Dakota MAX II Operation Manual Download Page 121

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MAX II

Bolt Tension Monitor

113

Note:

Select a name that references this group to

Field Calibration Data

1) Press the

MENU

key once to activate the menu items tab. Press the

MENU

key multiple times to tab right, and the

ESC

key multiple times to tab left,

until the

DATA

menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items.

Alternatively, press the

LEFT

and

RIGHT

arrow keys multiple times

using the left button wheel.

2) Press the

and

DOWN

arrow keys multiple times using the left

button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until

NEW

is highlighted.

3) Press the

ENTER

key to display the

New Group Edit Box

4) Press the

and

DOWN

arrow keys multiple times using the left

button wheel to scroll through the new

Group List Items

until

NAME

highlighted.

5) Press the

ENTER

key to activate the

Alpha Edit Box

Summary of Contents for MAX II

Page 1: ...OPERATION MANUAL DAKOTA ULTRASONICS MAX II Ultrasonic Bolt Tension Monitor P N P 197 0002 Rev 1 0 June 2015 ...

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Page 3: ... 4 CREATING A NEW GROUP TO STORE MEASUREMENTS 12 3 5 SETTING THE APPROXIMATE LENGTH 19 3 6 MEASURING REFERENCE LENGTHS 22 3 7 MEASURING ELONGATIONS 23 CHAPTER FOUR KEYBOARD MENU CONNECTOR REFERENCE 25 4 1 MENU KEY OPERATION SUB MENUS 25 4 2 CAL MENU 27 4 3 MATL MATERIAL MENU 27 4 4 GEOM GEOMETRY MENU 28 4 5 DISP DISPLAY MENU 29 4 6 TUNE MENU 30 4 7 GATES MENU 30 4 8 AUTO MENU 31 4 9 SETUP MENU 32 ...

Page 4: ...ION 40 5 1 ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF BOLTS 40 5 2 FEATURES OF THE MAX II 40 5 3 ULTRASONIC WAVES 41 5 4 MEASUREMENT MODES 41 CHAPTER SIX BOLT PREPARATION 43 6 1 USE OF ULTRASONIC COUPLANT 43 6 2 TRANSDUCER CONTACT REQUIREMENTS 43 6 3 BOLT END REFLECTORS 45 CHAPTER SEVEN TRANSDUCER SELECTION 47 7 1 SELECTING THE TRANSDUCER 47 CHAPTER EIGHT MEASURING SYSTEM ZERO CALIBRATION 48 8 1 INTRODUCTION 48 8 ...

Page 5: ...NTITIES OF MEASUREMENT 127 12 2 DISPLAY VIEW OPTIONS 128 12 3 ADJUSTING THE DISPLAY 134 12 4 GAIN 139 12 5 GATES 143 12 6 THRESHOLDS 146 12 7 INTERPRETING THE WAVEFORM 149 12 8 MANUALLY LOCATING THE ECHO 151 12 9 AUTOMATIC ECHO OPTIMIZATION 153 12 10 UNLOADED LENGTH AND ELONGATION MEASUREMENTS 156 CHAPTER THIRTEEN ADDITIONAL FEATURES 157 13 1 QUALITY CORRELATION TRANSDUCER PLACEMENT 157 13 2 BRIGH...

Page 6: ...14 8 CLOSING AN ACTIVE FILE CLOSE 190 CHAPTER FIFTEEN SETUPS CREATE STORE EDIT RECALL 191 15 1 INTRODUCTION TO SETUPS 191 15 2 OPENING A SETUP 191 15 3 SAVING A SETUP 192 15 4 DELETING A SAVED SETUP 195 15 5 USING THE DEFAULT SETUP 197 15 6 SELECTING A LANGUAGE 198 CHAPTER SIXTEEN SOFTWARE FILE TRANSFER UPGRADES 200 16 1 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 200 16 2 INSTALLING DAKVIEW 200 16 3 COMMUNICATI...

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Page 9: ...chanical methods and the MAX II are complimentary and used in conjunction Dakota Ultrasonics maintains a customer support resource in order to assist users with questions or difficulties not covered in this manual Customer support may be reached at any of the following Dakota Ultrasonics Corporation 1500 Green Hills Road 107 Scotts Valley CA 95066 USA Telephone 831 431 9722 Facsimile 831 431 9723 ...

Page 10: ...eath 1 3 Warranty The Dakota Ultrasonics MAX II carries a two year limited warranty The warranty only applies to MAX II units being operated as described in this manual Software and hardware failures of the unit will be repaired or replaced at Dakota Ultrasonics discretion Dakota Ultrasonics will not be held liable for any damage caused interruption of business loss of profits etc resulting from s...

Page 11: ... a new user careful consideration of this entire manual is highly recommended 2 2 New to fastener measurement Assuming you are familiar with ultrasonics but unfamiliar with fastener measurement the chapters on transducer selection and the theory of operation can be skipped entirely The MAX II measures load on the fastener by measuring the amount the fastener stretches As load is applied to the fas...

Page 12: ... the screens you ll be looking at most often A Repeatability Stability Indicator Indicates the reliability of the measured bolt length When all the vertical bars are fully illuminated and the last digit on the digital thickness value is stable the MAX II is reliably measuring the same value on a consistent basis B Battery Icon Indicates the amount of battery life the MAX II has remaining C Tempera...

Page 13: ... the ESC key backwards to the next hot menu item Alternatively the UP DOWN LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys on the left button wheel can be used to either scroll through the sub menu items or advance to the next HOT MENU items list There are 4 HOT MENU lists that contain the most commonly adjusted items from the tabbed menus and in the same order as the tabbed menus Note Some of the lists contain multipl...

Page 14: ...m each of the top level menus They can be quickly accessed from the main measurement screen by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel and pressing the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to select the appropriate submenu item Refer to Chapter Four for additional definitions and information on the keypad and menu items 1st Main Hot Menu Additio...

Page 15: ...DATA UTILS XFER NEW TEMP MODE BACKUP SETUPS EDIT ALARM COPY DATA OPEN ALARM LOW COPY SCREENS CLOSE ALARM HIGH UPGRADE GAUGE DELETE ONE FILE ANALOG OUTPUT CAPTURE TO FILE DELETE ALL DATA KEY CLICK STORAGE SET DATE ABOUT SUMMARY SHOW DATE ...

Page 16: ...d plug the lemo connector into the gauge 3 If a temperature sensor is being used connect the sensor to the MAX II 3 3 Setting up the MAX II Please Read In this section the MAX II will be setup in its simplest form Remember this is only a quick start guide to get the user up and measuring bolts Before we setup the gauge to measure basic elongation the following assumptions must be made A preset mat...

Page 17: ...ple times using the left button wheel 3 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until OPEN is highlighted 4 Press the ENTER key to display the list of setups 5 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the setup list until the QUICK START setup is highlighted 6 Press the ENTER...

Page 18: ... by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the tabbed menus 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the sub menu items until UNITS is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll through the unit options IN inches IN HR inches hi resolution MM millimeters and MM HR millimeters...

Page 19: ...Example 2 0080 physical loaded length 2 0000 physical unloaded length 0 0080 Length which is equivalent to 2 1080 ultrasonic loaded length 2 1000 ultrasonic unloaded length 0 0080 Length 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until TYPE is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the list material types 3 Press the UP ...

