51N 50N and 51G 50G can be described by using a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections A070437 ANSI V1 EN Figure 79 Functional module diagram Level detector The measured ground current is compared to the set Pickup value If the measured value exceeds the set Pickup value the level detector sen...

Страница 169: ...the Reset delay time setting With the reset curve type Inverse reset the reset time depends on the current during the drop off situation If the drop off situation continues the reset timer is reset and the PICKUP output is deactivated The Inverse reset selection is only supported with ANSI or user programmable types of the IDMT operating curves If another operating curve type is selected an immedi...

Страница 170: ...k to Peak x x x For a detailed description of the measurement modes see the Measurement modes section in this manual 4 1 4 6 Timer characteristics 51N 50N or 51G 50G supports both DT and IDMT characteristics The user can select the timer characteristics with the Operating curve type and Type of reset curve settings When the DT characteristic is selected it is only affected by the Trip delay time a...

Страница 171: ...rse x 14 IEC Long Time Inverse x 15 IEC Definite Time x x 17 User programmable curve x x 18 RI type x 19 RD type x 50N G 3 supports only definite time characteristics For a detailed description of timers see the General function block features section in this manual Table 115 Reset time characteristics supported by different stages Reset curve type 51N G 50N G 1 2 Note 1 Immediate x x Available fo...

Страница 172: ...several steps using different current pickup levels and time delays 51N 50N or 51G 50G consists of three different protection stages Low 51N G High 50N G 1 2 Instantaneous 50N G 3 51N G contains several types of time delay characteristics 50N G 1 2 and 50N G 3 are used for fast clearance of serious ground faults 4 1 4 8 Signals Table 116 51N G Input signals Name Type Default Description IN or IG S...

Страница 173: ...pe Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup Table 121 50N G 3 Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup 4 1 4 9 Settings Table 122 51N G Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pickup value 0 010 5 000 xIn 0 005 0 010 Pickup value Pickup value mult 0 8 10 0 0 1 1 0 Multiplier for scaling the pickup value Time multiplier 0 05...

Страница 174: ... 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Minimum trip time 20 60000 ms 1 20 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curve parameter B 0 0000 0 7120 0 1217 Parameter B for custom...

Страница 175: ...eter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Minimum trip time 20 60000 ms 1 20 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curv...

Страница 176: ...or calculated I0 4 1 4 10 Monitored data Table 128 51N G Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time 51N G Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status Table 129 50N G 1 2 Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time 50N G 1 2 Enum 1 E...

Страница 177: ...e theoretical value or 20 ms 3 Suppression of harmonics RMS No suppression DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 Peak to Peak No suppression 1 Measurement mode default depends on stage current before fault 0 0 In fn 60 Hz ground fault current with nominal frequency injected from random phase angle results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements 2 Includes the delay of the signal outpu...

Страница 178: ...and negative sequence voltage V2 exceed the set limits and the angle between them is inside the set operating sector The trip time characteristic for low stage 67 51N and high stage 67 50N 1 and 67 50N 2 can be selected to be either definite time DT or inverse definite minimum time IDMT In the DT mode the function trips after a predefined trip time and resets when the fault current disappears The ...

Страница 179: ... directional or Allow Non Dir to True The protection relay does not accept the Pickup value or Pickup value Mult setting if the product of these settings exceeds the Pickup value setting range Do not set the multiplier setting Pickup value Mult higher than necessary If the value is too high the function may not trip at all during an inrush followed by a fault no matter how severe the fault is The ...

Страница 180: ...onal information is invalid Typically the network rotating direction is counter clockwise and defined as ABC If the network rotating direction is reversed meaning clockwise that is ACB the equation for calculating the negative sequence voltage component need to be changed The network rotating direction is defined with a system parameter Phase rotation The calculation of the component is affected b...

Страница 181: ... ANGLE Also called operating angle shows the angle difference between the VG polarizing quantity and Io operating quantity ANGLE_RCA The angle difference between the operating angle and Characteristic angle that is ANGLE_RCA ANGLE Characteristic angle I_OPER The current that is used for fault detection If the Operation mode setting is Phase angle Phase angle 80 or Phase angle 88 I_OPER is the meas...

Страница 182: ...mable types of the IDMT operating curves If another operating curve type is selected an immediate reset occurs during the drop off situation The setting Time multiplier is used for scaling the IDMT trip and reset times The setting parameter Minimum trip time defines the minimum desired trip time for IDMT The setting is applicable only when the IDMT curves are used The Minimum trip time setting sho...

Страница 183: ... comparing the phase angle of I0 to that of the zero sequence voltage V0 Relay characteristic angle The Characteristic angle setting also known as Relay Characteristic Angle RCA Relay Base Angle or Maximum Torque Angle MTA is used in the Phase angle mode to turn the directional characteristic if the expected fault current angle does not coincide with the polarizing quantity to produce the maximum ...

Страница 184: ...ntity V polarizing quantity zero torque line GUID 829C6CEB 19F0 4730 AC98 C5528C35A297 ANSI V1 EN Figure 82 Definition of the relay characteristic angle RCA 0 degrees in a compensated network Example 2 The Phase angle mode is selected solidly grounded network φRCA 60 deg Characteristic angle 60 deg Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 178 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 185: ...ue line polarizing quantity operating quantity 0 V 0 I GUID D72D678C 9C87 4830 BB85 FE00F5EA39C2 ANSI V1 EN Figure 83 Definition of the relay characteristic angle RCA 60 degrees in a solidly grounded network Example 3 The Phase angle mode is selected isolated network φRCA 90 deg Characteristic angle 90 deg 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF615R 179 Technical Manual ...

Страница 186: ...ine to ground capacitances C0 of phases and leakage resistances R0 This means that the zero sequence current is mainly capacitive and has a phase shift of 90 degrees compared to the residual voltage V0 Consequently the relay characteristic angle RCA should be set to 90 degrees and the operation criteria to IoSin or Phase angle The width of the operating sector in the phase angle criteria can be se...

Страница 187: ...he active current component The magnitude of this component is often small and must be increased by means of a parallel resistor in the compensation equipment When measuring the resistive part of the zero sequence current the relay characteristic angle RCA should be set to 0 degrees and the operation criteria to I0cos φ or phase angle A B C C0 ΣI01 ΣI02 ΣI02 Ief R0 L RL ΣI01 0 V 0 V 0 V A070444 AN...

Страница 188: ...lts selectively in compensated networks regardless of whether the compensation coil is connected or not Therefore the RCA_CTL input is not required if the extended operation area is used Sometimes the distance between the start point and the protection relay is long which makes it impractical to apply the scheme based on signal wiring between the protection relay and the Petersen coil or the groun...

Страница 189: ...ent modes RMS DFT and Peak to Peak The measurement mode is selected with the Measurement mode setting Table 136 Measurement modes supported by 67 51N and 67 50N stages Measurement mode 67 51N 67 50N 1 and 67 50N 2 RMS x x DFT x x Peak to Peak x x For a detailed description of the measurement modes see the Measurement modes section in this manual 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF61...

Страница 190: ...he following characteristics which comply with the list in the IEC 61850 7 4 specification indicate the characteristics supported by different stages Table 137 Timer characteristics supported by different stages Operating curve type 67 51N 67 50N 1 and 67 50N 2 1 ANSI Extremely Inverse x x 2 ANSI Very Inverse x 3 ANSI Normal Inverse x x 4 ANSI Moderately Inverse x 5 ANSI Definite Time x x 6 Long T...

Страница 191: ...orward operation area is limited with the Min forward angle and Max forward angle settings The reverse operation area is limited with the Min reverse angle and Max reverse angle settings The sector limits are always given as positive degree values In the forward operation area the Max forward angle setting gives the clockwise sector and the Min forward angle setting correspondingly the countercloc...

Страница 192: ... direction The value for DIRECTION Angle between the polarizing and operating quantity is not in any of the defined sectors 0 unknown Angle between the polarizing and operating quantity is in the forward sector 1 forward Angle between the polarizing and operating quantity is in the reverse sector 2 backward Angle between the polarizing and operating quantity is in both the forward and the reverse ...

Страница 193: ... active or reactive current measurement The operating characteristic of the directional operation depends on the grounding principle of the network The I0sin φ characteristics is used in an isolated network measuring the reactive component of the fault current caused by the ground capacitance The I0cos φ characteristics is used in a compensated network measuring the active component of the fault c...

Страница 194: ...lues The minimum values can be defined with the Min trip current and Min trip voltage settings In case of low magnitude the FAULT_DIR and DIRECTION outputs are set to 0 unknown except when the Allow non dir setting is True In that case the function is allowed to operate in the directional mode as non directional since the directional information is invalid The calculated Iosin φ or Iocos φ current...

Страница 195: ...re 89 Operating characteristic I0sin φ in forward fault The operating sector is limited by angle correction that is the operating sector is 180 degrees 2 angle correction Example 2 Iosin φ criterion selected reverse type fault FAULT_DIR 2 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF615R 189 Technical Manual ...

Страница 196: ... GUID 10A890BE 8C81 45B2 9299 77DD764171E1 ANSI V1 EN Figure 90 Operating characteristic I0sin φ in reverse fault Example 3 Iocos φ criterion selected forward type fault FAULT_DIR 1 Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 190 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 197: ...tic I0cos φ in forward fault Example 4 Iocos φ criterion selected reverse type fault FAULT_DIR 2 RCA 0 deg Correction angle Min operating current 0 0 0 GUID 54ACB854 F11D 4AF2 8BDB 69E5F6C13EF1 ANSI V1 EN Figure 92 Operating characteristic I0cos φ in reverse fault 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF615R 191 Technical Manual ...

Страница 198: ...ctor rounding is used for cancelling the CT measurement errors at low current amplitudes When the current amplitude falls below three percent of the nominal current the sector is reduced to 70 degrees at the fixed sector side This makes the protection more selective which means that the phase angle measurement errors do not cause faulty operation There is no sector rounding on the other side of th...

Страница 199: ...tic for phase angle classic 80 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 of 0 90 45 30 15 75 60 90 45 30 15 75 60 Min forward angle 1 80 deg 70 deg Forward area Non operating area 3 of 1 of 0 I n I n I n I GUID 49D23ADF 4DA0 4F7A 8020 757F32928E60 ANSI V1 EN Figure 94 Phase angle classic 80 amplitude Phase angle 88 The operation criterion phase angle 88 is selected with the Operation mode setting using the value Phase a...

Страница 200: ...e nominal current the sector limit increases linearly from 73 degrees to 85 degrees If the current amplitude is between 20 100 percent of the nominal current the sector limit increases linearly from 85 degrees to 88 degrees If the current amplitude is more than 100 percent of the nominal current the sector limit is 88 degrees There is no sector rounding on the other side of the sector If the curre...

Страница 201: ...NSI V1 EN Figure 95 Operating characteristic for phase angle classic 88 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 of 0 90 45 30 15 75 60 90 45 30 15 75 60 Min forward angle 10 88 deg Forward area Non operating area 85 deg 73 deg 100 of 20 of 1 of 0 I n I n I n I n I GUID F9F1619D E1B5 4650 A5CB B62A7F6B0A90 ANSI V1 EN Figure 96 Phase angle classic 88 amplitude 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF6...

Страница 202: ...current and the reference zero sequence voltage V0 In compensated networks the phase angle criterion with extended operating sector can also be used When the relay characteristic angle RCA is 0 degrees the negative quadrant of the operation sector can be extended with the Min forward angle setting The operation sector can be set between 0 and 180 degrees so that the total operation sector is from ...

Страница 203: ...fers negative sequence polarization option where users can set the angle between V2 and I2 based on their application and practice Connection of measuring transformers in directional ground fault applications The zero sequence current I0 can be measured with a core balance current transformer or the residual connection of the phase current signals If the neutral of the network is either isolated o...

Страница 204: ...AL 0 Zero Sequence current Negative sequence current V0 or VG or V2 SIGNAL 0 Zero Sequence voltage Negative sequence voltage BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode ENA_MULT BOOLEAN 0 False Enable signal for current multiplier RCA_CTL BOOLEAN 0 False Relay characteristic angle control Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 198 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 205: ...scription TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup Table 145 67 50N Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup 4 1 5 11 Settings Table 146 67 51N Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pickup value 0 010 5 000 xIn 0 005 0 010 Pickup value Pickup value mult 0 8 10 0 0 1 1 0 Multiplier for scaling the pickup value Directional mode 1 Non d...

Страница 206: ...e angle in forward direction Max reverse angle 0 180 deg 1 80 Maximum phase angle in reverse direction Min forward angle 0 180 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in forward direction Min reverse angle 0 180 deg 1 80 Minimum phase angle in reverse direction Voltage pickup value 0 010 1 000 xUn 0 001 0 010 Voltage pickup value Enable voltage limit 0 False 1 True 1 True Enable voltage limit Table 147 67 51...

Страница 207: ... Calculated V0 3 Neg seq volt 1 Measured VG Selection for used polarization signal Table 148 67 50N Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pickup value 0 10 40 00 xIn 0 01 0 10 Pickup value Pickup value mult 0 8 10 0 0 1 1 0 Multiplier for scaling the pickup value Directional mode 1 Non directional 2 Forward 3 Reverse 2 Forward Directional mode Time multiplier 0 05 15 ...

Страница 208: ...hen dir info is invalid Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 3 Peak to Peak 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Min trip current 0 005 1 000 xIn 0 001 0 005 Minimum trip current Min trip voltage 0 01 1 00 xUn 0 01 0 01 Minimum trip voltage Correction angle 0 0 10 0 deg 0 1 0 0 Angle correction Pol reversal 0 False 1 True 0 False Rotate polarizing quantity Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Paramete...

Страница 209: ...nt 67 51N Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status Table 151 67 50N Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description FAULT_DIR Enum 0 unknown 1 forward 2 backward 3 both Detected fault direction PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time DIRECTION Enum 0 unknown 1 forward 2 backward 3 both Direction information ANGLE_RCA FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg An...

Страница 210: ...ckup value 62 ms 65 ms 69 ms Reset time 40 ms Reset ratio Typically 0 96 Retardation time 30 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms 3 Suppression of harmonics RMS No suppression DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 Peak to Peak No suppression 1 Measurement mode default depends on stage c...

Страница 211: ...centage of the ground faults have very large impedance It is possible to detect these faults by using a very sensitive earth fault protection It is applicable for networks where normal unbalance current level is low enough to allow for sensitive setting of 50SEF The function also contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs 4 1 6 4 Operation principle See function 51N...

Страница 212: ...r system equipment However they are a considerable threat to people and property If the natural unbalance in the system is low the sensitive earth fault protection can be used to detect the ground fault 4 1 6 8 Signals See function 51N 4 1 6 9 Settings See function 51N 4 1 6 10 Monitored data See function 51N 4 1 6 11 Technical data See function 50N 4 1 7 Negative sequence overcurrent protection 4...

Страница 213: ...me characteristics can be selected to be either definite time DT or inverse definite minimum time IDMT In the DT mode the function trips after a predefined trip time and resets when the fault current disappears The IDMT mode provides current dependent timer characteristics The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs timers or the function itself if desir...

Страница 214: ...lected the operation time characteristics are defined by the parameters Curve parameter A Curve parameter B Curve parameter C Curve parameter D and Curve parameter E If a drop off situation happens that is a fault suddenly disappears before the trip delay is exceeded the timer reset state is activated The functionality of the timer in the reset state depends on the combination of the Operating cur...

Страница 215: ...n be controlled by a binary input a horizontal communication input or an internal signal of the protection relay s program The influence of the BLOCK signal activation is preselected with the global setting Blocking mode The Blocking mode setting has three blocking methods In the Freeze timers mode the operation timer is frozen to the prevailing value but the TRIP output is not deactivated when bl...

Страница 216: ...ier settings are also available for coordinating with other devices in the system 4 1 7 6 Signals Table 153 46 Input signals Name Type Default Description I2 SIGNAL 0 Negative phase sequence current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode ENA_MULT BOOLEAN 0 False Enable signal for current multiplier Table 154 46 Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PIC...

Страница 217: ...6 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Minimum trip time 20 60000 ms 1 20 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Curve parameter A 0 0086 120 0000 28 2000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curve parameter B 0 0000 0 7120 0 1217 Parameter B for cus...

Страница 218: ... 0 96 Retardation time 35 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms 3 Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 1 Negative sequence current before fault 0 0 fn 60 Hz results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements 2 Includes the delay of the signal output ...

Страница 219: ... with DT characteristic The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block the function output timer or the function itself if desired 4 1 8 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 46PD can be described by using a module diagram All the modules in the dia...

Страница 220: ...imer reaches the value set by Reset delay time the operation timer resets and the PICKUP output is deactivated The timer calculates the pickup duration value PICKUP_DUR which indicates the ratio of the pickup situation and the set trip time The value is available in the monitored data view Blocking logic There are three operation modes in the blocking function The operation modes are controlled by...

Страница 221: ...s gives better sensitivity and stability compared to plain negative sequence current protection since the calculated ratio of positive sequence and negative sequence currents is relatively constant during load variations The unbalance of the network is detected by monitoring the negative sequence and positive sequence current ratio where the negative sequence current value is I2 and I1 is the posi...

Страница 222: ...Type Default Description I1 SIGNAL 0 Positive sequence current I2 SIGNAL 0 Negative sequence current I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode Table 160 46PD Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 216 R...

Страница 223: ... data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time RATIO_I2_I1 FLOAT32 0 00 999 99 Measured current ratio I2 I1 46PD Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 4 1 8 9 Technical data Table 164 46PD Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the measured current fn 2 Hz 2 of the ...

Страница 224: ...37 picks up when the current is less than the set limit Operation time characteristics are according to definite time DT The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs and reset the definite timer if desired 4 1 9 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disab...

Страница 225: ...l is disabled after all the phase currents have exceeded the set Pickup value value of the element The protection relay does not accept the Pickup value to be smaller than Current block value Level detector 2 This is a low current detection module that monitors the de energized condition of the protected object The module compares the phase currents RMS value to the Current block value setting If ...

Страница 226: ...akdown of the transformer insulation Knowledge of this condition when it occurs allows for a quick fuse replacement and saves the asset The Current block value setting can be set to zero to not block 37 with a low three phase current However this results in an unnecessary event sending when the transformer or protected object is disconnected Phase specific pickup and trip can give a better picture...

Страница 227: ...In 0 01 0 50 Current setting to pickup Trip delay time 50 200000 ms 10 2000 Trip delay time Table 168 37 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Operation mode 1 Three Phase 2 Single Phase 1 Three Phase Number of phases needed to pickup Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time 4 1 9 8 Monitored ...

Страница 228: ...dentification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Three phase overvoltage protection PHPTOV 3U 59 4 2 1 2 Function block A070122 V2 EN Figure 107 Function block 4 2 1 3 Functionality The three phase overvoltage protection function 59 is applied on power system elements such as generators transformers motors and power lines to protect the system from excessive voltages that could...

Страница 229: ...e voltages are compared phase wise to the set value of the Pickup value setting If the measured value is higher than the set value of the Pickup value setting the level detector enables the phase selection logic module The Relative hysteresis setting can be used for preventing unnecessary oscillations if the input signal slightly differs from the Pickup value setting After leaving the hysteresis a...

Страница 230: ...A Curve parameter B Curve parameter C Curve parameter D and Curve parameter E If a drop off situation occurs that is a fault suddenly disappears before the trip delay is exceeded the reset state is activated The behavior in the drop off situation depends on the selected trip time characteristics If the DT characteristics are selected the reset timer runs until the set Reset delay time value is exc...

Страница 231: ...ime multiplier setting is used for scaling the IDMT trip times The Minimum trip time setting parameter defines the minimum desired trip time for IDMT The setting is applicable only when the IDMT curves are used The Minimum trip time setting should be used with care because the operation time is according to the IDMT curve but always at least the 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF61...

Страница 232: ...ram The influence of the BLOCK input signal activation is preselected with the global Blocking mode setting The Blocking mode setting has three blocking methods In the Freeze timers mode the operation timer is frozen to the prevailing value but the TRIP is blocked and the Timers are reset In the Block all mode the whole function is blocked and the timers are reset In the Block TRIP output mode the...

