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I

Automating Measurements

The following sections are included in this chapter:

 

 Your 

 System

 Operator Interaction

l 

Measurement Setup and Control with Fast Recall

l 

Automated Measurement Setup and Control

l 

Controlling Peripherals

l 

Displaying Measurement Results

l 

Saving Measurement Results

N O T E

 (Option 

 when installed on your network analyzer, acts as a complete system controller

residing inside your analyzer.

7-4

Summary of Contents for 8712C

Page 1: ...I I User s Guide HP 8712C and HP 8714C RF Network Analyzers I ...

Page 2: ...ent keystrokes in analyzers with earlier hrmware revisions For full compatibility you can upgrade your firmware to the latest version Contact your nearest Hewlett Packard sales or service office for information Acknowledgements ExcelTM is a product of Microsoft Corp Lotus l 2 3 are U S registered trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation Microsoft is a U S registered trademark of Microsoft Corp ...

Page 3: ...asurement channels and a large CRT display the measured results of one or two receiver channels in several user selectable formats An external VGA monitor can be connected to the rear panel for enhanced measurement viewing in color Measurement functions are selected with front panel hardkeys and softkey menus Measurements can be printed or plotted directly with a compatible peripheral Instrument s...

Page 4: ...lain how to perform measurements calibrate the instrument and use the most common instrument functions Chapters 8 through 12 are reference material Use these chapters to look up information such as front panel features specific key functions and specifications iv I ...

Page 5: ...Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer When to Use Attenuation and Amplification in a Measurement Setup When to Change the System Impedance The Typical Measurement Sequence Using the BEGIN Key to Make Measurements lJiZi i Key Overview Using the m Key To Configure Measurements The User BEGIN Function Option lC2 only Measuring Transmission Response Enter the Measurement Parameters Calibrate Fo...

Page 6: ... and Interpret the AM Delay Results Making Measurements with the Auxiliary Input Auxiliary Input Characteristics Measuring Group Delay Enter the Measurement Parameters Calibrate For a Transmission Response Measurement Connect the DUT View and Interpret the Group Delay Measurement Results Measuring Impedance Using the Smith Chart Enter the Measurement Parameters Calibrate For a Reflection Response ...

Page 7: ...ck the Peak Point 4 51 To Track a Frequency 4 52 Customizing the Display 4 53 Using the Split Display Feature 4 54 Enabling Disabling Display Features 4 55 Modifying Display Annotation 4 57 Expanding the Displayed Measurement 4 62 Saving and Recalling Measurement Results 4 65 Saving Instrument Data 4 67 To Recall from a Disk or Internal Memory 4 71 Other File Utilities 4 72 To Use Directory Utilit...

Page 8: ...nce To Avoid Frequency Bandcrossings by Minimizing the Span HP 8714C only Increasing Network Analyzer Dynamic Range To Increase the Receiver Input Power To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Reducing Trace Noise To Activate Averaging for Reducing Trace Noise To Change System Bandwidth for Reducing Trace Noise To Eliminate Receiver Spurious Responses Reducing Mismatch Errors Reducing Mismatch Errors i...

Page 9: ...n 6 25 Check the Calibration 6 26 Using Calibration Check for Analysis and Troubleshooting 6 26 To Perform a Calibration Check 6 27 Error Term Descriptions and Typical Values 6 28 7 Automating Measurements Configuring Your Test System Measurement System Topology Expandability and Large Systems Throughput Considerations Selecting a Measurement Controller Selecting a Programming Language Operator In...

Page 10: ... Using the Parallel Port 7 54 Writing to the Parallel Port 7 56 Reading from the Parallel Port 7 59 Hardcopy Considerations 7 60 Using the Serial Port 7 61 Displaying Measurement Results 7 62 Graticule On Off 7 63 Limit Testing 7 64 Customized X axis Annotation 7 66 Customized Measurement Channel Annotation 7 68 Markers Title and Clock 7 69 7 71 Saving Measurement Results 7 72 Querying Measurement...

Page 11: ...k Drive Line Module Power Cables The Line Fuse The Voltage Selector Switch 9 GiECTj 1 Softkey Reference Numeric Entries A B c D E F G H I K L M N 0 P R s T u v w x Y 8 3 8 5 8 7 8 13 8 14 8 16 8 17 8 19 8 20 8 21 8 21 8 23 8 24 9 3 9 4 9 10 9 13 9 19 9 24 9 27 9 31 9 33 9 37 9 40 9 41 9 46 9 55 9 58 9 59 9 63 9 68 9 81 9 85 9 86 9 88 9 89 9 90 Contents 7 ...

Page 12: ...ory Information Safety Information Warnings Cautions Statement of Compliance Cleaning Instructions Shipping Instructions Instrument Markings Regulatory Information Notice for Germany Noise Declaration Declaration of Conformity 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation Preset and Peripheral States Preset State Peripheral State Volatile Settings Save Recall Memory Allocation Types of Storage Disks Types...

Page 13: ...iagram Block Diagram The jj Key Equipment Setup For a Transmission Response Measurement Example of a Transmission Measurement Display Equipment Setup For a Reflection Response Calibration Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two Port Device Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a One Port Device Example of a Reflection Measurement Display Equipment Setup For a Power Measurem...

Page 14: ... dB Notch Marker Search 4 8 Peak and Minimum Search Criteria 4 9 Peak and Minimum Search Criteria at Display Endpoints 4 10 Multi Peak Search Mode 4 11 Multi Notch Search Mode 4 12 Marker Statistics Function 4 13 Marker Flatness Function 4 14 RF Filter Statistics Function 4 15 Delta Marker Mode 4 16 Limit Lines 4 17 Limit Lines Example 1 4 18 Limit Lines Example 2 4 19 Reference Positions 4 20 Spl...

Page 15: ...nnector 7 7 Connect a Switch to the USER TTL IN OUT Connector 7 8 Measurement Control 7 9 Writing to the Parallel Port 7 10 Digital Latch Circuit 7 11 Customized Annotation 7 12 Paper Numbering 8 l Analyzer Connectors Front Panel 8 2 Analyzer Connectors Rear Panel 8 3 HP lB Connector and Cable 8 4 Parallel Port Pm outs 8 5 RS 232 Connector Pin out 8 6 VIDEO OUT Connector Pin out 8 7 Probe Power Co...

Page 16: ...eck Error Terms 6 27 7 l Keyboard Template Definition 7 33 7 2 Writeable Ports 7 39 7 3 Readable Ports 7 40 7 4 Writeable Ports 7 55 7 5 Readable Ports 7 55 7 6 Parallel Port Pins 7 57 8 1 General Bus Management Lines 8 8 8 2 VGA Compatible Monitor Characteristics 8 11 10 l Hewlett Packard Safes and Service Offices lo 24 12 1 Disk Capacities 12 14 12 2 Maximum Number of Files and Directories 12 15...

Page 17: ...I 1 Installing the Analyzer ...

Page 18: ...l guide you through the four steps needed to correctly and safely install your network analyzer The four steps are 1 Check the Shipment 2 Meet Electrical and Environmental Requirements 3 Check the Analyzer Operation 4 Configure the Analyzer l 2 ...

Page 19: ...ir Check the items received against the Product Checklist included in your shipment to make sure that you received everything Inspect the analyzer and all accessories for any signs of damage that may have occurred during shipment If your analyzer or any accessories appear to be damaged or missing call your nearest Hewlett Packard Sales or Service office Refer to fable 10 l in Chapter 10 for the ne...

Page 20: ... this instrument make sure that the line voltage selector switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse T 5A 250 V is installed Assure the supply voltage is in the specsed range NOTE The working fuse and a spare are located in the power cable receptacle See figure 8 12 I I POWER CAB E VOLTAGE SELECTOR RECEPTACLE SWITCH Figure l l Voltage Selector Switch location PP C l 4 ...

Page 21: ... 3 Ensure the operating environment meets the following requirements for safety l indoor use l altitude up to 15 000 feet 4 572 meters 0 temperature 0 C to 55 OC l maximum relative humidity 5 to 95 percent relative at 40 C non condensing l this product is designed for use in INSTALLATION CATEGORY II and POLLUTION DEGREE 2 C A U T I O N This product is designed for use in Installation Category II a...

Page 22: ...the different types of power cord plugs that can be used with your analyzer PROTECTIVE EARTH GROUND Figure l 2 Protective Earth Ground W A R N I N G This is a Safety Class I product provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact Any interruption of the protective conductor i...

Page 23: ...ment disconnecting device It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument The front panel switch is only a standby switch and not a LINE switch Alternatively an externally installed switch or circuit breaker which is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator may be used as a disconnecting device 6 Ensure there are at least two inches of...