Page 20: ...ey multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DATA menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the MENU key once followed by pressing the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the tabbed menus Note Pressing the key will automatically open the DATA tabbed menu 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow ke...

Page 21: ...t field of the Group Name 8 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 9 Repeat steps 6 8 until the Group Name is completed 10 Press the OK key to save the Group Name and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the Group Name Creating a Group Note 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until NOTE...

Page 22: ...to select a character and advance to the next field of the Group Note 5 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 6 Repeat steps 3 5 until the Group Note is completed 7 Press the OK key to save the Group Note and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the Group Note Selecting the Number of Bolts in the Group Note A group can contain up to 250 bolts There must be at least 1 b...

Page 23: ... 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the NUM BOLTS value is correctly displayed 6 Press the OK key to save the NUM BOLTS and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the NUM BOLTS Note If a number greater than 250 is entered an error message box VALUE IS OUT OF RANGE will be displayed 7 Press the OK key to display the Digits Edit Box and re enter the NUM BOLTS 8 Press the OK key to save ...

Page 24: ...5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the NUM READS value is correctly displayed 6 Press the OK key to save the NUM READS and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the NUM READS Note If a number less than 1 or greater than 51 is entered an error message box VALUE IS OUT OF RANGE will be displayed 7 Press the OK key to display the Digits Edit Box and re enter the NUM READS 8 Press the OK...

Page 25: ...iple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until START BOLT NUM is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 3 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the digit locations 5 Repeat...

Page 26: ... START BOLT NUM Selecting the Auto Increment Direction The Auto Increment feature gives the user the ability to specify which direction to advance the cursor after storing a reading 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until INCR DIR is highlighted 2 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left...

Page 27: ...u 4 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen to begin measuring reference lengths 3 5 Setting the Approximate Length In order to utilize the AUTO SET feature of the MAX II when measuring reference lengths the MAX II has to know where to start looking for the detection We can accomplish this by entering an approximate length into the gauge The MAX II will automatically take the value ...

Page 28: ...s using the left button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the digit locations 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the ALEN value is correctly displayed 6 Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen or ESC to cancel entering the ALEN The user can also access and set the approximate length from the tabbed me...

Page 29: ...croll through the sub menu items until APPROX LEN is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 5 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the digit locations 6 Repeat steps 4 5 until the Approx Len value is correctly di...

Page 30: ... to move up until the LOG cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel Note Pressing the key will automatically open the Group View Box 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Group View Box 3 Press the UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT arrow keys using the left button wheel to scroll the target cell cursor to the desired storage location Note The app...

Page 31: ...ible This will help to avoid transducer placement errors 5 Press the AUTO SET key located in the bottom left corner of the keypad to locate the detection point or end of the bolt 6 Press the ENTER key to save the current approximate length in the highlighted cell location Note If the measurement was saved in error press the CLR key at anytime to clear the stored reading and re measure using the st...

Page 32: ...rsor to the desired storage location Note Elongation values must be stored in column B ZZ Note Do not press the AUTO SET key while measuring elongation s as this activates a high speed mode used specifically with our shut off box The AUTO SET feature is only used when measuring reference lengths If the AUTO SET key is accidentally pressed press it again to turn the high speed mode off 2 Press the ...

Page 33: ...1 menu tab groups These tab groups then contain sub menu items or functions The sub menu items have been organized in tab groups according to how closely they are related to the individual tab group names Let s first get familiar with how to move around in these tabs before continuing on to the sub menu functions This procedure is outlined below ...

Page 34: ...miliar with activating and moving amongst the tab groups let s have a look at how to move around in the sub menu items as follows Getting Around in the Sub Menu Items 1 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until the desired function is highlighted The sub menu items are illustrated in the diagram above B 2 Depending on which function is highl...

Page 35: ... above this function displays and calculates the actual measurement screen containing the known physical length velocity and temperature coefficient of the calibration standard versus the ultrasonic length Refer to page 48 for a further explanation LOAD CAL MODE Enables and disables the field calibration feature of the MAX II This is used to compare known and ultrasonic loads Refer to page 111 for...

Page 36: ...ient of the selected material is stored in this sub menu item and can be edited by the user if necessary Refer to page 106 for further info 4 4 GEOM geometry Menu QUANTITY Selectable units of measure in terms of TIME ELONGATION LOAD STRESS and STRAIN Refer to page 127 for further info LOAD FACTOR The conversion factor from elongation to Load This value is typically determined by performing a field...

Page 37: ...on Refer to page 158 for further info DIM Allows the user to conserve battery life by diming the display after idle for a specific amount of time OFF 30 60 90 120 seconds Once dimmed a single press of any key will restore the screen brightness Refer to page 160 for further info DELAY Provides the user the ability to change where the left side of the display window starts according to time which is...

Page 38: ...e 171 for a further explanation PULSER VOLTAGE Adjustable voltage of 100 400 volts depending on the pulser option selected The standard setting is 150 volts This enables the MAX II to offer greater penetration for difficult material types or increased resolution on noisy materials Refer to page 163 for a further explanation DAMPING Provides the user with multiple input impedances to match the impe...

Page 39: ... the user with the ability to delay the starting point of Gate3 a specific distance from the first detection point found inside of the boundaries of the Gate 2 settings If no detection is found the Gate2 width value is used as a starting value for Gate3 Refer to page 143 for further info THRESHOLD3 Enables the user to set the sensitivity level of Gate3 The amplitude of the signal must reach or exc...

Page 40: ...user the ability to select different languages for the MAX II Refer to page 198 for further info 4 10 DATA Menu NEW Allows the user the ability to create a new alpha numeric grid or sequential log file with auto identifiers It is equipped with custom parameters rows and columns depending on the user s application reporting requirements Refer to page 177 for further info EDIT Gives the user the abi...

Page 41: ...her info ALARM Toggles alarm mode on off or audible Refer to page 168 for further info ALARM Toggles alarm mode on off or audible Refer to page 168 for further info ALARM LOW Gives the user the ability to set the LO limit parameter If the measurement falls below this value a red light will illuminate and sound the internal beeper Refer to page 168 for further info ALARM HIGH Gives the user the abi...

Page 42: ...vice being used to store data located in the XFER menu Refer to page 202 for further info CAPTURE TO FILE Enables the user the ability to enable screen captures to tiff files and used in conjunction with the FREEZE key Refer to page 174 for further info UPGRADE GAUGE Enables the user the ability to upgrade the MAX II to the most current firmware revision Refer to page 173 for further info STORAGE ...

Page 43: ... set all the scope parameters of the MAX II 4 17 DATA Key The DATA key opens the tabbed data menu allowing a user to efficiently create a new group file of bolts for storage 4 18 STORE Key The STORE key displays the current group opened in split screen mode If no group file is currently open pressing this key will open the tabbed data menu in order create a new or open an existing group file for s...

Page 44: ...The ESC key is used in the MENU MEAS and EDIT functions as a back or escape function If the MAX II is displaying a group file the OK key toggles the display view options Digits RF RECT views 4 23 Wheel Keys The Wheel Keys are used to navigate through the menus increase decrease values and toggle specific function keys 4 24 ENTER key The ENTER key is used in the overall menu selection process to ac...