Страница 233: ...tor Sudden loss of load due to the tripping of outgoing feeders leaving the generator isolated or feeding a very small load This causes a sudden rise in the terminal voltage due to the trapped field flux and overspeed If a load sensitive to overvoltage remains connected it leads to equipment damage It is essential to provide power frequency overvoltage protection in the form of time delayed elemen...

Страница 234: ...3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required for trip activation Minimum trip time 40 60000 ms 1 40 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Curve parameter A 0 005 200 000 1 000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curve parameter B 0 50 100 00 1 00 Parameter B for customer programmable curve Curve parameter C 0 0 1 0 0 0 Parameter C for cu...

Страница 235: ...nite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms3 Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 1 Pickup value 1 0 Vn Voltage before fault 0 9 Vn fn 60 Hz overvoltage in one phase to phase with nominal frequency injected from random phase angle results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements 2 I...

Страница 236: ... and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 27 can be described using a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections GUID 9D762D4C 404B 4F4B 93A9 B1F071DF12F2 ANSI V1 EN Figure 111 Functional module diagram Level detector The fundamental frequency component of the measured three phase voltag...

Страница 237: ...eria are fulfilled in the level detector the phase selection logic detects the phase or phases in which the fault level is detected If the number of faulty phases match with the set Num of pickup phases the phase selection logic activates the Timer Timer Once activated the Timer activates the PICKUP output Depending on the value of the set Operating curve type the time characteristics are selected...

Страница 238: ...ble 179 The reset time functionality when the IDMT trip time curve is selected Type of reset curve Description of operation Immediate The trip timer is reset instantaneously when drop off occurs Def time reset The trip timer is frozen during drop off The trip timer is reset after the set Reset delay time is exceeded DT Lin decr rst The trip timer value linearly decreases during the drop off situat...

Страница 239: ...e Minimum trip time setting parameter defines the minimum desired trip time for IDMT The setting is applicable only when the IDMT curves are used The Minimum trip time setting should be used with care because the operation time is according to the IDMT curve but always at least the value of the Minimum trip time setting For more information see the IDMT curves for overcurrent protection section in...

Страница 240: ...when blocking is activated In the Block all mode the whole function is blocked and the Timers are reset In the Block TRIP output mode the function operates normally but the TRIP output is not activated The Freeze timers mode of blocking has no effect during the Inverse reset mode 4 2 2 5 Timer characteristics The operating curve types supported by 27 are Table 180 Supported IDMT operate curve type...

Страница 241: ... ground faults unsymmetrical voltage increase 27 prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could cause overheating and thus shorten their life time expectancy In many cases 27 is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the power system 4 2 2 7 Signals Table 181 27 1 2 Input signals Name Type Default Description V_A_AB SIGNAL 0 Phase to ground...

Страница 242: ...p time 60 60000 ms 1 60 Minimum trip time for IDMT curves Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Curve parameter A 0 005 200 000 1 000 Parameter A for customer programmable curve Curve parameter B 0 50 100 00 1 00 Parameter B for customer programmable curve Curve parameter C 0 0 1 0 0 0 Parameter C for customer programmable curve Curve parameter D 0 000 60 000 0 000 Parameter D for cust...

Страница 243: ...finite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Trip time accuracy in inverse time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 20 ms3 Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 1 Pickup value 1 0 Vn Voltage before fault 1 1 Vn fn 60 Hz undervoltage in one phase to phase with nominal frequency injected from random phase angle results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements ...

Страница 244: ...tes with the definite time DT characteristic The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs the definite timer or the function itself if desired 4 2 3 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 59G N can be described by using a module di...

Страница 245: ... setting Blocking mode The Blocking mode setting has three blocking methods In the Freeze timers mode the operation timer is frozen to the prevailing value but the TRIP output is not deactivated when blocking is activated In the Block all mode the whole function is blocked and the timers are reset In the Block TRIP output mode the function operates normally but the TRIP output is not activated 4 2...

Страница 246: ... value on Sensor 9 or 10 input Alternatively it is designated as 59N when a calculated 3V0 value is used as input to the function based on calculated 3V0 from the three phase ground voltage inputs When the input VT is V open delta connected zero sequence voltage cannot be calculated and hence 59N function cannot be employed 4 2 3 6 Signals Table 187 59G N Input signals Name Type Default Descriptio...

Страница 247: ... 192 59G N Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the measured voltage fn 2 Hz 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 Vn Pickup time1 2 Minimum Typical Maximum VFault 1 1 set Pickup value 55 ms 57 ms 60 ms Reset time 40 ms Reset ratio Typically 0 96 Retardation time 35 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Suppression of harm...

Страница 248: ...47 is used for the protection of machines he function picks up when the negative sequence voltage exceeds the set limit 47 operates with the definite time DT characteristics The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs the definite timer or the function itself if desired 4 2 4 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operati...

Страница 249: ...ratio of the pickup situation and the set trip time The value is available in the monitored data view Blocking logic There are three operation modes in the blocking function The operation modes are controlled by the BLOCK input and the global setting in Configuration System Blocking mode which selects the blocking mode The BLOCK input can be controlled by a binary input a horizontal communication ...

Страница 250: ...he 47 operation can be applied as a backup protection or it can be used as an alarm The latter can be applied when it is not required to trip loads tolerating voltage unbalance better than the rotating machines If there is a considerable degree of voltage unbalance in the network the rotating machines should not be connected to the network at all This logic can be implemented by inhibiting the clo...

Страница 251: ...Table 196 47 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time 4 2 4 8 Monitored data Table 197 47 Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description PICKUP_DUR FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Ratio of pickup time trip time 47 Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked...

Страница 252: ...nics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 1 Negative sequence voltage before fault 0 0 Vn fn 60 Hz negative sequence overvoltage with nominal frequency injected from random phase angle results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements 2 Includes the delay of the signal output contact 4 2 5 Voltage per hertz protection 24 4 2 5 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identificat...

Страница 253: ...led with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 24 can be described using a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections GUID 93ECF983 CCBB 4277 8E7B 7EC43743A375 V1 EN Figure 118 Functional module diagram V f calculation This module calculates the V f ratio that is the excitation level from the internal ...

Страница 254: ...1 593333656FB8 V2 EN phase to phase C or CA E V I I j X CA C A leak GUID 90521B6F C9B3 411F 82AD E5AAF3D3ACEA V2 EN Pos sequence N A E V I j Xleak 3 1 1 GUID E79E33FD 02FF 4E92 80A4 C7FEBB99C839 V2 EN 1 Voltages currents and the leakage reactance Xleak in the calculations are given in volts amps and ohms If all three phase or phase to phase voltages and phase currents are fed to the protection rel...

Страница 255: ... activates the PICKUP output Depending on the value of the Operating curve type setting the time characteristics are according to DT or IDMT When the operation timer has reached the value set by Trip delay time in the DT mode or the value defined by the inverse time curve the TRIP output is activated In a drop off situation that is when the excitation level drops below Pickup value before the func...

Страница 256: ...le in the Monitored data view Blocking logic There are three operation modes in the blocking functionality The operation modes are controlled by the BLOCK input and the global setting Configuration System Blocking mode which selects the blocking mode The BLOCK input can be controlled by a binary input a horizontal communication input or an internal signal of the protection relay s program The infl...

Страница 257: ...rves If the excitation level drops below the Pickup value setting before the function trips the reset timer is activated If the fault reoccurs during the reset time the tripping calculation is made based on the effects of the period when PICKUP was previously active This is intended to allow a tripping condition to occur in less time to account for the heating effects from the previous active pick...

Страница 258: ...50 Cooling time Overexcitation IDMT curves 1 2 and 3 The base equation for the IDMT curves OvExt IDMT Crv1 OvExt IDMT Crv2 and OvExt IDMT Crv3 is t s e ak b M c 60 100 GUID 5D74EA35 03AD 44D1 9EE0 0B1999C55BF1 V1 EN Equation 5 t s Trip time in seconds M Excitation level V f ratio or volts hertz in pu k Time multiplier setting The constant 60 in Equation 5 converts time from minutes to seconds Sect...

Страница 259: ...OvExt IDMT Crv3 2 5 108 75 2 443 GUID BD1205DC 1794 4F64 A950 6199C54DB7B1 V1 EN Figure 120 Trip time curves for the overexcitation IDMT curve OvExt IDMT Crv1 for parameters a 2 5 b 115 0 and c 4 886 Overexcitation IDMT curve 4 The base equation for the IDMT curve OvExt IDMT Crv4 is 1MRS240050 IB C Section 4 Protection functions REF615R 253 Technical Manual ...

Страница 260: ...tivates the BLK_RESTART output For the IDMT characteristic OvExt IDMT Crv4 the deactivation of the TRIP output activates the cooling timer The timer is set to the value entered in the Cooling time setting The COOL_ACTIVE output is kept active until the cooling timer is reset whereas the BLK_RESTART output remains active until the timer exceeds the value to enable the restart time given in Equation...

Страница 261: ...ating effect and makes the overall trip time shorter GUID E62B7A83 72F7 4489 B7BC DE30D26BF6C7 V1 EN Figure 122 Example of an inverse time counter operation if TRIP occurs when BLK_RESTART is inactive while COOL_ACTIVE is active The Restart Ena level setting is considered to be 40 percent 4 2 5 6 Application If the laminated core of a power transformer or generator is subjected to a magnetic flux ...

Страница 262: ...transformer is generally provided by the generator overexcitation protection which uses the VTs connected to the generator terminals The curves that define the generator and transformer V Hz limits must be coordinated properly to protect both equipment If the generator can be operated with a leading power factor the high side voltage of the transformer can have a higher pu V Hz than the generator ...

Страница 263: ...EN Equation 8 The internal induced voltage E of the machine is calculated E V I I jX AB A B leak GUID DBA66DD4 E087 4624 BDCE E74167CAB5DE V1 EN Equation 9 E 11500 0 5600 63 57 5600 176 42 0 170378 90 12490 V The excitation level M of the machine is calculated Excitationlevel M 12490 49 98 11000 50 1 00 1 1359 GUID 28DEBF41 9058 4C7B 985F FA7131DF39A7 V1 EN Equation 10 Example 2 The situation and ...

Страница 264: ...ionlevel M 12490 49 98 11000 50 1 05 1 0818 GUID 3422B6EB 4564 4EFD B60A 50CB18850054 V1 EN Equation 11 Example 3 In this case the function operation is according to IDMT The Operating curve type setting is selected as OvExt IDMT Crv2 The corresponding example settings for the IDMT curve operation are given as Pickup value 110 Voltage Max Cont 100 Time multiplier 4 Maximum trip time 1000000 millis...

Страница 265: ...nimum trip time setting limits the trip time to 1000 milliseconds The Maximum trip time setting limits the trip time to 1000000 milliseconds if the excitation level stays between 1 1 and 1 16 In general however the excitation level seldom remains constant Therefore the exact trip times in any inverse time mode are difficult to predict Example 4 In this case the function operation is according to I...

Страница 266: ...l of 1 42 the time to tripping would be 5900 milliseconds as per the two dots in Figure 124 In this case the setting Maximum trip time 3600000 milliseconds does not limit the maximum trip time because the trip time at Pickup value 110 1 1 pu is approximately 75000 milliseconds 4 2 5 7 Signals Table 201 24 Input signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B...

Страница 267: ...l for blocking reconnection of an overheated machine COOL_ACTIVE BOOLEAN Signal to indicate machine is in cooling process 4 2 5 8 Settings Table 203 24 Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pickup value 100 200 1 100 Over excitation pickup value Operating curve type 5 ANSI DT 15 IEC DT 17 OvExt IDMT Crv1 18 OvExt IDMT Crv2 19 OvExt IDMT Crv3 20 OvExt IDMT Crv4 15 IEC ...

Страница 268: ... selection 1 phase to earth 2 phase to phase 3 pos sequence 3 pos sequence Selection of phase phase to phase pos sequence voltages Phase selection 1 A or AB 2 B or BC 3 C or CA 1 A or AB Parameter for phase selection Leakage React 0 0 50 0 0 1 0 0 Leakage reactance of the machine Voltage Max Cont 80 160 1 110 Maximum allowed continuous operating voltage ratio 4 2 5 9 Monitored data Table 205 24 Mo...

Страница 269: ...time mode 5 0 of the theoretical value or 50 ms 1 Results based on statistical distribution of 1000 measurements 2 Includes the delay of the signal output contact 4 3 Frequency protection 4 3 1 Frequency protection 81 4 3 1 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Frequency protection FRPFRQ f f df dt 81 4 3 1 2 Function ...

Страница 270: ...th the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of 81 can be described using a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections GUID 9BF0484B 1BC9 4C44 B64A A2D6AB246916 ANSI V1 EN Figure 126 Functional module diagram Over under frequency detection The frequency detection module includes an overfrequency or underfrequ...

Страница 271: ... The positive rate of change protection is selected when the set value is positive When the frequency gradient protection is selected and the gradient exceeds the set Pickup value df dt value the module reports the exceeding of the value to the trip logic module The protection relay does not accept the set value 0 00 for the Pickup value df dt setting Operate logic This module is used for combinin...

Страница 272: ...ange protection function When the frequency gradient exceeds the set value of the Pickup value df dt setting the module activates the PICKUP and PICKUP_FRG outputs The time characteristic is according to DT When the operation timer has reached the value set by the Trip Tm df dt setting the TRIP and TRIP_FRG outputs are activated If the frequency gradient restores before the module trips the reset ...

Страница 273: ...ores before the module trips the reset timer is activated If the timer reaches the value set by the Reset delay Tm df dt setting the operation timer resets and the PICKUP_FRG output is deactivated If the frequency restores before the module trips the reset timer is activated If the timer reaches the value set by the Reset delay Tm Freq setting the operation timer resets and the PICKUP_UFRQ output ...

Страница 274: ... normally but the TRIP output is not activated 4 3 1 5 Application The frequency protection function uses the positive phase sequence voltage to measure the frequency reliably and accurately The system frequency stability is one of the main principles in the distribution and transmission network maintenance To protect all frequency sensitive electrical apparatus in the network the departure from t...

Страница 275: ...ransmission DC systems and gas turbine startup The frequency gradient is often used in combination with a low frequency signal especially in smaller power systems where the loss of a large generator requires quick remedial actions to secure the power system integrity In such situations the load shedding actions are required at a rather high frequency level However in combination with a large negat...

Страница 276: ...200000 ms 10 400 Trip delay time for frequency rate of change Table 212 81 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Reset delay Tm Freq 0 60000 ms 1 0 Reset delay time for frequency Reset delay Tm df dt 0 60000 ms 1 0 Reset delay time for rate of change 4 3 1 8 Monitored data Table 213 81 Monitored data N...

Страница 277: ...restoration LSHDPFRQ UFLS R 81LSH 4 3 2 2 Function block GUID 6F539BC7 2BC6 4469 97BC A6282B4C63E8 V2 EN Figure 127 Function block 4 3 2 3 Functionality The load shedding and restoration function 81LSH is capable of performing load shedding based on underfrequency and the rate of change of the frequency The load that is shed during the frequency disturbance can be restored once the frequency has s...

Страница 278: ...tion Once the frequency has stabilized 81LSH can restore the load that is shed during the frequency disturbance The restoration is possible manually or automatically The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs timers or the function itself if desired 4 3 2 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corre...

Страница 279: ... dt detection is activated when the frequency gradient decreases at a faster rate than the set value of Pickup value df dt The df dt detection module includes a timer with the DT characteristics Upon detection of df dt operation timer activates the ST_FRG output When the timer has reached the value set by Trip Tm df dt the OPR_FRG output is activated if the df dt condition still persists If df dt ...

Страница 280: ...d as Freq AND df dt condition satisfied TRIP 58 5 Hz Start of operation timer ST_FRQ OPR_FRQ Start of operation timer 1s Time s Frequency Hz GUID 95AE7DA4 8BCE 4B1B 811F 7154C6A751A0 V3 EN Figure 129 Load shedding operation in the Freq AND df dt mode when both Freq and df dt conditions are satisfied Rated frequency 60 Hz Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 274 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 281: ...F032EE4C08A V3 EN Figure 130 Load shedding operation in the Freq AND df dt mode when only the df dt condition is satisfied Rated frequency 60 Hz Restore detection If after the activation of the TRIP input the frequency recovers to a level above the Restore pickup Val setting the RESTORE signal output is activated The RESTORE output remains active for a 100 ms The Restore mode setting is used to se...

Страница 282: ...lay time setting the timer resets and the ST_REST start output is deactivated A condition can arise where the restoring operation needs to be canceled Activating the BLK_REST input for the Auto or Manual modes cancels the restoring operation In the Manual restoring mode the cancellation happens even if MAN_RESTORE is present Once the RESTORE output command is cancelled the reactivation of RESTORE ...

Страница 283: ...ision of load shedding In an underfrequency situation the load shedding trips out the unimportant loads to stabilize the network Thus loads are normally prioritized so that the less important loads are shed before the important loads During the operation of some of the protective schemes or other system emergencies the power system is divided into small islands There is always a load generation im...

Страница 284: ...0 V2 EN Figure 131 Operation of the load shedding function Power system protection by load shedding The decision on the amount of load that is required to be shed is taken through the measurement of frequency and the rate of change of frequency df dt At a single location many steps of load shedding can be defined based on different criteria of the frequency and df dt Typically the load shedding is...

Страница 285: ...e Freq setting Trip Tm Freq setting 1 0 984 Fn 59 Hz 45000 ms 2 0 978 Fn 58 7 Hz 30000 ms 3 0 968 Fn 58 1 Hz 15000 ms 4 0 958 Fn 57 5 Hz 5000ms 5 0 950 Fn 57 Hz 500 ms The rate of change of frequency function is not instantaneous since the function needs time to supply a stable value It is recommended to have a time delay long enough to take care of the signal noise Small industrial systems can ex...

Страница 286: ...59 4 Hz 200000 ms 2 0 990 Fn 59 4 Hz 160000 ms 3 0 990 Fn 59 4 Hz 100000 ms 4 0 990 Fn 59 4 Hz 50000 ms 5 0 990 Fn 59 4 Hz 10000 ms 4 3 2 6 Signals Table 218 81LSH Input signals Name Type Default Description F SIGNAL 0 Measured frequency dF dt SIGNAL 0 Rate of change of frequency BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode BLK_REST BOOLEAN 0 False Block restore MAN_RESTORE ...

Страница 287: ...requency gradient for df dt detection Trip Tm Freq 80 200000 ms 10 200 Time delay to trip for under frequency stage Trip Tm df dt 120 200000 ms 10 200 Time delay to trip for df dt stage Restore pickup Val 0 800 1 200 xFn 0 001 0 998 Restore frequency setting value Restore delay time 80 200000 ms 10 300 Time delay to restore Table 221 81LSH Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Defaul...

Страница 288: ... 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Three phase directional power protection DPSRDIR I1 32P 4 4 1 2 Function block GUID 78CD7B86 D6C9 4ED8 91C7 E6A0640039CE ANSI V1 EN Figure 132 Function block 4 4 1 3 Functionality The three phase directional power protection 32P is used to detect positive sequence power direction The output of the function is used for blocking or releasing other ...

Страница 289: ...7 FF5BF0251AFE ANSI V1 EN Figure 133 Functional module diagram Directional detector The Directional detector module compares the angle of the positive sequence current I1 to the angle of the positive sequence voltage V1 Using the positive sequence voltage angle as reference the positive sequence current angle is compared to the Characteristic angle setting If the angular difference is within the o...

Страница 290: ...imer is blocked If the amplitude of the positive sequence current is greater than the Min trip current value and the positive sequence voltage amplitude is greater than the Min trip voltage value the Enable signal is sent to Timer Timer Once activated the internal operating timer is started The Timer characteristic is according to definite time DT When Timer has reached the value of Release delay ...

Страница 291: ...ting the blocking mode Table 225 32P Output signals Name Type Description RELEASE BOOLEAN direction signal DIRECTION Enum Direction information 4 4 1 7 Settings Table 226 32P Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Release delay time 0 1000 ms 1 10 Release delay time Characteristic angle 179 180 deg 1 60 Characteristic angle Max forward angle 0 90 deg 1 88 Maximum phase...

