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Keysight Technologies N5171B EXG, User Manual

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Keysight Technologies N5171B EXG User Manual Download Page 245

Keysight EXG and MXG X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide                                                                     

 

229

Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657)

Clipping a Waveform

How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth

In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high peak–

to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure. 

Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high 

peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes the intermodulation 

distortion that generates spectral regrowth. Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that 

develops on each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency 

bands (see the following figure). Clipping provides a solution to this problem by reducing the peak–

to–average power ratio.

Summary of Contents for N5171B EXG

Page 1: ...User s Guide Keysight X Series Signal Generators N5171B 72B 73B EXG N5181B 82B 83B MXG...

Page 2: ...t customers under its standard commercial license which is embodied in its End User License Agreement EULA a copy of which can be found at http www keysight com find sweula The license set forth in th...

Page 3: ..._SG To receive the latest updates by email subscribe to Keysight Email Updates at the following URL http www keysight com find MyKeysight Information on preventing instrument damage can be found at ww...

Page 4: ...iv...

Page 5: ...sc 6 10 Help 6 11 Preset and User Preset 7 12 RF Output N5171B N5172B N5181B N5182B 7 12 RF Output N5173B N5183B 7 13 RF On Off and LED 7 14 Mod On Off and LED 7 15 Page Down 7 16 I Input vector model...

Page 6: ...2 5 PULSE 22 6 TRIG 1 2 22 7 REF IN 22 8 10 MHz OUT 23 9 GPIB 23 10 LAN 23 11 Device USB 23 12 Host USB 23 13 SD Card 23 14 ALC INPUT 23 15 Z AXIS OUTPUT 24 2 Preferences Enabling Options User Prefere...

Page 7: ...l Control of Sweep 53 Modulating the Carrier Signal 54 Example 54 Simultaneous Modulation 55 Working with Files 56 File Softkeys 57 Viewing a List of Stored Files 58 Storing a File 60 Loading Recallin...

Page 8: ...that the 30 Hz reference signal REF Freq applies on the sub carrier 119 To set the AM depth of the variable phase signal VAR Freq 120 To set the frequency of the sub carrier signal SubCarrier Freq 120...

Page 9: ...ng ILS Marker Beacon Softkeys 153 To set the ILS Marker Beacon mode to off inner middle or outer 154 To set the ILS Marker Beacon carrier frequency 154 To set the ILS Marker Beacon AM depth 155 To set...

Page 10: ...ccessing Marker Utilities 208 Viewing Waveform Segment Markers 209 Clearing Marker Points from a Waveform Segment 209 Setting Marker Points in a Waveform Segment 210 Viewing a Marker Pulse 212 Using t...

Page 11: ...Setup and Resynchronizing the Master Slave System 270 Understanding Option 012 LO In Out for Phase Coherency with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization 271 Configuring the Option 012 LO In Out f...

Page 12: ...Block Diagram 324 Clock Gate Function 324 Clock Gate Delay Function 325 Clock Delay Function 327 Gate Delay Function in the Clock Mode 328 Triggering 329 Data Processing 331 Repeat Measurements 332 T...

Page 13: ...384 Creating a Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State 391 Storing a Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State 393 Applying Changes to an Active Multicarrier Digital Modulation State 393 Usin...

Page 14: ...weep Dwell Time 429 List Sweep Information is Missing from a Recalled Register 429 Amplitude Does Not Change in List or Step Sweep 430 Internal Media Data Storage 430 Instrument State Saved but the Re...

Page 15: ...Baseband Operating Mode Primary BERT or N5102A BERT Option UN7 Real Time Noise AWGN Option 403 Real Time Phase Noise Impairments Option 432 Real Time Fading Option 660 Custom Digital Modulation Option...

Page 16: ...supported by the Keysight EXG and MXG X Series signal generators Service Guide Troubleshooting Replaceable Parts Assembly Replacement Post Repair Procedures Safety and Regulatory Information Instrume...

Page 17: ...nel Overview on page 5 Front Panel Display on page 9 Rear Panel Overview N5171B N5172B N5181B N5182B on page 12 Rear Panel Overview N5173B N5183B on page 21 To avoid damaging or degrading the performa...

Page 18: ...with external output two channel power meter display user settable maximum power limit user flatness correction external analog I Q inputs vector models enhanced assembly replacement GPIB USB 2 0 and...

Page 19: ...des up to four basic modes of operation continuous wave CW swept signal analog modulation and digital modulation Continuous Wave In this mode the signal generator produces a continuous wave signal The...

Page 20: ...waveform must be calculated and generated before it can be output this signal generation occurs on the internal baseband generator Once a waveform has been created it can be stored and recalled which...

Page 21: ...or the softkeys are located on the right hand side of the display See also Front Panel Display on page 9 3 Softkeys A softkey activates the function indicated by the displayed label to the left of the...

Page 22: ...hese hardkeys open softkey menus that enable you to configure instrument functions or access information 8 Trigger When trigger mode is set to Trigger Key this hardkey initiates an immediate trigger e...

Page 23: ...er Signal on page 54 The MOD ON OFF LED lights when modulation of the output is enabled 15 Page Down In a table editor use this hardkey to display the next page See Example Using a Table Editor on pag...

Page 24: ...to retrace key presses In a menu with more than one level the Return key returns to the prior menu page 21 More and LED When a menu contains more softkey labels than can be displayed the More LED lig...

Page 25: ...disabled The UNLEVEL annunciator appears in the same position if the ALC is enabled and is unable to maintain the output level AM Amplitude modulation is on ARMED A sweep has been initiated and the si...

Page 26: ...g a Frequency Multiplier on page 108 OFFS An output offset is set see Setting an Output Offset on page 106 PN Phase noise interference is on PULSE Pulse modulation is on R The signal generator is remo...

Page 27: ...r s Guide 11 Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display 7 Softkey Label Area This area displays labels that define the function of the softkeys located immediately to the right of the display Softk...

Page 28: ...nstrument states that have not been permanently saved to nonvolatile memory the signal generator should always be powered down either via the instrument s front panel power button or the appropriate S...

Page 29: ...age Levels 5 Vrms and 10 Vp Connector female BNC Impedance 50 Signal Voltage range 0 to 5 Vp Offset 5 V to 5 V nominal For more information see page 165 Connector female BNC Can drive 2 k Impedance 1...

Page 30: ...gnal generator The LAN interface supports auto MDIX The signal generator is limited to 100 meters on a single cable 100Base T For more information on the LAN refer to the Programming Guide 11 Device U...

Page 31: ...nceda baseband stimulus Damage Levels 1 Vrms DC Origin Offset typically 10 mV Output Signal Levels into a 50 Load 0 5 Vpk typical corresponds to one unit length of the I Q vector 0 69 Vpk 2 84 dB typi...

Page 32: ...OS low edge trigger The input to this connector triggers the internal digital modulation pattern generator to start a single pattern output or to stop and re synchronize a pattern that is being contin...

Page 33: ...per second and even second for example may be supported depending on the signal generation personality CDMA 3GPP GNSS LTE etc input signals from external devices under test to cause the signal generat...

Page 34: ...lied CMOS compatible signal data input used with digital modulation applications The expected input is a CMOS signal where a CMOS high is equivalent to a data 1 and a CMOS low is equivalent to a data...

Page 35: ...om Modulation Real Time Applications BERT Capability Pin Input Output Input Output Input Output Input Output 1 Marker 1 Event 1 Marker 1 2 Marker 2 Marker 2 3 Marker 3 Marker 3 4 Marker 4 Marker 4 5 6...

Page 36: ...nt 2 32 GND GND GND GND GND GND 33 Data Out AUX Out 1 34 GND GND GND GND GND GND 35 Symbol Sync Output AUX Out 2 36 GND GND GND GND GND GND a Settings shown are for the Error Out signal configuration...

Page 37: ...instrument states that have not been permanently saved to nonvolatile memory the signal generator should always be powered down either via the instrument s front panel power button or the appropriate...

Page 38: ...and 10 Vp Connector female BNC Impedance 50 Signal Voltage range 0 to 5 Vp Offset 5 V to 5 V nominal For more information see page PagenumOnlyCallout 165 Connector female BNC Can drive 2 k Impedance...

Page 39: ...rs on a single cable 100Base T For more information on the LAN refer to the Programming Guide 11 Device USB Use this universal serial bus USB connector to connect a PC to remotely control the signal g...

Page 40: ...switch intervals of a step or list sweep During step or list sweep this female BNC connector supplies a 5 V nominal level when the RF frequency is at a marker frequency and intensity marker mode is on...

Page 41: ...nt Panel Knob Resolution on page 28 Power On and Preset on page 28 Enabling an Option on page 37 GPIB Address and Remote Language on page 31 Configuring the LAN Interface on page 32 Enabling LAN Servi...

Page 42: ...nerators User s Guide Preferences Enabling Options User Preferences User Preferences From the Utility menu you can set the following user preferences Display Settings below Power On and Preset on page...

Page 43: ...f this happens use the figure above to locate the brightness softkey and adjust the value so that you can see the display Range 0 to 100 Range 1 to 12 hours in 1 hour increments Light Only turns the d...

Page 44: ...d powered down with the system rack power switch rather than the instrument s front panel switch display a Error 310 due to the instrument not being powered down correctly Note To define a user preset...

Page 45: ...set the date back you run the risk described in the next section Setting the Time or Date Backward When you set the time back the signal generator notes that the time has moved back from the reference...

Page 46: ...ency The user value offsets the factory tuned value the value is added to the factory calibrated DAC value The tune value of 0 sets the factory calibrated value The range 8192 to 8192 can be set by us...

Page 47: ...because it requires no configuration For details on using the instrument remotely see the Programming Guide Select the desired language This setting is not persistent and is cleared by performing an i...

Page 48: ...Programming Guide and to www keysight com and search on FAQs Hardware Configurations and Installation for the Keysight MXG Utility I O Config Values are listed in the Programming Guide For details on...

Page 49: ...erences Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Remote Languages Figure 2 2 N5171B 72B 81B 82B Utility I O Config For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Sel...

Page 50: ...ors User s Guide Preferences Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Figure 2 3 N5173B 83B Utility I O Config For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Select the desired Remo...

Page 51: ...s Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Preset Languages Figure 2 4 N5171B 72B 81B 82B Utility Power On Preset For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Sele...

Page 52: ...r s Guide Preferences Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Figure 2 5 N5173B 83B Utility Power On Preset For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Select the desired Remote...

Page 53: ...utility from www keysight com find LicenseManager and select license lic files from an external USB Flash Drive UFD Use SCPI commands as described in the Programming Guide Viewing Options and Licenses...

Page 54: ...ed on page 40 Verify output attenuator operation using a power meter at the RF Output Select either Enhanced Factory Calibration or Factory Calibration to calibrate your instrument The Enhanced Factor...

Page 55: ...ration refer to the Programming Guide Presetting the Signal Generator on page 40 Viewing Key Descriptions on page 40 Entering and Editing Numbers and Text on page 41 Setting Frequency and Power Amplit...