Page 45: ...avigate and make adjustments as follows Navigating Hot Menus 1 Using the left button wheel press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to scroll through the 4 individual Hot Menus and the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the Hot Menu items Alternatively the MEAS ESC keys can be used to scroll through the Hot Menu items 2 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times on the right button wheel ...

Page 46: ...e of the unit in a standalone battery charger USB Type B Connector Refer to Diagram The USB connector is a common type B connector found on a variety of electronic devices This port will be used to transfer stored grid log files captured screen shots etc This connector will also be used to upgrade the MAX II with the latest version of firmware gauge software The cable supplied with the MAX II is U...

Page 47: ...to use this feature and is not included in the standard kit Analog Output LEMO 1 5 pin Refer to Diagram One of the pins in the RS 232 connector is dedicated to high speed analog out 0 10 volts This can be terminated to a number of connectors BNC most common and connected to a chart recording device to plot a curve as the fastener is tightened Power Connector LEMO 1 2 pin Refer to Diagram The Lemo ...

Page 48: ...Send a pulse of energy toward an object in this case the opposite or reflecting end of the fastener and then measure the time between the initial pulse and the returning echo While the concept is comparatively simple and ultrasonic measurement can produce astoundingly accurate results the selection of the optimum bolt and transducer and their coupling can be difficult The MAX II minimizes these di...

Page 49: ... metal with higher resistance to sound transmission attenuation While the lower frequency has more penetration power it also produces more unwanted noise Low frequency energy tends to spread much like an unfocussed beam of light When low frequency energy is introduced at the end of a bolt a significant portion is bounced from side to side within the cylindrical shape producing a noisy and distorte...

Page 50: ... are required generally not suitable for long fasteners applications Echo Echo Verify Mode E EV Multi echo mode that measures from the first to the second return echo and from the second to the third return echo then compares the measurements to verify they are the same Like the E E mode can slightly improve transducer placement errors coated fasteners and coated fasteners with changes in temperat...

Page 51: ...ansducer and the end of the bolt will prevent the sonic energy from crossing The gap must be filled with a suitable coupling fluid Normally a liquid ultrasonic couplant is applied between the transducer and the bolt Since liquid has sonic impedance closer to the transducer and bolt material than air it forms a continuous path for the outgoing pulse and the returning echo Many liquids can serve as ...

Page 52: ... transmitted toward the side wall and reflect along the bolt yielding poor signal quality and possible measurement errors Avoid alignment errors exceeding 2 degrees Figure 2 Rough and angled transducer contact Rusted dirty or thick paint covered bolt ends These coatings prevent sonic energy from traveling between the transducer and the bolt Very thin coating or plating is acceptable Bolt ends with...

Page 53: ...es can cause significant errors Avoid Rough reflecting bolt ends As shown in Figure 4 if the reflecting end of the bolt is rough or curved most of the reflected energy will be dispersed and a weak or distorted echo will be received Reflecting bolt ends not perpendicular to the axis of the bolt Sonic energy will be reflected toward the sidewall of the bolt as shown in Figure 5 Nonperpendicular refl...

Page 54: ...Dakota Ultrasonics 46 Figure 6 Reflection in a bending bolt ...

Page 55: ...cting the proper frequency the following items should be taken into consideration Higher frequencies are typically a better choice when measuring smaller diameter bolts as the sound is better focused resulting in less beam spread and more directivity Lower frequencies are more forgiving of potential bending and attenuative materials This is primarily due to the longer wavelength avoiding smearing ...

Page 56: ...tem Since every zeroed MAX II makes the same time measurement the systems give the same result and are interchangeable System Zeroing is only required if More than one MAX II or transducer will be used while measuring a set of bolts If the same MAX II and transducer are used the amount of the delay is constant If unloaded length measurements were made with one MAX II and the load measurements were...

Page 57: ...ng a Group to Document Zero Calibration data The first step is to setup a group to document our probe zero data By doing this all the values and settings will be saved to the cell location for easy recall at a later time This will allow the user to easily verify the zero value and make any necessary changes to the MAX II by adjusting the zero value or temperature depending on the circumstances or ...

Page 58: ... until NAME is highlighted 5 Press the ENTER key to activate the Alpha Edit Box 6 Press the UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT arrow keys using the left and right button wheel to highlight the appropriate alpha characters 7 Press the ENTER key to select a character and advance to the next field of the Group Name 8 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 9 Repeat steps 6 8 until the Group Name is completed 10 Pr...

Page 59: ...NTER key to activate the Alpha Edit Box 3 Press the UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT arrow keys using the left or right button wheel to highlight the appropriate alpha characters 4 Press the ENTER key to select a character and advance to the next field of the Group Note 5 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 6 Repeat steps 3 through 5 until the Group Note is completed 7 Press the OK key to save the Group N...

Page 60: ... keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until NUM BOLTS is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 3 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the d...

Page 61: ...ting all 51 measurements locations 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until NUM READS is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 3 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys mul...

Page 62: ...o create the group an error message box NOT ENOUGH MEMORY will be displayed Press the OK or ESC key to return to the Group List Items menu It may be necessary to free some memory in the MAX II at this time Selecting the Starting Bolt Number Note Depending on the application and layout of the project the user won t always want the starting bolt to be 1 This feature allows the user to define what th...

Page 63: ...he OK key to save the START BOLT NUM and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the START BOLT NUM 7 Press the OK key to display the Digits Edit Box and re enter the START BOLT NUM 8 Press the OK key to save the START BOLT NUM and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the START BOLT NUM Selecting the Auto Increment Direction The Auto Increment feature...

Page 64: ...of saving or canceling the new group 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until CREATE NEW GROUP is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to accept the group parameters and activate the confirmation screen 3 Press the OK key to save the New Group or the ESC key to cancel the New Group setup and return to the DATA menu ...

Page 65: ...e end of the calibration standard first Since the calibration standards are cylindrical they can sometimes create substantial sidewall noise based on the the length transducer size and frequency Moving the transducer to the edge of the cylinder will often times eliminate the noise by shooting down the edge of the standard and allowing the MAX II to acquire a reasonable signal Now that the bolt gro...

Page 66: ...e probe zero calibration 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until MEASURE ZERO is highlighted 5 Press the ENTER key to display the One Point Zero list box 6 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the One Point Zero list until PHY LENGTH is highlighted Note PHY LENG...

Page 67: ...ow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 14 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 15 Repeat steps 13 14 until the TEMP COEF value is correctly displayed 16 Press the OK key to return to the One Point Zero list or ESC to cancel entering the TEMP COEF Note The TEMP COEF ...

Page 68: ...reen 19 Press the key to automatically adjust the settings and measure the calibration standard 20 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the hot menu items until ACCEPT CAL is highlighted 21 Press the ENTER key to accept the calibration and return to the One Point Zero list or ESC to cancel the calibration 22 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple...

Page 69: ... during the calibration process and temperature coefficient must be set to the same values as in the calibration section Additionally the Stress Factor must be set to 1 000 24 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until VELOCITY is highlighted 25 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 26 Press the UP and DOWN ar...