Page 24: ...ctrostatic discharge ESD can damage or destroy components t MegOhm Resistor l table mat with earth ground wire HP part number 9300 0797 l wrist strap cord with 1 Meg Ohm resistor HP part number 9300 0960 0 wrist strap HP part number 9300 1367 l heal straps HP part number 9300 1308 0 floor mat part number 1664R l 8 qg653d ...

Page 25: ...12C or HP 8714C l The firmware revision l The serial number of your analyzer l Installed options 2 Verify that the serial number and options displayed on the screen match the information on the rear panel serial label 3 The operator s check should be performed on the analyzer to provide a high degree of confidence that the analyzer is working properly Refer to Chapter 2 for instructions on how to ...

Page 26: ...in making measurements by simply connecting your analyzer to an appropriate power source and turning it on This section however will explain how to connect common peripherals and controllers and how to install your analyzer into a rack system l 10 ...

Page 27: ...B O A R D EXiERNAL L I N E VOLiAGE VOiTAGE S E L E C T O R D E T E C T O R S S W I T C H PP C Figure l 4 Analyzer Rear Panel line Module and Selected Connectors Refer to Figure l 4 l The HP IB port is for use with computers and peripherals printers plotters etc l The parallel and RS 232 serial ports are also for peripherals With Option lC2 the parallel and serial ports can also be programmed via I...

Page 28: ...to connect a color VGA monitor for enhanced viewing See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 for more information l The LAN ETHERTWIST connector is for connecting your analyzer to a LAN local area network for control and access You must have Option lF7 to utilize this port See the Option lF7 User s Guide Supplement for information on how to use your analyzer in a LAN 1 12 ...

Page 29: ...ables used is less than or equal to 2 meters times the number of devices connected together up to an absolute maximum of 20 meters For example the maximum cable length is 4 meters if only 2 devices are involved The length between adjacent devices is not critical as long as the overall restriction is met See Figure l 5 for different connection configurations S T A R L I N E A R NETWORK NETWORK ANAL...

Page 30: ... manuals for details Parallel cable length should not exceed 25 feet The analyzer may experience problems talking to a printer if this length is exceeded Connect the required control cables and secure them Tighten the knurled screws or comparable fasteners Other Connections If you plan to use a keyboard external video monitor or external detectors connect them to the appropriate rear panel connect...

Page 31: ...ver most printers are factory set to address 1 one lb change the recognized address press PrinWr HP SB Azldr ptYiGJ Erlter l Plotter press HARDCOPYI Seloc CuPy Port Use the front panel knob to highlight the line that reads HP Plotter HPGL HP IB Press Select The second line of the screen displays settings in this case the address The default address is 5 and most plotters are factory set to address...

Page 32: ...ake at the top of the screen are incorrect use the softkeys to change them l Parallel Devices press m Sefect CuPy Port use the entry controls to highlight your type of printer or plotter and press Select l LAN Printer Option lF7 only press HARDCOPY S X ct Copy Port use the entry controls to highlight HP LaserJet PCL5 6 PCL5 LAN and press S o t If the printer IP address at the top of the screen is ...

Page 33: ...er racks note that they may promote shock hazards overheating dust contamination and inferior system performance Consult your HP customer engineer about installation warranty and support details C A U T I O N When installing the product in a cabinet the convection into and out of the instrument must not be restricted The ambient temperature outside the cabinet must be less than the maximum operati...

Page 34: ...ont panel connectors The most important connectors are those to which the DUT is connected typically the RF cable end or the RF IN connector All connectors should be clean and the center pins centered The tigers of female connectors should be unbroken and uniform in appearance If you are unsure whether the connectors are good gauge the RF IN and RF OUT connectors to confirm that their dimensions a...

Page 35: ...I 2 Getting Started ...

Page 36: ...ce a wide dynamic range receiver and a built in test set Controls are grouped by functional block and settings are displayed on the instrument CRT This section familiarizes new users with the layout of the front panel and the process of entering measurement parameters into the analyzer Dob48b Figure 2 1 Network Analyzer Front Panel Features 2 2 ...

Page 37: ... for example selecting source frequency range or output power The source keys also control sweep time number of points and sweep triggering 6 C O N F I G U R E The configure keys control receiver and display parameters These parameters include receiver bandwidth and averaging display scaling and format marker functions and instrument calibration B SYSTEM The system keys control system level functi...

Page 38: ... enter numeric values in this manual it often can get cluttered and confusing to depict each key stroke So in this manual numbers no matter how many characters are depicted inside one keycap For example if you are instructed to enter the number 42 5 it will be depicted inside one keycap like this 42 5 To enter this number the following keys need to pressed in succession a fJ 0 You can follow along...

Page 39: ...Getting Started Entering Measurement Parameters NETWORK ANALYZER Figure 2 2 Connect the Filter to the Analyzer 2 5 ...

Page 40: ... Channel 2 Off measurement Format leg Magnitude Number of points 201 Sweep time Auto Scale 1 0 dB div Reference 0 dB System Bandwidth Medium Wide 1 HP 87121 only 2 HP 8714C only 3 Preset power level can be set to other then 0 dBm if desired See Entering Source Power Level later in this chapter for more information NOTE The measurement parameters that you enter will be retained in the analyzer s me...

Page 41: ... the CerSer and Span softkeys For instance if you set the center frequency to 160 MHz and the span to 300 MHz the resulting frequency range would be 10 to 310 MHz N O T E When entering frequencies be sure to terminate Your numeric entry with the appropriate softkey to obtain the correct units If you use the CENTER key to terminate a frequency entry the units default to Hz The default displayed fre...

Page 42: ... e1 0 and YU or ENTERI 3 lb change the power level to 1 6 dE m press LlsoeI 1 6 I or piE NOTE Your analyzer s power level depending upon its option configuration may not be settable to below 0 dam 1 4 lb change the power level that will always be restored when you preset the analyzer press PXYMSIZ Pwr Level 12 51 and dEsm or ENTER This entry does not affect the current power level 2 8 ...

Page 43: ...per division to 5 dB division press Scals Ri Q Enter 4 RI move the reference position indicated by the symbol on the left side of the display to the first division down from the top of the display press Refex ace Pusitioa Enter Figure 2 3 shows how each reference position is identified 5 To change the reference level to 0 dE press R XE WXI L v t l rfz X 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 po 352b c Figure 2 3 ...

Page 44: ...surement parameters will affect only the active measurement channel Some measurement parameters cannot be independently set on each measurement channel For these parameters both channels will be affected regardless of active channel status 1 lb measure transmission on measurement channel 1 and reflection on measurement channel 2 press the following keys 2 Both channels measurements are now visible...

Page 45: ...g Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 1 0 0 dB R e f 0 0 0 dB 0 0 0 dB 2 R e f l e c t i o n 2 R e f l e c t i o n Log Mag Log Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 1 0 0 dB R e f 0 0 0 dB 0 0 0 dB 3 0 3 0 u x 4 0 4 0 Abs Abs 4 4 S t a r t 0 3 0 0 M H z 1 Stoo 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z Figure 2 4 Both Measurement Channels Active 2 11 ...

Page 46: ...B I I I I dB I I I I I I I 30 I I I I I I I I I 2 1 1 2 3 Abs I I I I I I I I I I _ I S t a r t 0 3 0 0 MHz stop 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHZ1 D2 R e f l e c t i o n Log Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 0 0 0 dB dB 30 20 10 I 1 0 2 0 3 0 Abs S t a r t 0 3 0 0 M H z sto p 3 000 000 M H Z Figure 2 5 Split Display You have now learned how to enter common measurement parameters and how to manipulate the display for optimum vi...

Page 47: ... The operator s check does not verify performance to speciiications but should give you a high degree of confidence that the instrument is performing properly if it passes The operator s check consists of making a transmission measurement with the cable that was supplied with your analyzer and a reflection measurement with the cable and again with a 50 fl or 75 tI termination load 2 13 I ...

Page 48: ...ble such as the one that was supplied with your analyzer The cable you use should have SO 5 dB of insertion loss up to 1 3 GHz and 50 75 dB of insertion loss from 1 3 to 3 0 GHz l A known good load 40 dB return loss that matches the test port impedance of your analyzer such as one from calibration kit HP 85032BE 50 Q or HP 85036B E 75 0 2 14 ...

Page 49: ... Use a known good cable such as the one that was supplied with your analyzer N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R Figure 2 6 Equipment Setup for Transmission Measurement RF OUT U RF IN paSl b 2 Press j 1 ZKF i Eiter 3 Press m TiJ iYET 4 Verify that the data trace falls within 3 0 5 dB of 0 dB See Figure 2 7 for a typical result 2 15 I ...

Page 50: ... 0 i dB Aef 0 0 0 dS b2 Off S t a r t 0 3 0 0 M H z s t o p 3 0 0 0 0 00 MH 7 po653b c Figure 2 7 Verify Transmission Measurement N O T E The quality of the cable will affect this measurement make sure you use a cable with the characteristics described in Equipment List I I 2 1 6 ...