Page 56: ...rument states that have not been permanently saved to nonvolatile memory the instrument should always be powered down either via the instrument s front panel power button or the appropriate SCPI comma...

Page 57: ...p down arrow keys increase decrease a selected highlighted numeric value and move the cursor vertically To specify a negative value enter the negative sign either before or after Backspace moves the c...

Page 58: ...numeric keypad to modify the value If the value is not displayed in the active function area use the numeric keypad to enter the desired value which then appears in the active function area 6 Termina...

Page 59: ...s a user determined maximum power level on the instrument that is persistent Available on vector models with BBG Enables the instrument to select between two power levels with a hardware marker or usi...

Page 60: ...or When using an external reference you can select either narrow or wide bandwidth mode For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Range 1 to 50 MHz For guaranteed operation below 2...

Page 61: ...th Control Figure 3 2 Using an External Reference Oscillator Setting ALC Bandwidth Control Figure 3 3 Amplitude Softkeys To display the next menu press More For details on each key use key help as des...

Page 62: ...file catalog page 61 Figure 3 4 Sweep Softkeys Sweep without waiting for a trigger at each point Point Trigger pauses for the dwell time prior to the first sweep See page 110 Apply a TTL CMOS signal t...

Page 63: ...Source Settled is not affected by Trig Out Polarity Neg Pos softkey selection Routes Step or List Sweep For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Opens a menu for routing Markers 1...

Page 64: ...asurement before the sweep moves to the next point Point to point time is the sum of the value set for the dwell plus processing time switching time and settling time Lin steps equally spaced over the...

Page 65: ...nd save list sweep data in the file catalog page 61 Dwell time is editable at each point For fastest switching speeds use list sweep Figure 3 7 List Sweep Configuration Softkeys and Display see page 5...

Page 66: ...updates with the values loaded from the step sweep as shown 5 Sweep frequency and amplitude Press SWEEP hardkey Sweep Freq Off On Amptd Off On Setting the sweep turns on the sweep function a continuou...

Page 67: ...copy of the highlighted frequency value in row 6 shifting the original frequency values for rows 6 and 7 down one row The new row 8 contains only a frequency value the power and dwell time entries do...

Page 68: ...p repeat to single Press Sweep Repeat Single Cont to highlight Single Sweep does not occur until you trigger it Note that the WINIT annunciator appears on the display indicating that the sweep is wait...

Page 69: ...lect the desired point to output Press Manual Point number Enter The progress bar changes to indicate the selected point 6 Use the knob or arrow keys to move from point to point As you select each poi...

Page 70: ...lation format is active 3 Enable modulation of the RF output Press the Mod On Off key until the LED lights If you enable modulation without an active modulation format the carrier signal does not modu...

Page 71: ...M Pulse and I Q may be simultaneously enabled but there are some exceptions Refer to Table 3 1 Table 3 1 Simultaneous Modulation Type Combinations AMa a Linear AM and Exponential AM cannot be enabled...

Page 72: ...n page 67 The signal generator recognizes several types of files such as instrument state files license files and list sweep files Files can be stored either in the signal generator s internal storage...

Page 73: ...directory is the default storage path For information on setting the default storage path see page 67 When you connect USB media to the instrument the signal generator displays the USB Media menu and...

Page 74: ...nect it The signal generator s storage media switches to internal so you can now use the file catalogs to see files stored in the signal generator 2 Select the desired file catalog Press File Catalog...

Page 75: ...ile Catalogs With the USB media connected select the desired file catalog press Catalog Type desired catalog The selected files appear in alphabetical order by file name Using the USB File Manager Wit...

Page 76: ...ardkey shown in Figure 3 8 on page 63 For other types of data use the Load Store softkey shown below that is available through the menu used to create the file Use this menu to enter the file name as...

Page 77: ...his key changes depending on the selected file If the signal generator does not recognize the file you must select how the file is to be used File Type List State Waveform User Flatness User Preset Li...

Page 78: ...Associated List File on page 65 Moving or Copying a Stored Instrument State on page 66 Selecting a waveform or an unknown file type displays this softkey File Catalog Type type More USB File Manager o...

Page 79: ...memory is divided into 10 sequences 0 through 9 each sequence comprises 100 registers 00 through 99 Delete softkeys in the Save and Recall menus enable you to delete the contents of a specific registe...

Page 80: ...Saved States list when you press Recall If the instrument state has an associated waveform entering the waveform name in the comment makes it easy to identify which instrument state applies to which w...

Page 81: ...isplayed as the selected waveform 4 Turn on the waveform file Press Mode Dual ARB ARB Off On Recalling an Instrument State and Associated List File Recalling an instrument state recalls only the list...

Page 82: ...is its memory location sequence and register To move the file rename it to the desired sequence and register you can not give a file the same name as an existing file If you rename a state file to som...

Page 83: ...USB Media To avoid storing any confidential information to USB media select Use Only Internal Storage This selection is unaffected by a power cycle or preset File More Current selection Memory in the...

Page 84: ...Queue s Unresolved Errorsa a Errors that must be resolved For example unlock Re reported after queue is cleared No Errors When the queue is empty every error in the queue has been read or the queue is...

Page 85: ...page 39 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter Using the Dual Power Meter Display on page 70 Using the USB Pass Through Commands on page 77 Using the Power Meter Servo on page...

Page 86: ...enu Once turned on the power meter readings are always visible even if another instrument feature is selected i e Sweep AM etc This area is the main display for the dual power meter calibration freque...

Page 87: ...pens a menu for entering a device name for the power meter being used Enables the power meter connection type Sockets LAN VXI 11 LAN or USB Note The VXI 11 softkey is used to communicate remotely with...

Page 88: ...ents Channel A Setup Connection Settings Connection Type USB Device None USB POWER SENSOR MY47400143 4 Press Return Zero Sensor A diagnostic dialog box appears the initial time that a U2000 Series pow...

Page 89: ...pper right portion of the display under Power Meter Refer to Figure 4 8 Figure 4 8 Channel A Power Sensor Displayed on MXG EXG The U2000 Series USB Power Sensor does not require a 50 MHz calibration I...

Page 90: ...B Setup 10 Press Connection Settings Sockets 11 Press IP Address IP address Enter Figure 4 9 Channel B Power Sensor with IP Address Entered 12 Press Return Channel Settings External Power Meter Chann...

Page 91: ...Figure 4 10 on page 75 Verify the power sensor is connected to the 50 MHz reference of the power meter Figure 4 10 Diagnostic Dialog Box for Channel B 15 Press Done The Running Calibration s bar is d...

Page 92: ...19 The current power meter sensor reading should be displayed on the signal generator in the ChB portion of the display and in the upper right corner of the display under Power Meter and to the left...

Page 93: ...the fetch and measure power sensor SCPI commands which returns a value based on the configuration Refer to the X Series Signal Generators SCPI Command Reference Table 4 1 SCPI Pass Through Commands S...

Page 94: ...peat steps 4 and or 5 as needed a Enter SYSTem PMETer PAS Sthrough SCPI command Where SCPI command is any SCPI pass through command Refer to Table 4 1 on page 77 5 Sending additional SCPI queries If y...

Page 95: ...y adjusts power level according to the power meter reading Once performs the adjustment only at the end of any transition amplitude or frequency change After the adjustment is performed and the power...

Page 96: ...g Error Set the Settling Error value 6 Press Return Return Leveling Mode Select the leveling mode Power Meter Once performs the adjustment only at the end of any transition amplitude or frequency chan...

Page 97: ...meter measurement is 0 5 dBm lower than the desired 25 dBm The new source output power is 5 5 dBm If the power meter then measures 24 97 dBm no further adjustments will be made since the measured val...

Page 98: ...02A 04A power sensor or if your power meter does not have a LAN GPIB or USB interface the correction values can be manually entered into the signal generator To allow different correction arrays for d...

Page 99: ...Generators User s Guide 83 Optimize Performance Using Flatness Correction Figure 4 16 User Flatness Correction Softkeys Confirm For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 See page 85...

Page 100: ...he power level data from the power meter calculates the correction values and stores the correction pairs in the user flatness correction array If you do not have the required Keysight power meter or...

Page 101: ...rrected Output LAN Note Keysight U2000 Series USB Power Sensors connect directly to the signal generator s front panel USB port i e the power meter is not applicable USB port for connecting USB compat...

Page 102: ...ower Meter 1 Select SCPI as the remote language for the power meter 2 Zero and calibrate the power sensor to the power meter using the softkeys on the signal generator or the front panel of the power...

Page 103: ...he power meter s documentation Typically this is inst0 and is case sensitive for some power meters Refer to your power meter s documentation the Keysight Connectivity Guide USB LAN GPIB Connectivity G...

Page 104: ...th Defaults d In the Step Array menu enter the desired flatness corrected start and stop frequencies and the number of points e Populate the user flatness correction array with the step array configur...

Page 105: ...IB or USB Manually i Create the correction values Press More User Flatness Do Cal The signal generator begins the user flatness calibration and displays a progress bar The amplitude correction values...

Page 106: ...mple A 500 MHz to 1 GHz Flatness Correction Array with 10 Correction Values on page 87 1 Preset the signal generator 2 Recall the desired User Flatness Correction file a Press AMPTD More User Flatness...

Page 107: ...th is RF Output and the frequency is changed by more than 1 kHz the firmware will calculate a channel correction filter For List Sweep the calculation will be done prior to the first sweep using the s...

Page 108: ...l unique frequencies will have the characteristics of arbitrary frequency switching If the I Q Correction Optimized Path softkey is set to Ext I Q then only the baseband corrections will be applied an...

Page 109: ...y frequency switching If the I Q Correction Optimized Path is set to Ext I Q Output then only the baseband corrections will be applied and the frequency switching speed will be unaffected This correct...

Page 110: ...nced Factory Calibration For instruments with firmware prior to B 01 10 the Enhanced Factory Calibration must be run once before you can turn on the I Q Internal Channel Corrections Factory Correction...

Page 111: ...but attenuator hold remains on If desired manually set it to off With the Ext Detector selection Set Atten has no effect on the output power level During external detector use use the attenuator to k...

Page 112: ...nal detector the signal generator s power range may vary from the values shown in the data sheet This is primarily due to the efficiency of the detector Always ensure that the detector coupler power s...

Page 113: ...s Guide 97 Optimize Performance Using External Leveling N5173B 83B Only Figure 4 20 Power Value Differences with External Leveling Figure 4 21 Typical Diode Detector Response at 25 C Measured output...

Page 114: ...tter performance characteristics Even though the output attenuator no longer affects the output power it is still useful to drive the ALC circuit to its mid power point of approximately 0 dBm which is...

Page 115: ...s possible to the DUT Recommended Equipment Keysight 8474E negative detector Keysight 87301D directional coupler cables and adapters as required Figure 4 22 Typical External Leveling Setup using a Dir...

Page 116: ...urn on the RF output Press RF On Off to On 3 Set the AMPTD step increment value to one dB Press AMPTD Incr Set 1 dB 4 Determine the minimum amplitude value a Set the amplitude to 25 dBm b Using the do...