Page 70: ... screen set up a new bolt group and begin taking measurements 8 5 Using a Standard Bolt Using any fastener that provides a good ultrasonic echo with both ends ground and polished can make a simple and effective calibration standard The primary objective is to verify a zero value prior to measuring to avoid measurement errors if the MAX II transducer or cable is replaced While this sounds like an e...

Page 71: ...on wheel to scroll the tabbed menus 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until TYPE is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the list of material types 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the material list until the appropriate material is highlighted 5 P...

Page 72: ...tems Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the tabbed menus 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until ZERO MODE is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the zero mode options until the FIXED...

Page 73: ... DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the bolt material types until the appropriate bolt type is highlighted 8 Press the ENTER key to display the confirmation screen 9 Press the OK key to select the bolt type and return to the menu screen or press ESC to cancel the bolt type selection 10 The new bolt type selected will be displayed to the right of the sub me...

Page 74: ... MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the AUTO menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the tabbed menus 15 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until APROX LEN...

Page 75: ...e sub menu items until AUTO SET is highlighted Note Both the Approximate Length and Auto Set feature could have also been set and activated using the Hot Menu Items and Keypad Auto Set button as well However since we are already in the Tab Menu Items it was just as easy as returning to the Hot Menu Items screen 22 Apply a drop of couplant to the bolt or transducer and attach it to one end of the b...

Page 76: ...THE TRANSDUCER FROM THE BOLT Now that we ve gathered all the data for the probe zero bolt we need to document it as outlined in the next section Storing the Reference Length 1 Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items Press the MEAS key multiple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the LOG cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys...

Page 77: ...I use the Calc Zero feature versus adjusting the Temperature and why The only time the Calc Zero feature should be used is when a different MAX II transducer or transducer cable is being used other than the one initially used to obtain the probe zero data for the probe zero calibration bolt In this case calculating the probe zero value forces the new hardware to match with the original If the hard...

Page 78: ...eys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until ZERO OPTION is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the zero mode options until ONE POINT is displayed Note Each time the arrow keys are pressed a confirmation screen will appear to warn the user that the zero mode is being changed Press the O...

Page 79: ...of the bolt that was documented and stored in the previous section We will consider this ultrasonic length to be the actual physical length from this point forward Reminder It was stored in the first column of the probe zero group 8 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 9 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple tim...

Page 80: ...own and scribed on the side of the bolt and is the velocity used for the probe zero bolt 14 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 15 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 16 Repeat steps 14 15 until the VELOCITY value is correctly displayed 17 ...

Page 81: ...rrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 21 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 22 Repeat steps 20 21 until the TEMP COEF value is correctly displayed 23 Press the OK key to return to the One Point Zero List or ESC to cancel entering the TEMP COEF value 24 Press th...

Page 82: ...ulate change and display the new velocity and zero values or ESC to cancel the calibration Note If ENTER was pressed to calculate the new values pressing the ESC key once will display the CAL menu items to review the new ZERO value calculated 31 Finally press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin taking readings Typically when the zero value is off and the hardware has not cha...

Page 83: ...on assumes that a group CAL DATA has been created and opened active as outlined in section 8 3 1 Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items Press the MEAS key multiple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the LOG cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel Note Pressing the key will immediat...

Page 84: ...nd the ESC key multiple times to move up until the TEMP cell is highlighted Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 6 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the TEMP value 7 Continue to scroll the temp value until the elongation reads 0 0000 When the value is at 0 0000 the MAX II is officially z...

Page 85: ...demonstrate linearity the triple sided glass block has a third reference point The glass block has a 1 2 3 reference Generally the user will set up the two point calibration on the 1 3 sides first and use the 2 side for additional verification purposes This section explains the procedure for using the factory calibration bars and glass block as a means of probe zeroing the MAX II The first step is...

Page 86: ...til the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until ZERO MODE is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the ...

Page 87: ... arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the Two Point Zero list until PHY LEN 1 is highlighted Note PHY LEN 1 is the actual physical length of the first calibration standard noted on the certificate included with the bars If the glass block is being used the 1 side should be used for PHY LEN 1 7 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 8 Press the UP and ...

Page 88: ...ton wheel to scroll the highlighted value 15 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 16 Repeat steps 14 15 until the PHY LEN 2 value is correctly displayed 17 Press the OK key to return to the Two Point Zero list or ESC to cancel entering the PHY LEN 2 18 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through the Two Point Z...

Page 89: ...be set to 55 99 metric for the 3 6 bars supplied by Dakota Ultrasonics If the glass block is used it should be set to 0 The reason for this is because glass has a very low temperature coefficient 25 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 26 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 27 Press the LEFT and RIGHT ar...

Page 90: ...eft until the MATL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel Note In order for the MAX II to display the correct measurement value during calibration the material velocity and temperature coefficient must be set to the same values as in the calibration section and the stress factor set to 1 000 ...

Page 91: ...etting up the MAX II for Measurement Note Check to see if the system was previously calibrated You should NOT change the calibration unless the transducer transducer cable or instrument has been changed In any event the probe zero calibration should always be checked prior to changing it and only changed if it s required If the MAX II has been previously calibrated open the calibration data saved ...

Page 92: ...ys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll the quantity options until the ELONG option is displayed Note This will set the quantity display in terms of elongation Note In order to record the data for both the 3 6 1 3 glass block the CAL DATA group created in an earlier section must be opened 4 Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left un...

Page 93: ...ed and displaying the sub menu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 10 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until MEASURE ZERO is highlighted 11 Press the ENTER key to display the Two Point Zero list 12 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the l...

Page 94: ...ple times using the left button wheel to scroll the hot menu items until ACCEPT CAL is highlighted 17 Press the ENTER key to accept the calibration and return to the Two Point Zero list or ESC to cancel the calibration 18 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the Two Point List items until ULTRASONIC 2 is highlighted 19 Apply a drop of coupla...

Page 95: ...ress the ENTER key to calculate the zero and velocity values 26 Make note of the velocity value calculated as it will need to be changed in the MATL menu prior to saving the measurements in the CAL DATA group 27 Press the ESC key to review the ZERO value calculated 28 Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the MATL menu is highlighted and di...

Page 96: ...5 Press the ENTER key to store the measurement in location A2 36 Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the CAL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 37 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scr...

Page 97: ... Press the ENTER key to store the measurement in location A1 Note The MAX II is now properly zeroed and ready for action This next section demonstrates how to go back and verify if the probe zero value is still linear and In Spec at a later time It s important to note that user should never have to change or re calculate the probe zero value again unless the MAX II transducer or cable has been rep...

Page 98: ...Group List Box 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the list menu items until the group name containing the probe zero data CAL DATA is highlighted 5 Press the ENTER key to load the zero data group into memory followed by pressing the OK key to confirm loading the group into memory Note The user will always use this group for the zero veri...

Page 99: ...the ENTER key to display the Group View Box 9 Press the UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT arrow keys using the left button wheel to scroll the target cell cursor to the desired storage location Note Since this is the 1st verification following the initial measurement of the Probe Zero Cal Bars the cursor should be located on a cal standard in column B It s also important to note that the L REF stored in column A...

Page 100: ...Dakota Ultrasonics 92 calibration standards If the probe zero is Out of Spec perform the zero procedure in its entirety ...

