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Keysight Technologies N69100 Series, Руководство по эксплуатации и обслуживанию

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In Case of Damage
Instruments that are not functioning correctly, appear damaged or defective should be
made inoperative and secured against unintended operation until they can be repaired
by qualified service personnel.

Legal and Safety Information

13

Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide

Содержание N69100 Series

Страница 1: ...Keysight Advanced Power System DC Power Supply N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...Inductive Load Boundary for Constant Current CC Operation 41 Capacitive Load Boundary for Constant Voltage CV Operation 43 Small Signal Programming Response 47 Excessive Dynamic Protection 48 Output...

Страница 4: ...ote Interface Configuration 87 Introduction 87 USB Configuration 87 GPIB Configuration 87 LAN Configuration 88 Modifying the LAN Settings 89 Using the Web Interface 91 Using Telnet 92 Using Sockets 93...

Страница 5: ...cing Multiple Units 124 Output Turn On Turn Off Behavior 126 Making Measurements 128 Average Measurements 128 Measurement Sweep 128 Amp hour Watt hour measurement 129 Additional Measurements 129 Measu...

Страница 6: ...em 169 IEEE 488 Common Commands 170 INITiate Subsystem 175 INSTrument Subsystem 176 LIST Subsystem 178 LXI Subsystem 181 MEASure Subsystem 182 OUTPut Subsystem 184 POWer Query 189 SENSe Subsystem 190...

Страница 7: ...tion 246 Repair Service Available 246 Before Returning the Unit 246 Repackaging for Shipment 246 Cleaning 247 Self Test Procedure 248 Power On Self Test 248 User Initiated Self Test 248 Firmware Updat...

Страница 8: ...hardware and or software described in this document are furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license License Files From gifencode C source cod...

Страница 9: ...er LicenseAgreement EULA acopy of which can befound at www keysight com find sweula Thelicenseset forth in theEULArepresents theexclusiveauthority by which theU S government may use modify distribute...

Страница 10: ...pply Unit is not completely disconnected from AC mains when switch is off risk of electric shock refer to accompanying documents Earth ground terminal The CE mark is a registered trademark of the Euro...

Страница 11: ...in any manner not specified by the manufacturer The protective features of this product may be impaired if it is used in a manner not specified in the operating instructions Environmental Conditions N...

Страница 12: ...voltages from an external energy source such as a battery may be present on the output terminals even with the unit turned off Provision must be made to disconnect the external energy source before to...

Страница 13: ...ing correctly appear damaged or defective should be made inoperative and secured against unintended operation until they can be repaired by qualified service personnel Legal and Safety Information 13...

Страница 14: ......

Страница 15: ...Power System N69100 Series Documentation Firmware and Technical Support You can download the latest version of this document at www keysight com find N69100APS doc For the latest firmware revision go...

Страница 16: ...for greater flexibility l Output can operate in voltage and current priority mode l High speed up and down output programming l Output resistance programming l Programmable arbitrary waveform and outp...

Страница 17: ...nect the AC mains and the unit shuts down To safeguard your device under test the unit provides anti islanding that senses that the grid is live before regenerating power back to the grid Refer to AC...

Страница 18: ...ative output terminals 3 Sensing Remote sense terminals connected for local sensing 4 GPIB GPIB interface connector 5 Digital IO Digital IO connector Pins are user configurable 6 USB USB interface con...

Страница 19: ...y excessive output dynamics protection CSF a current sharing fault has occurred PSP A primary secondary protection has occurred LOV the output voltage has exceeded a positive or negative internal limi...

Страница 20: ...ove around in the command menus They also select alpha characters in alpha numeric entry fields The Select key lets you make a selection in the command menus It also lets you enter edit mode for editi...

Страница 21: ...sistance Bandwidth Current Programs currentbandwidth Voltage Programs voltagebandwidth Tmode Programs outputturn on turn off modes Measure NPLC Specifies measurementtimein number of power linecycles A...

Страница 22: ...Apply Applies theconfiguration changes and restarts unit Cancel Cancels theconfiguration changes Reset Performs an LXI LCI resetof LANsettings and restarts Defaults Resets thenetwork to theas shipped...

Страница 23: ...Saves thecalibration data IO Enables disables USB GPIB and LANservices Sanitize Performs NISPOM secureeraseof all user data Update Password protected firmwareupdate Password Changes theadmin password...

Страница 24: ...non volatile memory STATe 0 OFF 1 ON Enables or disables calibration mode VOLTage LEVel value Calibrates the local voltage programming and measurement DISPlay WINDow STATe 0 OFF 1 ON Turns the front p...

Страница 25: ...plete bit in the standard event register OPC Returns a 1 to the output buffer when all pending operations complete OPT Returns a string identifying any installed options RCL value Recalls a saved inst...

Страница 26: ...Takes a measurement returns the maximum current MINimum Takes a measurement returns the minimum current POWer DC Takes a measurement returns the averaged power MAXimum Takes a measurement returns the...

Страница 27: ...time SENSe AHOur RESet Resets the amp hour or watt hour measurement to zero FUNCtion CURRent 0 OFF 1 ON Enables disables current measurements VOLTage 0 OFF 1 ON Enables disables voltage measurements S...

Страница 28: ...T ARB Sets the transient mode PROTection DELay TIME value Sets the over current protection delay STARt SCHange CCTRans Specifies what starts the over current protection delay timer STATe 0 OFF 1 ON En...

Страница 29: ...nning Of STep POINts Returns the number of BOST points EOSTep DATA Bool Bool Generates a trigger out at the End Of STep POINts Returns the number of EOST points VOLTage LEVel value value Specifies the...

Страница 30: ...nable 1 2 EVENt Queries the questionable event register CONDition Queries the questionable condition register ENABle value Sets the questionable enable register NTRansiton value Sets the Negative tran...

Страница 31: ...Enables measurement triggers to be sent to a digital port pin ARB SOURce source Selects the trigger source for arbitrary waveforms BUS EXTernal IMMediate PIN 1 7 TRANsient IMMediate Generates an imme...

Страница 32: ...2 points Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Arbitrary waveforms up to 64k points Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Parallel operation Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Voltage currentprogramming Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Outputresistanceprogramming...