Page 117: ...er meter or a signal analyzer b Configure the power meter signal analyzer for measuring the power level of the signal 2 Adjust the signal generator s displayed amplitude value If using the Ext Levelin...

Page 118: ...ected frequency range The corrections are stored and used whenever you tune the signal generator to within the calibrated frequency range For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 R...

Page 119: ...the Span softkey is pressed select either Full or User If User is selected then the start and stop frequencies need to be selected Manual When Power Search is set to Manual pressing Do Power Search ex...

Page 120: ...RMS MANUAL reference level is set the power search runs independent of the current Vrms value of the waveform The RMS and MANUAL references with a reference level of 1 0 Vrms are equivalent to a calcu...

Page 121: ...he external I Q signal is present when executing a power search If the external I Q signal is not present the power search will fail Example Automatic Power Search 1 Preset the signal generator 2 Set...

Page 122: ...ositive or negative from the entered value RF Output entered value offset value Displayed Value output frequency offset value To set an offset Frequency Press Freq Freq Offset offset value frequency u...

Page 123: ...this reference frequency Amplitude Press Amptd More Amptd Ref Set The amplitude displays 0 00 dB indicating that this is the RF output amplitude zero level All amplitudes entered are interpreted as be...

Page 124: ...alue multiplier value output frequency Output Frequency displayed value multiplier value To set a frequency multiplier 1 Press Frequency Freq Multiplier multiplier value x 2 Set the desired frequency...

Page 125: ...lier is set to 1 and the offset is set to 3 GHz so that the signal generator displays fRF Using the Frequency and Phase Reference Softkeys The MXG EXG can be set to have either a user determined frequ...

Page 126: ...of Free Run Figure 4 27 on page 111 the signal generator generates equally spaced triggers and it moves to the next point at each trigger This has the advantage that the time between points is consis...

Page 127: ...t time requires consistency but the specific settling time at each point can vary then use the Timer Trigger Avoid using too fast of a sweep which does not allow the signal generator to settle If the...

Page 128: ...ither via the instrument s front panel power button or the appropriate SCPI command Signal generators installed in rack systems and powered down with the system rack power switch rather than the instr...

Page 129: ...ctronic instrumentation on aircraft Before using the information in this chapter you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator If you are not comfortable with functions such...

Page 130: ...osite in polarity on front and back side of the dipole pattern Since the RF on one side is in phase with the RF radiated from the non directional antenna a cardioid field pattern which rotates at 30 H...

Page 131: ...e sub carrier Turns on the sub carrier modulated with the reference signal Sets the Bearing angle FROM the VOR station Sets the Bearing direction as either From or To the VOR station Sets the frequenc...

Page 132: ...ub carrier and the 30 Hz reference signal REF Freq suppresses the main VOR carrier To set the VOR carrier frequency 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics VOR 2 Press Carrier Freq Index Default value is 1 and corr...

Page 133: ...112 15 113 75 115 35 116 95 109 20 112 20 113 80 115 40 117 00 109 25 112 25 113 85 115 45 117 05 109 40 112 30 113 90 115 50 117 10 109 45 112 35 113 95 115 55 117 15 109 60 112 40 114 00 115 60 117...

Page 134: ...f the two 30 Hz signals REF Freq vs VAR Freq to determine the compass bearing to a VOR station By tuning to two or more VOR stations and recording each bearing angle pilots can determine their exact l...

Page 135: ...e signal REF Freq and the variable phase signal VAR Freq 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics VOR 2 Press REF VAR 3 Press REF VAR Freq Default value is 30 Hz 4 Select a value in Hz kHz MHz GHz from 10 to 60 Hz E...

Page 136: ...signal 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics VOR 2 Press REF VAR 3 Press SubCarrier Freq Default value is 9960 Hz 4 Select a value in Hz kHz MHz GHz from 0 Hz to 20 kHz The 30 Hz reference signal REF Freq is pla...

Page 137: ...ionics VOR b Press Carrier Freq Index Default value is 1 and corresponds to 108 00 MHz carrier frequency c Optional Select a value from 1 to 160 and press Enter to change to a different carrier freque...

Page 138: ...viation Default value is 480 Hz b Optional Select a value from 0 Hz to 1 kHz 7 Set the AM depth of the variable phase signal VAR Freq a Press VAR Depth Default value is 30 b Optional Select a value fr...

Page 139: ...d Default power level is around 144 dBm and depends on the signal generator model being used so the signal may be very low and hard to find if you do not specify a high enough power level b Select a v...

Page 140: ...one of the International Air Transport Association IATA codes IATA owns controls and has a copyright to the complete list of airport identification codes STS is the airport identification code that re...

Page 141: ...irport identification code on page 125 Tone When set to Tone the COM ID Code setting is disabled and the signal generator plays a continuous tone based on the COM ID Frequency setting To change the CO...

Page 142: ...airport communication identification code for a particular area refer to the following websites Airline Coding Directory http www iata org AirNav http www airnav com To set the COM ID tone code modula...

Page 143: ...to Code a Press Aux Fctn Avionics VOR b Press COM ID c Press COM ID Type Default setting is Code d Select Code 3 Set the COM ID 3 character code airport identification code a Press COM ID Code Default...

Page 144: ...e front panel LED is illuminated indicating that it is on Default is on 8 Set a desired RF power level a Press Amptd Default value is around 144 dBm and depends on the signal generator model being use...

Page 145: ...ce from a runway the distances are based on the Outer Middle and Inner ILS Marker Beacons The purpose of the ILS Localizer is to provide signals that indicate whether an aircraft is left right or in l...

Page 146: ...cs VOR ILS Option 302 Using ILS Localizer Softkeys Figure 5 6 ILS Localizer 108 10 MHz w 90 Hz AM Left 150 Hz AM Right 20 Figure 5 7 ILS Glide Slope 334 70 MHz w 90 Hz AM Up 150 Hz AM Down 40 Figure 5...

Page 147: ...Depth of Modulation Sets the Phase of the Right signal relative to the Left signal Turns off the Left 90 Hz and Right 150 Hz ILS Localizer signals Turns on the Left 90 Hz and Right 150 Hz ILS Localize...

Page 148: ...ncy 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics ILS Localizer 2 Press Carrier Freq Index Default value is 1 and corresponds to 108 10 MHz 3 Select a value from 1 to 40 108 10 to 111 95 MHz and press Enter These softkey...

Page 149: ...uency Default value is 150 Hz 4 Select a value in Hz kHz MHz GHz from 0 Hz to 10 MHz These softkeys set the frequency of the Right ILS Localizer signal 7 108 70 7 330 50 27 110 70 27 330 20 8 108 75 8...

Page 150: ...landing This lateral horizontal correction is performed using two AM carriers with an AM depth of 20 operating at a carrier frequency range between 108 10 111 95 MHz For an aircraft on approach the le...

Page 151: ...is back in line with the centerline of the runway Figure 5 10 ILS Localizer 108 10 MHz w Aircraft In Line Fly Left Fly Right Example To correct if the left signal at 90 Hz is stronger at 0 2 DDM the a...

Page 152: ...t SDM value Typically the SDM default value provides sufficient range 0 40 to 0 40 for most applications If SDM is set to 99 then the full range 0 99 to 0 99 of DDM is available The following demonstr...

Page 153: ...DM in DDM can be expressed either in terms of percentage or as a modulation index A DDM of 1 is equivalent to 0 01 DDM 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics ILS Localizer 2 Press DDM SDM 3 Press DDM Default value...

Page 154: ...ss Aux Fctn Avionics ILS Localizer 2 Press More 1 of 2 3 Press Recall Default Settings The following table lists the default values ILS Localizer Menu Parameters Default State ILS LOC Mode OFF Carrier...

Page 155: ...fault value is 90 Hz c Optional Select a value from 0 Hz to 6 MHz 4 Set the ILS Localizer right frequency a Press Right Frequency Default value is 150 Hz b Optional Select a value from 0 Hz to 10 MHz...

Page 156: ...ft 90 Hz and the Right 150 Hz ILS Localizer signals 10 Set the modulation to on a Press MOD On and verify that the front panel LED is illuminated indicating that it is on Default is on 11 Set a desire...

Page 157: ...purpose of the ILS Glide Slope is to provide signals that indicate whether an aircraft is above below or in line with the glide path to a runway and enables a pilot to adjust the aircraft up or down c...

Page 158: ...VOR ILS Option 302 Using ILS Glide Slope Softkeys Figure 5 11 ILS Localizer 108 10 MHz w 90 Hz AM Left 150 Hz AM Right 20 Figure 5 12 ILS Glide Slope 334 70 MHz w 90 Hz AM Up 150 Hz AM Down 40 Figure...

Page 159: ...Hz and Down 150 Hz ILS Glide Slope signals Turns off the Up 90 Hz ILS Glide Slope signal Turns off Down 150 Hz ILS Glide Slope signal Sets the Frequency of the Down signal Sets the Phase of the Down...

Page 160: ...g Suppress Up turns off the Up 90 Hz ILS Glide Slope signal Selecting Suppress Down turns off the Down 150 Hz ILS Glide Slope signal To set the ILS Glide Slope carrier frequency 1 Press Aux Fctn Avion...

Page 161: ...Press Up Down 3 Press Down Frequency Default value is 150 Hz 4 Select a value in Hz kHz MHz GHz from 0 Hz to 10 MHz 6 108 55 6 329 75 26 110 55 26 329 45 7 108 70 7 330 50 27 110 70 27 330 20 8 108 7...

Page 162: ...tion as provided by the ILS Localizer but for the vertical reference rather than the lateral horizontal reference the same modulation and antenna techniques are used This vertical adjustment is perfor...

Page 163: ...d have to fly Down with a DDM of 0 4 The following steps of key presses demonstrate the fly Down correction 1 Aux Fctn Avionics 2 ILS Glide Slope DDM SDM Fly Up Down to Down highlighted 3 DDM 0 4 Ente...

Page 164: ...obtain guidance to a runway is the aircraft receiver s ability to detect the Difference in Depth of Modulation DDM between this 90 Hz and 150 Hz amplitude modulation DDM is defined to be the percentag...

Page 165: ...00 4 Enter a value within the range of the current SDM value Typically the SDM default value provides sufficient range 80 to 80 for most applications If SDM is set to 99 then the full range 99 to 99...

Page 166: ...default state conditions 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics ILS Glide Slope 2 Press More 1 of 2 3 Press Recall Default Settings ILS Glide Slope Menu Parameters Default State ILS GS Mode OFF Carrier Freq Index...

Page 167: ...3 Set the ILS Glide Slope up frequency a Press Up Down b Press Up Frequency Default value is 90 Hz c Optional Select a value from 0 Hz to 6 MHz 4 Set the ILS Glide Slope down frequency a Press Down Fr...

Page 168: ...e a Press ILS GS Mode Default selection is OFF b Select NORM to turn on both the Up 90 Hz and Down 150 Hz ILS Glide Slope signals 10 Set the modulation to on a Press MOD On and verify that the front p...