Page 51: ... the data trace falls completely below 16 dB See Figure 2 8 for a typical result Fl Reflection Dz Off Log Mag 10 0 dB Ref 0 00 dB Results must fall below this line 1 6 dB dB 40 Chl 3 0 4 0 Abs Start 0 300 MHz Stop 3 000 000 MHz po654bhc Figure 2 8 Verify Reflection Measurement 4 Disconnect the cable and connect a known good load to the RF OUT port as shown in Figure 2 9 2 17 ...

Page 52: ...Operator s Check NETWORK ANALYZER L O A D Figure 2 9 Connect the load 5 Verify that the data trace falls below 30 dB If the data trace is off the screen press EiKF R Yxw L xr and the IJ key until the trace moves up onto the screen 2 18 ...

Page 53: ...te these as a possible cause of failure If your analyzer does not meet the criteria in the operator s check your analyzer may need adjustment or servicing Have a qualified service technician check the instrument or contact any Hewlett Packard Sales or Service Office for assistance Refer to ble 10 l in Chapter 10 for the nearest office 2 19 I ...

Page 54: ...I 3 Making Measurements ...

Page 55: ... key and detailed examples of the following measurements l Measuring Transmission Response l Measuring Reflection Response l Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection l Measuring Conversion Loss l Measuring AM Delay Option 1DA or 1DB l Making Measurements with the Auxiliary Input l Measuring Group Delay l Measuring Impedance Using the Smith Chart l Measuring Impedance Magnitude 3 2 1 ...

Page 56: ...oduces an incident signal that is used as a stimulus to the device under test Your device responds by reflecting a portion of the incident signal and transmitting or perhaps altering and transmitting the remaining signal Figure 3 l shows how a device under test DUT responds to an RF source stimulus S o u r c e INCIDENT TRANSMITTED Figure 3 1 DUT Response to an RF Signal 3 3 ...

Page 57: ...B and the reflected signal input A are measured by comparison to the incident signal The network analyzer couples off a small portion of the incident signal to use as a reference signal routed to input R The network analyzer sweeps the source frequencies resulting in a measured and displayed response of your test device Figure 3 2 shows the transmitted reflected and reference signal inputs 3 4 ...

Page 58: ...Making Measurements Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer R A v i B i o n pp615c Figure 3 2 Simplified Block Diagram ...

Page 59: ...ures the total power of all signals present at these measurement ports independent of signal frequency This enables the characterization of frequency translation devices such as mixers receivers and tuners where the RF input and output frequencies are not the same Figure 3 3 labels the transmitted signal for broadband detection input as B and the reference signal as R When the network analyzer is ...

Page 60: ... Devices with Your Network Analyzer E x t e r n a l D e t e c t o r s R E A R P A N E L A U X I n p u t Y Y Y RF SOUrCe I I n p u t A I R e f l e c t e d I F R O N T P A N E L R e f l e c t i o n Figure 3 3 Block Diagram ss i o n 3 7 ...

Page 61: ...ation between different types of measurements input channels and signals Measurement Detection Mode Transmission Narrowband Reflection Narrowband Power Broadband Conversion loss Broadband Input Channels B R WR 8 B R Input Signals transmitted incident reflected incident transmitted transmitted incident 3 8 ...

Page 62: ...r the reference detector X will be below its specified range Use attenuation directly after the DUT if the device s output power is greater than the 13 dBm maximum speciiied detector level When to Use Amplification l For accurate measurements ampltication may be needed on the analyzer s RF OUT port Use amplification when your test device requires input power that exceeds the analyzer s maximum spe...

Page 63: ... displayed relative to the conversion impedance For example if you have a 50 ohm instrument and are making 75 ohm measurements you may be using a 50 to 75 ohm minimum loss pad Measurement results can be reported relative to 75 ohms not 50 ohms if the alternate system impedance is selected This may include marker readouts Smith chart results or SRL impedance computations Option 100 lb change the sy...

Page 64: ...Use the instrument s keys to input your parameters This step may be omitted under certain conditions Your analyzer can provide highly accurate measurements without performing any additional user calibrations if certain conditions are met Chapter 6 explains when additional calibration is necessary Connect the DUT and any other required test equipment See the measurement examples later in this chapt...

Page 65: ...y configure the analyzer from the Zi ZF condition to measure the following devices 0 ampliGers 0 filters l broadband passive devices 0 mixers l cables Option 100 only Conf uring basic measurements from the El key helps you ensure correct instrument set up The analyzer guides you through the initial steps and conf res itself for the device type you select 3 12 I ...

Page 66: ...s a marker on the maximum or minimum point depending on the type of measurement l makes the marker active l displays the AM delay connection diagram when AM delay measurement is chosen Option 1DA or 1DB only l modifles the sweep time Option 100 only See Table 3 l for a table of parameters for each measurement type Selecting a New Measurement Once you have selected your device you can use the softk...

Page 67: ...to below 10 MHz The BEGIN Kay and The BEGIN key is designed to work when measurement channel 1 is active Measurement Channels However it does change the measurement mode of measurement channel 2 as well If measurement channel 2 is active when the BEGIN key is used to select a new device type measurement channel 2 is turned off and measurement channel 1 is made active If measurement channel 2 is ac...

Page 68: ...sion characteristics of an amplifier filter or broadband passive device l Press Rsflectian if you want to measure the reflection characteristics of your device l Press PQWW if you want to measure the RF power of a device The Power selection is under the Gif r menu l Press Canvsrsian Lass if you want to measure the conversion loss of a device The Conversion Loss selection is under the Mfi menu l Pr...

Page 69: ...reset power level4 preset power level4 Measurement Channel 1 Transmission Reflection Power Conversion loss AM Delay Maasurmaont Channel 2 Format off Log Mag Off log Mag off h Mag N A Number of Points Swoop Time Mode 201 201 201 Auto Auto Auto Auto Auto Continuous Sweep Triggering Dotaction Mode Continuous Narrowbend Continuous Narrowbend Continuous Broadband Internal Broadband Internal Broadband E...

Page 70: ...AUTOST or RwxXI Program the analyzer will automatically create a default program USB BEGIN oft OFF selects the BEGIN key menu to ser mode when ON and to normal operation when OFF Once you have changed the U W RRGI mode to ON the same menu will be displayed for subsequent key presses of the 1 hardkey This is not true if your BASIC program has changed If the program has changed the User BEGJN mode i...

Page 71: ...lyzer is used Enter the Measurement Parameters Press c 1 on the analyzer to set the analyzer to the default mode which includes measuring transmission on measurement channel 1 NOTE This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters far a transmission measurement If your particular transmission measurement requires specific parameters such as frequency range source power level number o...

Page 72: ...y for reduced frequency spans If the frequency span is increased the calibration is invalidated and the default response calibration is automatically restored Chapter 6 provides detail about when additional calibration is necessary and information about other calibrations available for transmission measurements If you wish to calibrate your instrument for a transmission response measurement perfor...

Page 73: ...ter use if you wish However the current calibration for each measurement channel is always saved in nonvolatile battery backed memory and will be used the next time the analyzer is preset see note below or turned on See Chapter 6 for information on saving calibrations to the analyzer s internal memory the analyzer s random access memory RAM or to a floppy disk NOTE Changing sweep frequencies land ...

Page 74: ...Making Measurements Measuring Transmission Response Connect the DUT NETWORK ANALYZER T E S T Figure 3 5 Equipment Setup For e Transmission Response Measurement 3 2 1 ...

Page 75: ...ded by the incident power lb display the result in logarithmic magnitude format designated by Log Mag at the top of the measurement screen the analyzer computes the measurement trace using the following formula P Transmission I 10 log F znc where Ptrans the power transmitted through the device and where Pin the incident power b A level of 0 dB would indicate a perfect through cable or device no lo...

Page 76: ... 000 MHz Figure 3 6 Example of a Transmission Measurement Display 5 See Using Markers in Chapter 4 for more detailed information on using markers to interpret measurements N O T E For the measurement to be valid input signals must fall within the dynamic range of the analyzer See Chapter 5 for techniques to increase the dynamic range of the analyzer 3 23 1 I ...

Page 77: ... supplied with your network analyzer is used Enter the Measurement Parameters Press the following keys on the analyzer pEFY jKiiG I NOTE This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for a reflection response measurement If your particular reflection measurement requires specific parameters such as frequency range source power level number of data points and sweep time enter them...

Page 78: ...on you will need one of the following calibration kits depending on the nominal impedance of your analyzer HP 850323 for 50 I type N female connector calibrations HP 85032B for type N female or type N male 50 Q connector calibrations HP 850363 for 75 0 type N female connector calibrations HP 85036B for type N female or type N male 75 6 connector calibrations HP 85033D for 3 5 mm female or 3 5 mm m...

