Concepts and features
R&S
®
ZND
140
User Manual 1173.9557.02 ─ 61
first (or only) data line of a data block is a frequency value. The complex network
parameter data is formatted as pairs of values. The following general rules apply
●
Individual entries in a network data line are separated by whitespace
●
In version 1.1 files, no more than four parameters are allowed per network data
line. No restriction exists on the number of data pairs on a line in version 2.0 files.
●
The network data blocks are arranged in ascending order of frequency
For segmented sweeps, the R&S
ZND makes an exception to the strict "ascending
order" principle. During export, the segments are always kept together, which can
result in downward "frequency jumps" at segment borders.
Data arrangement
During export, for each block the R&S
ZND arranges the frequency value f and net-
work parameter data (
Nij
)
1≤i,j≤n
as described in the Touchstone 1.1 standard.
●
n = 1
f N11
●
n = 2
f N11 N21 N12 N22
●
n = 3, 4
f N11 N12 N13
N21 N22 N13
N31 N32 N33
Similar matrix arrangement for n=4.
●
n > 4
For n > 4, the "max. four parameters per data line" restriction applies. It is over-
come by wrapping the matrix row at multiples of four network parameter values.
For n = 9 this logic results in the following arrangement:
f N11 N12 N13 N14
N15 N16 N17 N18
N19
N21 ...
N95 N96 N97 N98
N99
The data blocks are arranged in ascending order of frequency.
Data format
Frequencies are represented as single positive numbers, network parameter data as
pairs of numbers. The
<frequency unit>
and
<data format>
are specified in the
. Numbers can be represented as decimal integers or floating point num-
bers, with "." used as decimal separator. Scientific notation is allowed (e.g.,
1.2345e-12
). No minimum or maximum limits are placed on numerical precision.
For Touchstone export, the R&S
ZND uses the normalized scientific notation, with a
significand (mantissa) of length 17 (+1 for the minus sign) and an exponent with maxi-
mum length 2 (+1 for the minus sign).
Operations on traces
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