Страница 33: ...urrent 1 mV 50 mA 3 mV 25 mA 6 mV 13 mA 50 mV 8 mA 100 mV 4 mA Voltage programming measurement accuracy 4 0 02 4 mV 0 02 13 mV 0 02 26 mV 0 04 120 mV 0 04 240 mV Current programming measurement accura...

Страница 34: ...025 400 A 0 002 7 mV 0 005 240 A 0 002 14 mV 0 005 120 A Output ripple noise 20 Hz to 20 kHz CC rms 200 mA 70 mA 50 mA 30 mA 15 mA Common mode current rms peak to peak 2 mA 20 mA 2 5 mA 24 mA 3 5 mA 3...

Страница 35: ...sing Time 1 ms from receipt of command to start of output change Applies to simple settings commands over the GPIB interface see Typical Command Processing Times Constant Dwell ARBs Number of points D...

Страница 36: ...rent per phase Efficiency at full power Power Factor L1 L2 L3 PE no neutral connection required 3 phase 400 480 VAC nominal 10 50 60 Hz 11 5 kVA 17 3 A 85 0 99 nominal input and rated power AC Input N...

Страница 37: ...ncy N69172A units 380V lowline 480V highline Source Sink Efficiency N69173A units 380V lowline 480V highline Power Factor N69172A units 380V lowline 480V highline Power Factor N69173A units 380V lowli...

Страница 38: ...43A N69145A N69146A 400V 480V Output Impedance Graphs The following graphs show the small signal output impedance of the compensation modes for constant voltage CV and constant current CC operation Ou...

Страница 39: ...edancePhase N69172A units CC operation CC operation OutputImpedanceAmplitude N69173A units OutputImpedancePhase N69173A units CVoperation CVoperation CC operation CC operation Keysight N69100 Series O...

Страница 40: ...43A units CC operation N69143A units CV operation N69145A units CC operation N69145A units CV operation N69146A units CC operation N69146A units 1 Quick Reference 40 Keysight N69100 Series Operating a...

Страница 41: ...lead resistance Refer to Inductance Considerations for details EQUIPMENT DAMAGE The power supply s internal voltage clamps are susceptible to thermal damage when the output is abruptly turned off at f...

Страница 42: ...69145A units Comp 0 InductiveLoad Boundary N69145A units Comp 1 InductiveLoad Boundary N69146A units Comp 0 InductiveLoad Boundary N69146A units Comp 1 1 Quick Reference 42 Keysight N69100 Series Oper...

Страница 43: ...may result in output instability There are no absolute limits for DUT capacitance as the stability is also a function of ESR Refer to Load Capacitance and Lead Inductance Considerations for details Ca...

Страница 44: ...DUTCapacitance N69143A units Comp 0 2 With local sensing and DUTdirectly connected to bus bars With remotesensing and load leads around 3 H 1 m 1 Quick Reference 44 Keysight N69100 Series Operating an...

Страница 45: ...DUTCapacitance N69145A units Comp 0 2 With local sensing and DUTdirectly connected to bus bars With remotesensing and load leads around 3 H 1 m Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 45 1...

Страница 46: ...DUTCapacitance N69146A units Comp 0 2 With local sensing and DUTdirectly connected to bus bars With remotesensing and load leads around 6 H 2 m 1 Quick Reference 46 Keysight N69100 Series Operating an...

Страница 47: ...circuit conditions The current response applies with AC short circuit conditions where the DUT is a low AC impedance The characteristic is valid when operating above 10 of the rated output of the uni...

Страница 48: ...z 2 0 kHz CC 550 Hz 2 0 kHz 1 3 kHz 2 7 kHz N A N A N69145A CV 5 7 kHz 7 5 kHz 5 3 kHz 6 6 kHz 4 9 kHz 5 9 kHz CC 1 9 kHz 2 7 kHz 3 1 kHz 3 5 kHz N A N A N69146A CV 5 5 kHz 7 0 kHz 5 1 kHz 6 2 kHz 4 8...

Страница 49: ...indefinitely Output Quadrants Model V1 V2 V3 I1 I2 I2 P1 Sinking resistance N69143A 20 V 12 5 V 0 5 V 500 A 800 A 80 A 10 kW 625 N69145A 80 V 40 V 0 75 V 125 A 250 A 25 A 10 kW 3 m N69146A 160 V 80 V...

Страница 50: ...Outline Diagram for 10 kW Models 1 Quick Reference 50 Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide...

Страница 51: ...Outline Diagram for 20 kW Models Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 51 1 Quick Reference...

Страница 52: ......

Страница 53: ...le Unit Connections Multiple Unit Connections Interface Connections Heavy Weight Danger to hands and feet To avoid personal injury and damage to the instrument always use a sturdy cart or other suitab...

Страница 54: ...ntoutputbus bars ESD cover with flange ESD cover for remoteinterfaceconnections HardwareKits Nuts and bolts for and high currentbus bars Keysight5066 1936 Calibration certificate Calibration certifica...

Страница 55: ...eas where the ambient temperature exceeds 55 degrees Celsius This applies for rack mounting as well as for bench use Provide Adequate Air Flow Do not block the air intake at the front or the exhaust a...

Страница 56: ...its to be mounted in a 19 inch EIA rack cabinet or optionally Keysight 1CP108A Rack mount flange kit with handles Keysight E3663AC Basic rail kit for system II Keysight instrument racks or similar des...

Страница 57: ...armonic distortion across a wide range of operating conditions For more information refer to the AC input portion of the Common Characteristics section Follow all wiring instructions for the power cor...

Страница 58: ...nt the instrument from turning on l If the line frequency is outside the range of 46 5 Hz to 63 5 Hz In case of an AC mains power failure the unit will automatically disconnect from the line This will...

Страница 59: ...ibed under Power Cord Installation Power Cable Connections Compliance to all regulations for the operation of and connection to the public grid of energy back feeding equipment is required AC mains co...

Страница 60: ...ys be provided SHOCK HAZARD The instrument requires a chassis ground connection through a separate conductor The AC mains must include an earth ground connection l If attached remove the safety cover...

Страница 61: ...ble or individual wires The minimum inside diameter is 15 mm 0 6 in The maximum inside diameter is 25 4 mm 1 in l Do not tighten the strain relief until all wire connections are complete l After all w...