Page 79: ...them See Figure 3 7 N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R O P E N S H O R T L O A D Figure 3 7 Equipment Setup For a Reflection Response Calibration 3 Press Ffeas Standard after connecting each standard 4 The analyzer will measure each standard and then calculate new calibration coefficients The message Calibration complete n will appear for a few seconds when the analyzer is done calculating the new erro...

Page 80: ... NETWORK ANALYZER NETWORK ANALYZER P II Q 0 I N LT LOAD Figure 3 8 Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two Port Device NETWORK ANALYZER I RF OUT III DEVICE UNDER TEST PD 1w Figure 3 8 Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of e One Port Device 3 2 7 ...

Page 81: ......

Page 82: ...0 M H Z Figure 3 10 Example of a Reflection Measurement Display 3 To quickly determine the titer s return loss press ARKER and then use the front panel knob the m a keys or the numeric keypad to read the value of return loss at the desired frequency 4 See Using Markers in Chapter 4 for detailed information on using markers to interpret measurements 3 2 9 _I I ...

Page 83: ...t only measures the power within the tuned receiver s bandwidth centered at the source frequency When you measure a device for absolute output power the network analyzer uses the broadband detection mode and measures the total power of ah frequencies present in the transmitted signal B This signal may contain frequencies other than the source frequency such as when the DUT is a mixer This section ...

Page 84: ...ement requires specific parameters such as frequency range source power level number of data points and sweep time1 enter them now 3 31 C A U T I O N Damage to your analyzer will occur if the receiver input power exceeds 23 dBm or 25 Vdc The analyzer s source cannot signilicantly exceed this level however if your DUT has gain then attenuation on the RF IN port may be necessary See When to Use Atte...

Page 85: ...I Making Measurements Making a Power Measurement using Broadband Detection Connect the DUT NETWORK ANALYZER T E S T Figure 3 l 1 Equipment Setup For a Power Measurement 3 3 2 ...

Page 86: ...ent refer to Figure 3 12 or your analyzer s display if you are making this measurement on your instrument a When making a power measurement the display shows the output power measured at the analyzer s RF IN connector This power is absolute power as opposed to a power ratio b Note that when making a power measurement the values associated with the vertical axis are in units of dBm which is the pow...

Page 87: ...M H z Stop 1 300 000 MHz Figure 3 l 2 Example of a Power Measurement 3 34 C A U T I O N If the analyzer s RF output power level is set to higher than the specified output power for your analyzer the source could go unleveled See Chapter 10 for source and receiver specifications If your device requires input power greater than your analyzer s specified output power you may need to use a preamplifie...

Page 88: ...the transmitted signal B to the reference signal R This is because the input and output signals of a frequency translating device may be different Since broadband detection measures signals at all frequencies you may want to use a hlter to remove unwanted signals such as LO feedthrough when performing this measurement For example an RF signal at 900 MHz mixed with an LO signal at 200 MHz results i...

Page 89: ...Hz bandpass filter in the measurement setup removes the unwanted signals at 200 MHz 900 MHz and 1100 MHz providing an accurate measurement of the desired IF signal at 700 MHz In the following example the conversion loss of a mixer will be measured with RF input frequencies over a 15 MHz span centered at 900 MHz With an LO frequency of 200 MHz the mixer IF frequency will sweep over a 15 MHz span ce...

Page 90: ...the analyzer PRESET MEAS N O T E This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for a conversion loss measurement If your particular conversion loss measurement requires specific parameters isuch as frequency range source power level number of data points and sweeptimel enter them now I 3 37 ...

Page 91: ... Perform the following steps to perform a normalization calibration 1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3 14 except replace the mixer with a through cable 2 Set the following frequency parameters FREQ This sets the analyzer frequency range to sweep over the passband of the IF hlter 700 MHz 3 Press EiKEj lkwmalize This stores the filter response passband into memory and sets up a normalized ...

Page 92: ...Making Measurements Measuring Conversion Loss Connect the DUT N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R OSCILLATOR Figure 3 14 Equipment Setup For a Conversion Loss Measurement 3 3 9 ...

Page 93: ...through the device divided by the incident power lb display the result in logarithmic magnitude format designated by Log Mag at the top of the measurement screen the analyzer computes the measurement trace using the following formula P Conversion Loss dB 10 log F nc where Ptrans the power measured at the IF output of the mixer and where Pine the incident power at the RF input b A level of 0 dR wou...

Page 94: ... I I I I I 7 6 Center 900 000 MHz Span 15 000 MHz Figure 3 15 Example of a Conversion Loss Measurement N O T E For the measurement to be valid input signals must fall within the dynamic range and frequency range of the analyzer See Chapter 5 for techniques to increase the dynamic range of the analyzer I 1 3 4 1 ...

Page 95: ...de modulation is applied to the RF output of the analyzer Scalar detectors are used to detect this modulation both before and after the device under test The group delay can then be calculated from the phase difference between these two signals modulation envelopes Since broadband detection is used the Option lDA lDB analyzer can measure delay through nearly any device including frequency translat...

Page 96: ...y also press the following keys to access AM delay Pressing these keys will result in a connection diagram being displayed on the screen of the analyzer fpizm zig MiPW A M Dolay N O T E This example measurement uses the default instrument parameters for an AM delay measurement If your particular AM delay measurement requires specific parameters such as frequency range source power level number of ...

Page 97: ...g AM Delay Option 1 DA or 1DBI Calibrate For an AM Delay Measurement 1 Connect the equipment as shown NETWORK ANALYZER 1 u n Figure 3 l 6 Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Response Calibration 2 Press a Response Maamm Standard 3 44 ...

Page 98: ...I Making Measurements Measuring AM Delay Option 1DA or 1DBl Connect the DUT Figure 3 17 Equipment Setup For an AM Delay Measurement 3 4 5 ...

Page 99: ...rather than power as in previous example measurements The AM delay measurement measures the time required for power to travel through the DUT at various frequencies The measurement trace will be noisier as the power level is attenuated by the DUT b Since delay is proportional to the derivative of phase flat constant delay indicates linear phase Delay measurements are typically performed to measure...

Page 100: ...ay D2 o f f 5 5 6 kHz 2 0 ns Fief 1 46 JS C 1 3 8 1 3 8 Abs Abs Center 233 800 MHz Span 8 000 MHz Figure 3 16 Example of an AM Delay Measurement 3 Use the marker flatness function to determine the maximum deviation See Chapter 4 for how to use the marker functions 3 47 ...

Page 101: ...ument state and sweep In CW mode with the fastest possible sweep time Swtiq T m set to AUTO system bandwidth has the most significant effect on this timing Data points are typically taken at about 0 2 0 6 7 2 and 70 ms in wide medium narrow and fine bandwidths respectively This effect must be taken into account if attempting to view signals that are unrelated to the sweep ramp For best accuracy in...

Page 102: ...frequency or a percent of span lb measure group delay correctly the phase difference at a specific aperture must be less than 180 degrees satisfying the following relationship approximate DUT delay number of points 1 2 frequency span If this relationship is not satisfied incorrect measurements will occur since the measurement of the phase difference at adjacent points will be undersampled This sec...

Page 103: ...lowing keys on the analyzer 2 Choose an aperture When choosing an aperture there is a tradeoff between minimum apertures giving more resolution but noisier responses and maximum apertures giving less resolution but smoother responses For this example choose an aperture of 4 by pressing 3 50 1 I ...

Page 104: ...ZER 0 0 00 000 0 00 000 RF OUT R F O U T R F I N OPEN SHORT LOAD po618b 111b Open Short load Connections Through Cable Connection 4 Press Measure Standard after connecting each standard 5 The analyzer will measure each standard and then calculate the new calibration coefficients The message Calibration complete n will appear for a few seconds when the analyzer is done calculating the new error cor...

Page 105: ...I Making Measurements Measuring Group Delay Connect the DUT NETWORK ANALYZER D E V I C E RF IN U N D E R T E S T 3 5 2 Figure 3 19 Equipment Setup For a Group Delay Measurement ...

Page 106: ...r to Figure 3 20 or your analyzer s display if you are making this measurement on your instrument a The measurement trace depicts the amount of time it takes for each frequency to travel through the DUT 3 Ib quickly determine the filter s maximum delay point press JGKKK Max km Seaxh Ma Seaxr h Mkr Max 4 Note the marker readout in Figure 3 20 provides the frequency and delay in nanoseconds of the m...

Page 107: ... MHz Soan 200 000 MHz Figure 3 20 Example of a Phase Derived Delay Measurement Display 5 See Using Markers in Chapter 4 for more detailed information on using markers to interpret measurements NOTE Phase derived delay measurements can benefit from the noise reduction techniques discussed in Chapter 5 3 54 I ...