Page 101: ...sonic change in velocity as a result of temperature are two separate effects However for the purpose of the MAX II they are combined in a single factor known as the Temperature Coefficient Tc The sections that follow outline the procedures for selecting and using the temperature compensation mode with the accessory temperature sensor 9 2 Manual Mode The manual mode option relies on the user to ent...

Page 102: ...ple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the TEMP cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 5 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 6 Alternatively press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 7 Press the UP and DOWN arrow...

Page 103: ... application procedures may call for manually initiating and physically viewing the change in temperature by adding a manual step to the procedures The semi automatic mode answers requirements such as these Selecting Semi Automatic Temperature Mode 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left unti...

Page 104: ...e Digits Edit Box and the temperature will be displayed and active 6 Press the OK key to accept the temperature and return to the measurement screen or ESC to cancel entering the TEMP 9 4 Automatic Mode The automatic mode constantly monitors and compensates for temperature when the accessory temperature sensor is attached to the MAX II and placed on the joint or fastener being measured While this ...

Page 105: ...vely press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until TEMP MODE is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the temperature mode options Once the AUTO temperature mode is displayed 4 Pre...

Page 106: ...n material the result will always be an average value of that sample 10 2 Velocity Calibration A velocity calibration is generally performed by adjusting the velocity in the MAX II to the point where the ultrasonic and physical lengths match Again since a sample of fasteners will be used in this process the velocities will vary by a very small amount thus resulting in an average velocity value To ...

Page 107: ...tiple times using the left button wheel 5 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until TYPE is highlighted 6 Press the ENTER key to display the list of bolt material types 7 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the material list until the appropriate material type is h...

Page 108: ...e sub menu items until APPROX LEN is highlighted 12 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 13 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 14 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 15 Repeat steps 13 14 until the APPROX LEN value is corr...

Page 109: ...rement errors caused by changing the sound path 19 Press the ENTER key and the Ultrasonic Length of the bolt will be displayed Note Alternatively the Auto Set key can be pressed to activate the Auto Set routine 20 Calculate the correct velocity using the following equation ocity CorrectVel ocity CurrentVel Length Ultrasonic ngth PhysicalLe 21 Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ...

Page 110: ... the VELOCITY value is correctly displayed 27 Press the OK key to set the Velocity and return to the menu screen or ESC to cancel entering the Velocity 28 Finally press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen The ultrasonic length displayed should now match the known physical length 10 3 Stress factor calibration The sonic stress factor is an empirically determined value for the bolt mate...

Page 111: ... Mechanical or electronic height gages Averaged values of length measurement with mechanical and electric micrometers A Dakota Ultrasonics MAX II Ultrasonic Bolt Tension Monitor A minimum of three sample bolts which are representative of the bolt type and geometry for which the Sonic Stress Factor is to be determined NOTES The Dakota Ultrasonics MAX II must be calibrated or zeroed as described in ...

Page 112: ...bolt Rotate the transducer clockwise and counter clockwise applying a small amount of pressure to eliminate any excess couplant between the transducer and bolt Be sure to always place the transducer in the same location This will help to eliminate any potential measurement errors cause by changing the sound path 3 Record the Ultrasonic Length at Zero Load LU0 4 Repeat step 2 3 for each sample bolt...

Page 113: ...8 Apply a drop of couplant to the bolt or transducer and attach it to one end of the bolt Rotate the transducer clockwise and counter clockwise applying a small amount of pressure to eliminate any excess couplant between the transducer and bolt Measure and record the Ultrasonic Length at Load 2 LU2 for the current sample bolt 9 Increase the applied load to approximately the maximum load which is t...

Page 114: ...ange only The primary thing to consider is to use a respectable temperature range with at least 5 different temperature points The following procedure outlines the process for experimental determination of the Temperature Factor for a bolt made of a specific material type and geometry Required Equipment A means of varying and measuring the temperature of the sample bolts between 48 to 108 F to an ...

Page 115: ...form throughout the sample If a water bath is used care must be taken to avoid immersion of the ultrasonic transducer Determination of the Temperature Factor is accomplish by solving the equation Where 6 0 0 10 T T L L L T T T p Temperature Factor L0 Ultrasonic Length at Beginning Temperature T0 LT Ultrasonic Length at Ending Temperature T T0 Beginning Temperature T Ending Temperature Calibrating ...

Page 116: ...ial measurement errors caused by changing the sound path 3 Record the ultrasonic length L0 of the sample bolt at the above minimum temperature 480 F 4 Repeat step 1 3 at the target temperatures T1 through T5 48 68 88 and 108 0 F other similar range with 5 temperatures measuring the ultrasonic lengths L1 through L5 respectively This process must be done for each of the sample bolts in the experimen...

Page 117: ...hip between load and elongation is a function of the elasticity of the bolt material and the geometry of the bolt in the application being measured Hooke s Law expresses this relationship E L AE l P Hooke s Law P Load LE Average length under stress L Change in Length elongation A Cross sectional area of the bolt E Modulus of elasticity The cross sectional area of the bolt is defined as the average...

Page 118: ... Elasticity of the Bolt Material From Manufacturer The effective length is the average length of the fastener under stress when a load is applied For an applied constant load the elongation of a fastener is directly proportional to the effective length Therefore errors in the effective length will result in load errors by a proportional amount The effective length of a fastener is a combination of...

Page 119: ...es material constants are unknown or cannot be calibrated in a laboratory environment In cases such as these a field calibration is the most accurate means of calibration A field calibration is accomplished using a tensile tester load cell or other calibrated load device to compare known loads against ultrasonic elongations The MAX II is equipped with a self calibrating feature that uses a linear ...

Page 120: ...method is most suitable for the application and producing the best results 11 3 Performing a Field Calibration This section outlines the necessary procedures to perform a field calibration to determine a Load Factor and Offset in the case of using regression In the calibration procedures below three sample bolts will be used with three loads applied to each bolt 1 3 2 3 max This should be consider...

Page 121: ...e submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until NEW is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the New Group Edit Box 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through...

Page 122: ...aracter and advance to the next field of the Group Name 8 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 9 Repeat steps 6 8 until the Group Name is completed 10 Press the OK key to save the Group Name and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the Group Name Creating a Group Note Note Be sure to include a note that describes and references the Field Calibration data and bolt ...

Page 123: ...button wheel to scroll to highlight the appropriate alpha characters 4 Press the ENTER key to select a character and advance to the next field of the Group Note 5 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 6 Repeat steps 3 5 until the Group Note is completed 7 Press the OK key to save the Group Note and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the Group Note Selecting the Numbe...

Page 124: ...ing the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the NUM BOLTS value is correctly displayed 6 Press the OK key to save the NUM BOLTS and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the NUM BOLTS Selecting the Number of ...

Page 125: ...ll the digit locations 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the NUM READS value is correctly displayed 6 Press the OK key to save the NUM READS and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the NUM READS 7 Press the OK key to display the Digits Edit Box and re enter the NUM READS 8 Press the OK key to save the NUM READS and return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the ...

Page 126: ...Group List Items until START BOLT NUM is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 3 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the START BOLT NUM value is co...