Страница 62: ...in percent N69143A 0 N69172A 1 N69145A 0 54 N69173A 1 65 N69146A 0 27 For the 20 V APS unit only the sense leads are buffered so that there is virtually no change in the open circuit output voltage if...

Страница 63: ...e1 Ampacity is based on asingleconductor in freeair 26 30 C ambient temperaturewith theconductor rated at 60 C Ampacity decreases at higher temperatures Note2 Resistanceis in ohms 1000 feet at 20 C wi...

Страница 64: ...and noise pickup The goal is to minimize the loop area or physical space between the and output leads from the bus bars to the load 4 Attach the safety cover to the rear panel Make sure that you do no...

Страница 65: ...ut voltages up to 2 000 VDC Ensure that all instrument connections load wiring load and sense connections are insulated using high voltage wire Always attach the safety cover provided so that no accid...

Страница 66: ...load and sense connections are insulated using high voltage wire Always attach the safety cover provided so that no accidental contact with lethal voltages can occur Remote sensing improves the voltag...

Страница 67: ...rop due to wire resistance in the sense leads can degrade the output voltage regulation As the voltage drop in the load leads increases the load voltage regulation error due to sense lead resistance i...

Страница 68: ...be higher than the voltage being regulated at the load The voltage at the output terminals of the power supply should never exceed the unit s voltage rating Output Noise Any noise picked up on the se...

Страница 69: ...ment noise and a reduction in current measurement accuracy Load Inductance Limitations EQUIPMENT DAMAGE The power supply s internal voltage clamps are susceptible to thermal damage when the output is...

Страница 70: ...r and a series resistor The parallel capacitance and ESR must be able to handle DUT specific requirements such as current or voltage ripple In addition parallel capacitance will limit the ability of t...

Страница 71: ...Large Inductive Loads Additional constraints may be required when programming current steps with high inductance DUTs or leads When programming large current steps further speed degradation and oversh...

Страница 72: ...n while the others are turned off Load and Sense Connections The following figure illustrates three units connected in parallel Note the following recommendations l Always install the paralleled units...

Страница 73: ...tage rating of the units Parallel connection example for models N69143A N69145A and N69146A SHOCK HAZARD LETHAL VOLTAGES Some models generate output voltages up to 160 VDC Ensure that all instrument c...

Страница 74: ...tion can be used when connecting units in parallel This allows one designated unit to be the primary controller of all of the units in the paralleled stack The primary secondary communication uses a d...

Страница 75: ...have its switch set as shown in the End termination figure The switches of the in between units must be set as shown under Unterminated If only two units are paralleled one unit must have its switche...

Страница 76: ...echnologies USB LAN GPIB Interfaces Connectivity Guide included with the Keysight IO Libraries Suite GPIB Connections The following figure illustrates a typical GPIB interface system 1 Connect your in...

Страница 77: ...using the various programming environments LAN Connections site and private A site LAN is a local area network in which LAN enabled instruments and computers are connected to the network through route...

Страница 78: ...eractive IO within the Connection Expert to communicate with your instru ment or you can program your instrument using the various programming environments You can also use the Web browser on your com...

Страница 79: ...s provided IMPORTANT This must be done before rack mounting the unit 2 Connect the LAN USB GPIB cable and digital IO wires GPIB shown to the appropriate rear panel connector 3 Insert the cover tabs in...

Страница 80: ......

Страница 81: ...Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 3 Getting Started Using the Front Panel Remote Interface Configuration...

Страница 82: ...urs automatically when you turn the unit on This test assures you that the power supply is operational It may take about 30 seconds or so for the power supply to initialize before it is ready for use...

Страница 83: ...he output voltage at its programmed setting In current priority mode the unit will limit the output voltage when it reaches the specified voltage limit value Refer to Set the Output Mode for more info...

Страница 84: ...put is turned on In current priority mode the unit will maintain the output current at its programmed setting In voltage priority mode the unit will limit the output current when it reaches the specif...

Страница 85: ...ront Panel Menu Reference Menu example setting over voltage protection Press the Menu key to access the front panel command menu The first line identifies the menu path When the menu is first accessed...

Страница 86: ...enable the output If a load is connected to the output the front panel display will indicate that it is drawing current Otherwise the current reading will be zero The status indicator shows the outpu...

Страница 87: ...ernet connection monitoring the instrument s LAN port is continually monitored and automatically reconfigured when the instrument is unplugged for a minimum of 20 seconds and then reconnected to a net...

Страница 88: ...a different IP address every time it connects to the network Viewing Active Settings To view the currently active LAN settings FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select System IO LAN Settings Dis...

Страница 89: ...This value is the Internet Protocol IP address of the instrument An IP address is required for all IP and TCP IP communications with the instrument An IP Address consists of 4 decimal numbers separate...

Страница 90: ...es into IP addresses It is also needed for the instrument to find and display its hostname assigned by the network Normally DHCP discovers the DNS address information you only need to change this if D...

Страница 91: ...er descrip tion is the description and serialnumber is the 10 character serial number located on the label on the top of the unit e g MY12345678 Services This selects the LAN services to enable or dis...

Страница 92: ...t a password click on the Settings gear icon Refer to the on line help for additional information about setting a password Using Telnet Power supplies allow any combination of up to six simultaneous t...

Страница 93: ...esponses returned on the control socket will be terminated with a newline To send a device clear send the string DCL to the control socket When the power supply has finished performing the device clea...

Страница 94: ......

Страница 95: ...DC Power System Programming the Output Parallel Operation Current Sinking Operation Programming Output Protection Programming Output Transients Sequencing the Output Making Measurements Programming th...

Страница 96: ...Output Priority Mode Select either voltage priority or current priority operating mode Refer to Priority Mode Operation for more information Voltage priority this mode keeps the output voltage constan...

Страница 97: ...d Press the Current key Specify a positive or negative Current limit Then press Select To set the positive current limit CURR LIM 12 To set the negative current limit CURR LIM NEG 3 When the unit is i...

Страница 98: ...s and only applies in voltage priority mode It is used to emulate the internal resistance of a non ideal voltage source such as a battery Values are programmed in ohms Refer to the characteristics tab...

Страница 99: ...pensation bandwidth VOLT BWID RANG 0 1 2 Current compensation only applies to models N69143A N69145A and N69146A Current compensation for models N6914xA lets you optimize output response time with ind...