Page 108: ...ame The Smith chart is a tool used to map the complex reflection coefficient p to the DUT s impedance In a Smith chart the complex impedance plane is reshaped to form a circular grid from which the resistance and reactance can be read See Figure 3 23 for more information on the Smith chart Marker features on the analyzer display the resistance and reactance in units of ohms and the equivalent capa...

Page 109: ...r a reflection measurement If your particular measurement requires specific parameters such as frequency range source power level number of data points and sweeptime enter them now Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement Since impedance is a reflection measurement you can perform a reflection calibration to improve accuracy Refer to Calibrate For a Reflection Response Measurement earlier i...

Page 110: ...A N A L Y Z E R po660b OR N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R DEV ICE UNDER T E S T 0 LOAD Figure 3 21 Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a Two Port Device NETWORK ANALYZER 1 RF OUT DEVICE UNDER TESl PDIs5a Figure 3 22 Equipment Setup For a Reflection Measurement of a One Port Device 3 57 ...

Page 111: ...eal portion of the impedance the resistance The center of the horizontal axis always represents the system impedance 50 0 in this example b The dashed circles that intersect the horizontal axis represent constant resistance The dashed arcs that are tangent to the horizontal axis represent constant reactance c The upper half of the Smith Chart is the area where the reactive component is positive an...

Page 112: ...the Smith Chart d The magnitude and phase of the reflection coefficient p can be determined by reading the Smith chart as follows IpI the distance from the measurement point to the center point on the chart See Figure 3 24 3 5 9 L p 0 the angle between the horizontal axis of the Smith chart and a line from the center point to the measurement point See Figure 3 24 I ...

Page 113: ...agnitude and Phase of the Reflection Coefficient 4 Figure 3 25 on the next page shows an example of an actual measurement Note the marker readout in the upper right corner of the display The marker values are frequency resistance reactance and the equivalent capacitance or inductance respectively 3 60 I ...

Page 114: ...sing the Smith Chart bl Reflection D2 Off Smith 1 U FS Chl Mkr 1 175 000 MHz 73 33 n 18 62 n 16 93 nH j 10 3 L 1 i k 1 I y I I 1 Y I 7 A A 9 J 1 250 Center 175 000 MHz Span 200 000 MHz po6 56b c Figure 3 25 Example of an Impedance Measurement 3 61 ...

Page 115: ...ission response of the DUT converts it to the equivalent complex impedance and displays the magnitude Two simple conversions are available depending on the measurement configuration The impedance measurement is highly dependent on the reflection coefficient making it important to perform a good calibration The accuracy of the impedance measurement is best near the analyzer s system impedance 50 or...

Page 116: ...n in Figure 3 26 In the formula shown in Figure 3 26 r is the complex reflection coefficient The complex impedance Znes is computed based on I and ZO The analyzer displays the magnitude of Znes This measurement assumes a two terminal device connected across the analyzer s REFLECTION port R e f l e c t i o n r I fr ZRef zo i r Figure 3 26 Impedance Calculation for Reflection Measurements 3 63 1 ...

Page 117: ... parameter conversion as only the measured parameter is used in the equations Since the transmission response calibration cannot correct for source and load match errors the results of the transmission transform are less accurate than the reflection transform To minimize these errors a good source match and load match are required One way to achieve this is to use pads on both sides of the device ...

Page 118: ...omponents generally do not have RF connectors To measure such devices a fixture must be used When using a iixture the calibration should be performed at the point where the device connects to the kture in order to remove the response of the cables and iixture 3 65 1 I ...

Page 119: ...4 Using Instrument Functions ...

Page 120: ...data The following functions are explained in this chapter l Using Markers 0 Using Limit Testing l Using Reference Tracking l Customizing the Display l Saving and Recalling Measurement Results l Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters l Printing and Plotting Measurement Results l Using a Keyboard l Using an External VGA Monitor 4 2 ...

Page 121: ...tive value and a complex impedance value In polar format markers have a stimulus value a magnitude value and a phase value When you switch on a marker and no other function is active the analyzer shows the marker stimulus value in the active entry area You can control markers with the front panel knob the step keys or the front panel numeric keypad The markers are activated by pressing the JGiZKJ ...

Page 122: ... The examples in this section are shown with a transmission response measurement of a flter lb follow along with these examples use the filter that was shipped with your analyzer connect the equipment as shown and set up the analyzer by pressing the keys shown below the equipment setup N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R D S Ib D S Ib Figure 4 2 Connect the Filter to the Analyzer Figure 4 2 Connect the ...

Page 123: ...kers I N O T E I When you make a hardcopy of your measurement results that contain displayed markers you can choose to have a rrtarker table appear on the hardcopy Refer to Printing and Plotting Measurement Results later in this chapter 4 5 ...

Page 124: ...r Definition Although there may be up to eight markers on the display screen at one time only one marker can be active at any given time The active marker is designated by a triangle pointing down 1 with the marker number above it Any other markers on the display are inactive and are designated by a triangle pointing up L M with the marker number below it Any marker can be made active by selecting...

Page 125: ...urn Markers Off 1 All markers can be turned off by pressing KKK AT1 Off 2 lb turn off an individual marker make it the active marker by pressing its corresponding softkey and then press Active Mwkw M f accessed by pressing IX MarkEtrs if necessary 4 7 ...

Page 126: ...king is turned on the marker search is applied to the active marker and is updated with each sweep To turn tracking on press j 1 I t At s Sear and then select the type of search you will be performing Then press Tracktig on QFF _I C A U T I O N It is possible to select marker search types on measurement channel 1 that are incompatible with those on measurement channel 2 and vice versa Doing so can...

Page 127: ... 1 MWWW Ssaxcb Mti Seat m Win to place marker 1 at the minimum value on the trace 2 Press Prior Menu Prior Menu a M UW S WX MBX Semch Mb 2 Max to place marker 2 at the maximum value on the trace 3 Figure 4 3 shows markers 1 and 2 at the maximum and minimum points respectively I T r a n s m i s s i o n D2 o f f Log Mag 2 0 0 dB R e f 6 0 0 0 dB Abs C e n t e r 17 5 0 0 0 MHZ Span 349 400 MHz Figure...

Page 128: ...etected whenever an amplitude excursion greater than half of a division occurs The half of a division excursion requirement must be satisfied on both sides left and right of the peak or minimum The maximum or minimum point must be 60 dE3 See Figure 4 4 6OdB I I I I 4 All Meet X Does Not Meet Peak Search Peak Search Criteria Criteria Figure 4 4 Peak and Minimum Search Criteria 1 When the maximum or...

Page 129: ...Using Instrument Functions Using Markers l 2 Division Figure 4 5 Peak and Minimum Search Criteria at Display Endpoints 4 11 ...

Page 130: ...first occurrence of the target value to the right The target value is in reference to 0 dE 4 Press Srswch Left and notice the marker moves to the fist occurrence of the target value to the left 5 Each time you press Search Righ or Search Left the marker moves to the next occurrence of the target level If no occurrence is found the message Target not found appears momentarily on the display 4 12 _I...

Page 131: ...puts marker 1 in delta marker mode Delta marker mode is explained later in this chapter NOTE Center frequency is defined as the halfway point between the left and right bandwidth cutoff points Loss is the amplitude of the center frequency marker Q stands for quality factor and is defined as the ratio of a circuit s resonant frequency to its bandwidth Your analyzer calculates Q es the center freque...

Page 132: ... marker 4 bandwidth cutoff point lleftl bandwidth cutoff point right marker 5 marker 6 marker 7 marker 6 1 The center frequency is defined by the analwar as the midpoint between the two bandwidth cutoff points i T r a n s m i s s i o n L o g M a g 2 0 0 dB R e f 6 0 0 0 dB D2 o f f BW dB c c 2 5 2 1 7 8 dB 20 0 2 0 A b s C e n t e r 1 7 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz S p a n 3 4 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz Figure 4 6 dB...

Page 133: ...equency and Q see note below for the specified notch level The default notch search level is 6 dB The resulting information is displayed in the upper right corner of the network analyzer screen The notch feature puts marker 1 in delta marker mode Delta marker mode is explained later in this chapter N O T E Q stands for quality factor defined as the ratio of a circuit s resonant frequency to its ba...

Page 134: ...ftl marker 5 marker 7 n o t c h n dB point2 lrightl marker 6 marker 8 1 The center frequency is defined by the analyzer as the midpoint between the left and right notch points 2 Where n is the target value and the n dB point is relative to the maximum response marker II I T r a n s m i s s i o n L o g M a g 1 0 0 dB R e f 2 0 0 0 dB C D2 o f f 10 0 1 1 0 Chl C e n t e r 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z S p a n...

Page 135: ... E During a multi peak or multi notch search eight markers are always placed on the trace regardless of how many peaks or notches are found The markers that aren t placed on a peak or notch are placed at the far right of the display on the current maximum frequency point A maximum or minimum point is detected whenever an amplitude excursion greater than half of a division occurs The half of a divi...