Страница 292: ... Values Range Unit Description ANGLE_RCA FLOAT32 180 00 180 00 deg Angle between polarizing and operating quantity 32P Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 4 4 2 Ground directional power protection 32N 4 4 2 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Ground directional power protection DNZSRDIR I...

Страница 293: ...e and residual current is in a predefined direction either in forward or reverse direction 32N gives release signal after a definite time delay This function contains a blocking functionality which blocks the function output and resets Timer 32N executes on the direction of either negative sequence or zero sequence power and not the value 32N is generally used for directional controls 4 4 2 4 Oper...

Страница 294: ...etting If the angle difference is within the operating sector selected by Direction mode setting the Enable signal is sent to Timer The value of Characteristic angle should be chosen in such way that all the faults in the operating direction are seen in the operating zone and all the faults in the opposite direction are seen in the backward zone The operating sector is defined by the settingsMax f...

Страница 295: ... operating sector selected by the Directional mode setting the Enable signal is sent to Timer Measured IG or Calculated IN residual current can be selected with the Io signal Sel setting The Measured VG Calculated VN residual voltage can be selected with the Pol signal Sel setting The polarizing quantity residual voltage is inverted because of switched voltage measurement cables the correction can...

Страница 296: ...aracteristic angle setting is done based on method of grounding employed in the network For example in case of an isolated network Characteristic angle is set to 90 and in case of a compensated network Characteristic angle is set to 0 and 60 for solidly grounded systems In general Characteristic angle is selected so that it matches close to the expected fault angle value which results in maximum s...

Страница 297: ...RCA 60 for a solidly grounded network VG polarizing quantity IG operating quantity RCA 90 deg Min reverse angle Max reverse angle Min forward angle Max forward angle Min trip voltage Min trip current Non operating area Non operating area Characteristic Angle Max Torque line zero torque line GUID 2DE79FDD FBA6 4CC8 BA23 A9B86006B5F7 ANSI V1 EN Figure 140 Configurable directional characteristics RCA...

Страница 298: ...ector of the Peterson coil in compensated networks or of the grounding resistor in grounded network as a result the Characteristic angle is set automatically to suit the grounding method Table 230 Characteristic angle control for the RCA_CTL condition Characteristic angle Setting RCA_CTL FALSE RCA_CTL TRUE 90 Characteristic angle 90 Characteristic angle 0 0 Characteristic angle 0 Characteristic an...

Страница 299: ...power protection 32N improves the possibility to obtain selective function of the overcurrent protection in meshed networks 32N is used to block or release other overcurrent protection functions 4 4 2 6 Signals Table 231 32N Input signals Name Type Default Description V2 REAL 0 Negative sequence voltage VG REAL 0 Measured residual voltage or Ground voltage VN REAL 0 Calculated residual voltage or ...

Страница 300: ...nge Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time Min trip current 0 01 1 00 xln 0 01 0 10 Minimum trip current Min trip voltage 0 01 1 00 xUn 0 01 0 30 Minimum trip voltage Pol reversal 0 False 1 True 0 False Rotate polarizing quantity IG I0 Sel 1 Measured IG 2 Calculated I0 1 Measured IG IG I0 select...

Страница 301: ...ad is in some cases not detected by other protection functions and the introduction of the thermal overload function 49F allows the protected circuit to operate closer to the thermal limits An alarm level gives an early warning to allow operators to take action before the line trips The early warning is based on the three phase current measuring function using a thermal model with first order ther...

Страница 302: ...calculated from the highest of the three phase currents according to the expression Θ final ref ref I I T 2 A070780 V2 EN Equation 12 I the largest phase current Iref set Current reference Tref set Temperature rise The ambient temperature is added to the calculated final temperature rise estimation and the ambient temperature value used in the calculation is also available in the monitored data as...

Страница 303: ...ted by adding the ambient temperature to the calculated temperature as shown above The ambient temperature can be given a constant value or it can be measured The calculated component temperature can be monitored as it is exported from the function as a real figure When the component temperature reaches the set alarm level Alarm value the output signal ALARM is set When the component temperature r...

Страница 304: ...parallel lines This is often used for cable lines where one bay connects several parallel cables By setting the Current multiplier parameter to the number of parallel lines cables the actual current on one line is used in the protection algorithm To activate this option the ENA_MULT input must be activated The Env temperature set setting is used to define the ambient temperature The temperature ca...

Страница 305: ...sed on the current measurement If the temperature of the protected object reaches a set warning level a signal is given to the operator This enables actions in the power system to be done before dangerous temperatures are reached If the temperature continues to increase to the maximum allowed temperature value the protection initiates a trip of the protected line 4 5 1 6 Signals Table 236 49F Inpu...

Страница 306: ... temperature 20 0 150 0 C 0 1 70 0 Temperature for reset of block reclose after trip Table 239 49F Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Initial temperature 50 0 100 0 C 0 1 0 0 Temperature raise above ambient temperature at startup 4 5 1 8 Monitored data Table 240 49F Monitored data Name Type Values R...

Страница 307: ...6 1 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Numerical stabilized low impedance restricted earth fault protection LREFPNDF dIoLo 87LOZREF 4 6 1 2 Function block GUID 136BBBB5 17AB 41B1 81B9 F89CC3E05227 V2 EN Figure 143 Function block 4 6 1 3 Functionality Numerical stabilized low impedance restricted earth fault protecti...

Страница 308: ...diagram are explained in the next sections GUID F8C2915F CA7B 4830 B748 3E19E26803CC V1 EN Figure 144 Functional module diagram Earth fault detector The operation is based on comparing the amplitude and the phase difference between the sum of the fundamental frequency component of the phase currents ΣI residual current and the fundamental frequency component of the neutral current IG flowing in th...

Страница 309: ... into account by the function with the properly set analog input setting values During a ground fault in the protected area the currents ΣI and IG are directed towards the protected area The factor cosφ is 1 when the phase difference of the residual current and the neutral current is 180 degrees that is when the currents are in opposite direction at the ground faults within the protected area Simi...

Страница 310: ... fault protection function The Trip value setting is used for defining the characteristics of the function The differential current value required for tripping is constant at the stabilizing current values 0 0 IB In 1 0 where In is the nominal current and the In in this context refers to the nominal of the phase current inputs When the stabilizing current is higher than 1 0 the slope of the operat...

Страница 311: ... The time characteristic is according to DT When the operation timer has reached the value set by Minimum trip time the TRIP output is activated If the fault disappears before the module trips the reset timer is activated If the reset timer reaches the value set by Reset delay time the reset timer resets and the PICKUP output is deactivated The Timer calculates the pickup duration value PICKUP_DUR...

Страница 312: ...nit protection scheme applied to the 87LOZREF winding of the transformer In 87LOZREF the difference of the fundamental component of all three phase currents and the neutral current is provided to the differential element to detect the ground fault in the transformer winding based on the numerical stabilized differential current principle Connection of current transformers The connections of the ma...

Страница 313: ...hase currents and the neutral current have equal directions at an external ground fault situation Internal and external faults 87LOZREF does not respond to any faults outside the protected zone An external fault is detected by checking the phase angle difference of the neutral current and the sum of the phase currents When the difference is less than 90 degrees the operation is internally restrain...

Страница 314: ...ence is Neutral Current Restrain for external fault Operate for internal fault For external fault Uzs GUID FAC5E4AD A4A7 4D39 9EAC C380EA33CB78 V2 EN Figure 149 Current flow in all the CTs for an external fault Section 4 1MRS240050 IB C Protection functions 308 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 315: ...n the transformer is energized after a period of de energization The inrush current can be many times the rated current and the halving time can be up to several seconds For the differential protection relay the inrush current represents the differential current which causes the protection relay to trip almost always when the transformer is connected to the network Typically the inrush current con...

Страница 316: ...7LOZREF Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup BLK2H BOOLEAN 2nd harmonic block 4 6 1 7 Settings Table 244 87LOZREF Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Trip value 5 50 In 1 5 Trip value Minimum trip time 40 300000 ms 1 40 Minimum trip time Restraint mode 1 None 2 Harmonic2 1 None Restraint mode Pickup value 2 H 10 50 In 1 50 The...

Страница 317: ...a Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the measured current fn 2 Hz 2 5 of the set value or 0 002 x In Pickup time1 2 Minimum Typical Maximum IFault 2 0 set Trip value 37 ms 40 ms 45 ms Reset time 40 ms Reset ratio Typically 0 96 Retardation time 35 ms Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n f...

Страница 318: ...312 ...

Страница 319: ... INR is used to coordinate transformer inrush situations in distribution networks Transformer inrush detection is based on the following principle the output signalBLK2H is activated once the numerically derived ratio of second harmonic current I_2H and the fundamental frequency current I_1H exceeds the set value The trip time characteristic for the function is of definite time DT type The functio...

Страница 320: ...Pickup value the module output is activated Level detector The output of the phase specific level detector is activated when the fundamental frequency current I_1H exceeds five percent of the nominal current Timer Once activated the timer runs until the set Trip delay time value The time characteristic is according to DT When the operation timer has reached the Trip delay time value the BLK2H outp...

Страница 321: ...n if available 5 1 5 Application Transformer protections require high stability to avoid tripping during magnetizing inrush conditions A typical example of an inrush detector application is doubling the pickup value of an overcurrent protection during inrush detection The inrush detection function can be used to selectively block overcurrent and ground fault function stages when the ratio of secon...

Страница 322: ...cription I_2H_A SIGNAL 0 Second harmonic phase A current I_1H_A SIGNAL 0 Fundamental frequency phase A current I_2H_B SIGNAL 0 Second harmonic phase B current I_1H_B SIGNAL 0 Fundamental frequency phase B current I_2H_C SIGNAL 0 Second harmonic phase C current I_1H_C SIGNAL 0 Fundamental frequency phase C current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block input status Section 5 1MRS240050 IB C Protection related...

Страница 323: ...disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Reset delay time 0 60000 ms 1 20 Reset delay time 5 1 8 Monitored data Table 252 INR Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description INR Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 5 1 9 Technical data Table 253 INR Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy At the frequency f fn Current measurement 1 5 of the set va...

Страница 324: ...onditional retrip function and also a three phase conditional back up trip function 50BF uses the same levels of current detection for both retrip and back up trip The operating values of the current measuring elements can be set within a predefined setting range The function has two independent timers for trip purposes a retrip timer for the repeated tripping of its own breaker and a back up time...

Страница 325: ...ared to the set Current value Res If the measured value exceeds the set Current value Res the level detector reports the exceeding of the value to the pickup and backup trip logics In high impedance grounded systems the residual current at phase to ground faults is normally much smaller than the short circuit currents To detect a breaker failure at single phase ground faults in these systems it is...

Страница 326: ... set to 1 out of 4 the resetting logic requires that the values of the phase currents and the residual current drops below the Current value and Current value Res setting respectively If CB failure trip mode is set to 2 out of 4 the resetting logic requires that the values of all the phase currents and the residual current drop below the Current value and Current value Res setting If CB failure mo...

Страница 327: ...e operation timer has reached the value set with Retrip time the retrip logic is activated A typical setting is 0 50 ms Timer 2 Once activated the timer runs until the set CB failure delay value has elapsed The time characteristic is according to DT When the operation timer has reached the set maximum time value CB failure delay the backup trip logic is activated The value of this setting is made ...

Страница 328: ...imer 3 This module is activated by the CB_FAULT signal Once activated the timer runs until the set CB fault delay value has elapsed The time characteristic is according to DT When the operation timer has reached the maximum time value CB fault delay the CB_FAULT_AL output is activated After the set time an alarm is given so that the circuit breaker can be repaired A typical value is 5 s Retrip log...

Страница 329: ...ker status or Current mode condition is satisfied If CB fail retrip mode is set to the Without check mode TRRET is activated once the timer 1 is activated without checking the current level The TRRET output remains active for a fixed time set with the Trip pulse time setting The activation of the BLOCK input or the CB_FAULT_AL output deactivates the TRRET output POSCLOSE 50P From Level detector 1 ...

Страница 330: ...rrents drop below the Current value and Current value Res setting respectively whichever takes longer If CB failure trip mode is set to 2 out of 4 the failure detection requires that a phase current and a residual current both exceed the Current value and Current value Res setting respectively or two phase currents exceeding the Current value Once TRBU is activated it remains active for the time s...

Страница 331: ...clearance system is faulty A circuit breaker is a necessary component in the fault clearance system For practical and economical reasons it is not feasible to duplicate the circuit breaker for the protected component but breaker failure protection is used instead The breaker failure function issues a backup trip command to up stream circuit breakers in case the original circuit breaker fails to tr...

Страница 332: ...nditional retrip are available When a retrip with current check is chosen the retrip is performed only if there is a current flow through the circuit breaker The backup trip timer is also initiated at the same time as the retrip timer If 50BF detects a failure in tripping the fault within the set backup delay time which is longer than the retrip time it sends a backup trip signal to the chosen bac...

Страница 333: ...arameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Current value 0 05 1 00 xIn 0 05 0 30 Operating phase current Current value Res 0 05 1 00 xIn 0 05 0 30 Operating residual current CB failure trip mode 1 2 out of 4 2 1 out of 3 3 1 out of 4 1 2 out of 4 Backup trip current check mode CB failure mode 1 Current 2 Breaker status 3 Both ...

Страница 334: ...on CCBRBRF Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 5 2 9 Technical data Table 258 50BF Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the measured current fn 2 Hz 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 In Trip time accuracy 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms 5 3 Master trip 86 94 5 3 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC...

Страница 335: ...setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable When the 86 94 function is disabled all trip outputs which are intended to go through the function to the circuit breaker trip coil are blocked The operation of 86 94 can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections A070882 ANSI V2 EN Figure 162 Functional module diagram Timer ...

Страница 336: ...king the trip signal and ensuring that the signal is long enough The tripping logic in the protection relay is intended to be used in the three phase tripping for all fault types 3ph operating To prevent the closing of a circuit breaker after a trip 86 94 can block the 52 closing 86 94 is intended to be connected to one trip coil of the corresponding circuit breaker If tripping is needed for anoth...

Страница 337: ...igure 163 Typical 86 94 connection 5 3 6 Signals Table 260 86 94 Input signals Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block of function TRIP BOOLEAN 0 False Trip RST_LKOUT BOOLEAN 0 False Input for resetting the circuit breaker lockout function Table 261 86 94 Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN General trip output signal CL_LKOUT BOOLEAN Circuit breaker lockout output s...

Страница 338: ...3 8 Monitored data Table 263 86 94 Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description 86 94 Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 5 4 High impedance fault detection HIZ 5 4 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number High impedance fault detection PHIZ PHIZ HIZ 5 4 2 Function block GUID 820AC47...

Страница 339: ...uses a multi algorithm approach Each algorithm uses various features of ground currents to detect a high impedance fault Although the HIZ algorithm is very sophisticated the setting required to operate the function is simple The Security Level setting with the setting range of 1 to 10 is set to strike a balance between the extremes of security and dependability which together constitute the reliab...

Страница 340: ...ck diagram of HIZ HIZ is based on algorithms that use line residual current signatures which are considered non stationary temporally volatile and of various burst duration All harmonic and non harmonic components within the available data window can play a vital role in the high impedance fault detection A major challenge is to develop a data model that acknowledges that high impedance faults cou...

Страница 341: ... of HIZ on grass 5 4 5 Application Electric power lines experience faults for many reasons In most cases electrical faults manifest in mechanical damage which must be repaired before returning the line to service Most of the electrical network faults are ground faults Conventional protection systems based on overcurrent impedance or other principles are suitable for detecting relatively low impeda...

Страница 342: ...veloped innovative technology for high impedance fault detection with over ten years of research resulting in many successful field tests 5 4 6 Signals Table 264 HIZ Input signals Name Type Default Description I_G SIGNAL 0 Ground current measured using SEF CT BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode Table 265 HIZ Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip 5 4...

Страница 343: ...tion ARCSARC ARC AFD 5 5 2 Function block A070389 V3 EN Figure 171 Function block 5 5 3 Functionality The arc protection function AFD detects arc situations in air insulated metal clad switchgears caused by for example human errors during maintenance or insulation breakdown during operation The function detects light from an arc either locally or via a remote light signal The function also monitor...

Страница 344: ...lue the level detector reports the exceeding of the value to the operation mode selector Level detector 2 The measured ground currents are compared to the set Ground pickup value If the measured value exceeds the set Ground pickup value the level detector reports the exceeding of the value to the operation mode selector Operation mode selector Depending on the Operation mode setting the operation ...

Страница 345: ... recommended to select REF615R with the High Speed Trip Output option See the product guide for ordering details The arc protection consists of Optional arc light detection hardware with automatic backlight compensation for lens type sensors Light signal output ARC_FLT_DET for routing indication of locally detected light signal to another relay Protection stage with phase and ground fault current ...

Страница 346: ...t caps Arc protection with one protection relay In installations with limited possibilities to realize signalling between protection relays protecting incoming and outgoing feeders or if only the protection relay for the incoming feeder is to be exchanged an arc protection with a lower protective level can be achieved with one protection relay An arc protection with one protection relay only is re...

Страница 347: ... protection relay protecting the outgoing feeder detects an arc on the busbar or in the breaker compartment via one of the other lens sensors it will generate a signal to the protection relay protecting the incoming feeder When detecting the signal the protection relay protecting the incoming feeder trips the circuit breaker of the incoming feeder and generates an external trip signal to all prote...

Страница 348: ...with both protection relays and a separate arc protection system the cable terminations of the outgoing feeders are protected by protection relays using one lens sensor for each protection relay The busbar and the incoming feeder are protected by the sensor loop of the separate arc protection system With arc detection at the cable terminations an protection relay trips the circuit breaker of the o...

Страница 349: ... signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current I_G SIGNAL 0 Ground current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for all binary outputs REM_FLT_ARC BOOLEAN 0 False Remote Fault arc detected OPR_MODE BOOLEAN 0 False Operation mode input Table 270 AFD Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip ARC_FLT_DET BOOLEAN...

Страница 350: ...nge Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable 5 5 8 Monitored data Table 273 AFD Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description AFD Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 5 5 9 Technical data Table 274 AFD Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy 3 of the set value or 0 01 In Trip time Minimum Typica...

Страница 351: ...is used to monitor different parameters of the circuit breaker The breaker requires maintenance when the number of operations has reached a predefined value For proper functioning of the circuit breaker it is essential to monitor the circuit breaker operation spring charge indication breaker wear travel time number of operation cycles and accumulated energy The energy is calculated from the measur...

Страница 352: ...oring sub functions The functions can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation counters are cleared when Operation is set to Disable The operation of 52CM can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections Section 6 1MRS240050 IB C Supervision functions 346 REF615...

Страница 353: ...nction monitors the position of the circuit breaker that is whether the breaker is in open closed or invalid position The operation of the breaker status monitoring can be described by using a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections 1MRS240050 IB C Section 6 Supervision functions REF615R 347 Technical Manual ...

Страница 354: ...utput is activated when both the auxiliary contacts have the same value that is both are in the same logical level or if the auxiliary input contact POSCLOSE is FALSE and the POSOPEN input is TRUE and any of the phase currents exceed the setting Acc stop current The status of the breaker is indicated by the binary outputs OPENPOS INVALIDPOS and CLOSEPOS for open invalid and closed position respect...

Страница 355: ...ted The time in hours at which this alarm is activated can be set with the Inactive Alm hours parameter as coordinates of UTC The alarm signal MON_ALM can be blocked by activating the binary input BLOCK 6 1 4 3 Breaker contact travel time The Breaker contact travel time module calculates the breaker contact travel time for the closing and opening operation The operation of the breaker contact trav...

Страница 356: ...g The closing time is calculated by adding the value set with the Closing time Cor t3 t4 setting to the measured closing time The last measured opening travel time T_TRV_OP and the closing travel time T_TRV_CL are available in the monitored data view on the LHMI or through tools via communications Alarm limit check When the measured opening travel time is longer than the value set with the Open al...