Страница 100: ...2 000 VDC Ensure that all instrument connections load wiring load and sense connections are insulated using high voltage wire Always attach the safety cover provided so that no accidental contact wit...

Страница 101: ...he others are turned off Parallel operation lets you connect multiple power supplies together to create a system with higher total current and power This applies for current sourcing as well as curren...

Страница 102: ...0 INST GRO PRIM DEL 10 If the unit is a secondary each secondary unit must be assigned a unique bus address from 1 19 FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select System Group Secondary In the dialog...

Страница 103: ...iority mode This is the 20 kW primary unit P indicates theprimary unit The current displayed 30 A is the total output current of all paralleled units This unit is only contributing 10 A to the total T...

Страница 104: ...e group to maintain CV operation under maximum load conditions Primary Secondary Communication While connected the primary unit periodically polls the secondary units for status If communication with...

Страница 105: ...be sent to the primary unit but will not propagate to the secondary units Troubleshooting In Primary Secondary mode the following status indicators and messages may appear on the front panel PSP prima...

Страница 106: ...by PSP Check that the primary secondary CAT6A cables are installed correctly This can also occur when changing the primary secondary configuration Always set the primary unit to None when changing pr...

Страница 107: ...rom a higher to a lower constant voltage level greatly improves the power supply s output response time At some point some of this energy may be returned to the AC mains by the power supply This is th...

Страница 108: ...rotection minimizes the resulting rise in output voltage by comparing the voltage measured by the sense leads to a fixed negative voltage level of 20 of the unit s rated voltage If the sense voltage e...

Страница 109: ...g a voltage on the output terminals less than the following voltage levels the output will not turn on to prevent excessive current from flowing into the unit Voltage priority if the DUT voltage excee...

Страница 110: ...Select To enable OCP CURR PROT STAT ON Delay OCP You can specify an OCP delay to prevent momentary output settings load and status changes from tripping the over current protection In most cases these...

Страница 111: ...when the output will shut down you must add the time it takes for the CL status bit to the over current protection delay time If the over current persists beyond the sum of both time intervals the out...

Страница 112: ...protection condition occurs the output is disconnected into a high impedance state The appropriate operating status indicator on the front panel will be on To clear the protection function and restor...

Страница 113: ...cisely timed complex sequence of output steps or changes Arbitrary Waveform allows the output to generate complex user defined voltage or current waveforms of up to 65 535 data points Common Actions f...

Страница 114: ...meters For example set the triggered voltage level if you are programming a voltage step FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select Transient Step Select the Trig Voltage box to set the voltage Ent...

Страница 115: ...ed You can test the WTG_tran bit in the operation status register to know when the instrument is ready to receive a trigger after being initiated FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select Transien...

Страница 116: ...t value of 64 is returned in the query the TRAN active bit is true and the transient action is NOT complete When the TRAN active bit is false the transient action is complete Refer to Status Tutorial...

Страница 117: ...of output changes with rapid precise timing which may be synchronized with internal or external signals In contrast to an output step which is a one time output change an output list is a sequence of...

Страница 118: ...current priority mode select Current mode In the dropdown list select List Then press Select To enable the transient function use VOLT MODE LIST or CURR MODE LIST Program the list levels Example 1 If...

Страница 119: ...the next step To program the dwell for step 0 the pulse and step 1 the off time LIST DWEL 1 2 You have now configured a single pulse If you wish to generate a pulse train simply specify the number of...

Страница 120: ...ctions on any external equipment connected to the digital port The following figure gives an example of generating four trigger signals on the voltage list of Example 2 FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI...

Страница 121: ...ions Refer to Output Dynamic Response for more information The output of the instrument can be modulated using its built in arbitrary waveform generator This allows the output to generate complex user...

Страница 122: ...Level field displays the amplitude To program 10 points in a current Arb ARB CURR CDW 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 1 To query the number of Arb points ARB CURR CDW POIN To query the Arb point values ARB CURR CDW...

Страница 123: ...n on delay will then be added to the common user defined reference point There is no need to specify a common delay offset when outputs turn off Outputs start executing their turn off delays as soon a...

Страница 124: ...maximum delay offset When the common delay offset completes the user programmed turn on delays will start Connect and Configure the Digital Connector Pins The digital connector pins of the sequenced u...

Страница 125: ...te the internal delay offset times you can specify a common delay offset to accurately synchronize the user programmed turn on delays with each other If in the figure on the left you were to program a...

Страница 126: ...s internal voltage to the DUT voltage This ensures that when a source such as a battery is connected to the output that there is no current surge into the power supply from the DUT when the output is...

Страница 127: ...urns off the output as fast as possible When a protection event is detected the power supply immediately opens the solid state output switch This typically takes less than 50 s following the initial d...

Страница 128: ...the Meter key Repeatedly press the key to cycle through the following measurement functions Voltage Current Voltage Power Voltage Current Power If dashes are displayed the front panel measurement is i...

Страница 129: ...n addition to the average voltage current and power measurements which are available from both the front panel and via SCPI commands the following measurements can also be returned These can only be m...

Страница 130: ...OW MEAS CURR LOW To measure the maximum value MEAS VOLT MAX MEAS CURR MAX MEAS POW MAX To measure the minimum value MEAS VOLT MIN MEAS CURR MIN MEAS POW MIN Measurement Triggering l Select the trigger...

Страница 131: ...port Transient Selects theunit s transientsystem You mustalso setup thetransientsystem to generatea trigger outsignal SeeProgramming Output Transients Use the following commands to select a trigger s...

Страница 132: ...gger the Measurement The trigger system is waiting for a trigger signal in the initiated state You can immediately trigger the measurement as follows FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Notavailabl...

Страница 133: ...ent this from occurring you can poll the MEAS_active bit after the measurement is initiated to determine when the measurement is complete and then send the FETCh query You can test the MEAS_active bit...

Страница 134: ...ruewhen any outputis in a protected state Pin 2 serves as theisolated common for pin 1 When pin 1 is setto theFAULtfunction theinstru mentignores any commands to program pin 2 Queries of pin 2 will re...