Page 127: ... the START BOLT NUM Selecting the Auto Increment Direction The Auto Increment feature gives the user the ability to specify which direction to advance the cursor after storing a reading 1 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the new Group List Items until INCR DIR is highlighted 2 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the ...

Page 128: ...W GROUP is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to accept the group parameters and activate the confirmation screen 3 Press the OK key to save the New Group or the ESC key to cancel the New Group setup and return to the DATA menu 4 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen to begin measuring reference lengths Now that a group has been created to store the field calibration data the group...

Page 129: ...e LOG cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Group View Box 3 Press the UP DOWN LEFT RIGHT arrow keys using the left button wheel to scroll the target cell cursor to the desired storage location Note The first column must be used to store reference lengths Selecting the Calibration Mode Vect...

Page 130: ...ple times using the right button wheel to scroll through the unit options OFF VECTOR zero offset REGRESSION until the correct mode is displayed 4 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement mode Now that a group has been created and activated and the load calibration mode selected we re ready to perform the field calibration Performing a Field Calibration 1 Place the first sample bolt in the l...

Page 131: ...d which is to be placed on the bolt under actual working conditions 5 Measure and record the Ultrasonic Length at Load 1 by pressing the ENTER key The Digits Edit Box will be displayed Note Load 1 should be stored in column B 6 Enter the Known Load value by pressing the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 7 Press the LEFT and R...

Page 132: ...ent screen or ESC to cancel entering the Known Load 16 Increase the applied load to approximately the maximum load which is to be placed on the bolt under actual working conditions 17 Measure and record the Ultrasonic Length at Load 3 by pressing the ENTER key The Digits Edit Box will be displayed Note Load 3 should be stored in column D 18 Enter the Known Load value by pressing the UP and DOWN ar...

Page 133: ...hlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until LOAD CAL CALC is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to run the calculation and display the confirmation screen Note The regression or vector coef...

Page 134: ...kota Ultrasonics 126 5 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen Note The new Load Factor and Offset values can be reviewed and edited in the GEOM tabbed menu item 6 Calibration is completed ...

Page 135: ...is required as the measurement is simply a difference equation The stress factor and velocity will typically not vary more than 5 in total over the entire range of possible steel fasteners Therefore the worst case error is 5 However when measuring in terms of load stress or strain the error can be enormous if errors in effective length load factor or cross sectional area are made These factors wil...

Page 136: ...rce a specific detection point The RF waveform view is recommended when initially setting up the MAX II for an application The user can consider either a full RF wave or split screen RF option This display view gives the user the ability to view the entire waveform both positive and negative cycles to determine the appropriate phase of the signal for measurement The Large Digits display view is a ...

Page 137: ...ted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until VIEW is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the view options Once the appropriate...

Page 138: ...re above indicate a repeatable signal If the MAX II is displaying a reading from memory the repeatability indicator will be replaced by the text MEM B Battery life Indicator Fully charged batteries will appear filled in solid Note The diagram shows the batteries at approximately 50 C Length Measurement Digital readout of quantity English or Metric D Detect Indicator The broken vertical line displa...

Page 139: ... Scan mode shows half of the waveform Either the positive or negative peaks are displayed depending on the polarity selected It s important to note that a measurement must fall inside the viewable display range in order to see the waveform However even if the waveform is outside of the viewable area a measurement can be taken and viewed on the digital readout If the waveform is outside of the disp...

Page 140: ...bels The measurement labels are calculated and displayed according to where the left side of the display has been set Delay and the overall viewable area Width of the display Note The gray hash marks break the display up into 5 segments or quadrants The measurement labels correspond to the measurement at each hash mark G Units Label Displays the current quantity H Hot Menus Each of the fields loca...

Page 141: ...ed batteries will appear filled in solid Note The diagram shows the batteries at approximately 50 C Quantity Displays the current measurement quantity currently Elongation D Limits Bar The limits bar is used to verify if the bolt being fastened is in inside of a specific set of tolerances The alarm or tolerance values are shown at F When the bolt is in tolerance the limit bar will be filled and in...

Page 142: ... adjust the Width are outlined below Adjusting the Width using the Hot Menus 1 Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items Press the MEAS key multiple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the WIDTH cell is highlighted Alternatively Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple time...

Page 143: ... Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen or ESC to cancel entering the WIDTH The user can also access and adjust the width from the tabbed menus however this method is a more tedious than making the adjustments using the Hot Menus The procedure using the tabbed menus is outlined below ...

Page 144: ... the sub menu items until WIDTH is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the value When the correct width is being displayed proceed to step 8 4 Alternatively press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 5 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 6 Pre...

Page 145: ... the MEAS key multiple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the DELAY cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 3 Alternatively press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 4 Press t...

Page 146: ...key multiple times to tab left until the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until DELAY is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the rig...

Page 147: ... rather than the length of the fastener itself Too little gain may result in detection on an undesirable section of the waveform It may also result in a peak jump to another part of the waveform later in time resulting in measurement errors The gain can easily be compared to the volume control of a home stereo system If you turn it up too much you can t hear the music clearly If it s turned down t...

Page 148: ... multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until Gain is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the value When the correct Gain is being displayed proceed to step 8 4 Alternatively press the ENTER key to display the Dig...

Page 149: ... to the measurement screen and begin taking readings Setting the Gain Step Size Quickly 1 Press the Gain key multiple times to increment the Step Size Note the Step Size options will advance from low to high which each key press and wrap back around to the beginning option The user can also access and adjust the gain step size from the tabbed menus However this method is more tedious than making t...

Page 150: ...left button wheel 2 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until Step Size is highlighted 3 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the right button wheel to scroll the value When the correct Step Size is being displayed proceed to step 8 4 Alternatively press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 5 P...

Page 151: ...e diagram above the boundaries of the gate are noted at points D E D is the start of the gate and E goes to infinity or the first detection it encounters which would be the end of the bolt In the diagram above a detection was located at 3 Note that the signal A must have an amplitude that meets or exceeds the height of the gate D in order to detect B is the baseline at zero and the distance from B...

Page 152: ...ally this can be automated by adjusting the approximate length and running the auto set feature A mode conversion is simply a reflection of energy that took a longer path reflecting off the sidewalls of the bolt resulting in a return echo slightly longer than the overall length of the bolt Measurement Modes Gates As stated above the MAX II has a total of three gates depending on the measurement mo...

Page 153: ...the Digits Edit Box 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 5 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 6 Repeat steps 4 5 until the GATE value is correctly displayed 7 Press the OK key to return to the measurement screen or ESC to cancel enteri...

Page 154: ...UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 6 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 7 Repeat steps 5 6 until the gain number is correctly displayed 8 Press the OK key to set the Gate value and return to the menu screen or ESC to cancel entering the Gate val...

Page 155: ...ng on the measurement mode used The standard measurement mode is pulse echo P E uses a single gate and threshold The MAX II also has optional multiple echo modes that use two or three gates depending on the multiple echo mode selected echo echo E E or echo echo verify E EV The procedures to adjust the Thresholds are outlined below Adjusting the Thresholds using the Hot Menus 1 Press the MEAS key o...

Page 156: ...dious than making the adjustments using the Hot Menus The procedure using the tabbed menus is outlined below Adjusting the Threshold using the Tabbed Menus 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the GATES menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT...