Страница 357: ...h tools via communications The old circuit breaker operation counter value can be taken into use by writing the value to the Counter initial Val parameter and by setting the parameter Initial CB Rmn life in the clear menu from WHMI or LHMI Alarm limit check The OPR_ALM operation alarm is generated when the number of operations exceeds the value set with the Alarm Op number threshold setting Howeve...

Страница 358: ...he auxiliary contact to accumulate the energy from the time the main contact opens If the setting is positive the calculation of energy starts after the auxiliary contact has opened and when the delay is equal to the value set with the Difference Cor time setting When the setting is negative the calculation starts in advance by the correction time before the auxiliary contact opens The accumulated...

Страница 359: ...071111 V2 EN Figure 185 Functional module diagram for estimating the life of the circuit breaker Circuit breaker life estimator The circuit breaker life estimator module calculates the remaining life of the circuit breaker If the tripping current is less than the rated operating current set with the Rated Op current setting the remaining operation of the breaker reduces by one operation If the tri...

Страница 360: ...arging time The operation of the subfunction can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections A071112 V3 EN Figure 186 Functional module diagram for circuit breaker spring charged indication and alarm Spring charge time measurement Two binary inputs SPR_CHR_ST and SPR_CHR indicate spring charging started and spring charged respectively The sp...

Страница 361: ... binary input is activated the PRES_ALM alarm is activated after a time delay set with the Pressure alarm time setting The PRES_ALM alarm can be blocked by activating the BLOCK input Timer 2 If the pressure drops further to a very low level the PRES_LO_IN binary input becomes high activating the lockout alarm PRES_LO after a time delay set with the Pres lockout time setting The PRES_LO alarm can b...

Страница 362: ... the breaker such as lubricating breaker mechanism is generally based on a number of operations A suitable threshold setting to raise an alarm when the number of operation cycle exceeds the set limit helps preventive maintenance This can also be used to indicate the requirement for oil sampling for dielectric testing in case of an oil circuit breaker The change of state can be detected from the bi...

Страница 363: ...r of closing opening operations allowed for the circuit breaker Ia the current at the time of tripping of the circuit breaker Calculation of Directional Coef The directional coefficient is calculated according to the formula 1MRS240050 IB C Section 6 Supervision functions REF615R 357 Technical Manual ...

Страница 364: ...g charged indication For normal operation of the circuit breaker the circuit breaker spring should be charged within a specified time Therefore detecting long spring charging time indicates that it is time for the circuit breaker maintenance The last value of the spring charging time can be used as a service value Gas pressure supervision The gas pressure supervision monitors the gas pressure insi...

Страница 365: ...tput signals Name Type Description TRV_T_OP_ALM BOOLEAN CB open travel time exceeded set value TRV_T_CL_ALM BOOLEAN CB close travel time exceeded set value SPR_CHR_ALM BOOLEAN Spring charging time has crossed the set value OPR_ALM BOOLEAN Number of CB operations exceeds alarm limit OPR_LO BOOLEAN Number of CB operations exceeds lockout limit IPOW_ALM BOOLEAN Accumulated currents power Iyt exceeded...

Страница 366: ... 20000 00 0 01 2500 00 Setting of alarm level for accumulated currents power LO Acc currents Pwr 0 00 20000 00 0 01 2500 00 Lockout limit setting for accumulated currents power Ini Acc currents Pwr 0 00 20000 00 0 01 0 00 Initial value for accumulation energy Iyt Directional Coef 3 00 0 50 0 01 1 50 Directional coefficient for CB life calculation Initial CB Rmn life 0 9999 1 5000 Initial value for...

Страница 367: ... life phase B CB_LIFE_C INT32 9999 9999 CB Remaining life phase C IPOW_A FLOAT32 0 000 30000 00 0 Accumulated currents power Iyt phase A IPOW_B FLOAT32 0 000 30000 00 0 Accumulated currents power Iyt phase B IPOW_C FLOAT32 0 000 30000 00 0 Accumulated currents power Iyt phase C 52CM Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 6 1 9 Technical data Table 279 52CM Technical data ...

Страница 368: ...ence current I_REF The reference current must originate from other three phase CT cores than the phase currents I_A I_B and I_C and it is to be externally summated that is outside the protection relay CCM detects a fault in the measurement circuit and issues an alarm or blocks the protection functions to avoid unwanted tripping It must be remembered that the blocking of protection functions at an ...

Страница 369: ...he reference current I_REF The current operating characteristics can be selected with the Pickup value setting When the highest phase current is less than 1 0 In the differential current limit is defined with Pickup value When the highest phase current is more than 1 0 In the differential current limit is calculated with the equation MAX I A I B I C Pickup value _ _ _ GUID 41E8DD52 0C7D 406D 9799 ...

Страница 370: ...nt transformers are saturated due to high fault currents The value of the differential current is available in the monitored data view on the LHMI or through other communication tools The value is calculated with the equation I DIFF I A I B I C I REF _ _ _ _ _ GUID 9CC931FA 0637 4FF8 85D4 6F461BD996A9 V2 EN Equation 21 The Pickup value setting is given in units of In of the phase current transform...

Страница 371: ...ble current circuit supervision can be arranged by comparing the currents from the two sets When an error in any CT circuit is detected the protection functions concerned can be blocked and an alarm given In case of high currents the unequal transient saturation of CT cores with a different remanence or saturation factor can result in differences in the secondary currents from the two CT cores An ...

Страница 372: ...elay Core 1 protection IL1 IL2 IL3 I_A I_B I_C I_REF Core balanced CT GUID DA7A48EF 0F07 4665 9A09 87188E5A9982 V2 EN Figure 192 Connection diagram for reference current measurement with core balanced current transformer Current measurement with two independent three phase sets of CT cores Figure 193 and Figure 194 show diagrams of connections where the reference current is measured with two indep...

Страница 373: ...urrent circuit supervision with two sets of three phase current transformer protection cores When using the measurement core for reference current measurement it should be noted that the saturation level of the measurement core is much lower than with the protection core This should be taken into account when setting the current circuit supervision function 1MRS240050 IB C Section 6 Supervision fu...

Страница 374: ...o sets of three phase current transformer cores protection and measurement Example of incorrect connection The currents must be measured with two independent cores that is the phase currents must be measured with a different core than the reference current A connection diagram shows an example of a case where the phase currents and the reference currents are measured from the same core Section 6 1...

Страница 375: ... Signals Table 280 CCM Input signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current I_REF SIGNAL 0 Reference current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for all binary outputs Table 281 CCM Output signals Name Type Description FAIL BOOLEAN Fail output ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm output 1MRS240050 IB C Section 6 Supervision functions REF6...

Страница 376: ...d data Name Type Values Range Unit Description I_DIFF FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Differential current CCM Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 6 2 9 Technical data Table 284 CCM Technical data Characteristic Value Trip time 1 30 ms 1 Including the delay of the output contact 6 3 Fuse failure supervision 60 6 3 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification I...

Страница 377: ...ce based algorithm and a delta current and delta voltage algorithm A criterion based on the delta current and the delta voltage measurements can be activated to detect three phase fuse failures which usually are more associated with the voltage transformer switching during station operations 6 3 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The correspon...

Страница 378: ...d when deciding whether the fuse failure is a three two or a single phase fault The module makes a phase specific comparison between each voltage input and the Seal in voltage setting If the input voltage is lower than the setting the corresponding phase is reported to the decision logic module Current and voltage delta criterion The delta function can be activated by setting the Change rate enabl...

Страница 379: ...elta criterion to be fulfilled in any phase at the same time as the circuit breaker is closed Opening the circuit breaker at one end and energizing the line from the other end onto a fault could lead to an improper operation of 60 with an open breaker If this is considered to be an important disadvantage the CB_CLOSED input is to be connected to FALSE In this way only the second criterion can acti...

Страница 380: ...e than five seconds and at the same time all the phase voltage values are below the set value of the Seal in voltage setting with Enable seal in turned to True the function activates the FUSE_3PH output signal External fuse failure detection The MINCB_OPEN input signal is supposed to be connected through a protection relay binary input to the N C auxiliary contact of the miniature circuit breaker ...

Страница 381: ...ring circuit between voltage transformer and protection relay e g blown fuse GUID A7539C67 4EB8 4656 92EE 561BE0B4BB1C V1 EN Figure 198 Fault in a circuit from the voltage transformer to the protection relay A fuse failure occurs due to blown fuses broken wires or intended substation operations The negative sequence component based function can be used to detect different types of single phase or ...

Страница 382: ...ISCON_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 False Active when line disconnector is open MINCB_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 False Active when external MCB opens protected voltage circuit Table 287 60 Output signals Name Type Description FUSEF_3PH BOOLEAN Three phase pickup of function FUSEF_V BOOLEAN General pickup of function 6 3 7 Settings Table 288 60 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation...

Страница 383: ... Trip level for open phase current detection 6 3 8 Monitored data Table 289 60 Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description 60 Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status 6 3 9 Technical data Table 290 60 Technical data Characteristic Value Trip time1 NPS function VFault 1 1 set Neg Seq voltage Lev 33 ms VFault 5 0 set Neg Seq voltage Lev 18 ms Delta function ΔV 1 1 ...

Страница 384: ...rs are stored and can be cleared only manually The phase discontinuity protection function provides individual counter values for the number of times a self clearing fault is observed in each phase The phase discontinuity protection function also determines whether the self clearing fault is observed in all three phases or not This phase discontinuity protection contains a blocking functionality I...

Страница 385: ...ring I_B and I_C magnitudes to the set value PhPu and by checking the time duration If the fault is detected in phase B or phase C DetectfaultPhB or respectively DetectfaultPhC in the monitored data is set to True If the time duration criterion fails for phase B or phase C the corresponding PickUpNoTripB or PickUpNoTripC in the monitored data is set to True Once the fault is detected in phase B or...

Страница 386: ... current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode Table 292 CFD Output signals Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip PICKUP BOOLEAN Pickup 6 4 6 Settings Table 293 CFD Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description PhPu 0 100000 10 500 Fault Pickup parameter Threshold CyMulit 1 20 1 5 Fault ...

Страница 387: ...C BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Pick up no trip Phase C SCA INT32 0 10000 Number of faults in Phase A SCB INT32 0 10000 Number of faults in Phase B SCC INT32 0 10000 Number of faults in Phase C DetectfaultPhA BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Fault detected in Phase A DetectfaultPhB BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Fault detected in Phase B DetectfaultPhC BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Fault detected in Phase C CFD Enum 1 Enabled 2 ...

Страница 388: ...382 ...

Страница 389: ...quence currents The sequence voltage measurement V1 V2 V0 is used for monitoring and metering the phase sequence voltages The frequency measurement F is used for monitoring and metering the power system frequency The single phase power and energy measurement SP SE and the three phase power and energy measurement P E is used for monitoring and metering the active power P reactive power Q apparent p...

Страница 390: ...mand time interval is synchronized to the real time clock of the protection relay When the demand time interval or calculation mode is changed it initializes the demand value calculation For the very first demand value calculation interval the values are stated as invalid until the first refresh is available The Linear calculation mode uses the periodic sliding average calculation of the measured ...

Страница 391: ...etection operates so that once the measured value exceeds or falls below the value of the zero clamping limit new values are reported Table 296 Zero point clamping limits Function Zero clamping limit Three phase current measurement IA IB IC 1 of nominal In Three phase voltage measurement VA VB VC 1 of nominal Vn Ground current measurement IG 1 of nominal In Ground voltage measurement VG 1 of nomin...

Страница 392: ...ted GUID AAAA7367 377C 4743 A2D0 8DD4941C585D V1 EN Figure 201 Presentation of operating limits The range information can also be decoded into boolean output signals on some of the measuring functions and the number of phases required to exceed or undershoot the limit before activating the outputs and can be set with the Num of phases setting in the three phase measurement functions IA IB IC and V...

Страница 393: ...nd voltage measurement VG High limit V high limit res Low limit High high limit V Hi high limit res Low low limit Phase sequence current measurement I1 I2 I0 High limit Ps Seq A high limit Ng Seq A high limit Zro A high limit Low limit Ps Seq A low limit Ng Seq A low limit Zro A low limit High high limit Ps Seq A Hi high Lim Ng Seq A Hi high Lim Zro A Hi high Lim Low low limit Ps Seq A low low Lim...

Страница 394: ...3284 V1 EN Figure 202 Integral deadband supervision The deadband value used in the integral calculation is configured with the X deadband setting The value represents the percentage of the difference between the maximum and minimum limit in the units of 0 001 percent x seconds The reporting delay of the integral algorithms in seconds is calculated with the formula t s deadband Y max min 1000 100 G...

Страница 395: ...4 0 4xVn Single phase power and energy measurement SP SE Three phase power and energy measurement P E In the power and energy measurement functions P E and SP SE the deadband supervision is done separately for apparent power S with the preset value of fixed 10 percent of the Sn and the power factor PF with the preset values fixed at 0 10 All the power measurement related values P Q S and PF are re...

Страница 396: ...999831 E376 4DAF BF36 BA6F761230A9 V2 EN Equation 26 Cos P S ϕ GUID D729F661 94F9 48B1 8FA0 06E84A6F014C V2 EN Equation 27 Depending on the unit multiplier selected with Power unit Mult the calculated power values are presented in units of kVA kW kVAr or in units of MVA MW MVAr GUID 9947B4F2 CD26 4F85 BF57 EAF1593AAE1B V1 EN Figure 203 Complex power and power quadrants Section 7 1MRS240050 IB C Me...

Страница 397: ...nitial values through a parameter or with the RSTACM input Sequence components The phase sequence components are calculated using the phase currents and phase voltages More information on calculating the phase sequence components can be found in Calculated measurements in this manual 7 1 3 Measurement function applications The measurement functions are used for power system measurement supervision...

Страница 398: ...nal exceeds or goes below the set limits Depending on the measured signal type up to two high limits and up to two low limits can be set for the limit supervision The deadband supervision reports a new measurement value if the input signal has gone out of the deadband state The deadband supervision can be used in value reporting between the measurement point and operation control When the deadband...

Страница 399: ...ption Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Num of phases 1 1 out of 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required by limit supervision A high high limit 0 00 40 00 xIn 1 40 High alarm current limit A high limit 0 00 40 00 xIn 1 20 High warning current limit A low limit 0 00 40 00 xIn 0 0...

Страница 400: ...aximum demand for Phase C Min demand IA FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Minimum demand for Phase A Min demand IB FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Minimum demand for Phase B Min demand IC FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Minimum demand for Phase C Time max demand IA Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase A Time max demand IB Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase B Time max demand IC Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase C Ti...

Страница 401: ...here n 2 3 4 5 RMS No suppression 7 1 5 Three phase voltage VA VB VC 7 1 5 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Three phase voltage measurement VMMXU 3U VA VB VC 7 1 5 2 Function block GUID 5B741292 7FA6 4DEA 8D16 B530FD16A0FE ANSI V1 EN Figure 205 Function block When using open delta and delta VT connection types in ...

Страница 402: ...Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Measurement mode 1 RMS 2 DFT 2 DFT Selects used measurement mode Num of phases 1 1 out of 3 2 2 out of 3 3 3 out of 3 1 1 out of 3 Number of phases required by limit supervision V high high limit 0 00 4 00 xUn 1 40 High alarm voltage limit V high limit 0 00 4 00 xUn 1 20 High warning voltage limit V low limit 0 00 4 00 xUn ...

Страница 403: ...ta Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the voltage measured fn 2 Hz At voltages in range 0 01 1 15 Vn Voltage 0 5 or 0 002 Vn Phase angle 2 5 Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 RMS No suppression 7 1 6 Ground current IG 7 1 6 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device num...

Страница 404: ...20 High alarm current limit A high limit res 0 00 40 00 xIn 0 05 High warning current limit A deadband res 100 100000 2500 Deadband configuration value for integral calculation percentage of difference between min and max as 0 001 s 7 1 6 5 Monitored data Table 313 IG Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description IG A FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Measured residual current Max demand IG FLOAT32 ...

Страница 405: ... identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU Uo VG 7 1 7 2 Function block A070779 ANSI V1 EN Figure 207 Function block 7 1 7 3 Signals Table 315 VG Input signals Name Type Default Description VG SIGNAL 0 Ground voltage BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for all binary outputs Table 316 VG Output signals Name Type Description HIGH_ALAR...

Страница 406: ...as 0 001 s 7 1 7 5 Monitored data Table 318 VG Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description VG kV FLOAT32 0 00 4 00 xUn Measured residual voltage 7 1 7 6 Technical data Table 319 VG Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the measured voltage f fn 2 Hz 0 5 or 0 002 Vn Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 RMS No suppress...

Страница 407: ...it for positive sequence current Ps Seq A low limit 0 00 40 00 xIn 0 00 Low warning current limit for positive sequence current Ps Seq A low low Lim 0 00 40 00 xIn 0 00 Low alarm current limit for positive sequence current Ps Seq A deadband 100 100000 2500 Deadband configuration value for positive sequence current for integral calculation percentage of difference between min and max as 0 001 s Ng ...

Страница 408: ...urrent limit for zero sequence current Zro A deadband 100 100000 2500 Deadband configuration value for zero sequence current for integral calculation percentage of difference between min and max as 0 001 s 7 1 8 5 Monitored data Table 322 I1 I2 I0 Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description I2 A FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Measured negative sequence current I1 A FLOAT32 0 00 40 00 xIn Measur...

Страница 409: ...gative phase sequence voltage 7 1 9 4 Settings Table 325 V1 V2 V0 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Ps Seq V Hi high Lim 0 00 4 00 xUn 1 40 High alarm voltage limit for positive sequence voltage Ps Seq V high limit 0 00 4 00 xUn 1 20 High warning voltage limit for positive sequence voltage Ps Seq V...

Страница 410: ...centage of difference between min and max as 0 001 s Zro V Hi high Lim 0 00 4 00 xUn 0 20 High alarm voltage limit for zero sequence voltage Zro V High limit 0 00 4 00 xUn 0 05 High warning voltage limit for zero sequence voltage Zro V low limit 0 00 4 00 xUn 0 00 Low warning voltage limit for zero sequence voltage Zro V low low Lim 0 00 4 00 xUn 0 00 Low alarm voltage limit for zero sequence volt...

Страница 411: ...identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Three phase power and energy measurement PEMMXU P E P E 7 1 10 2 Function block GUID E38A24DA 85CE 4246 9C3F DFC6FDAEA302 ANSI V1 EN Figure 210 Function block 7 1 10 3 Signals Table 328 P E Input signals Name Type Default Description I_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A current I_B SIGNAL 0 Phase B current I_C SIGNAL 0 Phase C current V_A SIGNAL 0 Phase A voltage V_B S...

Страница 412: ...tial 0 999999999 1 0 Preset Initial value for reverse reactive energy 7 1 10 5 Monitored data Table 330 P E Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description S kVA FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVA Total Apparent Power P kW FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kW Total Active Power Q kVAr FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVAr Total Reactive Power PF FLOAT32 1 00 1 00 Average Power factor Max demand S FLOAT32 99...

Страница 413: ... 15 Vn At the frequency fn 1 Hz Active power and energy in range PF 0 71 Reactive power and energy in range PF 0 71 1 5 for power S P and Q 0 015 for power factor 1 5 for energy Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n fn where n 2 3 4 5 7 1 11 Single phase power and energy measurement SP SE 7 1 11 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C...

Страница 414: ...entation of the power related values Energy unit Mult 3 Kilo 6 Mega 3 Kilo Unit multiplier for presentation of the energy related values Active power Dir 1 Forward 2 Reverse 1 Forward Direction of active power flow Forward Reverse Reactive power Dir 1 Forward 2 Reverse 1 Forward Direction of reactive power flow Forward Reverse Forward Wh Initial 0 999999999 1 0 Preset Initial value for forward act...

Страница 415: ...wer factor Phase A PFB FLOAT32 1 00 1 00 Average Power factor Phase B PFC FLOAT32 1 00 1 00 Average Power factor Phase C Max demand SA FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVA Maximum demand for Phase A Max demand SB FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVA Maximum demand for Phase B Max demand SC FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVA Maximum demand for Phase C Min demand SA FLOAT32 999999 9 9999 99 9 kVA Minimum demand for...