Страница 135: ...MSB 5 4 3 2 1 0 LSB The digital I O pin can be used to control both relay circuits as well as digital interface circuits The following figure illustrates typical relay circuits as well as digital inte...

Страница 136: ...means a falling edge Pin 8 is the signal common for the trigger pins For an overview of the trigger system refer to Trigger Overview When configured as a trigger input you can apply either a negative...

Страница 137: ...POL POS Inhibit Input Pin 3 can be configured as a remote inhibit input The Inhibit Input function lets an external input signal control the output state of instrument The input is level triggered The...

Страница 138: ...tection fault or external Inhibit signal 2 The subsequent daisy chained fault signal which is sourced by the Inhibit signal Even when the initial fault condition or external signal is removed the faul...

Страница 139: ...together FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select System IO DigPort Pins Select pin 6 then Function then On Couple Select Pins select pin7 then Function then Off Couple Repeat these steps for un...

Страница 140: ...latile memory to store instrument states The locations are numbered 0 through 9 Any state previously stored in the same location will be overwritten FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Select State...

Страница 141: ...e Saver Delay field to specify the time when the screen saver will activate Check Wake on I O to activate the display with I O bus activity To turn the front panel screen saver on or off DISP SAV ON O...

Страница 142: ...of the Admin menu to activate the password You can now only enter the Admin menu by providing the correct password in the Password field Enter calibration mode using the original password CAL STAT ON...

Страница 143: ...ating locus of the output The area in the white quadrants shows the output as a source sourcing power The shaded quadrants show the output as a load sinking power The heavy solid line illustrates the...

Страница 144: ...the output as a source sourcing power The shaded quadrants show the output as a load sinking power The heavy solid line illustrates the locus of possible operating points as a function of the output...

Страница 145: ...eysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 5 SCPI Programming Reference Related Software SCPI Introduction Commands by Subsystem Status Tutorial Trigger Tutorial Reset State SCPI Error Messages...

Страница 146: ...BV9200 IO Libraries and Instrument Drivers You can download the Keysight IO Libraries Suite software along with IVI COM and LabVIEW drivers from the Keysight Developer Network at www keysight com find...

Страница 147: ...length and may include one or more parameters The command keyword is separated from the first parameter by a blank space Use a semicolon to separate multiple commands as shown below Subsystem Command...

Страница 148: ...he query indicator at the end of the last keyword before the parameters Insert a space between the query indicator and the first parameter You can query the programmed value of most parameters For exa...

Страница 149: ...gister in one message by using a root specifier as follows OUTPut PROTection CLEar STATus OPERation CONDition Note the use of the colon after the semicolon in order to return the command parser to the...

Страница 150: ...to the accepted values The following command requires a numeric parameter for the voltage value SOURce VOLTage 50V MIN MAX Note that special values for numeric parameters such as MINimum MAXimum and...

Страница 151: ...t extended ASCII codes Device Clear Device Clear is an IEEE 488 low level bus message that you can use to return the instrument to a responsive state Different programming languages and IEEE 488 inter...

Страница 152: ...FETCh FORMat HCOPy IEEE 488 Common INITiate INSTrument LXI MEASure OUTPut SENSe SOURce ARB CURRent DIGital FUNCtion LIST POWer STEP VOLTage STATus SYSTem TRIGger 5 SCPI Programming Reference 152 Keysi...

Страница 153: ...ation Status registers ABORt TRAN Cancels any transients or Arbs It also resets the WTG tran and TRAN active bits in the Operation Status registers Note that this command does not turn off continuous...

Страница 154: ...are settings so setting the current Arb resets the voltage Arb level to its default value and vice versa For better performance the list can be sent as single precision floating point values in defini...

Страница 155: ...a voltage or current Arb Only one type of Arb may be output at a time The selection must match the priority mode Parameter Typical Return CURRent VOLTage RSTVOLTage VOLTor CURR Specifies a voltageArb...

Страница 156: ...lue selects the range to calibrate Parameter Typical Return Themaximum currentof theoutputrange none Calibrates thecurrentof the10 A range CAL CURR 10 CALibrate DATA value Enters the calibration value...

Страница 157: ...as the Admin password Parameter Typical Return password A numeric valueof up to 15 digits none Seta newpassword to a valueof 1234 CAL PASS 1234 l If the password is set to 0 password protection is rem...

Страница 158: ...password a numeric valueup to 15 digits none Disable calibration CAL STAT OFF Enable calibration CAL STAT ON value A password is required if password has been set to a non zero value CALibrate VOLTag...

Страница 159: ...is lets you optimize output response time with inductive loads These compensation modes only apply when the unit is operating in constant current CC both in current priority and in voltage priority wh...

Страница 160: ...tion function will be active This prevents momentary changes in output status from triggering the over current protection function Values up to 255 milliseconds can be programmed with a resolution of...

Страница 161: ...or INFinity set the slew rate to maximum Parameter Typical Return 0 9 9E 37 RSTMAX max value Sets theoutputslewrateto 1 A per second CURR SLEW1 l The query returns the value that was sent If the value...

Страница 162: ...to the following bit assignments Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bitnumber 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Decimal value 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Bit values corresponding to digital port pins that are not configured as DIO are ignored Para...

Страница 163: ...EGative POS or NEG Sets pin 1 to POSitive polarity DIG PIN1 POL POS SOURce DIGital TOUTput BUS ENABle 0 OFF 1 ON SOURce DIGital TOUTput BUS ENABle Enables or disables BUS triggers on digital port pins...

Страница 164: ...panel METER_VI displays output voltage and current METER_VP displays output voltage and power METER_VIP displays output voltage current and power Parameter Typical Return METER_VI METER_VP METER_VIP R...

Страница 165: ...Typical Return none DC value Returns the measured DC current FETC CURR FETCh SCALar CURRent ACDC FETCh SCALar VOLTage ACDC Returns the RMS measurement AC DC Values returned are either in amperes or v...

Страница 166: ...rrent FETC CURR MAX Returns the measured minimum voltage FETC VOLT MIN Returns the measured maximum power FETC POW MAX FETCh AHOur IGNORE_OVLD FETCh WHOur IGNORE_OVLD FETCh AHOur Returns the accumulat...

Страница 167: ...data formatto ASCII FORMatASCII l The data format is used by a small sub set of queries that can return large quantities of data FORMat BORDer NORMal SWAPped FORMat BORDer Specifies how binary data is...