Page 136: ...ne side of the maximum or minimum See Figure 4 9 60dB i 2 Division Figure 4 9 Peak and Minimum Search Criteria at Display Endpoints Connect a multi pole Elter and press C 1 HWwtr Search More and I uXti PM if measuring a multi pole bandpass filter or WtiWatch if measuring a multi pole notch Elter See Figure 4 10 and Figure 4 l 1 for examples of a multi peak and a multi notch search respectively 4 1...

Page 137: ...t Functions Using Markers bl Ref lectlon D2 off Log Mag 2 0 dB R e f 5 00 dB C Chl Chl Mkrl 1 22 2bO M H dB I 7 6 5 dB 1 9 21 2 3 Abs S t a r t 1 0 0 0 0 M H z Stop 500 000 MHz Figure 4 10 Multi Peak Search Mode 4 19 ...

Page 138: ...Using Instrument functions Using Markers l Ref lect Ion D2 off Log Mag 5 0 dB Ref 1 00 dB C 44 I 4 I I I I I I I I I I S t a r t 1 0 0 0 0 M H z Stop 500 000 MHz Figure 4 11 Multi Notch Search Mode 4 20 ...

Page 139: ... E You cannot have marker math functions active at the same time as marker search functions I I To Use Marker Statistics The marker statistics function measures a user dehned segment of the measurement trace and calculates the following 0 frequency span l mean amplitude l standard deviation of the amplitude response 0 peak to peak ripple Limit testing may be performed on the statistical mean and p...

Page 140: ... corner of the display l Transmisslon Log Mag 0 5 dB Ref 0 00 dB D2 off Chl h dB 5 1 Span Mean SDEV P P HAN I 153 00 3 71 dB 0 41 dB 1 67 dB 2 199 00 3 52 dB 2 5 More 3 Markers 3 5 All Off II I I I I I I I I I 4 P Marker Functions 4 5 Abs Marker Search Center 1BO 000 MHz Span 70 000 MHz Figure 4 12 Marker Statistics Function 4 22 ...

Page 141: ...nt point Flatness is the magnitude difference of the maximum and minimum calculated deviations from the straight line Limit testing may be performed on the flatness parameter See To Use Marker Limit Functions later in this chapter for information 1 On measurement channel 1 press MARKER and set markers 1 and 2 to define the beginning and end of the trace segment that you want to measure When using ...

Page 142: ...dB D2 off I k HAN I Lnl r dB 5 1 Span 44 6 21 Mtiz 1 154 15 Gain 2 97 dB _ 2 97 d0 Slope 0 54 dB fzlatness 1 63 di3 2 198 77 3 50 dB 3 Off 1 5 More Markers All Off 3 5 Marker Functions I Marker Abs Search 1 Center 160 000 MHz Span 70 000 wiz Figure 4 13 Marker Flatness Function 4 24 ...

Page 143: ... deEne the passband and stopband 3 At the end of each sweep this feature calculates the insertion loss and peak to peak ripple of the passband as well as the maximum signal amplitude in the stopband The insertion loss is deEned as the minimum point between markers 1 and 2 with respect to 0 dB The peak to peak ripple of the passband is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum point...

Page 144: ...smission Log Mag 5 0 dB Ref 25 00 dB D2 off Start 100 000 Mn2 Stop 350 000 MHZ Figure 4 14 RF Filter Statistics Function 1 150 00 4 26 dB 2 200 00 4 18 d6 3 249 97 45 95 dB 12 337 55 40 70 d6 More Markers All Off Marker Funct Ions Marker Search 4 26 ...

Page 145: ...ith this example set up the instrument for a transmission measurement of the bandpass hlter that was shipped with your instrument 1 Press jXiEK ATI Off Marker Se ch x Search I Max to move marker 1 the active marker to the maximum value on the trace 2 Press Plrior IIex u Prior NBEU Marker Fmc iofts Delta m ON to place a reference marker at the active marker position 3 Press Prior Menu Markerr Ssmch...

Page 146: ...trument Functions Using Markers dB 2c C 2c 40 Chl 1 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0 Abs kl Transmlsslon Log Mag 2 0 0 dB R e f 6 0 0 0 dB D2 o f f I I b Center 175 000 MHz Span 349 400 MHz Figure 4 15 Delta Marker Mods 4 28 ...

Page 147: ... function does not change the reference position If the markers are all off and this function is selected it first turns on marker 1 at its previous setting or if no previous setting at the center frequency default 1 Press MARKER_ and then use the front panel knob or the numeric keypad to move the marker to about 10 dB 2 Press Maker Functions Marker Ref ereTtc and note that the trace has now shift...

Page 148: ...se markers only when you are viewing a polar display format The polar format is accessed by pressing QXW FWW PO W To Use Smith Chart Markers In Smith chart format markers have a resistive value a reactive value and a complex impedance value For information on interpreting Smith chart values see Measuring Impedance Using the Smith Chart in Chapter 3 4 30 1 I ...

Page 149: ...imit testing is implemented by creating individual flat sloping or single point limits on the analyzer display These types of lines may be used individually or combined to represent the performance parameters for your device under test Also available are limit testing capabilities for five types of marker searches statistical mean peak to peak ripple flatness delta amplitude and delta frequency NO...

Page 150: ...sing limit Testing The following examples are performed using a transmission measurement of the bandpass filter shipped with your instrument Ib follow along with these examples connect your filter to the analyzer and press iEm 4 32 1 ...

Page 151: ... has generated a limit line at about the center of the display To get a less distracting view of the limit line press iKiV Maye Mspl ay G ti ule ON off to toggle the graticule off lb see if your filter meets the minimum limit you have just set up press Wior Nonu Limit Menu Limit Tset On The display will now indicate on the display whether the DUT has passed or failed when compared to the current l...

Page 152: ...on or off the pass fail text and turn on or off the fail icon in the limit options menu Press 1 Limit Hsnu Lirait Clptiuns For more information see Customizing the Display later in this chapter 13 Before continuing to the next section edit the limit line to change it back to having a begin and end limit of 3 dl3 4 34 ...

Page 153: ...dd Min Liao Biagfn Fmqumcy 2 Press End Frequency 1155 MHZ 3 Press Bagin Limit 35_ Enter 4 Press Erzd Limit 1 3 Enter N O T E When creating limit lines you can enter frequency and limit values using the front panel knob or the keys as well as the numeric keypad Figure 4 16 shows limit lines created that dictate the specified shape of a bandpass titer In this example a Elter was connected and tuned ...

Page 154: ...rument Functions Using limit Testing dB E C 5 1 0 Chl 1 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 Abs l Transmission Log Mag 5 0 dB R e f 1 5 0 0 dB D2 o f f 1 PASS b I Center 175 000 MHz SDan 2 0 0 0 0 0 M H z 4 36 Figure 4 16 limit lines ...

Page 155: ...ecified that the insertion loss at 174 MHz must be less than 3 dB The following example creates a single point limit at 3 dB at 174 MHz C A U T I O N Limit tests are only performed on actual data points not the interpolated values between When setting a single point limit the limit is actually applied to the closest data point to the frequency of the set limit See Additional Notes on Limit Testing...

Page 156: ...ecial marker functions You can use pass fail limit testing on three parameters of the marker math functions statistical mean peak to peak ripple and flatness See To Use Marker Statistics and lb Use Marker Flatness earlier in this chapter for more information on these types of searches You can also use specihc markers to limit test delta amplitude and delta frequency All of these special marker lim...

Page 157: ...nob or the j IJJ keys to select Statistic Mean in the marker limit test table Turn this limit function on by pressing the UW Limit uzvi OFF key Note that the entry in the on off column of the table changes to on 4 Press Edit Lkmi I infMatx I Limit and enter the maximum limit using the front panel keypad and terminating the entry with the iiTTJ k e y 5 Press Edit Limit CA Min Limit and enter the mi...

Page 158: ...or the IJJ keys to select Statistic p p in the marker limit test table Turn this limit function on by pressing the I r L l 0x1 OFF key Note that the entry in the on off column of the table changes to on 4 Press E ssit Lkmit fiafMw H x Lir ft and enter the maximum limit using the front panel keypad and terminating the entry with the JENTERJ k e y 5 Press Hit Limit hli Max Hin Limit and enter the mi...

Page 159: ... m keys to select Flatness in the marker limit test table Turn this limit function on by pressing the Nk r Limit 0x1 OFF key Note that the entry in the on off column of the table changes to on 4 Press Edi Limit infHsx 34ax L imiz and enter the maximum limit using the front panel keypad and terminating the entry with the iEF k e y 5 Press Edit Limit CHinfPIax Mti Limit and enter the minimum limit u...