Страница 416: ...mum demand for Phase B Time max dmd SA Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase A Time max dmd SB Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase B Time max dmd SC Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase C Time max dmd PA Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase A Time max dmd PB Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase B Time max dmd PC Timestamp Time of maximum demand phase C Time max dmd QA Timestamp Time of m...

Страница 417: ...nge 0 10 1 20 x In At all three voltages in range 0 50 1 15 x Vn At the frequency fn 1 Hz Active power and energy in range PF 0 71 Reactive power and energy in range PF 0 71 1 5 for power S P and Q 0 015 for power factor 1 5 for energy Suppression of harmonics DFT 50 dB at f n x fn where n 2 3 4 5 7 1 12 Frequency f 7 1 12 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 id...

Страница 418: ...F low limit 35 00 75 00 Hz 45 00 Low warning frequency limit F Lo low limit 35 00 75 00 Hz 40 00 Low alarm frequency limit F deadband 100 100000 1000 Deadband configuration value for integral calculation percentage of difference between min and max as 0 001 s 7 1 12 5 Monitored data Table 338 f Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description f Hz FLOAT32 35 00 75 00 Hz Measured frequency 7 ...

Страница 419: ...Figure 213 Function block 8 1 3 Functionality The current total demand distortion function PQI is used for monitoring the current total demand distortion TDD 8 1 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of PQI can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram...

Страница 420: ... for Imax_demand Demand calculation The demand value for TDD is calculated separately for each phase If any of the calculated total demand distortion values is above the set alarm limit TDD alarm limit the ALARM output is activated The demand calculation window is set with the Demand interval setting It has seven window lengths from 1 minute to 180 minutes The window type can be set with the Deman...

Страница 421: ...stem disturbances and their possible causes it can also detect problem conditions throughout the system before they cause customer complaints equipment malfunctions and even equipment damage or failure Power quality problems are not limited to the utility side of the system In fact the majority of power quality problems are localized within customer facilities Thus power quality monitoring is not ...

Страница 422: ...ximum demand TDD for phase A Max demand TDD IB FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 Maximum demand TDD for phase B Max demand TDD IC FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 Maximum demand TDD for phase C Time max dmd TDD IA Timestamp Time of maximum demand TDD phase A Time max dmd TDD IB Timestamp Time of maximum demand TDD phase B Time max dmd TDD IC Timestamp Time of maximum demand TDD phase C 3SMHTDD_A FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 3 second...

Страница 423: ... used for monitoring the voltage total harmonic distortion THD 8 2 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of PQVPH can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections Distortion measure ment Demand calculation BLOCK ALARM V_...

Страница 424: ...tion window is set with the Demand interval setting It has seven window lengths from 1 minute to 180 minutes The window type can be set with the Demand window setting The available options are Sliding and Non sliding The activation of the BLOCK input blocks the ALARM output 8 2 5 Application PQVPH provides a method for monitoring the power quality by means of the voltage waveform distortion PQVPH ...

Страница 425: ...Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description Max demand THD VA FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 Maximum demand THD for phase A Max demand THD VB FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 Maximum demand THD for phase B Max demand THD VC FLOAT32 0 00 500 00 Maximum demand THD for phase C Time max dmd THD VA Timestamp Time of maximum demand THD phase A Time max dmd THD VB Timestamp Time of maximum demand THD phase B Time max...

Страница 426: ...er quality in the voltage waveform is evaluated by measuring voltage swells dips and interruptions PQSS includes single phase and three phase voltage variation modes Typically short duration voltage variations are defined to last more than half of the nominal frequency period and less than one minute The maximum magnitude in the case of a voltage swell or depth in the case of a voltage dip or inte...

Страница 427: ...ion can be made with the Phase mode setting which can be set either to the Single Phase or Three Phase mode The default setting is Single Phase The basic difference between these alternatives depends on how many phases are needed to have the voltage variation activated When the Phase mode setting is Single Phase the activation is straightforward There is no dependence between the phases for variat...

Страница 428: ...types By default the setting value is Swell dip Int and all the alternative variation types are indicated For example for setting Swell dip the interruption detection is not active and only swell or dip events are indicated In a case where Phase mode is Single Phase and the dip functionality is available the output DIPST is activated when the measured TRMS value drops below the Voltage dip set 3 s...

Страница 429: ...hase supervision defines which voltage phase or phases are monitored If a voltage phase is selected to be monitored the function assumes it to be connected to a voltage measurement channel In other words if an unconnected phase is monitored the function falsely detects a voltage interruption in that phase The maximum magnitude and depth are defined as percentage values calculated from the differen...

Страница 430: ...d longer than VVa dip time 1 but a shorter time than VVa dip time 2 an instantaneous dip event is detected For an event detection the TRIP output is always activated for one task cycle The corresponding counter and only one of them INSTDIPCNT MOMDIPCNT or TEMPDIPCNT is increased by one If the dip limit undershooting duration is shorter than VVa dip time 1 VVa swell time 1 or VVa Int time 1 the eve...

Страница 431: ...entary swell Maximum duration swell 1 00 GUID C1C6BEEF 439A 4DF7 8065 5F88C7517834 ANSI V1 EN Figure 221 Voltage swell operational regions For interruption as shown in Figure 222 there is only one magnitude limit but four duration limits for interruption classification Now the event and counter type depends only on variation duration time Voltage Int set Voltage xVref Time ms 0 0 VVa Dur Max VVa I...

Страница 432: ...he time condition is not fulfilled for an instantaneous dip detection but the signal rises above Voltage dip set 1 the already elapsed time is included in the momentary dip timer Especially the interruption time is included in the dip time If the signal does not exceed Voltage dip set 2 before the timer VVa dip time 2 has elapsed when the momentary dip timer is also started after the magnitude und...

Страница 433: ...mum duration setting is common for all variation types The duration measurement module measures the voltage variation duration of each phase voltage separately when the Phase mode setting is Single Phase The phase variation durations are independent However when the Phase mode setting is Three Phase voltage variation may pick up only when all the monitored phases are active An example of variation...

Страница 434: ...interruption for Three Phase is no longer fulfilled variation is indicated as a dip as long as all phases are active In case of a single phase interruption of Figure 223 when there is a dip indicated in another phase but the third phase is not active there is no variation indication pickup when Phase Mode is Three Phase In this case only the Phase Mode value Single Phase results in the PICKUP_B in...

Страница 435: ...tion occurs only when all the phases are active Furthermore both swell and dip variation event detections take place simultaneously In case of a concurrent voltage dip and voltage swell both SWELLCNT and DIPCNT are incremented by one Also Figure 225 shows that for the Phase Mode value Three Phase two different time moment variation event swell detections take place and consequently DIPCNT is incre...

Страница 436: ...ALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE A Three phase mode B Single phase mode GUID 1C0C906B EC91 4C59 9291 B5002830E590 ANSI V2 EN Figure 225 Concurrent dip and two phase swell 8 3 5 Recorded data Besides counter increments the information required for a later fault analysis is stored after a valid voltage variation is detected Section 8 1...

Страница 437: ...s not exceeded The data objects to be recorded for PQSS are given in Table 348 There are totally three data banks and the information given in the table refers to one data bank content The three sets of recorded data available are saved in data banks 1 3 The data bank 1 holds always the most recent recorded data and the older data sets are moved to the next banks 1 2 and 2 3 when a valid voltage v...

Страница 438: ... Ph A time stamp maximum minimum magnitude measuring time moment during variation Var Ph A rec time Variation magnitude Ph B Variation Ph B Variation magnitude Ph B time stamp maximum minimum magnitude measuring time moment during variation Var Ph B rec time Variation magnitude Ph C Variation Ph C Variation magnitude Ph C time stamp maximum minimum magnitude measuring time moment during variation ...

Страница 439: ...ion type Swell dip Int 7 8 3 6 Application Voltage variations are the most typical power quality variations on the public electric network Typically short duration voltage variations are defined to last more than half of the nominal frequency period and less than one minute European Standard EN 50160 and IEEE Std 1159 1995 These short duration voltage variations are almost always caused by a fault...

Страница 440: ...ypically associated with the switchgear operation related to the occurrence and termination of short circuits The operation of a circuit breaker disconnects a part of the system from the source of energy In the case of overhead networks automatic reclosing sequences are often applied to the circuit breakers that interrupt fault currents All these actions result in a sudden reduction of voltages on...

Страница 441: ...OOLEAN Voltage variation present SWELLST BOOLEAN Voltage swell active DIPST BOOLEAN Voltage dip active INTST BOOLEAN Voltage interruption active 8 3 8 Settings Table 352 PQSS Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Reference voltage 10 0 200 0 Un 0 1 57 7 Reference supply voltage in Voltage dip set 1 10 0 100 0 0 1 80 0 Dip limit 1 in of reference voltage VVa dip time 1...

Страница 442: ...ms 100 60000 Maximum voltage variation duration Table 353 PQSS Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Operation 1 enable 5 disable 1 enable Operation Disable Enable Phase supervision 1 Ph A 2 Ph B 3 Ph A B 4 Ph C 5 Ph A C 6 Ph B C 7 Ph A B C 7 Ph A B C Monitored voltage phase Phase mode 1 Three Phase 2 Single Phase 2 Single Phase Three Single phase mode Variation e...

Страница 443: ...147483647 Temporary interruption operation counter SUSTINTCNT INT32 0 2147483647 Sustained interruption operation counter MAXDURINTCNT INT32 0 2147483647 Maximum duration interruption operation counter PQSS Enum 1 Enabled 2 blocked 3 test 4 test blocked 5 Disabled Status Time Timestamp Time Variation type Enum 0 No variation 1 Swell 2 Dip 3 Swell dip 4 Interruption 5 Swell Int 6 Dip Int 7 Swell di...

Страница 444: ...ation 1 Swell 2 Dip 3 Swell dip 4 Interruption 5 Swell Int 6 Dip Int 7 Swell dip Int Variation type Variation Ph A FLOAT32 0 00 5 00 xUn Variation magnitude Phase A Var Ph A rec time Timestamp Variation magnitude Phase A time stamp Variation Ph B FLOAT32 0 00 5 00 xUn Variation magnitude Phase B Var Ph B rec time Timestamp Variation magnitude Phase B time stamp Variation Ph C FLOAT32 0 00 5 00 xUn...

Страница 445: ... Phase B time stamp Variation Ph C FLOAT32 0 00 5 00 xUn Variation magnitude Phase C Var Ph C rec time Timestamp Variation magnitude Phase C time stamp Variation Dur Ph A FLOAT32 0 000 3600 000 s Variation duration Phase A Var Dur Ph A time Timestamp Variation Ph A start time stamp Variation Dur Ph B FLOAT32 0 000 3600 000 s Variation duration Phase B Var Dur Ph B time Timestamp Variation Ph B sta...

Страница 446: ...or calculating voltage unbalance The methods are the negative sequence voltage magnitude zero sequence voltage magnitude ratio of the negative sequence voltage magnitude to the positive sequence voltage magnitude ratio of the zero sequence voltage magnitude to the positive sequence voltage magnitude and ratio of maximum phase voltage magnitude deviation from the mean voltage magnitude to the mean ...

Страница 447: ...cted with the Unb detection method parameter When the Neg Seq mode is selected with Unb detection method the voltage unbalance is calculated based on the negative sequence voltage magnitude Similarly when the Zero Seq mode is selected the voltage unbalance is calculated based on the zero sequence voltage magnitude When the Neg to Pos Seq mode is selected the voltage unbalance is calculated based o...

Страница 448: ...art of a new one A new period can be started by timed activation using settings Obs period Str time A preferable way of continuous statistics recordings can be selected over a longer period months years With the Trigger mode setting the way the next possible observation time is activated after the former one has finished can be selected When the trigger mode is selected Single it is the single tri...

Страница 449: ...e Trigger mode Continuous Obs period selection 4 7 days Trigger mode Continuous Trigger mode Periodic TIme TIme TIme TIme 7 days OBS_PR_ACT Obs period selection 4 7 days Obs period selection 3 1 day Obs period selection 3 1 day GUID A70EC355 E810 4A4A 8368 97B7AEF9F65B V1 EN Figure 231 Periods for statistics recorder with different trigger modes and period settings 1MRS240050 IB C Section 8 Power ...

Страница 450: ...rpose of the Percentile calculator module is to find the voltage unbalance level so that during the observation time 95 percent default value of the Percentile unbalance setting of all the measured voltage unbalance amplitudes are less than or equal to the calculated percentile The computed output value PCT_UNB_VAL below which the percentile of the values lies is available in the Monitored data vi...

Страница 451: ...ually the power system network and loads are also balanced implying that network impedance and load impedance in each phase are equal In some cases the condition of a balance network and load is not met completely which leads to a current and voltage unbalance in the system Providing unbalanced supply voltage has a detrimental effect on load operation For example a small magnitude of a negative se...

Страница 452: ...ive sequence voltage magnitude Zero sequence voltage magnitude Ratio of negative sequence to positive sequence voltage magnitude Ratio of zero sequence to positive sequence voltage magnitude Ratio of maximum phase voltage magnitude deviation from the mean voltage magnitude to the mean of phase voltage magnitude Usually the ratio of the negative sequence voltage magnitude to the positive sequence v...

Страница 453: ...eration mode for voltage unbalance calculation Unbalance pickup Val 1 100 1 1 Voltage unbalance pickup value Trigger mode 1 Single 2 Periodic 3 Continuous 3 Continuous Specifies the observation period triggering mode Percentile unbalance 1 100 1 95 The percent to which percentile value PCT_UNB_VAL is calculated Obs period selection 1 1 Hour 2 12 Hours 3 1 Day 4 7 Days 5 User defined 5 User defined...

Страница 454: ...imestamp Time stamp of end of previous observation period Alarm high mean Dur FLOAT32 0 000 3600 000 s Time duration for alarm high mean unbalance Max unbalance Volt FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Maximum 3 sec voltage Time Max Unb Volt Timestamp Time stamp of voltage unbalance Alarm high mean Dur FLOAT32 0 000 3600 000 s Time duration for alarm high mean unbalance Max unbalance Volt FLOAT32 0 00 100 00 Maxi...

Страница 455: ... Table 360 PQVUB Technical data Characteristic Value Operation accuracy 1 5 of the set value or 0 002 Vn Reset ratio Typically 0 96 1MRS240050 IB C Section 8 Power quality measurement functions REF615R 449 Technical Manual ...

Страница 456: ...450 ...

Страница 457: ...ecutes commands and evaluates block conditions and different time supervision conditions The function performs an execution command only if all conditions indicate that a switch operation is allowed If erroneous conditions occur the function indicates an appropriate cause value The function is designed according to the IEC 61850 7 4 standard with logical nodes CILO CSWI and XCBR The circuit breake...

Страница 458: ...e 0 False 0 False Blocking 52 has a blocking functionality to prevent human errors that can cause serious injuries for the operator and damages for the system components The basic principle for all blocking signals is that they affect the commands of other clients the operator place and protection and autoreclosing functions for example There are two blocking principles Enabling the opening comman...

Страница 459: ...aptive pulse setting The function provides two modes to characterize the opening and closing pulse widths When the Adaptive pulse is set to TRUE it causes a variable pulse width which means that the output pulse is deactivated when the object state shows that the apparatus has entered the correct state If apparatus fails to enter the correct state the output pulse is deactivated after the set Oper...

Страница 460: ...upervises the command execution Command canceling cancels the controlling of a selected object In direct operation a single message is used to initiate the control action of a physical device The direct operation method uses less communication network capacity and bandwidth than the SBO method because the procedure needs fewer messages for accurate operation REF615R REF615R REF615R REF615R REF615R...

Страница 461: ...BEA748C4 V1 EN Figure 234 Status indication based interlocking via the GOOSE messaging 9 1 6 Signals Table 363 52 Input signals Name Type Default Description ENA_OPEN BOOLEAN 1 True Enables opening ENA_CLOSE BOOLEAN 1 True Enables closing BLK_OPEN BOOLEAN 0 False Blocks opening BLK_CLOSE BOOLEAN 0 False Blocks closing ITL_BYPASS BOOLEAN 0 False Discards ENA_OPEN and ENA_CLOSE interlocking when TRU...

Страница 462: ...eration mode disable disable Select timeout 10000 300000 ms 10000 60000 Select timeout in ms Pulse length 10 60000 ms 1 100 Open and close pulse length Operation counter 0 10000 0 Breaker operation cycles Control model 0 status only 1 direct with normal security 4 sbo with enhanced security 4 sbo with enhanced security Select control model Adaptive pulse 0 False 1 True 1 True Stop in right positio...

Страница 463: ...gization of the fault location for a selected time period is implemented through automatic reclosing during which most of the faults can be cleared In case of a permanent fault the automatic reclosing is followed by final tripping A permanent fault must be located and cleared before the fault location can be re energized The autoreclosing function 79 can be used with any circuit breaker suitable f...

Страница 464: ...T_2 DEL_INIT_2 INIT_3 DEL_INIT_3 INIT_4 DEL_INIT_4 INIT_5 INIT_6 0 other other other other other other 1 prot other other other other other 2 other prot other other other other 3 prot prot other other other other 4 other other prot other other other 5 prot other prot other other other 63 prot prot prot prot prot prot prot protection signal other non protection signal When the corresponding bit or ...

Страница 465: ...ng is limited to the first breaker A070877 V1 EN Figure 236 Master and slave scheme If the AR unit is defined as a master by setting its terminal priority to high The unit activates the CMD_WAIT output to the low priority slave unit whenever a shot is in progress a reclosing is unsuccessful or the BLK_RCLM_T input is active The CMD_WAIT output is reset one second after the reclose command is given...

Страница 466: ...to wait timer is reset and the timer restarted when the BLK_THERM input deactivates 9 2 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The reclosing operation can be enabled and disabled with the Reclosing operation setting This setting does not disable the function only the reclosing functionality...

Страница 467: ...n of autoreclosing shots is in most applications executed with the INIT_1 6 inputs The DEL_INIT2 4 inputs are not used In some countries pickup of the protection stage is also used for the shot initiation This is the only time when the DEL_INIT inputs are used 1MRS240050 IB C Section 9 Control functions REF615R 461 Technical Manual ...

Страница 468: ...layed whereas the other three channels do not have any delaying capability Each channel that is capable of delaying a pickup signal has four time delays The time delay is selected based on the shot pointer in the AR function For the first reclose attempt the first time delay is selected for the second attempt the second time delay and so on For the fourth and fifth attempts the time delays are the...

Страница 469: ...o provide the so called fast final trip to lockout GUID 36912067 F77E 457B 87D8 637CE0FA73A6 V1 EN Figure 239 Autoreclosing configuration example Delayed DEL_INIT_2 4 signals are used only when the autoreclosing shot is initiated with the pickup signal of a protection stage After a pickup delay the AR function opens the circuit breaker and an autoreclosing shot is initiated When the shot is initia...

Страница 470: ...d operation initiated with protection trip signal In both cases the autoreclosing sequence is successful the reclaim time elapses and no new sequence is picked up A070867 V1 EN Figure 240 Signal scheme of autoreclosing operation initiated with protection pickup signal The autoreclosing shot is initiated with a trip signal of the protection function after the pickup delay time has elapsed The autor...

Страница 471: ...es not activate the OPEN_CB output The default value for the setting is 63 which means that all initiation signals activate the OPEN_CB output The lowest bit in the Tripping line setting corresponds to the INIT_1 input the highest bit to the INIT_6 line 9 2 4 2 Shot initiation A070869 V1 EN Figure 242 Example of an autoreclosing program with a reclose scheme matrix In the AR function each shot can...

Страница 472: ...settings are First reclose time 1 0s Init signals CBB1 7 three lowest bits 000111 7 Blk signals CBB1 16 the fifth bit 010000 16 Shot number CBB1 1 CBB2 settings are Second reclose time 10s Init signals CBB2 6 the second and third bits 000110 6 Blk signals CBB2 16 the fifth bit 010000 16 Shot number CBB2 2 CBB3 settings are Third reclose time 30s Init signals CBB3 4 the third bit 000100 4 Blk signa...