Page 169: ...presented to pilots by audio and visual information The ILS Localizer may contain present information on the Outer Middle and Inner ILS Marker Beacons All ILS Marker Beacons are broadcast at 75 MHz an...

Page 170: ...ecting Middle turns on and simulates the Middle Marker Beacon nominal 1300 Hz modulation signal Selecting Outer turns on and simulates the Outer Marker Beacon nominal 400 Hz modulation signal To set t...

Page 171: ...s 95 3 Select a value from 0 to 99 9 and press Enter To set the ILS Marker Beacon inner marker frequency This process sets the frequency for the Inner Marker Beacon 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics Marker Be...

Page 172: ...cy for the Outer Marker Beacon 1 Press Aux Fctn Avionics Marker Beacon 2 Press Marker Beacon 3 Press Outer 4 Press Marker Freq Default value is 400 Hz 5 Select a value in Hz kHz MHz GHz from 0 Hz to 1...

Page 173: ...ress Enter to change to a different carrier frequency 4 Set the ILS Marker Beacon AM depth a Press Marker Depth Default value is 95 b Optional Select a value from 0 to 99 9 and press Enter 5 Optional...

Page 174: ...vel a Press Amptd Default power level is around 144 dBm and depends on the signal generator model being used so the signal may be very low and hard to find if you do not specify a high enough power le...

Page 175: ...tor If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency refer to Chapter 3 Basic Operation on page 39 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter...

Page 176: ...ources Internal modulation sources generate the five waveforms listed above unless noted otherwise Ext1 Ext2 an externally applied signal is used as the modulation input Connect the signal to the EXT...

Page 177: ...Series Signal Generators User s Guide 161 Analog Modulation Option UNT Analog Modulation Sources Figure 6 1 Analog Modulation Softkeys page 162 page 162 page 162 For details on each key use key help a...

Page 178: ...ion at the RF Output on page 425 See also Modulating the Carrier Signal on page 54 AM FM M a Press AM b Set the AM type Linear or Exponential AM Type to highlight desired type c Set the AM Mode Normal...

Page 179: ...modulation 2 Press FM M FM Source Ext1 or Ext2 More Setup FM Source 3 Ensure that Ext Coupling is set to DC If not press Ext Coupling DC AC until DC is highlighted 4 Press Ext DC Cal This begins the c...

Page 180: ...ource is set to internal then the wideband AM turns off Figure 6 2 Wideband AM Softkey Menu Setting the Wideband AM 1 Set up and enable the desired modulation type 2 Press AM AM Path 1 2 WB to WB For...

Page 181: ...wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Triangle triangle wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Square square wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Pos Ramp positive going ramp wit...

Page 182: ...deviation The FM annunciator is activated indicating that you have enabled frequency modulation Configuring the Low Frequency Output 1 Press the LF Out hardkey 2 Press LF Out Amplitude 3 V 3 Press LF...

Page 183: ...Gen 1 Configuring the Waveform 1 Press Setup LF Out Source LF Out Waveform Sine 2 Press LF Out Freq 500 Hz 3 Press Return This returns you to the top LF Output menu Configuring the Low Frequency Outp...

Page 184: ...s Signal Generators User s Guide Analog Modulation Option UNT Configuring the LF Output Option 303 Figure 6 4 LF Out Status Display For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 LF Out...

Page 185: ...he signal generator If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency refer to Chapter 3 Basic Operation on page 39 and familiarize yourself with the information...

Page 186: ...e key help as described on page 40 Determines how the signal generator responds to an external pulse signal Normal high state Invert low state Low settled TTL signal See also page 13 and page 15 Selec...

Page 187: ...re Internal free run pulse train with 50 duty cycle Determined by user defined rate Free Run default Internal free run pulse train User Defined User Defined Triggered Internal pulse train User Defined...

Page 188: ...The delay of the first pulse is measured from the leading edge of the external trigger signal Delay Width RF Output External Trigger The delay of the second pulse is measured from the leading edge of...

Page 189: ...ed modulation 6 Output the modulated signal from the signal generator Press the front panel RF On Off key The RF output LED lights indicating that the signal is transmitting from the RF output connect...

Page 190: ...e to 0 dBm 4 Set the pulse period to 100 microseconds Press Pulse Pulse Period 100 usec 5 Set the pulse width to 24 microseconds Press Pulse Pulse Width 24 usec 6 Turn on both the pulse modulation and...

Page 191: ...ification of the decimal separator to allow for but the column separator is auto detected Refer to Pulse Train Menu Softkeys on page 175 and Display Pulse Train Menu Softkeys on page 177 Figure 7 4 Pu...

Page 192: ...ftkeys provide ease of use in changing the pulse cycle settings in the pulse train SCPI Commands SOURce PULM INTernal TRAin LIST PRESet SOURce PULM INTernal TRAin OFFTime 20ns 42sec SOURce PULM INTern...

Page 193: ...s and decrements are 1 20th of the visible pulse train This value can be adjusted with the Time Offset softkey These are the division markers currently set at 10 00 us div for the currently displayed...

Page 194: ...he numbers and so requires the Import Decimal Separator to be set to Dot Selects whether the decimal point is a or a during import of CSV ASCII files This value is persistent across preset recall and...

Page 195: ...instrument or a USB stick can be used to download the files to the instrument Refer to page 61 For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Note Since there is already a file named PT...

Page 196: ...180 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Pulse Modulation Options UNW and 320 Pulse Train Options UNW and 320...

Page 197: ...sing this information you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting power level and frequency refer to Chapter 3 Bas...

Page 198: ...his adjustment is not calibrated Sets the dc offset Toggles between DC User and Full IQ calibration types DC Calibrates I Q offset gain and quadrature error for a single frequency at the current signa...

Page 199: ...ors For voltage levels refer to Front Panel Overview on page 5 a Connect an analog I signal to the signal generator s front panel I Input b Connect an analog Q signal to the signal generator s front p...

Page 200: ...184 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Basic Digital Operation No BBG Option Installed I Q Modulation...

Page 201: ...oading and Playing a Waveform Segment on page 189 Waveform Sequences on page 192 Saving a Waveform s Settings Parameters on page 197 Using Waveform Markers on page 203 Triggering a Waveform on page 21...

Page 202: ...r s Guide Basic Digital Operation Option 653 655 656 657 Waveform Licensing on page 276 See Also Adding Real Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform on page 342 Real Time Phase Noise Impairment on page 350...

Page 203: ...f memory Volatile memory baseband generator BBG media where waveform files are played from or edited Non volatile memory either internal int or external USB media where waveform files are stored Dual...

Page 204: ...l ARB is off the new setting is applied when the dual ARB player is turned on this setting survives toggling the Dual ARB player off and on page 47 page 197 page 219 For details on each key use key he...

Page 205: ...G media before they can be played edited or included in a sequence Cycling power or rebooting the signal generator deletes the files in BBG media 1 Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform Waveform Segment...

Page 206: ...ct Waveform Waveform Segments 2 Press Load Store to highlight Store 3 Using the arrow keys highlight the waveform segment you want to store 4 Optionally rename the segment If there is already a copy o...

Page 207: ...657 Storing Loading and Playing a Waveform Segment 5 Configure the RF Output Set the RF carrier frequency and amplitude and turn on the RF output The waveform segment is now available at the signal g...

Page 208: ...are located in internal external media you must load them into BBG media prior to selecting a waveform sequence see page 189 If you attempt to play a sequence without the segments loaded into BBG med...

Page 209: ...mum number of segments per sequence Even though there is a limiting factor on the maximum number of times that a nested sequence can repeat each segment within the nested sequence can repeat up to 65...

Page 210: ...umn highlight the desired waveform sequence 3 Press Show Waveform Sequence Contents Editing a Sequence When editing a waveform sequence you can change the number of times each segment or nested sequen...

Page 211: ...4 Save the changes made in the previous steps Press More Name and Store Enter To save the changes as a new sequence a Press More Name and Store Clear Text b Enter a file name for example SINE100 RAMP...

Page 212: ...rm sequence During the waveform sequence generation both the I Q and ARB annunciators turn on and the waveform modulates the RF carrier 3 Configure the RF output a Set the RF carrier frequency b Set t...

Page 213: ...hen you load a stored waveform file into BBG media the file header and marker file settings automatically apply to the signal generator so that the dual ARB player sets up the same way each time the w...

Page 214: ...the ALC hold function described on page 205 which holds the ALC at its current level when the marker signal is low All waveforms generated in the signal generator have a marker on the first sample po...

Page 215: ...the file header AWGN State Indicated whether real time noise is on 1 or off 0 see page 341 AWGN C N Ratio Carrier to noise ration in dB see page 346 AWGN Carrier BW Bandwidth over which the noise powe...

Page 216: ...Utilities menu Press Return More Header Utilities If a setting is unspecified in the file header the signal generator uses its current value for that setting when you select and play the waveform The...

Page 217: ...t the waveform file the changed setting s appear in the file header s Current Inst Settings column and are used instead of the saved header settings To reapply the saved header settings reselect the w...

Page 218: ...lays the file header for the selected waveform file 4 To edit the header press More and proceed as described in Step 4 on page 200 Viewing and Modifying Header Information section Active waveform cata...

Page 219: ...Waveform Markers on page 203 for details When you download a waveform file that does not have a marker file associated with it the signal generator creates a marker file without any marker points Fact...

Page 220: ...r Point Edit Requirements Before you can modify a waveform segment s marker points the segment must reside in BBG media see Loading a Waveform Segment into BBG Media on page 189 Saving Marker Polarity...

Page 221: ...ALC circuitry at the average value of the sampled points set by the marker s For both positive and negative marker polarity the ALC samples the RF output signal the carrier plus any modulating signal...

Page 222: ...er polarity Positive This example shows a marker set to sample the waveform s area of highest amplitude Note that the marker is set well before the waveform s area of lowest amplitude This takes into...

Page 223: ...points Marker range 110 1022 Marker polarity Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points the marker signal goes high during the off points The ALC s...

Page 224: ...components of the waveform and the marker points set in a factory supplied segment First sample point shown on display These softkeys change the range of waveform sample points shown on the marker dis...

Page 225: ...0V To clear marker points on a segment the segment must reside in BBG media page 189 Clearing All Marker Points 1 In the second Arb menu page 208 press Marker Utilities Set Markers 2 Highlight the de...

Page 226: ...egment To set marker points on a segment the segment must reside in BBG media page 189 When you set marker points they do not replace points that already exist but are set in addition to existing poin...

Page 227: ...titively Spaced Markers The following example sets markers across a range of points and specifies the spacing skipped points between each marker You must set the spacing before you apply the marker se...

Page 228: ...ent connector Aux I O pin that corresponds to that marker number This example demonstrates how to view a marker pulse generated by a waveform segment that has at least one marker point set page 210 Th...

Page 229: ...ors User s Guide 213 Basic Digital Operation Option 653 655 656 657 Using Waveform Markers When marker 1 is present the Keysight MXG EXG outputs a signal through EVENT 1 as shown in the following exam...