Страница 168: ...at its programmed setting In current priority mode the output is controlled by a constant current feedback loop which maintains the output current at its positive or negative programmed setting Refer...

Страница 169: ...nonzero digit specifies the number of digits to follow digits specify the number of 8 bit data bytes to follow and 8 bit data bytes contain the data to be transferred Parameter Typical Return BMP GIF...

Страница 170: ...bled events are logically ORed into the ESB bit of the status byte The query reads the enable register Refer to Status Tutorial for more information Parameter Typical Return A decimal valuecorrespondi...

Страница 171: ...trument s identification string IDN OPC Sets the OPC operation complete bit in the standard event register This occurs at the completion of the pending operation Refer to Status Tutorial for more info...

Страница 172: ...ms are set to the Idle state 3 calibration is disabled 4 all lists are set to their RST values and 5 the non volatile settings are not affected Parameter Typical Return 0 9 none Recall statefrom locat...

Страница 173: ...atus Summary MSS bit and the Request for Service RQS summary bit A 1 in any Service Request Enable register bit position enables the corresponding Status Byte register bit All such enabled bits are th...

Страница 174: ...or to read error queue See SCPI Error Messages for more information Parameter Typical Return none 0 pass or 1 failed Perform self test TST l The power on self test is the same self test performed by T...

Страница 175: ...r it the trigger will be ignored Check the WTG_meas bit in the operation status register to know when the instrument is ready l Use ABORt commands to return the instrument to Idle INITiate CONTinuous...

Страница 176: ...nit operates independently Parameter Typical Return PRIMary SECondary NONE PRIM SEC NONE Configures the instrument as the primary INST GRO FUNC PRIM INSTrument GROup PRIMary CONNect STATe 0 OFF 1 ON I...

Страница 177: ...nit to discover all secondary units connected to the primary secondary bus Parameter Typical Return none none Discover all secondary units INST GRO PRIM DISC INSTrument GROup PRIMary RESet Resets the...

Страница 178: ...VOLTage LEVel value value SOURce LIST VOLTage LEVel Specifies the setting for each list step Values are specified in either amperes or volts Parameter Typical Return Voltage 0 to 102 of rating Current...

Страница 179: ...d AUTO causes the output to automatically advance to each step after the receipt of an initial starting trigger Steps are paced by the dwell list As each dwell time elapses the next step is immediatel...

Страница 180: ...or end of step EOSTep A trigger is only generated when the state is set to ON The trigger signal can be used as a trigger source for measurements and transients of other units and for digital port pin...

Страница 181: ...to identify the instrument that is being addressed Parameter Typical Return 0 OFF 1 ON RSTOFF 0 or 1 To blink the front panel LXI indicator LXI IDENT ON LXI MDNS STATe 0 OFF 1 ON LXI MDNS STATe Sets t...

Страница 182: ...s volts or watts Parameter Typical Return none DC value Returns the measured DC current MEAS CURR MEASure SCALar CURRent ACDC MEASure SCALar VOLTage ACDC Initiates triggers and returns the total RMS m...

Страница 183: ...INimum MEASure SCALar POWer MAXimum MEASure SCALar POWer MINimum MEASure SCALar VOLTage MAXimum MEASure SCALar VOLTage MINimum Initiates triggers and returns the maximum or minimum values of a measure...

Страница 184: ...TPut ON may take 8 milliseconds to complete its function in voltage priority mode and 7 milliseconds in current priority mode OUTPut STATe COUPle STATe 0 OFF 1 ON OUTPut STATe COUPle STATe Enables or...

Страница 185: ...ut STATe DELay FALL MIN MAX OUTPut STATe DELay RISE value MIN MAX OUTPut STATe DELay RISE MIN MAX Specifies the delay in seconds that the instrument waits before turning the output on rise or off fall...

Страница 186: ...will be changed to agree with the turn on setting Parameter Typical Return 0 OFF 1 ON 0 or 1 Couples theTurn on turn off modes OUTP REL LOCK ON OUTPut STATe TMODe OFF HIGHZ LOWZ OUTPut TMODe OFF OUTPu...

Страница 187: ...LIVE OFF LATC LIVE or OFF Sets theInhibitInputto Livemode OUTP INH MODE LIVE OUTPut PON STATe RST RCL0 OUTPut PON STATe Sets the output power on state This determines whether the power on state is set...

Страница 188: ...TPut PROTection WDOG STATe Enables or disables the I O watchdog timer When enabled the output will be disabled if there is no I O activity on any remote interface within the time period specified by t...

Страница 189: ...t Returns the power limit of the instrument in Watts either 5 kW or 10 kW Parameter Typical Return None 20 000 Return the power limit POWer LIMit Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 189...

Страница 190: ...or voltage measurements Parameter Typical Return 0 OFF 1 ON RSTON 0 or 1 Enables current measurements SENS FUNC CURR ON Disables voltage measurements SENS FUNC VOLT OFF SENSe SWEep NPLCycles value MIN...

Страница 191: ...OURce subsystem commands are often used without the optional SOURce keyword these commands are listed by their individual subsystems below Subsystems and Commands Using the Optional SOURce Keyword ARB...

Страница 192: ...e operation status event register STAT OPER l The value returned is the binary weighted sum of all enabled bits in the register For example with bit 3 value 8 and bit 5 value 32 set and enabled the qu...

Страница 193: ...e NTR register is set to 1 then a 1 to 0 transition of the corresponding bit in the Operation Condition register causes that bit in the Operation Event register to be set When a bit in the PTR registe...

Страница 194: ...ghted sum of all enabled bits in the register For example with bit 2 value 4 and bit 4 value 16 set the query returns 20 l RST has no effect on this register STATus QUEStionable 1 2 CONDition Queries...

Страница 195: ...NTR register is set to 1 then a 1 to 0 transition of the corresponding bit in the Questionable Condition register causes that bit in the Questionable Event register to be set When a bit in the PTR reg...

Страница 196: ...trigger out is generated when a transient step occurs A trigger is generated when the state is on true Parameter Typical Return 0 OFF 1 ON RSTOFF 0 or 1 Sets the step trigger signal to ON STEP TOUT ON...