Страница 473: ...s started instead of CBB5 Even if the initiation signals are not received from the protection functions the AR function can be set to continue from the second to the fifth reclose shot The AR function can for example be requested to automatically continue with the sequence when the circuit breaker fails to close when requested In such a case the AR function issues a CLOSE_CB command When the wait ...

Страница 474: ...243 Logic diagram of auto initiation sequence detection Automatic initiation can be selected with the Auto initiation Cnd setting to be the following Section 9 1MRS240050 IB C Control functions 468 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 475: ...nchronization failure in the first shot and circuit breaker closing failure in the second shot In the first shot the synchronization condition is not fulfilled SYNC is FALSE When the auto wait timer elapses the sequence continues to the second shot During the second reclosing the synchronization condition is fulfilled and the close command is given to the circuit breaker after the second reclose t...

Страница 476: ... the AR function is in a so called pre lockout state If a new initiation occurs during the pre lockout state the AR function goes to lockout Therefore a new sequence initiation during the pre lockout state is not possible The AR function goes to the pre lockout state in the following cases During SOTF When the AR function is active it stays in a pre lockout state for the time defined by the reclai...

Страница 477: ...the Synchronisation set setting which is a bit mask The lowest bit in the Synchronisation set setting is related to CBB1 and the highest bit to CBB7 For example if the setting is set to 1 only CBB1 requires synchronism If the setting is it set to 7 CBB1 CBB2 and CBB3 require the SYNC input to be TRUE before the reclosing command can be given A070873 ANSI V1 EN Figure 246 Initiation during discrimi...

Страница 478: ...e the lockout can be released only with the RsRec parameter The AR function can go to lockout for many reasons The INHIBIT_RECL input is active All shots have been executed and a new initiation is made final trip The time set with the Auto wait time parameter expires and the automatic sequence initiation is not allowed because of a synchronization failure The time set with the Wait close time para...

Страница 479: ... is higher than the value defined with the Protection crd limit setting and all initialization signals have been reset The PROT_CRD output is reset under the following conditions If the cut out time elapses If the reclaim time elapses and the AR function is ready for a new sequence If the AR function is in lockout or disabled that is if the value of the Protection crd mode setting is AR inoperativ...

Страница 480: ...e Close pulse time setting The CLOSE_CB output is deactivated also when the circuit breaker is detected to be closed that is when the CB_POS input changes from open state to closed state The Wait close time setting defines the time after the CLOSE_CB command activation during which the circuit breaker should be closed If the closing of circuit breaker does not happen during this time the autoreclo...

Страница 481: ...reclaim time is restarted provided that it is running The frequent operation counter is intended for blocking the autoreclosing function in cases where the fault causes repetitive autoreclosing sequences during a short period of time For instance if a tree causes a short circuit and as a result there are autoreclosing shots within a few minutes interval during a stormy night These types of faults ...

Страница 482: ... 2 6 Application Modern electric power systems can deliver energy to users very reliably However different kind of faults can occur Protection relays play an important role in detecting failures or abnormalities in the system They detect faults and give commands for corresponding circuit breakers to isolate the defective element before excessive damage or a possible power system collapse occurs A ...

Страница 483: ... autoreclose function the implementing method of autoreclose sequences is patented by ABB Table 368 Important definitions related to autoreclosing autoreclose shot an operation where after a preset time the breaker is closed from the breaker tripping caused by protection autoreclose sequence a predefined method to do reclose attempts shots to restore the power system SOTF If the protection detects...

Страница 484: ...e and have settings which give the attempt number columns in the matrix the initiation or blocking signals rows in the matrix and the reclose time of the shot The settings related to CBB configuration are First Seventh reclose time Init signals CBB1 CBB7 Blk signals CBB1 CBB7 Shot number CBB1 CBB7 The reclose time defines the open and dead times that is the time between the OPEN_CB and the CLOSE_C...

Страница 485: ... fourth bit 001000 8 Blk signals CBB4 0 no blocking signals related to this CBB Shot number CBB4 1 If a shot is initiated from the INIT_1 line only one shot is allowed before lockout If a shot is initiated from the INIT_3 line three shots are allowed before lockout A sequence initiation from the INIT_4 line leads to a lockout after two shots In a situation where the initiation is made from both th...

Страница 486: ...to close when requested In such a case the AR function issues a CLOSE_CB command When the wait close time elapses that is the closing of the circuit breaker fails the next shot is automatically started Another example is the embedded generation on the power line which can make the synchronism check fail and prevent the reclosing If the autoreclose sequence is continued to the second shot a success...

Страница 487: ...250 Logic diagram of auto initiation sequence detection Automatic initiation can be selected with the Auto initiation Cnd setting to be the following 1MRS240050 IB C Section 9 Control functions REF615R 481 Technical Manual ...

Страница 488: ...ure in the first shot and circuit breaker closing failure in the second shot In the first shot the synchronization condition is not fulfilled SYNC is FALSE When the auto wait timer elapses the sequence continues to the second shot During the second reclosing the synchronization condition is fulfilled and the close command is given to the circuit breaker after the second reclose time has elapsed Af...

Страница 489: ...dy been performed only shots 3 to 5 are allowed Additionally the Enable shot jump setting gives two possibilities Only such CBBs that are set for the next shot in the sequence can be accepted for execution For example if the next shot in the sequence should be shot 2 a request from CBB set for shot 3 is rejected Any CBB that is set for the next shot or any of the following shots can be accepted fo...

Страница 490: ... overcurrent and non directional ground fault protection applications where high speed and delayed autoreclosings are needed can be as follows Example 1 The sequence is implemented by two shots which have the same reclose time for all protection functions namely 50P 1 51P and 51N G The initiation of the shots is done by activating the trip signals of the protection functions Section 9 1MRS240050 I...

Страница 491: ...Operating time for opening the circuit breaker tCB_C Operating time for closing the circuit breaker In this case the sequence needs two CBBs The reclosing times for shot 1 and shot 2 are different but each protection function initiates the same sequence The CBB sequence is described in Table 369 as follows GUID A9DFEA78 6500 46BA 96A4 8A39966BE0B0 V1 EN Figure 254 Two shots with three initiation l...

Страница 492: ...igh speed autoreclosing with a short time delay Shot 2 is implemented with CBB2 and meant to be the first shot of the autoreclose sequence initiated by the low stage of the overcurrent protection 51P and the low stage of the non directional ground fault protection 51N G It has the same reclose time in both situations It is set as a high speed autoreclosing for corresponding faults The third shot w...

Страница 493: ... time tl Operating time for the 50P 1 protection stage to clear the fault tl or lo Operating time for the 51P or 51N G protection stage to clear the fault tCB_O Operating time for opening the circuit breaker tCB_C Operating time for closing the circuit breaker In this case the number of needed CBBs is three that is the first shot s reclosing time depends on the initiation signal 1MRS240050 IB C Se...

Страница 494: ... CBB2 6 lines 2 and 3 2 4 6 Second reclose time 0 2s an example Shot number CBB3 2 Init signals CBB3 6 lines 2 and 3 2 4 6 Third reclose time 10 0s 9 2 6 4 Delayed initiation lines The autoreclose function consists of six individual autoreclose initiation lines INIT_1 INIT 6 and three delayed initiation lines DEL_INIT_2 DEL_INIT_3 DEL_INIT_4 DEL_INIT_2 and INIT_2 are connected together with an OR ...

Страница 495: ...he line 2 3 or 4 Used for shot 1 Str x delay shot 2 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line used for shot 2 Str x delay shot 3 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line used for shot 3 Str x delay shot 4 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line used for shots 4 and 5 Optionally can also be used with SOTF 9 2 6 5 Shot initiation from protection pickup signal All autoreclose shots are initiated by protection trips As...

Страница 496: ...No further shots are programmed after the final trip The function is in lockout and the sequence is considered unsuccessful Example 2 The delays can be used also for fast final trip The conditions are the same as in Example 1 with the exception of Str 2 delay shot 3 0 10 seconds The operation in a permanent fault is the same as in Example 1 except that after the second shot when the protection pic...

Страница 497: ...e AR initialization blocking signal 5 INIT_6 BOOLEAN 0 False AR initialization blocking signal 6 DEL_INIT_2 BOOLEAN 0 False Delayed AR initialization blocking signal 2 DEL_INIT_3 BOOLEAN 0 False Delayed AR initialization blocking signal 3 DEL_INIT_4 BOOLEAN 0 False Delayed AR initialization blocking signal 4 BLK_RECL_T BOOLEAN 0 False Blocks and resets reclose time BLK_RCLM_T BOOLEAN 0 False Block...

Страница 498: ...1 True 0 False Manual close mode Wait close time 50 10000 ms 50 250 Allowed CB closing time after reclose command Max wait time 100 1800000 ms 100 10000 Maximum wait time for haltDeadTime release Max trip time 100 10000 ms 100 10000 Maximum wait time for deactivation of protection signals Close pulse time 10 10000 ms 10 200 CB close pulse time Max Thm block time 100 1800000 ms 100 10000 Maximum wa...

Страница 499: ... Fourth delay in SOTF 0 False 1 True 0 False Sets 4th delay into use for all DEL_INIT signals during SOTF First reclose time 0 300000 ms 10 5000 Dead time for CBB1 Second reclose time 0 300000 ms 10 5000 Dead time for CBB2 Third reclose time 0 300000 ms 10 5000 Dead time for CBB3 Fourth reclose time 0 300000 ms 10 5000 Dead time for CBB4 Fifth reclose time 0 300000 ms 10 5000 Dead time for CBB5 Si...

Страница 500: ...y shot 4 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start2 4th reclose Str 3 delay shot 1 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start3 1st reclose Str 3 delay shot 2 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start3 2nd reclose Str 3 delay shot 3 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start3 3rd reclose Str 3 delay shot 4 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start3 4th reclose Str 4 delay shot 1 0 300000 ms 10 0 Delay time for start4 1s...

Страница 501: ... 0 False 1 True Reclosing shot in progress shot 4 INPRO_5 BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Reclosing shot in progress shot 5 DISCR_INPRO BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Signal indicating that discrimination time is in progress CUTOUT_INPRO BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Signal indicating that cut out time is in progress SUC_RECL BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True Indicates a successful reclosing sequence UNSUC_CB BOOLEAN 0 False 1 True...

Страница 502: ...ocked 5 Disabled Status 9 2 10 Technical data Table 376 79 Technical data Characteristic Value Trip time accuracy 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms 9 3 Synchronism and energizing check 25 9 3 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Synchronism and energizing check SECRSYN SYNC 25 9 3 2 Function block GUID 465E8B64 8E18 4C99 ...

Страница 503: ...re divided after islanding and it is also used to perform a controlled reconnection of the system after reclosing The energizing check function checks that at least one side is dead to ensure that closing can be done safely The function contains a blocking functionality It is possible to block function outputs and timers if desired 9 3 4 Operation principle The function can be enabled and disabled...

Страница 504: ... bus de energized or line de energized and bus energized One Live Dead Bus de energized and line energized or line de energized and bus energized Not Both Live Both line and bus de energized or bus de energized and line energized or line de energized and bus energized When the energizing direction corresponds to the settings the situation has to be constant for a time set with the Energizing time ...

Страница 505: ... Syncronous the additional conditions must be fulfilled In the synchronous mode the closing is attempted so that the phase difference at closing is close to zero The synchronous mode is only possible when the frequency slip is below 0 1 percent of the value of fn The voltage difference must not exceed the 1 percent of the value of Vn In case Syncro check mode is set to Asyncronous the additional c...

Страница 506: ...heck function compensates for the measured slip frequency and the circuit breaker closing delay The phase angle advance is calculated continuously with the formula Closing angle V V f f T T Bus Line Bus line CB PL 360 GUID 1B5A128E E351 4847 93C8 6664FF822FE9 V1 EN Equation 30 VBus Measured bus voltage phase angle VLine Measured line voltage phase angle fBus Measured bus frequency fline Measured l...

Страница 507: ...heck function in the continuous mode operation Command mode If Control mode is set to Command the purpose of the Synchro check functionality in the command mode is to find the instant when the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker are in synchronism The conditions for synchronism are met when the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker have the same frequency and are in phase with a ...

Страница 508: ... pulse length of the closing signal In the command control mode operation there are alarms for a failed closing attempt CL_FAIL_AL and for a command signal that remains active too long CMD_FAIL_AL If the conditions for closing are not fulfilled within the set time of Maximum Syn time a failed closing attempt alarm is given The CL_FAIL_AL alarm output signal is pulse shaped and the pulse length is ...

Страница 509: ...cessary the CMD_FAIL_AL alarm output is activated The alarm indicates that the control module has not removed the external command signal after the closing operation To avoid unnecessary alarms the duration of the command signal should be set in such a way that the maximum length of the signal is always below Maximum Syn time 5s Close pulse Maximum Syn time 5s GUID 4DF3366D 33B9 48B5 8EB4 692D9801...

Страница 510: ...d a new closing command sequence cannot be started until the external command signal is reset and reactivated The SYNC_INPRO output is active when the closing command sequence is in progress and it is reset when the CL_COMMAND input is reset or Maximum Syn time has elapsed Bypass mode 25 can be set to the bypass mode by setting the parameters Synchro check mode and Energizing check mode to Off or ...

Страница 511: ...he reference This means that when the Yd11 power transformer is used the low voltage side voltage phasor leads by 30 degrees or lags by 330 degrees the high voltage side phasor The rotation of the phasors is counterclockwise The generic rule is that a low voltage side phasor lags the high voltage side phasor by clock number 30º This is called angle difference adjustment and can be set for 25 with ...

Страница 512: ...ing the line AB is dead and the energizing direction is correct the protection relay energizes the line V_BUS V_LINE by closing the circuit breaker A The PLC of the power plant discovers that the line has been energized and sends a signal to the other synchrocheck function to close the circuit breaker B Since both sides of the circuit breaker B are live V_BUS Live bus value V_LINE Live bus value t...

Страница 513: ...the protection relay has to be close to zero within the permitted accuracy tolerances The measured phase differences are indicated in the LHMI At the same time it is recommended to check the voltage difference and the frequency differences presented in the monitored data view These values should be within the permitted tolerances that is close to zero Figure 268 shows an example where the synchroc...

Страница 514: ... CMD_FAIL_AL BOOLEAN CB closing request failed LLDB BOOLEAN Live Line Dead Bus LLLB BOOLEAN Live Line Live Bus DLLB BOOLEAN Dead Line Live Bus DLDB BOOLEAN Dead Line Dead Bus 9 3 7 Settings Table 380 25 Group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Live dead mode 1 Off 1 Both Dead 2 Live L Dead B 3 Dead L Live B 4 Dead Bus L Any 5 Dead L Bus Any 6 One Live Dead 7 Not Both Liv...

Страница 515: ...gizing Phase shift 180 180 deg 1 180 Correction of phase difference between measured U_BUS and U_LINE Minimum Syn time 0 60000 ms 10 0 Minimum time to accept synchronizing Maximum Syn time 100 6000000 ms 10 2000 Maximum time to accept synchronizing Energizing time 100 60000 ms 10 100 Time delay for energizing check Closing time of CB 40 250 ms 10 60 Closing time of the breaker 9 3 8 Monitored data...

Страница 516: ...ristic Value Operation accuracy Depending on the frequency of the voltage measured fn 1 Hz Voltage 3 0 of the set value or 0 01 Vn Frequency 10 mHz Phase angle 3 Reset time 50 ms Reset ratio Typically 0 96 Trip time accuracy in definite time mode 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms 9 4 Generic up down counters CTR 9 4 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identificatio...

Страница 517: ...n can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of CTR can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections GUID 9D9880AB 4CA7 4DD5 BA0C C1D958FC04F6 V1 EN Figure 270 Functional module diagram Up down counter Each rising edge of the UP_CNT input increments the counte...

Страница 518: ...this input is set to True or when Reset counter is set to reset the CNT_VAL is forced to zero 9 4 5 Signals Table 384 CTR Input signals Name Type Default Description UP_CNT BOOLEAN 0 False Input for up counting DOWN_CNT BOOLEAN 0 False Input for down counting RESET BOOLEAN 0 False Reset input for counter LOAD BOOLEAN 0 False Load input for counter Table 385 CTR Output signals Name Type Description...

Страница 519: ... Monitored data Table 387 CTR Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description CNT_VAL INT128 0 2147483647 Output counter value 1MRS240050 IB C Section 9 Control functions REF615R 513 Technical Manual ...

Страница 520: ...514 ...

Страница 521: ...uch as a protection pickup or trip signal or an external relay control signal via a binary input can be set to trigger the recording Recorded information is stored in a nonvolatile memory and can be uploaded for subsequent fault analysis 10 1 1 1 Recorded analog inputs The user can map any analog signal type of the protection relay to each analog channel of the disturbance recorder by setting the ...

Страница 522: ...ng on the falling edge means that the recording sequence starts when the active input signal resets It is also possible to trigger from both edges In addition if preferred the monitored signal can be non triggering The trigger setting can be set individually for each binary channel of the disturbance recorder with the Level trigger mode parameter of the corresponding binary channel Triggering by a...

Страница 523: ...used the disturbance recorder automatically calculates the remaining amount of recordings that fit into the available recording memory The user can see this information with the Rem amount of rec monitored data The fixed memory size allocated for the recorder can fit in two recordings that are ten seconds long The recordings contain data from all analog and binary channels of the disturbance recor...

Страница 524: ...6 2 Record length 800 Hz 400 Hz 960 Hz 480 Hz 8 4 Record length 400 Hz 400 Hz 480 Hz 480 Hz 10 1 1 5 Uploading of recordings The protection relay stores COMTRADE files to the C COMTRADE folder The files can be uploaded with the PCM600 or any appropriate computer software that can access the C COMTRADE folder One complete disturbance recording consists of two COMTRADE file types the configuration f...

Страница 525: ...he Clear Digital fault recorder menu Deleting all disturbance recordings at once also clears the pre trigger recording in progress 10 1 1 7 Storage mode The disturbance recorder can capture data in two modes waveform and trend mode The user can set the storage mode individually for each trigger source with the Storage mode parameter of the corresponding analog channel or binary channel the Stor mo...

Страница 526: ... trigger data collected for the next recording Each time a recording is overwritten the event is generated via the state change of theOverwrite of rec parameter The overwrite mode is recommended if it is more important to have the latest recordings in the memory The saturation mode is preferred when the oldest recordings are more important New triggerings are blocked in both the saturation and the...

Страница 527: ...ernal digital inputs of the protection relay The connection is made with dynamic mapping to the binary channel of the disturbance recorder using for example SMT of PCM600 It is also possible to connect several digital signals to one binary channel of the disturbance recorder In that case the signals can be combined with logical functions for example AND and OR The name of the binary channel can be...

Страница 528: ...alog inputs are recorded as instantaneous values and converted to primary peak value units when the protection relay converts the recordings to the COMTRADE format COMTRADE is the general standard format used in storing disturbance recordings The binary channels are sampled once per task execution of the disturbance recorder The task execution interval for the disturbance recorder is the same as f...

Страница 529: ...on mode 1 Saturation 2 Overwrite 1 1 Operation mode of the recorder Exclusion time 0 1 000 000 ms 1 0 The time during which triggerings of same type are ignored Storage rate 32 16 8 samples per fundamental cycle 32 Storage rate of the waveform recording Periodic trig time 0 604 800 s 10 0 Time between periodic triggerings Stor mode periodic 0 Waveform 1 Trend cycle 1 0 Storage mode for periodic tr...

Страница 530: ...articular variant Channel id text 0 to 64 characters alphanumeric DR analog channel X Identification text for the analog channel used in the COMTRADE format High trigger level 0 00 60 00 pu 0 01 10 00 High trigger level for the analog channel Low trigger level 0 00 2 00 pu 0 01 0 00 Low trigger level for the analog channel Storage mode 0 Waveform 1 Trend cycle 1 0 Storage mode for the analog chann...

Страница 531: ...annel Storage mode 0 Waveform 1 Trend cycle 1 0 Storage mode for the binary channel Channel id text 0 to 64 characters alphanumeric DR binary channel X Identification text for the analog channel used in the COMTRADE format Table 392 Control data for digital fault recorder Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Trig recording 0 Cancel 1 Trig Trigger the disturbance recording Clear rec...