Page 230: ...the RF output when the marker signal goes low This example is a continuation of the previous example Viewing a Marker Pulse 1 Using the factory supplied segment SINE_TEST_WFM set Marker 1 across poin...

Page 231: ...lanking always occurs on the low part of the signal regardless of the polarity setting Controlling Markers in a Waveform Sequence In a waveform segment an enabled marker point generates an auxiliary o...

Page 232: ...Using Waveform Markers Figure 9 6 Waveform Sequence Menus for Enabling Disabling Segment Markers Mode Dual ARB More Note This is the second Arb menu For details on each key use key help as described...

Page 233: ...3 and Toggle Marker 4 An entry in the Mkr column see figure below indicates that the marker is enabled for that segment no entry in the column means that all markers are disabled for that segment c In...

Page 234: ...MHz 6 20 833 Mhz which is truncated when displayed Method 2 Select a sample clock and waveform length that spaces the markers by a multiple of 8 ns For example A 200 point waveform with a marker on t...

Page 235: ...gger event To maintain the carrier signal at the RF output create a data pattern with the initial I and Q voltages set to values other than zero When you initially turn the Arb ON or select a trigger...

Page 236: ...etup Mode Dual ARB Trigger Type Immediately triggers and plays the waveform triggers received while the waveform is playing are ignored Plays the waveform when a trigger is received subsequent trigger...

Page 237: ...ng the waveform in response to an externally applied gating signal See Example Gated Triggering on page 223 Trigger Source External Trigger Polarity In Continuous Single and Segment Advance modes use...

Page 238: ...sequence for playback a Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform b In the Sequence On column highlight a waveform sequence file c Press Select Waveform 4 Set the triggering as follows Trigger Type continuo...

Page 239: ...gger signal has on the RF output 2 Preset the signal generator 3 Configure the RF output Set the desired frequency Set the desired amplitude Turn on the RF output 4 Select a waveform for playback sequ...

Page 240: ...r the waveform Configure the oscilloscope to display both the output of the signal generator and the external triggering signal You will see the waveform modulating the output during the gate active p...

Page 241: ...put 3 Select a waveform for playback sequence or segment a Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform b In the Segment On or Sequence On column highlight a waveform c Press Select Waveform 4 Generate the wav...

Page 242: ...lipping function enables you to reduce high power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak thereby reducing spectral regrowth How Power Peaks Develop on page 227...

Page 243: ...Multiple Channel Summing I Q waveforms can be the summation of multiple channels as shown in the following figure If a bit in the same state high or low occurs simultaneously in several individual cha...

Page 244: ...veforms When the I and Q waveforms combine in the I Q modulator to create an RF waveform the magnitude of the RF envelope is where the squaring of I and Q always results in a positive value As shown i...

Page 245: ...g figure Because the gain of a transmitter s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation This causes the intermodulati...

Page 246: ...ferent for I and Q and appears as a rectangle in the vector representation In both circular and rectangular clipping the objective is to clip the waveform to a level that reduces spectral regrowth but...

Page 247: ...Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide 231 Basic Digital Operation Option 653 655 656 657 Clipping a Waveform Figure 9 10 Rectangular Clipping...

Page 248: ...232 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Basic Digital Operation Option 653 655 656 657 Clipping a Waveform Figure 9 11 Reduction of Peak to Average Power...

Page 249: ...cular Clipping to the Copied Waveform File 1 Open the DUAL ARB Waveform Utilities menu Press Mode Dual ARB More Waveform Utilities 2 In the list of files highlight the copied file in this example MY_T...

Page 250: ...ilities menu Press Mode Dual ARB More Waveform Utilities 2 In the list of files highlight the copied file in this example MY_TEST_REC 3 Create the CCDF plot Press Plot CCDF 4 Observe the shape and pos...

Page 251: ...and how you can use waveform scaling to eliminate these errors How DAC Over Range Errors Occur on page 236 How Scaling Eliminates DAC Over Range Errors on page 237 Keysight MXG EXG waveform scaling o...

Page 252: ...ng baseband samples and smooths the waveform as shown in the figure at the right The interpolation filters in the DACs overshoot the baseband waveform If a baseband waveform has a fast rising edge the...

Page 253: ...uate margin for the interpolator filter overshoot the interpolator filter can calculate sample points that include the ripple effect and eliminate the over range error see the figure at the right Alth...

Page 254: ...ing the setting to the file header page 199 Saving to the file header saves the value with the waveform file saving with the Save function stores the value as the current instrument setting Use this e...

Page 255: ...s almost every time you reduce or increase the scaling value and causes quantization errors Quantization errors are more noticeable when scaling down since you are closer to the noise floor You lose d...

Page 256: ...en the DUAL ARB Waveform Utilities menu Press Mode Dual ARB More Waveform Utilities 2 In the list of BBG Media segment files highlight the copied file in this example MY_TEST_SCAL 3 Set and apply a sc...

Page 257: ...Reset softkey This softkey will grey out whenever the phase due to the frequency offset is zero In addition while there is a non zero residual phase present in the signal the DAC Over Range Protectio...

Page 258: ...ing steps to offset the carrier from LO carrier feedthrough This example uses the factory supplied waveform SINE_TEST_WFM available in the Dual ARB Player To view the output for this example connect t...

Page 259: ...uare root of 2 when the offset is something other than zero Because it can scale the data by more than what is actually need it typically decreases the dynamic range of the waveform This is especially...

Page 260: ...requency offset feature Manually adjust the scaling using the Waveform Runtime Scaling softkey above Enables or disables the automatic internal scaling used to keep DAC over range errors from occuring...

Page 261: ...factors contribute to the error vector magnitude Differences in amplitude phase and delay between the I and Q channels DC offsets The I Q menu not only enables you to select the I Q signal source and...

Page 262: ...ilter is active this filter is not active ACP is also an 80 nyquist filter 100Mhz wide but the transition band is very narrow thus reducing images for wide band signals This filter will be convolved w...

Page 263: ...to optimize apply calibration factors the rear panel signals you need to select the external I Q output path Select and Play a Waveform 1 Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform 2 Highlight the desired wa...

Page 264: ...front panel input signals To Modulate onto the Carrier Press I Q I Q Source External To Sum and Modulate onto the Carrier Press I Q I Q Source Sum To select and play a waveform for the BB GEN path se...

Page 265: ...ce carrier leakage or to create an impairment that simulates carrier leakage Common Mode I Q Offset Range This changes the adjustment range of the Common Mode I Q Offset from Coarse Default to fine or...

Page 266: ...should be run when the ambient temperature has varied by at least 5 degrees Celsius from the ambient temperature at which the previous calibration was run The user I Q calibration is persistent i e P...

Page 267: ...ue then the calibration will be performed exactly at that frequency and the data will be persisted in the bounding calibration array elements Information is retained through a preset or power cycle Fu...

Page 268: ...r is selected the result of which will be truncated to the center 256 taps The equalization filter operates at 200 MHz so all equalization filters must be resampled to 200 MHz prior to selection if th...

Page 269: ...FIR filename To add complex filter to the file system MEMory DATA FIR filename COMPlex osr hIRe0 hQIm0 hIRe1 hQIm1 hIReN hQImN MEMory DATA FIR filename To add I Q symbol data to the file system MEMory...

Page 270: ...is applied as the waveform plays rather than in the waveform data itself Figure 9 17 Filter Menu Mode Dual ARB Arb Setup More Real Time Modulation Filter This softkey changes depending on the selected...

Page 271: ...icient 0 3 Use the numeric keypad to type the first value 0 000076 from Table 4 As you press the numeric keys the numbers are displayed in the active entry area If you make a mistake you can correct i...

Page 272: ...automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order 1 Press Mirror Table The last 16 coefficients 16 through 31 are automatically generated and the first of these coefficient...

Page 273: ...g a Graphical Representation of the Filter The signal generator has the capability of graphically displaying the filter in both time and frequency dimensions 1 Press More 1 of 2 Display Filter Display...

Page 274: ...IR files appears along with the amount of memory available 2 As described in Storing Loading and Playing a Waveform Segment on page 189 name and store this file as FIR_1 The FIR_1 file is the first fi...

Page 275: ...lter Figure 9 22 Memory is also shared by instrument state files and list sweep files This filter can now be used to customize a modulation format or it can be used as a basis for a new filter design...

Page 276: ...le Figure 9 23 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode Dual ARB Arb Setup More Real Time Modulation Filter Define User FIR More Load Default FIR Gaussian 3 Press Filter BbT 0...

Page 277: ...ighlight coefficient 15 2 Press 0 Enter 3 Press Display Impulse Response Figure 9 25 Refer to Figure 9 25 The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool in this case it indicates that a...

Page 278: ...Editor Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters alphanumeric and special characters 1 Press Return Return Load Store Store To File 2 Name the file NEWFIR2 3 Press En...

Page 279: ...e rate is determined by the Option 65x baseband generator Figure 9 26 Real Time Modulation Filter Softkeys for the Dual ARB Player Common uses for the real time modulation feature include Where the si...

Page 280: ...generator setup When you Recall a setup stored with the Save function the modulation filter value becomes the current instrument setting value disregarding the stored file header value Use the follow...

Page 281: ...active for the master instrument see page 266 BBG sync automatically changes the trigger type to Trigger and Run if the current setting is Free Run or Gated If desired manually set differently on eith...

Page 282: ...oftkeys Slave Display and Available Softkeys Select Off Master or Slave Synchronizes the baseband generators for all instruments in the system Note Press only after pressing Listen for Sync on all sla...

Page 283: ...f the Multi BBG Sync Setup menus after adding a signal generator to the system or in doubt as to the true status of a signal generator Changes to parameters that are outside of the Multi BBG Sync Setu...

Page 284: ...XG EXG generates a settings conflict error and changes the trigger settings To avoid the settings conflict error manually set the trigger parameters as shown on page 265 prior to setting the multiple...

Page 285: ...ameter a Return to the Dual ARB menu see page 265 b Set the desired trigger type c Return to the Multi BBG Sync Setup menu 6 Repeat for each slave signal generator in the system Synchronize the System...

Page 286: ...o Off If a signal generator s has the Dual ARB on during changes signal generators further in the chain may incorrectly display In Sync after pressing the Listen for Sync softkey 3 On each of the sign...

Page 287: ...3 and 4x4 MIMO connections from the LO IN and LO OUT to the splitter additional cables are required refer to Table Figure 9 30 on page 273 and Figure 9 31 on page 274 The phase coherent configuration...

Page 288: ...x2 n a 11636A As required n a SMA flexible cables are connected from the power splitter outputs to the LO inputs on the rear panel of both the master and the slave MXG EXGs Refer to Figure 9 30 on pag...

Page 289: ...to Figure 9 30 Figure 9 30 2x2 MIMO LO In Out for Phase Coherency Equipment Setup 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO LO In Out for Phase Coherency Configurations For a 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO LO In Out for phase coherency se...

Page 290: ...Option 012 LO In Out for Phase Coherency with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 9 31 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO LO In Out for Phase Coherency Equipment Setup Note A SMA flexible cable is recomm...