Page 160: ... 1 at this point becomes the delta reference for this marker limit test 2 Press DISPLAYI Limit Mezttt Ffkx Limits 3 Use the front panel knob or the c9 keys to select Delta Amp1 in the marker limit test table Turn this limit function on by pressing the J z Limft on OFF key Note that the entry in the on off column of the table changes to on 4 Press Edit Limit Min M Hart Limit and enter the maximum l...

Page 161: ... frequency of marker 1 at this point becomes the delta reference for this marker limit test Press iKK Limit Menu Mkr Limits Use the front panel knob or the m lJ keys to select Delta Freq in the marker limit test table Turn this limit function on by pressing the Hkz LWt QT OFF key Note that the entry in the on off column of the table changes to on Press Edit Limit C ZnfHztx M9x Limit and enter the ...

Page 162: ... flter to a particular shape If the shape is more important than the amplitude you can make the limit lines relative to the peak point of the trace using the reference tracking function In this example you would press EKE Reference Tk zg T F PM The limit lines are now relative to the peak point on the measurement trace rather than set at an absolute amplitude For more information on reference trac...

Page 163: ...y press jj Limit Menu L it i3pt iontr To Delete limit lines 1 lb select a limit line or point to delete you must be in the main limit line menu 2 lb easily ensure you are in the main limit line menu press c 1 Limit Merul 3 Use the front panel knob or the 0 a keys to select the limit you wish to delete The selected limit will appear in inverse video in the limit table 4 Press DelsW Limit The analyz...

Page 164: ... knob or the m JJJ keys to position the pass fail indicator along the vertical axis You can also place the indicator along the vertical by entering a percentage using the numeric keypad Enter a whole number from 0 to 100 where 0 represents the bottom of the display and 100 represents the top of the display To Turn the Pass Fail You can toggle on or off the pass fail indicator text which contains t...

Page 165: ...elect the format you want to use before entering your limits The frequency of each data point is calculated using the following formula Freq t number pt number 1 x stop freq start freq number of points 1 start freq where pt number ranges from 1 for the leftmost display point to number of zxints the rightmost display point limit Testing and Measurement Points Limit testing is only performed on actu...

Page 166: ...R A C E S H O W I N G T H R E E M E A S U R E D P O I N T S MINIMUM L I M I T L I N E 7 B END Ad 1 Figure 4 17 limit lines Example 1 Note that the beginning of the limit line falls between points A and B along the horizontal frequency axis The end of the limit line falls between points B and C along the frequency axis Therefore only one measurement point is encountered between the beginning and en...

Page 167: ...and is above it but this test passes because the last point tested is at 198 MHz The last point 210 MHz does not cause the limit test to fail because it is past the limit line stop frequency of 200 MHz But there is an area on the data trace between 198 MHz and 200 MHz that is above the displayed limit line E N D L I M I T a t 2 0 0 M H z M A X I M U M DATA 1 L I M I T L I N E I N Q U E S T I O N 1...

Page 168: ...ys falls on the display reference line When reference tracking is on marker values are displayed relative to the point of interest Limit lines are also displayed relative to the point of interest when reference tracking is on You may want to use relative limits when the shape of a measurement trace is more important than the absolute amplitude See To Use Relative Limits earlier in this chapter for...

Page 169: ...e 4 19 10 9 8 7 8 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 4 I 9 Reference Positions 2 Press SCALE E ez n e Tretc3fing TX PO The reference level is now adjusted with each sweep so that the peak point on the measurement trace falls on the reference line Note that the y axis is now a relative scale with all amplitude values referenced to the reference line 3 To turn reference tracking off press J I W WBXI TracHng DfP The...

Page 170: ... enter the frequency of interest 3 Press ml Ref sreltlce Tracking Tr ack Fraquezxy The reference level is now adjusted with each sweep so that the frequency of interest falls on the reference line Note that the y axis is now a relative scale with all amplitude values referenced to the reference line Also note that a small arrow appears underneath the measurement trace at the point where the freque...

Page 171: ...ou can turn on or off features such as the display graticule and limit lines l You can also modify and or turn on or off most of the display annotation l You can expand the measurement display to the full screen size and eliminate all annotation except marker annotation Refer to Displaying Measurement Results in Chapter 7 for more information on customizing the display 4 53 _I ...

Page 172: ... size display or use the split screen feature lb use the split display feature press i3KZ7J NUZW Dks qr Split Dlisp FULL split Figure 4 20 shows a split display I Transmission Log Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 0 0 0 dB S t a r t 0 3 0 0 MHz Stop 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz b R e f l e c t i o n Log Mag 1 0 0 dB Fief 0 0 0 dB 3 0 I Abs S t a r t 0 3 0 0 MHz Stop 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz Figure 4 20 Split Display 4 54 ...

Page 173: ...urned on bi Transmission c 2 O f f Log Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 2 4 5 6 d0 1 1 Limit Line Limit Line S t a r t 0 3 0 0 M H z S t o o 3 6 0 2 6 4 MHZ PP62oC Figure 4 21 Display Features 1 lb turn on off the graticule press jSiKiG Mora DfspZq iGraticu10 ON cuff This softkey toggles the display graticule on and off 2 lb turn on off the limit line or point press jj Limit Menu Limit lIpMan Limit Line on OFF ...

Page 174: ...ument Functions Customizing the Display line or point on and off Turning limit lines or points off does not turn limit testing off NOTE You cannot turn off the delta amplitude or delta frequency limit indicators 4 56 ...

Page 175: ...eturn it to the default condition most of the display annotation is visible You may want to modify or turn on or off some of the annotation to customize the display to your preferences Figure 4 22 shows the display screen and points out the different annotation areas Some of these areas can be modified and all of them can be turned on or off 4 57 ...

Page 176: ...lay Y axis Title and Annotation Clock Marker Number Measurement Channel Annotation Pass Fail Indicator Marker Annotation I I I I I I I I I I I I L a I I I I I c fStart 0 3 0 0 MHZ Frequency Annotation pp621 c 4 58 Figure 4 22 The Display Annotation ...

Page 177: ...an be modified or turned on or off l Measurement title and clock l Measurement channel annotation l Frequency annotation l Marker annotation l Marker number l Y axis labels l Y axis relative or absolute scale 0 Limit test Pass Fail text 0 Limit icon 0 Limit test Pass Fail indicator position 4 59 ...

Page 178: ... shown at the top of the measurement channel 1 screen and line 2 is shown at the top of the measurement channel 2 screen lb turn the measurement title and clock on or off press F More llisplay Title and Glo Titlo C1R QN oif Measurement Channel The measurement channel annotation at the top of the display screen can Annotation be modified through the use of SCPI commands See Chapter 7 for more infor...

Page 179: ...cule line is indicated in REL mode the value of each horizontal graticule line is indicated relative to the value of the reference line lb turn on or off the y axis annotation press jj ardors Display Annotation Options Y Axis Lb1 ON off limit Test PasslFail The limit test pass fail indicator can be moved to any position on the display I n d i c a t o r screen lb move the position of the pass fail ...

Page 180: ...and expands the display to the full screen size The remaining annotation is enlarged for better readability RI use the expanded display feature follow the steps below 2 Press iWF At this point and until you turn the expand mode off with the EX WK on OFF key the ENTER key is used to toggle between the expanded display and the normal display Because the ETiE key also functions as the LENTRY key it m...

Page 181: ... Mear 0 bl Transmission k off 5 LO9 Mag 0 5 dB Ref 2 OO dB C 1 M s 55 7 18 MHZ Statistics l lSldB suev 0 51768 P F 2 43148 Flatness RF Filter stats Math Off I Prior Menu I I I I I I I 1 Center 1 8 0 0 0 0 MHZ soan 1 0 0 0 0 0 MHZ Figure 4 23 Normal Display 4 63 ...

Page 182: ...Using Instrument Functions Customizing the Display Figure 4 24 Expanded Display 4 64 ...

Page 183: ... both measurement channels The measurement calibration information is the measurement correction data that the analyzer creates when you make a calibration Measurement calibration information is saved and recalled for both measurement channels Data The measurement data consists of the actual measurement data trace You can save any combination of the above three and recall them to be displayed on t...

Page 184: ...ave to a LIF formatted floppy disk Your C model analyzer allows you to read from a LIF disk but you cannot save to a LIF disk l The file format for the A and El model analyzers is different from the new C model format When saving data you can save it either in a format that is compatible with older analyzers 872lAkB Campatdble 1 or in a format that is only compatible with C analyzers 872X Ccmpatib...

Page 185: ...er in this chapter for information on how to change a hle name When saving a file using the Its Save Sta e function enter the Ele name in one of the following ways l Use an external keyboard connected to the analyzer s rear panel DIN KEYBOARD connector and type in the hlename For information on using a keyboard see Using a Keyboard later in this chapter l Use the front panel knob and Safect Ghmact...

