List of Illustrations
ix
2
Front Panel Operation
Figure 2-1
Line voltage switch ....................................................................................................................................
2-2
Figure 2-A
Input signal .................................................................................................................................................
2-5
Figure 2-B
Measurement on 20nA range .....................................................................................................................
2-5
Figure 2-2
Bar graph (zero-at-left) multiple display ....................................................................................................
2-8
Figure 2-3
Zero-centered bar graph multiple display ..................................................................................................
2-8
Figure 2-4
Maximum and minimum multiple display .................................................................................................
2-8
Figure 2-5
Input connector configurations ................................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-6
Maximum input levels .............................................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-7
Capacitor test circuit without protection ..................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-8
Capacitor test circuit with protection .......................................................................................................
2-10
Figure 2-9
Force voltage measure current .................................................................................................................
2-11
Figure 2-10
V-source output ........................................................................................................................................
2-11
Figure 2-11
Noise shield ..............................................................................................................................................
2-12
Figure 2-12
Guard shield .............................................................................................................................................
2-13
Figure 2-13
Safety shield .............................................................................................................................................
2-13
Figure 2-14
Floating measurements ............................................................................................................................
2-14
Figure 2-15
Floating V-source .....................................................................................................................................
2-14
Figure 2-16
Test fixture to source voltage, measure current (resistance measurements) ............................................
2-16
Figure 2-17
Multi-purpose test fixture .........................................................................................................................
2-17
Figure 2-18
Interlock connections ...............................................................................................................................
2-17
Figure 2-19
Hard-wired interlock ................................................................................................................................
2-18
Figure 2-20
Typical connections for unguarded voltage measurements .....................................................................
2-19
Figure 2-21
Typical connections for guarded voltage measurements .........................................................................
2-20
Figure 2-22
Meter loading ...........................................................................................................................................
2-23
Figure 2-23
Unguarded voltage measurements ...........................................................................................................
2-23
Figure 2-24
Guarded voltage measurements ...............................................................................................................
2-24
Figure 2-25
Typical connections for current measurements ........................................................................................
2-25
Figure 2-26
Connections for guarded, floating current measurements ........................................................................
2-26
Figure 2-27
Voltage burden considerations .................................................................................................................
2-29
Figure 2-28
Source resistance and capacitance ...........................................................................................................
2-30
Figure 2-29
High impedance current measurements ...................................................................................................
2-31
Figure 2-30
Floating current measurements ................................................................................................................
2-31
Figure 2-31
Typical connections for resistance measurements ...................................................................................
2-34
Figure 2-32
Connections for resistance measurements using Model 8002A test fixture ............................................
2-35
Figure 2-33
Surface resistivity measurement technique ..............................................................................................
2-36
Figure 2-34
Circular electrode dimensions ..................................................................................................................
2-37
Figure 2-35
Volume resistivity measurement technique .............................................................................................
2-37
Figure 2-36
Connections for measurements using Model 8009 test fixture ................................................................
2-39
Figure 2-37
Typical connections for charge measurements ........................................................................................
2-44
Figure 2-38
V-source (independent configuration) .....................................................................................................
2-47