Page 291: ...ght X Series signal generators provide access to several real time applications for signal creation Figure 9 32 Real Time Applications Softkeys page 187 For details on each key use key help as describ...

Page 292: ...an add and play waveforms for a trial period of 48 hours per slot During this time you can replace the waveform any number of times until you are satisfied with it After the trial period expires the w...

Page 293: ...elections This softkey allows you to add a waveform that you select to the first available slot Refer to page 278 Refer to the SCPI Command Reference for related license commands This softkey allows y...

Page 294: ...does not require licensing This softkey displays a catalog of the waveform segments stored in the Int Storage or USB Media This softkey displays a catalog of the waveforms stored in the BBG memory To...

Page 295: ...depends on the number of licensing options installed on the instrument Mode Dual ARB More Waveform Licensing Lock Waveform in Slot This softkey is displayed if the waveform is not found in the interna...

Page 296: ...s in a trial period that is available for 48 hours that begins when a waveform is added During the trial period the waveform in this slot can be played cleared or replaced with another waveform Lock R...

Page 297: ...censed 3 Press Add Waveform to add the selected waveform to the first available slot Figure 9 36 Add Waveform Mode Dual ARB More Waveform Licensing Add Waveform to First Available Slot page 278 Status...

Page 298: ...up Required d Make a backup copy of this waveform on a USB media or a computer before pressing Backup Waveform to Int Storage If the waveform is lost or deleted on the signal generator it cannot be re...

Page 299: ...rom the instrument s internal storage This warning is displayed when an attempt is made to lock a waveform that has not been saved to internal storage or USB media i e waveforms cannot be locked unles...

Page 300: ...284 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Basic Digital Operation Option 653 655 656 657 Waveform Licensing...

Page 301: ...gnal Interface Module These features are available only in N5172B 82B Vector Signal Generators with Options 003 004 and 653 655 656 657 The following list shows the topics covered in this chapter Cloc...

Page 302: ...hen there are multiple clocks per sample Figure 10 1 Data Setup Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration The N5102A module clock rate is set using the Clock Rate softkey and has a range of 1 kHz to 400...

Page 303: ...ues in serial mode Clock rate of 5 kHz through 150 MHz Sample rate of 1 kHz through 30 MHz Refer to Table 10 3 and Table 10 4 for the serial clock rates 1 The IF signal type is not available for a ser...

Page 304: ...put mode parallel and parallel interleaved port configuration clock rates For Input mode the maximum clock rate is limited by the following factors sample size data type Refer to Table 10 6 for the In...

Page 305: ...e output clock signal at the Clock Out and the Device Interface connectors Common Frequency Reference The clocking flexibility of the digital signal interface module allows the setting of arbitrary cl...

Page 306: ...k Timing Figure 10 3 Frequency Reference Setup Diagrams for the N5102A Module Clock Signal NOTE Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs Internally Generated Clock Device DU...

Page 307: ...held constant to accommodate the additional clock periods This reduces the sample rate relative to the clock rate by a factor equal to the clocks per sample selection For example when four is selected...

Page 308: ...03 004 Clock Timing 1 Sample Period 4 Clocks Per Sample 4 Clocks Sample rate decreases by a factor of four I sample Q sample Clock 4 bits per word 4 bits per word 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Per Sample 2...

Page 309: ...sample is still a valid parameter for parallel interleaved transmissions and creates a reduction in the sample rate relative to the clock rate The clocks per sample selection is the ratio of the reduc...

Page 310: ...number of bits per word that are entered using the Word Size softkey The number of bits per word is the same as the number of bits per sample 1 Sample Period 4 Clocks Per Sample 4 Clocks The I sample...

Page 311: ...iscrete steps are variable with a dependency on the clock rate The skew range decreases as the clock rate is increased and increases as the clock rate is decreased The maximum skew range is reached at...

Page 312: ...Generators User s Guide Digital Signal Interface Module Option 003 004 Clock Timing Figure 10 7 Clock Phase and Skew Adjustments Clock skew adjustment 90 degree phase adjustment Clock Phase adjusted...

Page 313: ...Frequency Reference 1 Refer to the five setup diagrams in Figure 10 3 on page 290 and connect the frequency reference cable according to the clock source 2 If an external clock source is used connect...

Page 314: ...Refer to Figure 10 8 Connect the break out board to the Device Interface connector on the N5102A module 5 Connect the device to the break out board If the Device Interface mating connector is used wi...

Page 315: ...e modulation filter choosing Samples as the data type will send filtered samples to the digital module at the module s clock rate Selecting Pre FIR Samples sends unfiltered but potentially resampled s...

Page 316: ...se a signal generator provides the baseband data the first procedure in operating the interface module is configuring the signal generator using one of the real time or ARB modulation formats or playi...

Page 317: ...module Notice the graphic in the signal generator display showing a setup where the N5102A module is generating its own internal clock signal This graphic changes to reflect the current clock source s...

Page 318: ...eturn Selecting the Data Parameters This procedure guides you through the data setup menu Softkeys that have self explanatory names are generally not mentioned For example the Word Size softkey 1 Refe...

Page 319: ...of the display shows the number of data lines used for both I and Q along with the clock position relative to the data When the port configuration is parallel or parallel interleaved the number of dat...

Page 320: ...ed baseband samples according to the communication standard of the active modulation format This is the preset selection and the one most commonly used However if the device being tested already incor...

Page 321: ...e selected numeric format This can be done for I samples Q samples or both The choice to use negation is dependent on the device being tested and how it needs to receive the data 8 Press the Gain Offs...

Page 322: ...rs The graphic changes to reflect the clock source selection discussed later in this procedure The bottom graphic shows the clock position relative to the data The displayed clock signal will change t...

Page 323: ...clocks per sample The sample rate is viewed on the first level and Data Setup softkey menus 3 Select the clocks per sample value to fit the test 4 Press the Clock Source softkey From this menu select...

Page 324: ...the clock setup menu 9 Press the Clock Skew softkey This provides a fine adjustment for the clock relative to its current phase position The skew is a phase adjustment using increments of time This en...

Page 325: ...2A module Generating Digital Data Press the N5102A Off On softkey to On Digital data is now being transferred through the N5102A module to the device The green status light should be blinking This ind...

Page 326: ...y menu that is accessed by pressing the Aux Fctn key on the front panel of the signal generator Figure 10 16 First Level Softkey Menu All parameters for the N5102A module are set with softkeys on the...

Page 327: ...t Output to Input and press Return Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 10 18 Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 1 Refer to Figure 10 18 Press the Logic Type softkey From this...

Page 328: ...ase can be changed so the clock occurs during the valid portion of the data Figure 10 20 shows the clock setup menu If the device or external clock does not match the frequency one of the following er...

Page 329: ...ified clock rate under the clock setup menu Figure 10 20 Clock Setup Softkey Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration The top graphic on the display shows the current clock source that provides the outp...

Page 330: ...d to the Ext Clock In connector For the Device selection the clock signal is supplied through the Device Interface connector generally by the device being tested If Internal is Selected Using an exter...

Page 331: ...ive to its current phase position The skew is a phase adjustment using increments of time This enables greater skew adjustment capability at higher clock rates For clock rates below 25 MHz this softke...

Page 332: ...key menu graphic For example if the device is the new clock source you will see that the frequency reference is now connected to the DUT and the DUT has an input clock line going to the N5102A module...

Page 333: ...pendent on the test needs and the device under test However if the device being tested already incorporates FIR filters the Pre FIR Samples selection should be used to avoid double filtering Refer to...

Page 334: ...seband generator This is needed to set the filter parameters when Pre FIR Samples is selected as the data type 9 Press the Baseband Setup softkey Use this softkey menu to adjust the I Q scaling and ac...

Page 335: ...ed through power cycles Preset or RST The default Baseband Operating Mode is set to Primary and can only be changed when one or more of the following options are installed BERT and or N5102A will appe...

Page 336: ...any needed actions press Confirm Change to BERT Operating Mode or Return to cancel This confirmation selects the BERT ARB FPGA image All BERT features are fully supported but N5102A is not available i...

Page 337: ...the change 4 After reading the above caution and taking any needed actions press Confirm Change to N5102A Operating Mode or Return to cancel This confirmation selects the N5102A ARB FPGA image All N51...

Page 338: ...Return to cancel This confirmation selects the PXB Input ARB FPGA image All signal generator features are available in this mode except BERT and N5102A functionality For backwards compatibility select...

Page 339: ...digital communications equipment This enables functional and parametric testing of receivers and components including sensitivity and selectivity This feature is available in X Series vector signal ge...

Page 340: ...CLK OUT signal from the X Series baseband modulator Refer to Figure 12 16 for information about these connections Figure 12 1 Clock Gate Function When you use the clock gate function the clock signal...

Page 341: ...y is set to On and the Clock Gate Polarity Neg Pos softkey is set to Neg The clock signal in B part is effective Therefore the bit error rate is measured using the clock and data signals in B part Clo...

Page 342: ...326 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide BERT Option UN7 Bit Error Rate Tester Option UN7 Figure 12 3...

Page 343: ...or detector of UN7 through AUX I O and indicates that the data is delayed from the clock Figure 12 4 CH1 BER TEST OUT pin 17 of AUX I O connector CH2 BER MEAS END pin 15 of AUX I O connector In this e...

Page 344: ...function The clock of the internal error detector was gated by the gate signal which is delayed by two clocks Figure 12 6 shows that CH0 and CH1 are the input of the clock and data from the rear pane...

Page 345: ...bes the operating principles of the triggering function for Option UN7 To see the signal flow of the triggering function refer to Figure 12 7 Figure 12 7 In this example the triggering sequence is whe...

Page 346: ...ronization occurs after receiving a trigger The reference data is generated by stored data bits If the BERT measurement accepts data bits immediately after receiving a trigger set the trigger delay to...

Page 347: ...e BERT analyzer supports only continuous PN sequences Synchronization Immediately after the trigger event the DSP for the BERT measurement tries to establish synchronization using the first incoming b...

Page 348: ...measurement cycle With fail hold selected the fail judgement is retained whenever a failure occurs during one loop of BERT repeat measurements Fail hold mode allows you to determine when a failure occ...

Page 349: ...red in the status register and can be queried Figure 12 13 Testing Signal Definitions T1 is a firmware handling time measured from a Trigger event to the rising edge of a BER MEAS END signal T2 is a f...

Page 350: ...ror rate test BERT function The tests can be performed as part of a daily validation routine or can be used whenever you want to check the validity of your BERT measurements Figure 12 14 BERT Softkeys...

Page 351: ...ty mode The BERT specific configuration is shown here The AUX I O connector configuration is customizable for the applications options being used Figure 12 16 shows the rear panel connectors used for...

Page 352: ...r pin 17 to BER CLK IN BNC connector labeled BB TRIG1 Figure 12 16 Rear Panel Connectors for BERT Configuration 2 Press the Preset hardkey This configures the signal generator to a pre defined state 3...

Page 353: ...ies Signal Generators User s Guide 337 BERT Option UN7 Verifying BERT Operation The Total Bits will count to 10000 Bits default setting and the Error Bits should read 0 Bits See Figure 12 17 Figure 12...