Страница 197: ...e local state of the instrument Remote and local do the same thing and are included for compatibility with other products LOCal sets instrument to front panel control REMote sets the instrument to fro...

Страница 198: ...you have read all errors from the error queue the ERR annunciator turns off l If more than 20 errors have occurred the last error stored in the queue the most recent error is replaced with 350 Error...

Страница 199: ...sibility of unintended loss of data Parameter Typical Return none none Sanitizes theinstrument SYST SEC IMM SYSTem SET block data SYSTem SET Get and set the instrument state The query form of the comm...

Страница 200: ...ont panel Parameter Typical Return none version Return theSCPI version SYST VERS l The command returns a string in the form YYYY V where YYYY represents the year of the version and V represents a vers...

Страница 201: ...tal port pins that have been configured as trigger sources PIN 1 7 Selects a digital port pin configured as a trigger input TRANsient1 Selects the transient system as the trigger source Parameter Typi...

Страница 202: ...cts ALL digital port pins that have been configured as trigger sources IMMediate Triggers the transient as soon as it is INITiated PIN 1 7 Selects a digital port pin configured as a trigger input Para...

Страница 203: ...ation modes only apply when the unit is operating in constant voltage CV both in voltage priority and in current priority when in voltage limit Refer to Set the Output Bandwidth for information about...

Страница 204: ...exceeds the OVP level the output is disabled and the Questionable Condition status register OV bit is set Parameter Typical Return 0 to 120 of rating RST120 of rating protectlevel Sets theover voltag...

Страница 205: ...d VOLT SLEW5 l The query returns the value that was sent If the value is less than the minimum slew rate the min imum value is returned The resolution of the slew setting is the same as the minimum va...

Страница 206: ...with positive edge transition pass to the event register When an NTR bit is set signals with a negative edge transition pass to the event register When both bits are set all signal pass When neither b...

Страница 207: ...s the Questionable1 Status register bit assignments Bit Bit Name Decimal Value Definition 0 OV 1 Outputis disabled by theover voltageprotection 1 OC 2 Outputis disabled by theover currentprotection 2...

Страница 208: ...when read The Standard Event enable register functions similarly to the enable registers of the Operation and Questionable status groups Refer to Status Diagram The following table describes the Stand...

Страница 209: ...e Bits MSS is a real time unlatched summary of all Status Byte register bits that are enabled by the Service Request Enable register MSS is set whenever the instrument has one or more reasons for requ...

Страница 210: ...Status Diagram 5 SCPI Programming Reference 210 Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide...

Страница 211: ...PIN n EXTernal Selects a digital portpin configured as a trigger input n specifies thepin number EXTernal selects ALLcon nector pins thathavebeen configured as trigger inputs TRAN1 Selects thetransien...

Страница 212: ...Trigger Diagram 5 SCPI Programming Reference 212 Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide...

Страница 213: ...DWELl 0 001 ARB FUNCtion SHAPe CDW ARB FUNCtion TYPE VOLTage ARB TERMinate LAST OFF ARB VOLTage CDWell DWELl 0 001 CALibrate STATe OFF CURRent 0 CURRent LIMit 1 02 of rating CURRent MODE FIXed CURRen...

Страница 214: ...LXI IDENtify OFF LXI MDNS ON OUTPut OFF OUTPut DELay FALL 0 OUTPut DELay RISE 0 OUTPut PROTection WDOG OFF OUTPut PROTection WDOG DELay 60 RESistance 0 RESistance STATe 0 SENSe CURRent RANGe AUTO 0 SE...

Страница 215: ...shipped Settings CALibrate DATE empty string CALibrate PASSword 0 DIGital PIN all FUNCtion DINPut DIGital PIN all POLarity POSitive DISPlay VIEW METER_VI INSTrument GROup FUNCtion NONE INSTrument GRO...

Страница 216: ...0 Defaultgateway 0 0 0 0 Hostname K modelname last5 digits of serial number mDNS servicename KeysightN69xxx DC Power Supply serial number LANservice VXI 11 Enabled LANservice Telnet Enabled LANservic...

Страница 217: ...the error queue the instrument responds with 0 No error l The front panel reports errors from all I O sessions and the global error queue To display the error queue on the front panel press the Error...

Страница 218: ...ect voltage or current value 114 Wrong status An incorrect status function has been reported 116 Locked out by internal switch setting This function has been locked out by an internal switch 117 Calib...

Страница 219: ...occurred on the power supply 302 Option not installed The option that is programmed by this command is not installed 303 There is not a valid acquisition to fetch from There is no valid data in the m...

Страница 220: ...he arb settings are inconsistent most likely a mismatch in the arb lengths 327 Initiated with no sense function enabled A measurement has been initiated without specifying the measurement sense functi...

Страница 221: ...12 Program mnemonic too long The header contains more than 12 characters 113 Undefined header A command was received that was not valid for this instrument 114 Header suffix out of range The value of...

Страница 222: ...ived but a string or numeric parameter was expected 150 String data error Generic string data error 151 Invalid string data An invalid character string was received Check that the string is enclosed i...

Страница 223: ...tion 226 Lists not same length One or more lists are not the same length 230 Data corrupt or stale Possible invalid data A new reading was started but not completed 231 Data questionable The measureme...

Страница 224: ...rminated query error occurred 430 Query DEADLOCKED A condition causing a deadlocked query error occurred 440 Query UNTERMINATED after indefinite response A query was received in the same program messa...

Страница 225: ...Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 6 Verification and Calibration Test Equipment and Setups Performance Verification Instrument Calibration Test Record Forms...

Страница 226: ...V 125 A 10 kW 1000 V 60 A 20 kW 2000 V 30 A 20 kW KeysightRP7943A KeysightRP7945A KeysightRP7946A KeysightRP7972A KeysightRP7973A V GPIB controller Full GPIB capabilities Keysight82350B or equivalent...

Страница 227: ...the load connection terminals Connect the voltmeter directly to these current monitoring terminals Electronic Load Many of the test procedures require the use of a variable load capable of dissipating...

Страница 228: ...ests An extensive set of tests that are recommended as an acceptance test when you first receive the instrument or after performing adjustments l Calibration Tests These tests verify that the instrume...

Страница 229: ...safety cover provided so that no accidental contact with lethal voltages can occur Always turn off the output when connecting or disconnecting any equipment on the sense or output terminals of the uni...