Страница 532: ...ngs are used Rec memory used 0 100 Storage mode for the binary channel Time to trigger 0 604 800 s Time remaining to the next periodic triggering 10 2 Fault locator FLO 10 2 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Fault location DRFLO FLO FLO 10 2 2 Function block GUID 4C42D285 CB2A 4E85 BE2F 940443C9232C V1 EN Figure 27...

Страница 533: ...ion can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting The corresponding parameter values are Enable and Disable The operation of FLO can be described with a module diagram All the modules in the diagram are explained in the next sections V_A V_B I_A I_B I_C FLT_DIST FLT_ LOOP FLT_R XF_ LOOP Buffering logic Fault loop determination Fault location V_C GUID 5DC1EB9F 1A27 4D25 BAC9 612504B55491 V...

Страница 534: ...ase currents to the setting Phase Level Fault loop determination is done in accordance with Table 394 Table 394 Fault identification Fault in phase A Fault in phase B Fault in phase C Fault in ground Io FLTLOOP FLTLOOP 1 0 0 1 AG Fault 1 0 1 0 1 BG Fault 2 0 0 1 1 CG Fault 3 1 1 0 0 AB Fault 4 0 1 1 0 BC Fault 5 1 0 1 0 CA Fault 6 1 1 1 0 ABC Fault 7 1 1 0 1 ABG Fault 1 0 1 1 1 BCG Fault 2 1 0 1 1...

Страница 535: ...d as a setting X1 is positive sequence line reactance in ohm miles or Kms and is provided as a setting R0 is zero sequence line resistance in ohm miles or Kms and is provided as a setting X0 is zero sequence line reactance in ohm miles or Kms and is provided as a setting Line Length is the length of the line in the units of Km kilometers or miles and is provided as a setting If R1 X1 R0 X0 are giv...

Страница 536: ...impedance and apparent impedance during the fault to estimate the distance to fault Estimated values of fault resistance pre fault load impedance and line impedance are modified using the correction factors The corrected values are used to estimate the final FLT_DIST and FLT_R During the autoreclosure sequences the fault location is done with initial fault conditions 10 2 5 Application Electrical ...

Страница 537: ... Irly Vrly A F B M Total Length of the line GUID E6497F03 F9A7 4C93 9620 61842BB44774 V1 EN Figure 274 System model considered for fault location where Vs Source voltage Vrly Voltage at the protection relay location Irly Current in the transmission line at the protection relay location Zs Source impedance ZL Transmission line impedance in ohm unit length ZD Load impedance RF Fault resistance M Dis...

Страница 538: ...0 30 000 ohm 0 001 1 000 Zero Seq Reactance in ohms miles or Km 10 2 7 Monitored data Table 398 FLO Monitored data Name Type Values Range Unit Description FLT_DIST FLOAT32 0 00 9999 00 Fault Distance FLT_LOOP Enum 1 AG Fault 2 BG Fault 3 CG Fault 4 AB Fault 5 BC Fault 6 CA Fault 7 ABC Fault 1 ABG Fault 2 BCG Fault 3 CAG Fault 4 ABCG Fault 0 No fault Fault Loop FLT_R FLOAT32 0 00 999 00 ohm FaultRe...

Страница 539: ...block 11 1 1 3 Functionality The Minimum pulse timer function TP contains two independent timers running in milliseconds The function has a settable pulse length in milliseconds The timers are used for setting the minimum pulse length for example the signal outputs Once the input is activated the function gives out a pulse Pulse time setting But if the input remains active longer than the set Puls...

Страница 540: ...ls Name Type Description OUT1 BOOLEAN Output 1 status OUT2 BOOLEAN Output 2 status 11 1 1 5 Settings Table 401 TP Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Pulse time 0 60000 ms 1 150 Minimum pulse time 11 1 2 Minimum second pulse timer 62CLD 1 11 1 2 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number ...

Страница 541: ...But if the input remains active longer than the set Cold load time also the output remains active until the input is deactivated GUID 9BE17BA5 70D3 442B 8D24 8544C7A9441A V1 EN Figure 278 A Trip pulse is shorter than Cold load time setting B Trip pulse is longer than Cold load time setting 11 1 2 4 Signals Table 402 62CLD 1 Input signals Name Type Default Description IN1 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 1 st...

Страница 542: ...Functionality The minimum minute pulse timer function 62CLD 2 contains two independent timers The function has a settable pulse length in minutes The timers are used for setting the minimum pulse length for example the signal outputs Once the input is activated the function gives out a pulse Cold load time setting But if the input remains active longer than the set Cold load time also the output r...

Страница 543: ...N Output 2 status 11 1 3 5 Settings Table 407 62CLD 2 Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Cold load time 0 300 min 1 0 Cold load time 11 2 Programmable buttons FKEY 11 2 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Programmable buttons 16 buttons FKEYGGIO FKEY FKEY 1MRS240050 IB C Section 1...

Страница 544: ...plication is configured by connection with other application functions This gives the maximum flexibility 11 2 4 Operation principle Inputs L1 L16 represent the LEDs on the protection relay s LHMI When an input is set to TRUE the corresponding LED is lit When a function key on LHMI is pressed the corresponding output K1 K16 is set to TRUE 11 2 5 Signals Table 408 FKEY Input signals Name Type Defau...

Страница 545: ...4 L15 BOOLEAN 0 False LED 15 L16 BOOLEAN 0 False LED 16 Table 409 FKEY Output signals Name Type Description K1 BOOLEAN KEY 1 K2 BOOLEAN KEY 2 K3 BOOLEAN KEY 3 K4 BOOLEAN KEY 4 K5 BOOLEAN KEY 5 K6 BOOLEAN KEY 6 K7 BOOLEAN KEY 7 K8 BOOLEAN KEY 8 K9 BOOLEAN KEY 9 K10 BOOLEAN KEY 10 K11 BOOLEAN KEY 11 K12 BOOLEAN KEY 12 K13 BOOLEAN KEY 13 K14 BOOLEAN KEY 14 K15 BOOLEAN KEY 15 K16 BOOLEAN KEY 16 1MRS24...

Страница 546: ... state This allows the creating of events from advanced logic combinations 11 3 3 Signals Table 410 MV Input signals Name Type Default Description I1 BOOLEAN 0 False I1 status I2 BOOLEAN 0 False I2 status I3 BOOLEAN 0 False I3 status I4 BOOLEAN 0 False I4 status I5 BOOLEAN 0 False I5 status I6 BOOLEAN 0 False I6 status I7 BOOLEAN 0 False I7 status I8 BOOLEAN 0 False I8 status Section 11 1MRS240050...

Страница 547: ...description Description MVGAPC1 Q2 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q3 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q4 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q5 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q6 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q7 Output description Description MVGAPC1 Q8 Output description 11 4 Pulse timer PT 11 4 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60...

Страница 548: ...the Pulse delay time setting t0 t0 dt t1 t1 dt t2 t2 dt dt Pulse delay time GUID 08F451EE 5110 41D9 95ED 084D7296FA22 V1 EN Figure 284 Timer operation 11 4 4 Signals Table 413 PT Input signals Name Type Default Description IN1 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 1 status IN2 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 2 status IN3 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 3 status IN4 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 4 status IN5 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 5 status Ta...

Страница 549: ...es Range Unit Step Default Description Pulse delay time 1 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 2 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 3 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 4 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 5 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 6 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Pulse delay time Pulse delay time 7 0 3600000 ms 10 0 ...

Страница 550: ... offers the capability to activate its outputs through a local or remote control The local control is provided through the buttons in the front panel and the remote control is provided through communications CNTRL has two modes of operation In the Toggle mode the block toggles the output signal for every input pulse received In the Pulsed mode the block generates an output pulse of a preset durati...

Страница 551: ... each output Each control point or CNTRL can be accessed locally or remotely through communication or the LHMI control CNTRL follows the local or remote L R state if the Loc Rem restriction setting is true If the Loc Rem restriction setting is false local or remote L R state is ignored that is all controls are allowed regardless of the local or remote state In case of DNP3 there will be no control...

Страница 552: ...nput 11 status I12 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 12 status I13 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 13 status I14 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 14 status I15 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 15 status I16 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 16 status Table 418 CNTRL Output signals Name Type Description O1 BOOLEAN Output 1 status O2 BOOLEAN Output 2 status O3 BOOLEAN Output 3 status O4 BOOLEAN Output 4 status O5 BOOLEAN Output 5 status O6 BOOLEAN Output...

Страница 553: ...ut 2 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCGGIO1 Output 3 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for...

Страница 554: ...neric control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCGGIO1 Output 10 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulse...

Страница 555: ... length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCGGIO1 Output 15 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCGGIO1 Output 16 Generic control point description 11 6 Remote generic control points RCNTRL 11 6 1 Identification Function des...

Страница 556: ...RCNTRL also has a general setting Loc Rem restriction which enables or disables the local or remote state functionality When the Operation mode is set to Toggle the corresponding output toggles between True and False for every input pulse received The state of the output is stored in a nonvolatile memory and restored if the protection relay is restarted When the Operation mode is set to Pulsed the...

Страница 557: ... From the remote communication point of view SPCGGIO toggled operation mode is always working as persistent mode The output O follows the value written to the input IN 11 6 5 Signals Table 420 RCNTRL Input signals Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 False Block signal for activating the blocking mode Table 421 RCNTRL Output signals Name Type Description O1 BOOLEAN Output 1 status O2 BOOL...

Страница 558: ...ength for pulsed operation mode Description SPCRGGIO1 Output 3 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCRGGIO1 Output 4 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic contro...

Страница 559: ...eneric control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCRGGIO1 Output 11 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pul...

Страница 560: ...for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCRGGIO1 Output 16 Generic control point description 11 7 Local generic control points LCNTRL 11 7 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEEidentification Local generic control points SPCLGGIO SPCL LCNTRL 11 7 2 Function block GUID...

Страница 561: ...th of pulses Once activated the output remains active for the duration of the set pulse length When activated the additional activation command does not extend the length of pulse Thus the pulse needs to be ended before the new activation can occur The Description setting can be used for storing signal names for each output Each control point or LCNTRL can only be accessed through the LHMI control...

Страница 562: ... BOOLEAN Output 11 status O12 BOOLEAN Output 12 status O13 BOOLEAN Output 13 status O14 BOOLEAN Output 14 status O15 BOOLEAN Output 15 status O16 BOOLEAN Output 16 status 11 7 6 Settings Table 425 LCNTRL Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Loc Rem restriction 0 False 1 True 1 True Local remote switch restriction Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Opera...

Страница 563: ...ol point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCLGGIO1 Output 5 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCLGGIO1 Output 6 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 T...

Страница 564: ...IO1 Output 12 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse length for pulsed operation mode Description SPCLGGIO1 Output 13 Generic control point description Operation mode 0 Pulsed 1 Toggle 1 Off 1 Off Operation mode for generic control point Pulse length 10 3600000 ms 10 1000 Pulse...

Страница 565: ... pcs function SR is a simple SR flip flop with a memory that can be set or that can reset an output from the S or R inputs respectively The function contains eight independent set reset flip flop latches where the SET input has the higher priority over the RESET input The status of each Q output is retained in the nonvolatile memory The individual reset for each Q output is available on the LHMI o...

Страница 566: ...n set R4 BOOLEAN 0 False Resets Q4 output when set S5 BOOLEAN 0 False Set Q5 output when set R5 BOOLEAN 0 False Resets Q5 output when set S6 BOOLEAN 0 False Set Q6 output when set R6 BOOLEAN 0 False Resets Q6 output when set S7 BOOLEAN 0 False Set Q7 output when set R7 BOOLEAN 0 False Resets Q7 output when set S8 BOOLEAN 0 False Set Q8 output when set R8 BOOLEAN 0 False Resets Q8 output when set T...

Страница 567: ... set Reset Q4 0 Cancel 1 Reset 0 Cancel Resets Q4 output when set Reset Q5 0 Cancel 1 Reset 0 Cancel Resets Q5 output when set Reset Q6 0 Cancel 1 Reset 0 Cancel Resets Q6 output when set Reset Q7 0 Cancel 1 Reset 0 Cancel Resets Q7 output when set Reset Q8 0 Cancel 1 Reset 0 Cancel Resets Q8 output when set 11 9 Time delay off TOF 11 9 1 Identification Function description IEC 61850 identificatio...

Страница 568: ...is set immediately When the input is cleared the output stays on until the time set with the Off delay time setting has elapsed t0 t1 dt t2 t3 t5 dt dt Off delay time t1 t4 t5 GUID D45492E6 5FBC 420C B1BF B3A1F65ADF96 V1 EN Figure 290 Timer operation 11 9 4 Signals Table 430 TOF Input signals Name Type Default Description IN1 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 1 status IN2 BOOLEAN 0 False Input 2 status IN3 BO...

Страница 569: ... Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description Off delay time 1 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 2 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 3 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 4 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 5 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 6 0 3600000 ms 10 0 Off delay time Off delay time 7 0 3600000 ...

Страница 570: ...nality The time delay on 8 pcs function TON can be used for example for time delaying the output related to the input signal TON contains eight independent timers The timer has a settable time delay Once the input is activated the output is set after the time set by the On delay time setting has elapsed t0 t0 dt t2 t3 t4 dt dt On delay time t1 t4 t5 GUID B74EE764 8B2E 4FBE 8CE7 779F6B739A11 V1 EN ...

Страница 571: ...OOLEAN Output 5 Q6 BOOLEAN Output 6 Q7 BOOLEAN Output 7 Q8 BOOLEAN Output 8 11 10 5 Settings Table 436 TON Non group settings Parameter Values Range Unit Step Default Description On delay time 1 0 3600000 ms 10 0 On delay time On delay time 2 0 3600000 ms 10 0 On delay time On delay time 3 0 3600000 ms 10 0 On delay time On delay time 4 0 3600000 ms 10 0 On delay time On delay time 5 0 3600000 ms ...

Страница 572: ...11 10 6 Technical data Table 437 TON Technical data Characteristic Value Operate time accuracy 1 0 of the set value or 20 ms Section 11 1MRS240050 IB C Other functions 566 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 573: ...calculation exceeds the set Trip delay time The user can determine the reset in the DT mode with the Reset delay time setting which provides the delayed reset property when needed The Type of reset curve setting has no effect on the reset method when the DT mode is selected but the reset is determined solely with the Reset delay time setting A060764 ANSI V1 EN Figure 293 Operation of the counter i...

Страница 574: ... that the current is above the set Pickup value The input signal is inactive when the current is below the set Pickup value and the set hysteresis region The timer input rises when a fault current is detected The definite timer activates the PICKUP output and the operation timer starts elapsing The reset drop off timer starts when the timer input falls that is the fault disappears When the reset d...

Страница 575: ...nt is below the set Pickup value and the set hysteresis region The timer input rises when a fault current is detected The definite timer activates the PICKUP output and the operation timer starts elapsing The reset drop off timer starts when the timer input falls that is the fault disappears Another fault situation occurs before the reset drop off timer has elapsed This causes the activation of th...

Страница 576: ...lay time setting the operation timer is reset in the same way as described in Figure 294 regardless of the BLOCK input The selected blocking mode is Freeze timer 12 2 Current based inverse definite minimum time characteristics 12 2 1 IDMT curves for overcurrent protection In inverse time modes the trip time depends on the momentary value of the current the higher the current the faster the trip ti...

Страница 577: ...s to level out the inverse time characteristic The Minimum trip time setting defines the minimum operating time for the IDMT curve that is the operation time is always at least the Minimum trip time setting Alternatively the IDMT Sat point is used for giving the leveling out point as a multiple of the Pickup value setting Global setting Configuration System IDMT Sat point The default parameter val...

Страница 578: ...Operation time curve based on the IDMT characteristic leveled out with the Minimum trip time setting is set to 1000 milliseconds the IDMT Sat point setting is set to maximum Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 572 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 579: ...Figure 298 Operation time curve based on the IDMT characteristic leveled out with IDMT Sat point setting value 11 the Minimum trip time setting is set to minimum 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 573 Technical Manual ...

Страница 580: ...to minimum The grey zone in Figure 299 shows the behavior of the curve in case the measured current is outside the guaranteed measuring range Also the maximum measured current of 50 x In gives the leveling out point 50 2 5 20 x I I The Minimum trip time setting defines the minimum trip time for the IDMT mode that is it is possible to limit the IDMT based trip time for not becoming too short Sectio...

Страница 581: ...229 F0437336F3F6 V1 EN Figure 300 Trip time curves based on IDMT characteristic with the value of the Minimum trip time setting 0 5 second 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 575 Technical Manual ...

Страница 582: ...stic with the value of the Minimum trip time setting 1 second 12 2 1 1 Standard inverse time characteristics For inverse time operation both IEC and ANSI IEEE standardized inverse time characteristics are supported Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 576 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 583: ... Extremely Inverse 28 2 0 1217 2 0 2 ANSI Very Inverse 19 61 0 491 2 0 3 ANSI Normal Inverse 0 0086 0 0185 0 02 4 ANSI Moderately Inverse 0 0515 0 1140 0 02 6 Long Time Extremely Inverse 64 07 0 250 2 0 7 Long Time Very Inverse 28 55 0 712 2 0 8 Long Time Inverse 0 086 0 185 0 02 9 IEC Normal Inverse 0 14 0 0 0 02 10 IEC Very Inverse 13 5 0 0 1 0 11 IEC Inverse 0 14 0 0 0 02 12 IEC Extremely Inver...

Страница 584: ...A070750 V2 EN Figure 302 ANSI extremely inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 578 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 585: ...A070751 V2 EN Figure 303 ANSI very inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 579 Technical Manual ...

Страница 586: ...A070752 V2 EN Figure 304 ANSI normal inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 580 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 587: ...A070753 V2 EN Figure 305 ANSI moderately inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 581 Technical Manual ...

Страница 588: ...A070817 V2 EN Figure 306 ANSI long time extremely inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 582 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 589: ...A070818 V2 EN Figure 307 ANSI long time very inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 583 Technical Manual ...

Страница 590: ...A070819 V2 EN Figure 308 ANSI long time inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 584 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 591: ...A070820 V2 EN Figure 309 IEC normal inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 585 Technical Manual ...

Страница 592: ...A070821 V2 EN Figure 310 IEC very inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 586 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 593: ...A070822 V2 EN Figure 311 IEC inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 587 Technical Manual ...

Страница 594: ...A070823 V2 EN Figure 312 IEC extremely inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 588 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 595: ...A070824 V2 EN Figure 313 IEC short time inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 589 Technical Manual ...

Страница 596: ...A070825 V2 EN Figure 314 IEC long time inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 590 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 597: ...r E I Measured current I set Pickup value k set Time multiplier 12 2 1 3 RI and RD type inverse time characteristics The RI type simulates the behavior of electromechanical relays The RD type is a ground fault specific characteristic The RI type is calculated using the formula t s k I I 0 339 0 236 A060642 V2 EN Equation 35 The RD type is calculated using the formula t s I k I 5 8 1 35 In A060643 ...

Страница 598: ...t s Trip time in seconds k set Time multiplier I Measured current I set Pickup value Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 592 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 599: ...A070826 V2 EN Figure 315 RI type inverse time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 593 Technical Manual ...

Страница 600: ...A070827 V2 EN Figure 316 RD type inverse time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 594 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 601: ... the set Pickup value including hysteresis The integral sum of the inverse time counter is reset if another pickup does not occur during the reset delay If the Type of reset curve setting is selected as Def time reset the current level has no influence on the reset characteristic Inverse reset Inverse reset curves are available only for ANSI and user programmable curves If you use other curve type...

Страница 602: ...ed inverse reset curves Curve name D 1 ANSI Extremely Inverse 29 1 2 ANSI Very Inverse 21 6 3 ANSI Normal Inverse 0 46 4 ANSI Moderately Inverse 4 85 6 Long Time Extremely Inverse 30 7 Long Time Very Inverse 13 46 8 Long Time Inverse 4 6 Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 596 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 603: ...A070828 V1 EN Figure 317 ANSI extremely inverse reset time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 597 Technical Manual ...