Page 354: ...turn Data PN Sequence More PN9 6 Press Return More More Data Clk Sync Signal Polarity Setup Data Clk Sync Rear Outputs On 7 Press the Aux Fctn hardkey 8 Press Digital Bus Connectivity PXB BERT N5102A...

Page 355: ...0 bits and BER 0 00000000 3 Disconnect the cable connecting the DATA CLK OUT to BER CLK IN connectors Notice the No Clock annunciator in the lower left corner of the display This annunciator turns off...

Page 356: ...340 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide BERT Option UN7 Verifying BERT Operation...

Page 357: ...pter 3 Basic Operation on page 39 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter This feature is available only in Keysight X Series vector signal generators with Option 431 Option 431...

Page 358: ...les you to apply additive white gaussian noise AWGN to a carrier in real time while the modulating waveform plays in the dual ARB waveform player This feature appears in each of the arb formats and as...

Page 359: ...tionship of the values are displayed in the static graphic of ARB Real Time AWGN The Total Noise Power is the Noise Power over the occupied noise bandwidth NBW 1 25 see page 344 see page 344 For the s...

Page 360: ...g Carrier as the power control mode makes the carrier power and C N independent variables while making the total power and total noise power dependent variables The dependent variables total power and...

Page 361: ...described on page 40 Mode Dual ARB Arb Setup Real Time AWGN Setup More Enables diagnostic control of additive noise so that only the noise only the carrier or the sum of both the noise and the carrie...

Page 362: ...eceiver Eb No as the variable controlling the ratio of the carrier power to noise power in the carrier bandwidth When Eb No is selected the second page of the AWGN Setup menu shows the Carrier Bit Rat...

Page 363: ...Set the ARB sample clock to 50 MHz Press ARB Setup ARB Sample Clock 50 MHz 5 Press Real Time AWGN Setup and set the following Carrier to Noise Ratio 30 dB Carrier Bandwidth 40 MHz Noise Bandwidth 45 M...

Page 364: ...the noise a Preset the signal generator b Press Mode More Real Time AWGN c Press Bandwidth 10 MHz 2 Generate the noise Press Real Time AWGN Off On until On highlights During generation the AWGN and I...

Page 365: ...and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter This feature is available only in Keysight X Series vector signal generators with Option 431 Option 431 requires Option 653 or 655 N5172B...

Page 366: ...thin each arb format is the same as for the Dual ARB player Figure 14 1 Stand Alone and Dual ARB Player Real Time Phase Noise Softkeys The end frequency for the flat mid frequency characteristics The...

Page 367: ...tening of the phase noise amplitude from approximately a 3 kHz offset to approximately a 70 kHz offset Close in and far out offsets demonstrate sloping characteristics areas before and after the mid f...

Page 368: ...approximately a 20 dBc Hz slope for each octave of frequency offset The resultant phase noise plot shown on the left has the following settings f1 100 Hz f2 1 kHz Amplitude Lmid 70 dBc The frequency v...

Page 369: ...ue The higher the f2 value the larger the scale which makes this behavior more noticeable at higher frequency settings This becomes apparent when a change in the f1 or f2 value causes little to no cha...

Page 370: ...ff on is the factory default The control for the Dual ARB DAC over range protection feature is located in the key path as shown in Figure 14 3 Figure 14 3 Dual ARB DAC Over Range Protection Softkey Lo...

Page 371: ...660 requires Option 653 or 655 N5172B or Option 656 or 657 N5182B Before using the information in this chapter you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator If you are not c...

Page 372: ...to configure Real Time Fading simulations Figure 15 1 Real Time Fading Softkeys For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 Sets to Pass Through Mode route through the Fading path wi...

Page 373: ...electing Pass Through sets the state of the Real Time Fading simulation to Pass Through route through the Fading path with the Fader having only a latency and scale effect Before Real Time Fading can...

Page 374: ...358 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Real Time Fading Option 660 Using Real Time Fading Softkeys...

Page 375: ...and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter This feature is available only in Keysight X Series vector signal generators with Option 431 Option 431 requires Option 653 or 655 N5172B...

Page 376: ...include configuring single or multicarrier signals Up to 100 carriers can be configured creating waveform files using the signal generator s front panel interface The waveform files when created as ra...

Page 377: ...oftkeys page 362 page 241 page 187 page 391 This softkey changes depending on the selected mode of modulation Available only when Multicarrier is On Available only when Multicarrier is Off page 391 En...

Page 378: ...ypad to change value as required The default initial Symbol Rate maximum range value is dependent upon the modulation standard selected with the Quick Setup softkey When one of these pre defined modul...

Page 379: ...Mod Type Softkeys page 394 page 362 page 364 Mode ARB Custom Modulation Single page 380 Sets the modulation depth for the Amplitude Shift Keying ASK For details on each key use key help as described o...

Page 380: ...ure 16 4 Custom Modulation Formats and Applications Figure 16 5 Store Custom Dig Mod State Softkeys Catalog displays digital modulation DMOD files that have been previously saved page 383 Mode ARB Cus...

Page 381: ...n Figure 16 6 Real Time Custom Modulation Softkeys page 187 For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 page 411 page 366 Opens a menu from which you can set burst shape parameters pa...

Page 382: ...ently selected Press Symbol Rate softkey and use numeric keypad to change value as required The default initial Symbol Rate maximum range value is dependent upon the modulation standard selected with...

Page 383: ...n Figure 16 8 Modulation Type Softkeys page 394 page 366 Mode Real Time Custom Modulation Modulation Setup For details on each key use key help as described on page 40 page 368 These symbol maps utili...

Page 384: ...of the active format transmitted as the data for a custom ARB modulation or real time format User files are not available for signals generated by the dual ARB waveform generator Figure 16 9 Data Sele...

Page 385: ...tion and file name Name indicators as shown in the following figure Figure 16 10 Bit File Display Entering Bit Values Bit data is entered into the table editor in 1 bit format The current hexadecimal...

Page 386: ...re a user file If you have not created a user file complete the steps in the previous section Creating a User File on page 369 1 Press More 1 of 2 Rename Editing Keys Clear Text 2 Enter a file name fo...

Page 387: ...lation Setup Data User File 3 Highlight the file USER1 4 Press Edit File The Bit File Editor opens the file USER1 Modifying an Existing User File In this example you learn how to modify an existing us...

Page 388: ...Figure 16 13 Inverting Bit Values Applying Bit Errors to a User File In this example you learn how to apply bit errors to a user defined data file If you have not created and stored a user defined dat...

Page 389: ...the period of time specified in symbols or bits where the burst decreases from full power 1 to a minimum of 70 dB 0 Rise delay the period of time specified in symbols or bits that the start of the bur...

Page 390: ...with a rise delay of 0 and a fall delay of 1 bit The signal generator firmware computes optimum burst shape based on the settings you ve chosen for modulation You can further optimize burst shape by l...

Page 391: ...mirror them as fall shape values to create a symmetrical burst curve This section teaches you how to perform the following tasks Accessing the Table Editors on page 375 Entering Sample Values on page...

Page 392: ...Press 6 Enter 4 Enter the remaining values for samples 3 through 6 from the table above 5 Press Return Edit Fall Shape Load Mirror Image of Rise Shape Confirm Load Mirror Image Of Rise Shape This cha...

Page 393: ...lowing keys Editing Keys Clear Text 2 Enter a file name for example NEWBURST using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad The maximum file name length is 23 characters alphanumeric and special characte...

Page 394: ...tomized Burst Shape Curves 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode Real Time Custom Modulation Burst Shape Burst Shape Type User File 3 Highlight the desired burst shape file for example NEWBURST 4 Press Select F...

Page 395: ...e 379 Selecting a Predefined EDGE Setup 1 Press Preset 2 In the ARB Custom Modulation menu page 379 press Single Carrier Setup Quick Setup EDGE Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On...

Page 396: ...carrier NADC digital modulation with customized modulation type symbol rate and filtering Figure 16 18 Setting a Digital Modulation Filter This softkey label updates to reflect the current modulation...

Page 397: ...Preset 2 In the ARB Custom Modulation menu page 380 press Single Carrier Setup Quick Setup NADC Modifying the Modulation Type and Symbol Rate 1 In the ARB Custom Modulation menu page 380 press Single...

Page 398: ...in volatile memory The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier For instructions on storing this custom single carrier NADC digital modulation state to the non volatile memory catalog see Storing a...

Page 399: ...ame for example NADCQPSK using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad with a maximum length of 23 characters 4 Press Enter The user defined single carrier digital modulation state is now stored in non...

Page 400: ...DCQPSK 3 Press Select File Return 4 Press Digital Modulation Off On until On is highlighted The instrument regenerates the custom digital modulation waveform in volatile memory After waveform generati...

Page 401: ...In the FLEXTM protocol each of the levels in 4 level FSK represents a 2 bit sequence Create a Continuous 4 Level FSK Signal Use this procedure to create a 4 level FSK signal for adjacent channel test...

Page 402: ...tal radio systems the frequency of the carrier is fixed so only phase and magnitude need to be considered The phase and magnitude of symbols can be represented as a discrete point in the I Q plane I r...

Page 403: ...ily implemented and saved for later recall with the real time I Q baseband generator Figure 16 25 shows that the STAR QAM has 16 states or symbols Four data bits define each symbol Thus the diagram an...

Page 404: ...388 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Custom Digital Modulation Option 431 Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 16 25 STAR QAM Diagram and Table...

Page 405: ...Levels are I or Q values Figure 16 27 shows an 8PSK signal built in two different ways The 8PSK signal in Figure 16 27 utilizes five of the available sixteen I Q values on the left and utilizes four...

Page 406: ...390 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Custom Digital Modulation Option 431 Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 16 28 16QAM I Q Map with Even and Uneven Levels...

Page 407: ...to perform the following tasks Creating a Multicarrier Digital Modulation Setup on page 392 Modifying Carrier Frequency Offset on page 392 Modifying Carrier Power on page 392 Generating the Waveform o...

Page 408: ...tal Modulation Off On This generates a waveform with the custom multicarrier EDGE state created in the previous sections The display changes to Dig Mod Setup Multicarrier Modified During waveform gene...

Page 409: ...Clear Text 3 Enter a file name for example EDGEM1 using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad with a maximum length of 23 characters 4 Press Enter The user defined multicarrier digital modulation sta...

Page 410: ...ts except the desired one at the center of the impulse response Since each symbol causes zero response at all undesired decision points there can be no inter symbol interference ISI The alpha term a d...

Page 411: ...typically have more inter symbol interference than Nyquist filters but their adjacent channel power performance is better for constant amplitude modes like MSK where Nyquist filtering of I and Q is no...

Page 412: ...lter Using the FIR Filter Table Editor Entering the Coefficient Values 1 Press the Return softkey to get to the first page of the table editor 2 Use the cursor to highlight the Value field for coeffic...

Page 413: ...eric keys the numbers are displayed in the active entry area If you make a mistake you can correct it using the backspace key 4 Continue entering the coefficient values from the table in step 1 until...