Страница 230: ...Models N69172A and N69173A 6 Verification and Calibration 230 Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide...

Страница 231: ...Voltage Programming Readback Minimum Voltage The next step applies the full output voltage of the unit under test to the output Step 4 Program the instrument settings as described in the test record f...

Страница 232: ...mode to peak detect Step 4 Turn on the unit under test and program the instrument settings as described in the in the test record form under CV Ripple and Noise Turn the output on Program the RP79xxA...

Страница 233: ...ns Step 1 Turn off the unit under test Connect the current shunt directly across the output terminals Connect the DMM directly across the current shunt see Test Setup B Note that the RP79xxA load is n...

Страница 234: ...Divide the voltage drop DMM reading across the current shunt by the shunt resistance to convert to amps and record this value The difference in this current reading and the reading in step 3 is the l...

Страница 235: ...section for a list of the equipment and test setups required for calibration Also refer to the Measurement Setups section for information about connecting the voltmeter current shunt and load Addition...

Страница 236: ...ost applications Accuracy specifications are warranted only if adjustment is made at regular calibration intervals Published accuracy specifications are not warranted beyond the one year calibration i...

Страница 237: ...m Admin Cal Vprog Check that the voltmeter is connected and select Next Specify the full scale voltage range Full scale ranges vary by model This selects the 1000 V range CAL VOLT 1000 Step 3 Select t...

Страница 238: ...l Menu Reference SCPI Command Check thattheshuntis connected and selectNext Not applicable Step 5 Select the second current calibration point Wait 5 minutes for the temperature to settle Calculate the...

Страница 239: ...09 _______ _______ _______ _______ 0 37 Iout 0 37 801 09 Iout 1 09 CC Load Effect Both 0 050 _______ 0 050 Current Sink Tests 10 of current rating Both 82 0434 _______ 81 1566 N69143A UUTSettings RP79...

Страница 240: ..._ _______ _______ 0 115 Iout 0 115 250 265 Iout 0 265 CC Load Effect Both 0 025 _______ 0 025 Current Sink Tests 10 of current rating Both 25 6303 _______ 25 3697 N69145A UUTSettings RP7945A Load Sett...

Страница 241: ..._____ _______ 0 058 Iout 0 058 125 133 Iout 0 133 CC Load Effect Both 0 013 _______ 0 013 Current Sink Tests 10 of current rating Both 12 8157 _______ 12 6844 N69146A UUTSettings RP7946A Load Settings...

Страница 242: ...ent rating 6 14851 _______ 6 09149 N69172A UUTSettings RP7972A Load Settings Voltage Programming Readback Min Voltage Programming Readback High CVLoad Effect CVRipple and Noise Transient Response Curr...

Страница 243: ...t rating 3 06392 _______ 3 04525 N69173A UUTSettings RP7973A Load Settings Voltage Programming Readback Min Voltage Programming Readback High CVLoad Effect CVRipple and Noise Transient Response Curren...

Страница 244: ......

Страница 245: ...Keysight N69100 Series Operating and Service Guide 7 Service and Maintenance Introduction Self Test Procedure Firmware Update Instrument Sanitize Calibration Switches Battery Replacemsnt Disassembly...

Страница 246: ...Before returning the unit make sure the failure is in the instrument rather than any external connections Also make sure that the instrument was accurately calibrated within the last year see Calibrat...

Страница 247: ...r models N69172A N69173A P N 5188 9614 Packaging kit for models N69143A N69145A N69146A Keysight suggests that you always insure shipments Cleaning SHOCK HAZARD To prevent electric shock disconnect th...

Страница 248: ...eaves the instrument in the reset state User Initiated Self Test The user initiated self test is the same as the power on self test FrontPanel Menu Reference SCPI Command Cycle ac power If self test f...

Страница 249: ...firmware that you just downloaded Press Next 3 Select the interface that you are using to communicate with your instrument and enter the address or connections string Press Next 4 Verify that the inf...

Страница 250: ...nitize Selecting Sanitize removes all user data from the instrument and cycles power SYST SEC IMM Refer to http rfmw em keysight com aerospace index aspx for detailed information Turn on after Sanitiz...

Страница 251: ...se a small screwdriver to move the switches As shipped all switches are set toward the ON position see below 3 Replace the top cover when finished Do not use a pencil to move the switches Any graphite...

Страница 252: ...not be available for the software No other instrument functions are affected Under normal use at room temperature the lithium battery has a life expectancy between seven and ten years Note that batte...

Страница 253: ...ttery indicated by the red arrow The top of the small spring clips should be visible after the battery is seated see red circle 7 Replace the ribbon cables by fully inserting the cables into the conne...

Страница 254: ...ee work area l Use a conductive work area to reduce static charges l Use a conductive wrist strap to reduce static charge accumulation l Minimize handling l Keep replacement parts in original static f...

Страница 255: ...u can now lift the board out of its socket and move it to the side When reassembling the Control board don t forget to replace the insulator behind the board Constellation Board Disassembly If you hav...

Страница 256: ...3 To access the P600 board use a T8 Torx driver to remove the four heatsink screws You can now remove the P600 board from its socket Remove 4 heatsink screws to remove the P600 board 4 When reassembli...

Страница 257: ...equipment 226 Capacitive load boundary 43 Characteristics 34 common 35 Cleaning 12 247 Clear Status 217 Clearing protection 112 Clock setup 142 CLS 170 217 Command quick reference 24 separators 148 su...

Страница 258: ...19 21 FUNCtion Command 168 G GPIB 217 H HCOPy Subsystem 169 Help 86 Help system 86 I I O 217 queue 217 IDN 171 IEEE 488 Common Com mands 170 Impedance graphs 38 Inductive load boundary 41 INITiate Sub...

Страница 259: ...mming 103 troubleshooting 105 Priority Mode current 144 setting 96 voltage 143 Programming ARB 121 bandwidth 98 current 97 current sinking 107 digital port 134 priority 96 protection 108 resistance 98...

Страница 260: ...tion Sum mary 173 State storage 140 Status diagram 210 operation status 206 questionable status 207 standard event 208 status byte 173 209 STATus Subsystem 192 Status tutorial 206 STB 173 STEP Command...

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