Страница 604: ...A070829 V1 EN Figure 318 ANSI very inverse reset time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 598 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 605: ...A070830 V1 EN Figure 319 ANSI normal inverse reset time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 599 Technical Manual ...

Страница 606: ...A070831 V1 EN Figure 320 ANSI moderately inverse reset time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 600 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 607: ...A070832 V1 EN Figure 321 ANSI long time extremely inverse reset time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 601 Technical Manual ...

Страница 608: ...A070833 V1 EN Figure 322 ANSI long time very inverse reset time characteristics Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 602 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 609: ...A070834 V1 EN Figure 323 ANSI long time inverse reset time characteristics 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 603 Technical Manual ...

Страница 610: ...e time counter is frozen at the value of the moment just before the freezing Freezing of the counter value is chosen when the user does not wish the counter value to count upwards or to be reset This may be the case for example when the inverse time function of a protection relay needs to be blocked to enable the definite time operation of another protection relay for selectivity reasons especiall...

Страница 611: ...ion or integration starts immediately when the voltage exceeds the set value of the Pickup value setting and the PICKUP output is activated The TRIP output of the component is activated when the cumulative sum of the integrator calculating the overvoltage situation exceeds the value set by the inverse time mode The set value depends on the selected curve type and the setting values used The user d...

Страница 612: ... 4BCC 8215 30C089C80EAD ANSI V1 EN Figure 324 Trip time curve based on IDMT characteristic with Minimum trip time set to 0 5 second Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 606 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 613: ...B 4F8A 8F07 E110DD63FCCF ANSI V1 EN Figure 325 Trip time curve based on IDMT characteristic with Minimum trip time set to 1 second 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 607 Technical Manual ...

Страница 614: ...GUID 6E9DC0FE 7457 4317 9480 8CCC6D63AB35 ANSI V1 EN Equation 39 t s trip time in seconds V measured voltage V the set value of Pickup value k the set value of Time multiplier Table 441 Curve coefficients for the standard overvoltage IDMT curves Curve name A B C D E 17 Inverse Curve A 1 1 0 0 1 18 Inverse Curve B 480 32 0 5 0 035 2 19 Inverse Curve C 480 32 0 5 0 035 3 Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C G...

Страница 615: ...D ACF4044C 052E 4CBD 8247 C6ABE3796FA6 ANSI V1 EN Figure 326 Inverse curve A characteristic of overvoltage protection 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 609 Technical Manual ...

Страница 616: ...D F5E0E1C2 48C8 4DC7 A84B 174544C09142 ANSI V1 EN Figure 327 Inverse curve B characteristic of overvoltage protection Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 610 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 617: ...D A9898DB7 90A3 47F2 AEF9 45FF148CB679 ANSI V1 EN Figure 328 Inverse curve C characteristic of overvoltage protection 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 611 Technical Manual ...

Страница 618: ... percents compared to Pickup value For example due to the curve equation B and C the characteristics equation output is saturated in such a way that when the input voltages are in the range of Pickup value to Curve Sat Relative in percent over Pickup value the equation uses Pickup value 1 0 Curve Sat Relative 100 for the measured voltage Although the curve A has no discontinuities when the ratio V...

Страница 619: ...mum trip time setting defines the minimum trip time possible for the IDMT mode For setting a value for this parameter the user should carefully study the particular IDMT curve 12 3 2 1 Standard inverse time characteristics for undervoltage protection The trip times for the standard undervoltage IDMT curves are defined with the coefficients A B C D and E The inverse trip time can be calculated with...

Страница 620: ... 35F40C3B B483 40E6 9767 69C1536E3CBC ANSI V1 EN Figure 329 Inverse curve A characteristic of undervoltage protection Section 12 1MRS240050 IB C General function block features 614 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 621: ... B55D0F5F 9265 4D9A A7C0 E274AA3A6BB1 ANSI V1 EN Figure 330 Inverse curve B characteristic of undervoltage protection 1MRS240050 IB C Section 12 General function block features REF615R 615 Technical Manual ...

Страница 622: ...percents compared with Pickup value For example due to the curve equation B the characteristics equation output is saturated in such a way that when input voltages are in the range from Pickup value to Curve Sat Relative in percents under Pickup value the equation uses Pickup value 1 0 Curve Sat Relative 100 for the measured voltage Although the curve A has no discontinuities when the ratio V V ex...

Страница 623: ...the bad signal quality is obtained the nominal frequency value is shown with appropriate quality information in the measurement view The frequency protection functions are blocked when the quality is bad thus the timers and the function outputs are reset When the frequency is out of the function block s setting range but within the measurement range the protection blocks are running However the TR...

Страница 624: ...e low stage which may be due to a considerable amount of harmonics on the primary side currents In such a case the operation can be based solely on the fundamental frequency component of the current In addition the DFT mode has slightly higher CT requirements than the peak to peak mode if used with high and instantaneous stages Peak to peak The peak to peak measurement principle is selected with t...

Страница 625: ... I I A B C GUID B9280304 8AC0 40A5 8140 2F00C1F36A9E V1 EN Equation 44 The residual voltage is calculated from the phase to ground voltages when the VT connection is selected as Wye with the equation Vo V V V A B C GUID 4E68CD47 9DBB 4DAD A092 BD69DA5863F3 V1 EN Equation 45 Sequence components The phase sequence current components are calculated from the phase currents according to I I I I A B C 0...

Страница 626: ...VT connection is selected as Delta according to the equations V V V V A AB CA 0 3 GUID 1677DA47 81F3 4997 8D4D 5C955198C966 V1 EN Equation 54 V V V V B BC AB 0 3 GUID BC8718B1 E189 4082 8F62 F46FF3215FDA V1 EN Equation 55 V V V V C CA BC 0 3 GUID B4606B19 7510 461E 8A6B 9BFDF6F670DB V1 EN Equation 56 If theVo channel is not valid it is assumed to be zero The phase to phase voltages are calculated ...

Страница 627: ...ocuments listed therein The application manual of REF615R provides a brief introduction on CT requirements The following section provides basic inputs on CT requirements when CTs with IEC standards are specified 13 1 1 1 Current transformer accuracy class and accuracy limit factor The rated accuracy limit factor Fn is the ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary curre...

Страница 628: ...in n in A071141 V1 EN Fn the accuracy limit factor with the nominal external burden Sn Sin the internal secondary burden of the CT S the actual external burden 13 1 1 2 Non directional overcurrent protection The current transformer selection Non directional overcurrent protection does not set high requirements on the accuracy class or on the actual accuracy limit factor Fa of the CTs It is however...

Страница 629: ...ection relay operation To ensure the time selectivity the delay must be taken into account when setting the trip times of successive protection relays With definite time mode of operation the saturation of CT may cause a delay that is as long as the time constant of the DC component of the fault current when the current is only slightly higher than the pickup current This depends on the accuracy l...

Страница 630: ...set stage and instantaneous stage are defined also so that grading is ensured with the downstream protection In addition the pickup current settings have to be defined so that the protection relay operates with the minimum fault current and it does not trip with the maximum load current The settings for all three stages are as in Figure 331 For the application point of view the suitable setting fo...

Страница 631: ...5 34 33 32 31 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 SENSOR 10 VA UL1 VB UL2 VC UL3 VN UN SENSOR 9 SENSOR 5 SENSOR 4 SENSOR 3 SENSOR 2 SENSOR 1 IN9 IN10 IN11 X130 X120 GND X110 SELECTABLE N O OR N C N O WITH HIGH SPEED OUTPUT OPTION HIGH SPEED OUTPUT WITH HIGH SPEED OUTPUT OPTION SINGLE ENDED INPUT WITH HIGH SPEED OUTPUT OPTION FOR HWFAxxxx33xxxxxxxx REFER TO TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR X5 PIN ASSIGNMENTS OUT5...

Страница 632: ... DHCP server inside the protection relay for the front interface only The events and setting values and all input data such as memorized values and disturbance records can be read via the front communication port Only one of the possible clients can be used for parametrization at a time PCM600 LHMI WHMI The default IP address of the protection relay through this port is 192 168 0 254 The front por...

Страница 633: ...SNTP server that is visible for the whole local subnet to a station bus The protection relay s default IP address through this port is 192 168 2 10 with the TCP IP protocol The data transfer rate is 100 Mbps 14 3 3 EIA 232 serial rear connection The EIA 232 connection follows the TIA EIA 232 standard and is intended to be used with a point to point connection The connection supports hardware flow ...

Страница 634: ...able 444 Supported station communication interfaces and protocols Interfaces Protocols Ethernet Serial 100BASE TX RJ 45 100BASE FX LC EIA 232 EIA 485 Fibre optic ST IEC 61850 MODBUS RTU ASCII MODBUS TCP IP DNP3 serial DNP3 TCP IP Supported Section 14 1MRS240050 IB C Protection relay s physical connections 628 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 635: ...45 ARC COM0006 LC ARC COM0011 RJ 45 RS485 IRIG B COM0012 LC RS485 IRIG B GUID 7FB0EE58 00AE 42EC 851E 2FF2DF789C46 V1 EN Figure 333 Communication module options COM0001 COM0012 1MRS240050 IB C Section 14 Protection relay s physical connections REF615R 629 Technical Manual ...

Страница 636: ...FC6 V1 EN Figure 334 Communication module options COM00013 COM0034 Table 445 Station bus communication interfaces included in communication modules Module ID RJ 45 LC EIA 485 EIA 232 ST COM0001 1 COM0002 1 COM0005 1 COM0006 1 COM0011 1 1 COM0012 1 1 COM0013 1 1 COM0014 1 1 COM0023 1 1 1 1 Table continues on next page Section 14 1MRS240050 IB C Protection relay s physical connections 630 REF615R Te...

Страница 637: ...23A LAN X1 LAN Link status and activity RJ 45 and LC FL X12 Not used by COM23A RX X6 COM1 2 wire 4 wire receive activity TX X6 COM1 2 wire 4 wire transmit activity RX X5 X12 COM2 2 wire 4 wire or fibre optic receive activity TX X5 X12 COM2 2 wire 4 wire or fibre optic transmit activity I B X5 IRIG B Signal activity 1 Depending on the jumper configuration Table 448 LED descriptions for COM0032 COM0...

Страница 638: ...014 jumper locations and connections X4 X6 X5 X8 X9 X7 1 2 3 A070893 V3 EN Figure 335 Jumper connectors on communication module Section 14 1MRS240050 IB C Protection relay s physical connections 632 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 639: ...pull up and pull down resistors are selected by setting jumpers X4 X5 X7 and X8 to enabled position The bus termination is selected by setting jumpers X6 and X9 to enabled position The jumpers have been set to no termination and no biasing as default Table 450 4 wire EIA 485 jumper connectors for COM2 Group Jumper connection Description Notes X4 1 2 A bias enabled COM2 4 wire TX channel 2 3 A bias...

Страница 640: ... 10 COM1 A COM2 Rx 9 B Rx 8 COM2 A Tx 7 B Tx 6 AGND isolated ground 5 IRIG B 4 IRIG B 3 2 GNDC case via capacitor 1 GND case 14 3 7 2 COM0023 jumper locations and connections The optional communication module supports EIA 232 EIA 485 serial communication X6 connector EIA 485 serial communication X5 connector and optical ST serial communication X12 connector Two independent communication ports are ...

Страница 641: ...0 1 2 3 1 2 3 X 17 X 18 X 16 X15 X14 X13 1 2 3 X24 1 2 3 X3 X25 1 2 3 5 4 3 2 1 X 27 X 28 3 2 1 GUID D4044F6B 2DA8 4C14 A491 4772BA108292 V1 EN Figure 336 Jumper connections on communication module COM0023 COM1 port connection type can be either EIA 232 or EIA 485 Type is selected by setting jumpers X19 X20 X21 X26 The jumpers are set to EIA 232 by default 1MRS240050 IB C Section 14 Protection rel...

Страница 642: ...s have been set to no termination and no biasing as default Table 454 2 wire EIA 485 jumper connectors for COM1 Group Jumper connection Description Notes X5 1 2 2 3 A bias enabled A bias disabled1 COM1 Rear connector X6 2 wire connection X6 1 2 2 3 B bias enabled B bias disabled X7 1 2 Bus termination enabled 2 3 Bus termination disabled 1 Default setting Table 455 4 wire EIA 485 jumper connectors...

Страница 643: ... connectors for COM2 Group Jumper connection Description X13 1 2 2 3 A bias enabled A bias disabled X14 1 2 2 3 B bias enabled B bias disabled X15 1 2 2 3 Bus termination enabled Bus termination disabled Table 458 2 wire EIA 485 jumper connectors for COM2 Group Jumper connection Description Notes X13 1 2 2 3 A bias enabled A bias disabled COM2 4 wire TX channel X14 1 2 2 3 B bias enabled B bias di...

Страница 644: ...3 X6 Pin EIA 232 1 DCD 2 RxD 3 TxD 4 DTR 5 AGND 6 7 RTS 8 CTS Table 461 EIA 485 connections for COM0023 X6 Pin 2 wire mode 4 wire mode 1 Rx 6 Rx 7 B Tx 8 A Tx Table 462 EIA 485 connections for COM0023 X5 Pin 2 wire mode 4 wire mode 9 Rx 8 Rx 7 A Tx 6 B Tx 5 AGND isolated ground 4 IRIG B 3 IRIG B 2 1 GND case Section 14 1MRS240050 IB C Protection relay s physical connections 638 REF615R Technical M...

Страница 645: ...tical ST serial communication X9 connector The fibre optic ST connection uses the COM1 port 1 X15 3 X24 1 2 3 2 GUID 4CAF22E5 1491 44EF BFC7 45017DED68F4 V2 EN Figure 337 Jumper connections on communication module COM0033 1MRS240050 IB C Section 14 Protection relay s physical connections REF615R 639 Technical Manual ...

Страница 646: ... on communication module COM0034 Table 463 X9 Optical ST jumper connectors Group Jumper connection Description X15 1 2 2 3 Star topology Loop topology X24 1 2 2 3 Idle state Light on Idle state Light off Section 14 1MRS240050 IB C Protection relay s physical connections 640 REF615R Technical Manual ...

Страница 647: ...C 48 60 110 125 220 250 V DC Maximum interruption time in the auxiliary DC voltage without resetting the protection relay 50 ms at Vauxrated Vaux variation 38 110 of Vn 38 264 V AC 50 120 of Vn 12 72 V DC 80 120 of Vn 38 4 300 V DC Start up threshold 19 2 V DC 24 V DC 80 Burden of auxiliary voltage supply under quiescent Pq operating condition DC 15 W nominal 20 W max and AC 17 W nominal 22 W max ...

Страница 648: ... 360 V AC Burden at rated voltage 0 05 VA 1 Ordering option for ground current input 2 Ground current and or phase current Table 467 Binary inputs Description Value Operating range 20 of the rated voltage Rated voltage 24 250 V DC Current drain 1 6 1 9 mA Power consumption 31 0 570 0 mW Threshold voltage 18 176 V DC Reaction time 3 ms Table 468 Trip outputs TO Description Value Rated voltage 250 V...

Страница 649: ...d 10 mA at 5 V AC DC Table 470 Trip output HSTO Description Value Rated voltage 250 V AC DC Continuous contact carry 6 A Make and carry for 3 0 s 15 A Make and carry for 0 5 s 30 A Breaking capacity when the control circuit time constant L R 40 ms at 48 110 220 V DC 5 A 3 A 1 A Pickup 1 ms Dropout 20 ms resistive load Table 471 Ethernet interfaces Ethernet interface Protocol Cable Data transfer ra...

Страница 650: ...re core 820 900 nm 1 km 11 dB 1 Maximum allowed attenuation caused by connectors and cable together Table 474 IRIG B Description Value IRIG time code format B004 B0051 Isolation 500 V 1 min Modulation Unmodulated Logic level TTL Level Current consumption 2 4 mA Power consumption 10 20 mW 1 According to 200 04 IRIG standard Table 475 Lens sensor and optical fibre for arc flash detector Description ...

Страница 651: ...nmental conditions Description Value Continuous operating temperature range 25ºC 55ºC Short term operating temperature range 40ºC 85ºC 16h 1 2 Relative humidity 93 non condensing Atmospheric pressure 12 47 15 37 psi 86 106 kPa Altitude Up to 6561 66 feet 2000 m Transport and storage temperature range 40ºC 85ºC 1 Degradation in MTBF and LHMI performance outside the temperature range of 25ºC to 55ºC...

Страница 652: ...646 ...

Страница 653: ...g test IEC60255 22 3 IEC61000 4 3 20 V m prior to modulation f 80 1000 MHz sweep and keying test IEEE C37 90 2 2004 Electrostatic discharge test IEC60255 22 2 IEC61000 4 2 Class 4 IEEE C37 90 3 2001 Contact discharge 8 kV Air discharge 15 kV Surge immunity test IEC 61000 4 5 IEC 60255 22 5 Communication 1 kV line to earth Other ports 4 kV line to earth 2 kV line to line Power frequency magnetic fi...

Страница 654: ... m test level 6 4 16µs pulse waveform IEC 61000 4 9 Damped oscillatory magnetic field immunity test 400 transients s at 1 MHz repetition rate 100 A m for 2 s IEC 61000 4 10 Table 480 Mechanical tests Description Requirement Reference Vibration tests sinusoidal Class 2 IEC 60255 21 1 Shock and bump tests Class 2 IEC 60255 21 2 Mechanical durability 200 withdrawals and insertions of the plug in unit...

Страница 655: ...5 C 96h IEC 60068 2 2 Dry cold test 40 C 12 h 2 3 IEEE C37 90 2005 40 C 16 h 3 25 C 96 h IEC 60068 2 1 Storage temperature test 85 C 96 h 40 C 96 h IEEE C37 90 2005 IEC 60068 2 1 2 Change temperature test 5 test cycles 3 h 3 h at 25 C and 55 C 5 IEC 60068 2 14 1 The auxiliary voltage was disconnected during the first 5 cycles of the test The auxiliary voltage was switched on during the sixth cycle...

Страница 656: ...650 ...

Страница 657: ...tions EMC council directive 2004 108 EC EU directive 2002 96 EC 175 IEC 60255 IEEE C37 90 1 2002 IEEE C37 90 2 2004 IEEE C37 90 3 2001 IEEE C37 90 2005 1MRS240050 IB C Section 17 Applicable standards and regulations REF615R 651 Technical Manual ...

Страница 658: ...652 ...

Страница 659: ...ed for high signal integrity CAT 5e An enhanced version of CAT 5 that adds specifications for far end crosstalk CB Circuit breaker CBB Cycle building block COMTRADE Common format for transient data exchange for power systems Defined by the IEEE Standard CPU Central processing unit CT Current transformer CTS Clear to send DC 1 Direct current 2 Disconnector 3 Double command DFR Digital fault recorde...

Страница 660: ...GA Field programmable gate array GND Ground earth GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GPS Global Positioning System HMI Human machine interface IDMT Inverse definite minimum time IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 61850 International standard for substation communication and modeling IED Intelligent electronic device IP Internet protocol IP address A set of four numbers b...

Страница 661: ... without including the DC component The peak to peak mode allows considerable CT saturation without impairing the performance of the operation Peak to peak with peak backup A measurement principle similar to the peak to peak mode but with the function picking up on two conditions the peak to peak value is above the set pickup current or the peak value is above two times the set pickup value PLC Pr...

Страница 662: ...rate line or terminal only one conductor is represented SMT Signal Matrix tool in PCM600 SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol SOTF Switch onto fault ST Connector type for glass fiber cable SW Software TCP IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet Protocol TO Time out UL Underwriters Laboratories UTC Coordinated universal time VT Voltage transformer WAN Wide area network WHMI Web human machine interfa...

Страница 663: ...657 ...

Страница 664: ...O Box 699 FI 65101 VAASA Finland Phone 358 10 22 11 ABB Inc 655 Century Point Lake Mary FL 32746 USA Phone 1 800 222 1946 www abb com mediumvoltage www abb com relion www abb com substationautomation Copyright 2019 ABB All rights reserved 1MRS240050 IB C ...

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