Page 414: ...wed by the table editor is 1024 The instrument hardware however is actually limited to 32 symbols an oversample ratio between 4 and 16 and 512 coefficients So if you enter more than 32 symbols or 512...

Page 415: ...rs along with the amount of memory available 2 As described in Storing Loading and Playing a Waveform Segment on page 189 name and store this file as FIR_1 The FIR_1 file is the first file name listed...

Page 416: ...7 Memory is also shared by instrument state files and list sweep files This filter can now be used to customize a modulation format or it can be used as a basis for a new filter design Catalog display...

Page 417: ...m user defined FIR files stored in non volatile memory or from one of the default FIR filters Then you can modify the values and store the new files Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 16 38...

Page 418: ...se Response Figure 16 40 Impulse Response Display with Modified Coefficients Refer to Figure 16 40 on page 402 The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool in this case it indicates t...

Page 419: ...fficient 15 6 Press 1 Enter Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters alphanumeric and special characters 1 Press Return Load Store Store To File 2 Name the file NEWFI...

Page 420: ...ane using two distinct values 1 000000 and 1 000000 The following illustration shows the 4QAM modulation in the I Q Values table editor The following illustration shows a 4QAM modulation I Q State Map...

Page 421: ...e Map illustrations show all of the possible state transitions using a particular symbol table offset value The actual state to state transition would depend upon the state in which the modulation had...

Page 422: ...e offsets will result in one of the transitions as shown Data Value 00000001 transition 1 state backward with Symbol Table Offset 1 Data Value 00000010 transition 2 states forward with Symbol Table Of...

Page 423: ...Encoding The signal generator s Differential State Map table editor enables you to modify the differential state map associated with user defined I Q and user defined FSK modulations In this procedure...

Page 424: ...lues 1 000000 and 1 000000 These 4 symbols will be traversed during the modulation process by the symbol table offset values associated with each symbol of data Refer to Figure 16 41 Figure 16 41 Acce...

Page 425: ...a data value of 11 is modulated Applying Custom Differential Encoding Press Return Differential Encoding Off On This applies the custom differential encoding to a user defined modulation At this point...

Page 426: ...410 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Custom Digital Modulation Option 431 Differential Encoding...

Page 427: ...ld be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency refer to Basic Operation on page 39 and familiar...

Page 428: ...age 414 Viewing a Two Tone Waveform on page 414 Minimizing Carrier Feedthrough on page 415 Changing the Alignment of a Two Tone Waveform on page 416 Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform Using the Mult...

Page 429: ...ngs Parameters on page 197 Two Tone Modulation Softkeys For more information about two tone waveform characteristics and the two tone standard download Application Note 1410 from our website by going...

Page 430: ...steps have been completed Notice that the T TONE I Q annunciators are displayed the RF ON MOD ON are on and the parameter settings for the signal are shown in the status area of the signal generator d...

Page 431: ...s Before beginning this procedure it is important that a recent I Q calibration has been performed on the instrument The procedure for performing an I Q calibration refer to I Q Calibration on page 25...

Page 432: ...used to measure the IMD products generated by a device under test Note that carrier feedthrough changes with time and temperature Therefore you will need to periodically readjust your I and Q offsets...

Page 433: ...ure 17 4 Whenever a change is made to a setting while the two tone generator is operating Two Tone Off On set to On you must apply the change by pressing the Apply Settings softkey before the updated...

Page 434: ...ress Freq Spacing 20 kHz page 419 page 418 This softkey is active if changes have been made to the current Multitone waveform in the table editor The softkey must be pressed to apply those changes pag...

Page 435: ...he tone in row 2 4 Press Edit Item 123 deg Removing a Tone 1 Highlight the value On in the State column for the tone in row 4 2 Press Toggle State Generating the Waveform Press Return Multitone Off On...

Page 436: ...example you learn how to store a multitone waveform If you have not created a multitone waveform complete the steps in the previous section Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform on page 412 1 Press Loa...

Page 437: ...ne Waveform on page 412 and Storing a Multitone Waveform on page 420 then preset the signal generator to clear the stored multitone waveform from volatile ARB memory 1 Press Mode Multitone 2 Press Loa...

Page 438: ...422 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Multitone and Two Tone Waveforms Option 430 Using Multitone Modulation...

Page 439: ...correct List Sweep Dwell Time List Sweep Information is Missing from a Recalled Register Amplitude Does Not Change in List or Step Sweep Internal Media Data Storage on page 430 Instrument State Saved...

Page 440: ...ument begins to use it can cause the screen to go black Cycle instrument power Signal Generator Lock Up Ensure that the signal generator is not in remote mode the R annunciator shows on the display To...

Page 441: ...ator is on the I Q annunciator displays If using an external modulation source ensure that the external source is on and that it is operating within the signal generator s specified limits RF Output P...

Page 442: ...fference between the LO feedthrough and the RF carrier is less than the ALC bandwidth the LO s reverse power can amplitude modulate the signal generator s RF output The rate of the undesired AM equals...

Page 443: ...arrives at the internal detector Depending on frequency it is possible for most of this LO feedthrough energy to enter the detector Because the detector responds to its total input power regardless o...

Page 444: ...inal configuration the ALC level is 10 dB higher while the attenuator reduces the LO feedthrough and the signal generator s RF output by 10 dB Using the attenuated configuration the detector is expose...

Page 445: ...oint trigger is blocking the sweep 5 Set the dwell time to one second to determine if the dwell time was set to a value that was too slow or too fast to see 6 Ensure that you set at least two points i...

Page 446: ...rking with Instrument State Files on page 62 USB Media Data Storage Instrument Recognizes USB Media Connection but Does Not Display Files If the USB media works on other instruments or computers it ma...

Page 447: ...indicate that an error has been detected by the instrument s execution control block Errors in this class set the execution error bit bit 4 in the event status register IEEE 488 2 section 11 5 1 In th...

Page 448: ...est is also available by via the remote web interface For more information on the Web Enabled MXG refer to the Programming Guide Set all display pixels to the selected color To return to normal operat...

Page 449: ...Opens a table in which user selects specific tests and view details in Test Editor display Utility Instrument Info Displays detailed information of highlighted test Refer to page 40 Executes highligh...

Page 450: ...trument s time or date may have been reset backward more than approximately 25 hours causing the instrument to ignore time based licenses See page 29 for details and cautions on setting time and date...

Page 451: ...as much information as possible regarding the signal generator s problem 2 Call the phone number listed on the Internet http www keysight com find assist that is specific to your geographic location I...

Page 452: ...436 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Troubleshooting Contacting Keysight Technologies...

Page 453: ...ribed below The document includes the following topics Security Terms and Definitions Instrument Memory Types Memory Clearing and Sanitization Erase All Erase and Sanitize All functions requires Optio...

Page 454: ...he current configuration via the front panel When Secure Display is active the display is blank except for an advisory message as shown in Figure 19 1 below All front panel keys are disabled To set Se...

Page 455: ...play mode all frequency information is hidden and the front panel frequency control is disabled To set Restricted Display perform the following key presses Utility Display More Activate Restricted Dis...

Page 456: ...440 Keysight EXG and MXG X Series Signal Generators User s Guide Working in a Secure Environment Using Restricted Display...

Page 457: ...coaxial cable C CCW Counterclockwise C N Carrier to noise ratio CW Continuous wave Clockwise D DHCP Dynamic host communication protocol Dwell Time In a step sweep see page 47 the time that the signal...

Page 458: ...t parallel bus common on test equipment H Hard key A labeled button on the instrument I IF Intermediate frequency Int Media Internal media Nonvolatile signal generator memory where waveform files are...

Page 459: ...impulse response rings at the symbol rate Adjacent symbols do not interfere with each other at the symbol times because the response equals zero at all symbol times except the center desired one Root...

Page 460: ...cient values Each line in the FIR values table contains one coefficient value The number of coefficient values listed must be a multiple of the selected oversampling ratio Each coefficient applies to...

Page 461: ...dditive white Gaussian noise See AWGN address GPIB 31 Adjust Phase softkey 43 45 Adjustable doublet softkey 170 adjustments I Q 182 249 quadrature 249 real time phase noise 353 advance segment 222 Adv...

Page 462: ...ess softkey 27 Buffered Trig softkey 220 Build New Waveform Sequence softkey 192 216 Burst Envelope softkey 246 Bus softkey 46 C C N 441 C4FM softkey 363 367 368 369 370 371 372 375 cables crossover 3...

Page 463: ...3 D DAC over range error 236 241 DAC over range protection baseband frequency offset 243 phase noise 354 Dark Color softkey 27 data entry softkeys 41 erasing 437 files 56 to 62 removing 437 serial sy...

Page 464: ...ital modulation predefined 379 EDGE softkey 362 366 Edit softkeys Description 197 Noise RMS Override 197 Repetitions 216 RMS 197 Selected Waveform Sequence 192 216 Editing Keys softkey 41 Editing Mode...

Page 465: ...steps 295 Free Run softkey 46 110 220 Free Run softkey 170 Freq Dev softkey 363 367 368 369 370 371 372 375 FREQ hardkey 43 45 Freq softkeys 83 frequency display area 9 hardkey 7 8 43 45 LF output 166...

Page 466: ...lection 307 314 internal media 67 Internal Storage to USB softkey 62 Internal USB Storage Selection softkey 57 interpolator filter 236 IP Address softkey 32 address setting 32 auto 32 definition 442 I...

Page 467: ...imultaneous 55 troubleshooting 425 Modulator Atten softkey 348 module user interface location 300 310 monochrome display setting 27 Monochrome softkey 27 MSK softkey 363 367 368 369 370 371 372 375 MU...

Page 468: ...ming 291 interleaved data clock timing 293 sample rates 288 parameters saving a waveform s 197 path delay 182 PATT TRIG IN connector 16 Patt Trig In softkeys 221 PDC softkey 362 366 peak to average po...

Page 469: ...Real Time Fading Option 660 356 real time modulation Dual ARB 263 real time modulation filter softkey 263 rear panel I Q outputs 247 overview n5161a 12 21 n5162a 12 21 n5181a 12 21 n5182a 12 21 Recal...

Page 470: ...rm 192 serial clock and sample rates 287 clock timing 294 serial data synchronizing 17 server enabling 32 service guide content xv Keysight offices 435 request annunciator 10 Set Marker softkeys 208 s...

Page 471: ...softkeys 413 two tone softkeys 413 two tone waveform setup 412 type modulation 442 U unfiltered filtered samples 304 317 UNLEVEL annunciator 10 unleveled operation 102 UNLOCK annunciator 10 Unspecifie...

Page 472: ...ys Licenses 37 Runtime Scaling 235 Segments 189 Sequences 192 216 Utilities 235 Waveform 46 49 waveforms clipping 226 file headers 197 from digital baseband waveform 236 in a sweep 51 license 37 marke...

Page 473: ...This information is subject to change without notice Keysight Technologies 2012 2018 Edition 1 August 2018 N5180 90056 www keysight com...

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