Page 157: ... polarity and gain setting It s also important to understand what s taking place during a basic measurement The user has the option of selecting the phase only once during the L REF reference length measurement Once the phase is chosen and the L REF measurement taken and stored for a particular bolt all the elongation and loads taken for that particular bolt will assume the sample phase At first t...

Page 158: ...etected With this said the detection in Fig 1 B is occurring on the zero crossing of the positive first cycle W1 In this example the correct positive polarity has been selected Why I m getting to that Refer to Fig 2 Notice that when the bolt is tightened the signal amplitude has decreased due to the applied stress and a peak jump has occurred from W1 to W2 at B If we look at the height of W1 it ha...

Page 159: ...ng the Delay to Locate the Echo Note The delay should be adjusted to a length slightly shorter than the physical length of the fastener If the length of the fastener is unknown the user will be forced to scroll the delay until the echo is located However if the Length is known use the digits edit box to enter the value and save time 1 Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items Press th...

Page 160: ...ng the DELAY Adjusting the Width using the Hot Menus Note The width acts like a zoom on a camera Therefore adjust the width to the desired view 1 Press the MEAS key once to activate measure menu items Press the MEAS key multiple times to move down and the ESC key multiple times to move up until the WIDTH cell is highlighted Alternatively press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the le...

Page 161: ...cts the best phase polarity to use for measurement It also optimizes the gain sets the delay and width and activates and sets the gate accordingly Use of this feature will save the user a great deal of time in the measurement process In order to use the Auto Set properly an approximate length of the bolt must be entered into the MAX II The approximate length tells the MAX II where to start looking...

Page 162: ... the approximate length from the tabbed menus However this method is more tedious than making the adjustments using the Hot Menus The procedure using the tabbed menus is outlined below Setting the Approximate Length using the Tabbed Menus 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the AUTO...

Page 163: ...s the OK key to set the Approx Len and return to the menu screen or ESC to cancel entering the Approx Len Using Auto Set Note If the Approximate length has been entered into the MAX II the Auto Set feature can be run simply by pressing the AUTO SET key on the left side of the keypad 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC ...

Page 164: ...een the transducer and bolt surface Be sure to always place the transducer in the same location This will help to eliminate any potential measurement errors caused by changing the sound path 4 Press the ENTER key to automatically adjust the display settings and bring the waveform into view 5 Once the signal is displayed press the MEAS key to return to measurement mode 12 10 Unloaded Length and Elo...

Page 165: ...ing the initial length measurement Rotate the transducer clockwise and counter clockwise making small movements of the transducer position until the active wave matches the symmetry of original wave and all the while watching the quality indicator Q as it approaches 100 match Once the wave symmetries and quality indicator are as close to 100 as possible the user should slightly increase decrease t...

Page 166: ...RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times on the right button wheel to scroll the BRIGHTNESS value 3 Finally press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen and begin taking readings 13 3 Color The MAX II has a variety of display color options to select from These will change the look and feel of the according to the users...

Page 167: ...DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until COLOR is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display a list of the color scheme options 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the material list until the appropriate material is highlighted 5 Press the ENTER key followed by pressing the OK...

Page 168: ... dim in 2 minutes then power off in 5 minutes The procedures for adjusting the DIM time are outlined below Setting a DIM time 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DISP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple ...

Page 169: ...ve as cosmetic items and do not change the functionality of the MAX II in any way RECT Wave The rectified wave feature is only functional when using RECT wave view and provides the user the following display options Outline Draws the unfilled outline of the waveform Filled Draws a filled version of the waveform Detect Mark The detect mark is another look and feel option for displaying the detectio...

Page 170: ...igh voltage square wave options HV SPK HV THIN and HV WIDE with adjustable pulser voltages of 200 300 and 400 volts The there are additionally five tone burst pulser options TB10MHZ TB 5MHZ TB 2MHZ TB 1 MHZ and TB 5MHZ with adjustable pulser voltages of 200 300 and 400 volts The SPIKE setting may be desirable for high resolution and general applications to decrease the overall noise When additiona...

Page 171: ... bolt lengths geometries materials and transducer size and frequencies The Pulser Voltage feature offers various voltage settings of 100 to 400 volts based on the pulse width setting Lower voltage selections are best for short small diameter bolts while higher voltage are best for longer bolts with attenuative or inconsistent materials The MAX II is also equipped with a Tone Burst style pulser and...

Page 172: ... access and editing refer to navigating the Hot Menus page 36 Changing the Pulser Voltage 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 ...

Page 173: ...ess the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until DAMPING is highlighted 3 Use the...

Page 174: ... setting for longer bolts The procedure to change the digitizer setting is outlined below For quick access and editing refer to navigating the Hot Menus page 36 Setting the Digitizer 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the TUNE menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Al...

Page 175: ... the MAX II should be set to the RF display view option The RF view will give the user the best opportunity to correctly view the positive and negative cycles of the waveform Please refer section 12 2 for information on selecting the Display Views 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until...

Page 176: ...nding on their specific application requirements The procedures to use the ALARM MODE feature are outlined below For quick access and editing refer to navigating the Hot Menus page 36 Toggle Alarm on off 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the UTIL menu is highlighted and displaying...

Page 177: ...to scroll through the sub menu items until ALARM LOW is highlighted 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Digits Edit Box 3 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the highlighted value 4 Press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left or right button wheel to scroll the digit locations 5 Repeat steps 3 4 until the ALARM LOW v...

Page 178: ... and should therefore be calibrated to the device connected The output options are amplitude or distance Refer to the Top Bottom end caps or connections on page 38 for further info on the pins used on the Lemo 1 5 pin connector The procedures for activating and selecting amplitude or distance are outlined below Activating Analog Out 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press th...

Page 179: ...e Key Click 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the UTIL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to s...

Page 180: ...NU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the UTIL menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until SET DATE is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key...

Page 181: ...ently at your desk or in the field The latest version of firmware can be found on the Dakota website which can be compared to the current version loaded in the MAX II The version is displayed to the right of the ABOUT menu item in the XFER menu With the USB cable connected to your PC the gauge folder open the latest firmware file downloaded to your desktop and copied into the MAX II file folder th...

Page 182: ...ompleted the MAX II will automatically reboot DO NOT LOSE POWER Be sure the MAX II has plenty of battery life prior to upgrading or the AC adaptor is connect to the gauge 13 16 Freeze Capture The MAX II freeze feature enables a user to immediately freeze what s currently being displayed on the screen for further review or analysis The freeze feature used in conjunction with the capture feature ena...

Page 183: ...URE on off Note Capture will be displayed in a toolbar cell on the active display indicating the feature is enabled 4 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen 5 To capture a file press the FREEZE key to freeze the screen followed by pressing it a second time to display the alpha numeric edit box to name and save the screen shot Note if capture is not enabled the FREEZE key toggles fr...

Page 184: ...EFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until STORAGE is highlighted 3 Use the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times on the right button wheel to toggle the STORAGE internal external Note If there is no SD card inserted into the external slot the MAX II wi...

Page 185: ...e a great deal of data considering there is a 4 GB internal SD card on the board as well as an external SD slot that will accept up to 64 GB cards It s not likely a user will get close to using all the memory in this gauge Each measurement stored can be consider a page of data as it stores the measurement snapshot of the waveform and all the settings of the MAX II at the time the measurement was s...

Page 186: ... MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DATA menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until NEW is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER ke...

Page 187: ... Press the ENTER key to select a character and advance to the next field Note Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 8 Repeat steps 6 7 until the NAME NOTE NUM BOLTS NUM READS START BOLT or INCR DIR is completed 9 Press the OK key to return to the Group List Items menu or ESC to cancel entering the Group Name 10 When all the items have been completed continue on to the next section Saving the G...

Page 188: ...d following the create confirmation screen It is located at the bottom of the measurement screen and can be left open for the duration of the inspection process This section assumes the group was just created Refer to the section on opening a group if the file was created at another time Key Feature When the MAX II is displaying a group pressing the OK key will initiate an advance to row number op...

Page 189: ...gain the hot menu item LOG must be highlighted When LOG is highlighted press the ENTER key to display the group Note Once the file is open it will remain open until it s closed or another file is opened by the user If the gauge is powered off the MAX II will automatically open the file when powered on Simply press the ENTER key to display the file from the measurement screen 14 4 Viewing stored re...

Page 190: ...GHT arrow keys on the left button wheel multiple times to scroll through the hot menus and the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll up down the cells 2 Press the ENTER key to display the Grid Log Box 3 Press the UP DOWN LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll the stored readings and corresponding display view Notice as the cursor is moved to a different ce...

Page 191: ...ading take a new measurement and press the ENTER key to save the new reading 4 Hide the Group View at any time by pressing the MEAS key 14 5 Deleting Groups Files Deleting One or All Files from Memory Deleting One File 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DATA menu is highlighted...

Page 192: ...the stored Files until the target File to delete is highlighted 5 Press the OK key to delete the File 6 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen Deleting All Data 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DATA menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternat...

Page 193: ... button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until DELETE ALL DATA is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to activate the confirmation screen 4 Press the OK key to delete All Files from memory or the ESC key to abort 5 Press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen ...

Page 194: ...displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until EDIT is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Edit List Box 4 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the Edit options until NAME NO...

Page 195: ...ft or right button wheel to highlight the appropriate alpha characters 7 Press the ENTER key to select a character and advance to the next field of the Comments 8 Use the CLR key to backspace if necessary 9 Repeat steps 6 8 until the Comments are completed 10 Press the UP or DOWN arrow key to highlight SAVE CHANGES and the OK key to activate the confirmation screen ...

Page 196: ...s displayed at the top of the Grid Seq Box in measurement mode refer to photo below It s not only important to recognize what file is currently active but also be able to change the active file at any time The following procedures outline this process Changing the Active File 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key mul...

Page 197: ...hlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Grid Seq List Box 4 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the grids until the target grid is highlighted 5 Press the ENTER key to activate the confirmation screen 6 Press the OK key to load the file from memory 7 Press the MEAS key to return to the measure screen ...

Page 198: ...ss the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the DATA menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until CLOSE is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to close...

Page 199: ...er file as is needed 15 2 Opening a Setup Once the MAX II has been loaded with a number of previously saved setup files for different bolts jobs the user can simply open a list of these setups and select the appropriate setup for the current job The following procedures outline how to open factory and custom setups Opening a Setup 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the ...

Page 200: ...res have be adjusted for an application the user may elect to save these setting to a specific setup location for future use This can potentially save time and reduce error between users It is sometimes necessary to rename a previously saved setup or add additional comments about a particular setup The setup name may have been entered incorrectly or the user needs to use the setup for a completely...

Page 201: ...hlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until SAVE is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Save Setup Parameters List Box 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll the Na...

Page 202: ... characters the ENTER key to select characters and the CLR key to backspace through the characters until the Name or Note fields have been edited 7 Press the OK key to return to the Save Setup Parameters List Box 8 If both parameters will be edited repeat steps 4 7 9 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll to and highlight SAVE SETUP 10 Press the ENTER key to activate the...

Page 203: ...saving the Setup 14 Finally press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen Note The Name and Comments of the Setup can be edited at any time by simply repeating the Save Setup routine described above Therefore the Save Setup function can also be considered an Edit Function 15 4 Deleting a Saved Setup This option allows a user to delete setup files that were previously saved and no longer n...

Page 204: ...ternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until DELETE is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Setups List 4 Press the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll to the Setup Name 5 When the Setup Name is highlighted press the EN...

Page 205: ...he setup file in the MAX II was somehow corrupted and the user does not have access to a computer to re load the factory setups back into the MAX II This gives the user the ability to load and modify a basic setup as follows Using the Default Setup 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left unti...

Page 206: ...for language additions The steps to select a language are outlined as follows Selecting a Language 1 Press the MENU key once to activate the menu items tab Press the MENU key multiple times to tab right and the ESC key multiple times to tab left until the SETUP menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left butto...

Page 207: ...MAX II Bolt Tension Monitor 199 4 Once the desired language is displayed press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen ...

Page 208: ...e the door Open the CD ROM by double clicking on the My Computer ICON then double click on the CD Finally double click on the SETUP icon to begin the installation Refer to the help section in DakView software for the complete operating manual setup and operation 16 3 Communicating with MAX II DakView will not directly communicate with the MAX II series gauges The MAX II is equipped with USB acting...

Page 209: ...ll through the sub menu items until the desire option is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to activate the option selected 16 5 Selecting Storage Device The MAX II has two storage device options available The MAX II is shipped from the factory with a 4 gig internal SD memory card on the board itself and additionally has an external SD card reader The SD reader is located above the Li Ion battery p...

Page 210: ...n wheel to toggle STORAGE internal external Note Capture will be displayed in a toolbar cell on the active display indicating the feature is enabled 16 6 Copying Files Setups Data Screenshots The MAX II can store a number of setup data and screenshot files to either the internal or external SD memory cards All the copy routines will copy files from the currently selected storage device to the othe...

Page 211: ...s highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel to scroll through the sub menu items until the desired COPY option is highlighted 3 Press the ENTER key to display the Setups Data Screens List 4 Use the UP and DOWN arrow keys on the left button wheel ...

Page 212: ...ing additional individual files 9 Finally press the MEAS key to return to the measurement screen 16 7 Upgrading the MAX II The MAX II can be upgraded to the latest revision of firmware at any time Simply download the latest version posted on the Dakota Ultrasonics website copy the upgrade file to the main drive directory MAX II and use the upgrade utility located in the XFER menu The process is ve...

Page 213: ... left until the XFER menu is highlighted and displaying the submenu items Alternatively press the LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys multiple times using the left button wheel 2 Press the ENTER key to display the upgrade confirmation screen followed by pressing OK key to start the upgrade process Note The MAX II will power down during the upgrade process and restart when completed ...

Page 214: ...ith respect to this product Dakota Ultrasonics specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose Some states or provinces do not allow limitations on the duration of an implied warranty so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you However any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness is limited to the five year duration of this w...

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Page 216: ...Distributed by ABQ Industrial LP USA Tel 1 281 516 9292 888 275 5772 eFax 1 866 234 0451 Web https www abqindustrial net E mail info abqindustrial net ...

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Dakota MAX II, Operation Manual

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