Page 186: ...o If you have the BASIC Option lC2 installed in your analyzer you can configure the volatile RAM disk by pressing the Co i xca VOLJUM softkey This softkey will not do anything on instruments without IBASIC o When this key is pressed a message appears displaying the current percentage allocation between RAM disk and BASIC memory o lb change the memory allocation press Ha dity Si la then enter the n...

Page 187: ...he iilename appears on the screen as STATE STA where is a number the analyzer selects from 0 to 999 3 If you own older model network analyzers HP 8711A HP 8711B 12B 13B 14B and you need your saved files to be recalled on any of these older model analyzers select File Faxmat 872 2ADGumpat ihIe 4 If you do not need your files to be compatible with older model analyzers always choose File Fomat 8TttC...

Page 188: ...y point and column 2 is the measured value at that point l Touchstone format is useful for importing measurement data into CAE programs such as Hewlett Packard s Microwave Design System MDS Touchstone format provides for analyzers with either 50 Q or 75 0 impedance Since your analyzer cannot make full two port measurements saving in Touchstone format is generally only useful when measuring reflect...

Page 189: ...ate and measurement parameter for which the calibration was done Therefore a saved calibration can be used for multiple instrument states as long as the measurement parameter frequency range and number of points are the same 1 Press CSAVE RECALL Sal sct Ojt and press the key that corresponds to the location where your desired file exists 2 If necessary change directories to the directory that cont...

Page 190: ... to rename 4 Use the Ba sPace key repeatedly or press Clew I to erase the current filename from the analyzer screen 5 Enter the new filename in one of the following ways l Use an external keyboard connected to the analyzer s rear panel DIN KEYBOARD connector and type in the new hlename For information on using a keyboard see Using a Keyboard later in this chapter l Use the front panel knob and lec...

Page 191: ...er if the destination flIe already exists It will be overwritten without warning For instance STATEl STA on the internal memory disk and STATEl STA on a floppy disk in the built in disk drive may contain completely different sets of data If you copy one of those hles to the other without editing the file name the file will be overwritten with the source hle 4 Ib copy the file press titer 5 To copy...

Page 192: ...ame entry windows Table 4 l Disk Access Disk SCPI name Non Volatile RAM Disk MEM fi e Volatile RAM Disk RAM file Internal 3 5 Disk IIT fih Internal Date Disk DATA fih IBASIC name fik HEMORY O O i MEMORY O I fih IITERIUL not supported FTP directory nvram fib ram i int fih data l For more details on HP B programming refer to your analyzer s Programmer s Guide a For more details on IBASIC disk access...

Page 193: ...nal volatile RAM disk or internal 3 5 disk the analyzer s built in disk drive C A U T I O N Remember that volatile RAM disk memory will be lost if the power to the instrument is turned off 4 Press Fils Utilities Di actory UtiJ fties Make Dir ctoq Think of a logical name to call a directory Standard MS DOS naming conventions apply to the name of the directory maximum of eight characters plus a thre...

Page 194: ... table 2 lb change to the previous directory highlight PARENT and press C IMX B D PW Y to return to the disk s previous directory 3 lb change to the disk s main or root directory continue highlighting and changing to the PARENT directory until the current directory name in the top box is simply a backslash n Remove a Directory 1 A directory must be empty before it can be removed If there are hles ...

Page 195: ...mory do not need to be formatted C A U T I O N AlI information on the disk will be erased during the formatting process 1 Make sure the disk is not write protected by ensuring the write protect tab is in the proper position 2 Insert the disk into the analyzer s disk drive 3 Press SAVE RECALL File Utilitfsa FwD Disk ffenu FOZXE 3 5 Dfsk YES 4 It will take approximately 2 5 minutes for the disk to b...

Page 196: ...tible peripheral The analyzer supports HP IB serial parallel and LAN Option lF7 only peripherals Hardcopy output can also be saved to a file in either HP GL or PCX format With Option lF7 LAN capability you can also capture hardcopy output in either HP GL or PCX format NOTE Hardcopy device selection and configuration parameters are retained when the analyzer is turned off or is preset 4 78 ...

Page 197: ...A ColorPro Eight Pen Color Graphics Plotter l HP 7470A Two Pen Graphics Plotter l HP 7475A Six Pen Graphics Plotter l HP 7550A B High Speed Eight Pen Graphics Plotter These printers are compatible l All HP LaserJets LaserJet III 4 and 5 support PCL5 for fastest hardcopies l All HP De Jets HP DeskJet 1200C can also be used to plot l HP DeskJet Portable l HP PaintJet 3630A l Epson printers which are...

Page 198: ...allel Printer Cable 3 0 m l HP C2947A Parallel Printer Cable 10 m l HP C2913A RS 232C Serial Interface Cable 1 2 m l HP 245426 Serial Interface Cable 3 m 9F to 25M If your peripheral is to be connected via the LAN port Option lF7 only on the analyzer you will need a LAN hub and 2 Ether twist cables Choose from the following l HP J2610B AdvanceStack lOBase T Hub 8U typical g port hub l HP J2611B Ad...

Page 199: ...otter 1 Turn off the analyzer and the printer or plotter 2 Connect to one of the ports shown in Figure 4 25 L A N S E R I A L E T H E R T W I S T P E R I P H E R A L H P I B P A R A L L E L I V I D E O O U T P E R I P H E R A L S P E R I P H E R A L C O L O R V G A Figure 4 25 Peripheral Connections 4 81 ...

Page 200: ...rinters and Plotters Configure the Hardcopy Port You will only have to do this setup once if you make all your hardcopies with the same printing or plotting device You can conllgure the analyzer for any of the peripherals listed below 1 Option lF7 only 4 82 ...

Page 201: ...ximum speed if your printer supports it HP LaserJet III 4 5 models support PCL5 Typical time to generate and send hardcopy output to a PCL5 printer is 1 to 10 seconds l Use PCL or Epson language if your printer does not support PCL5 The analyzer uses Epson ESC Pl commands that are common to IBM mode devices and FX 86e FX 800 mode Epson compatible devices l Use HP GL language for plotters 4 83 ...

Page 202: ...o the analyzer s rear panel DIN KEYBOARD connector and type in the LAN IP address For information on using a keyboard see Using a Keyboard later in this chapter Or use the front panel knob and Sel t Ghmacter key to point to and select each character of the IP address Then press I MT Refer to the User s Guide Supplement for Option lF 7 for information on using the LAN connection for printing 1 If t...

Page 203: ...e using a printer Otherwise go to Defining a Plotter Defining a PC15 Printer Make the following selections in the analyzer menus 1 Press store Defaults to restore the default parameters for a printer The defaults are Parameter Monochrome Color Orientation Auto Feed Top Margin Left Margin Print Width Default Monochrome Portrait O N 0 00 mm 0 00 mm 150 mm 15 91 inl 2 Select the type of printer you h...

Page 204: ...actually deGnes the height of the printed image PC15 PRINT DVERRUN Errors and Page Protection When printing using PCLS format the printed page s complexity may exceed the printer s ability to create the image and keep pace with the engine printing process If a page is too complex the page might print in parts or only part of the page might print Some print data loss is likely In such cases a PRINT...

Page 205: ...it O N 96 Dots Per Inch 0 00 mm 0 00 mm 150 mm 15 91 inl 2 Select the type of printer you have either Hanacl kzoma or Color 3 Select the orientation of the paper to the information printed either Pw w or Ladecape The portrait choice orientates the printout vertically the landscape orientates the printout horizontally 4 If you do not want auto feed active press Auto Feed Off 5 Press Woos Pxkxter to...

Page 206: ...ut in mm Minimum setting is 0 00 mm maximum setting is 200 00 mm c L t Margirt Sets the left margin non printing space of the printout in mm Minimum setting is 0 00 mm maximum setting is 200 00 mm d Print Width Sets print width printing space of printout in mm Minimum setting is 80 mm maximum is 500 mm Width is defined relative to the printer It is the dimension at right angle to the travel of the...

Page 207: ...r Monochrome Color Monochrome Default Auto Feed Color Plotter Pen Numbers O N Trace 1 Pen 1 Trace 2 Pen 2 M e m o r y 1 Pen3 Memory 2 Pen 4 Graticule Pen 5 Graphics Pen 8 2 Select the type of plotter you have either monochrome or color 2 Use Sst Psn Numbers to select the pen number s for the data traces memory traces graticule and graphics Press Prior RWN when done selecting pens 4 If you do not w...

Page 208: ...ts lb print or plot measurement results perform the following steps 1 Select the appropriate copy port 0 Printer or 0 Plotter or l Internal 3 5 in floppy disk 2 DeEne the output 3 Generate the output l Hardcopy OT l Plot to 3 5 in disk 4 90 ...

Page 209: ...ocessors and drawing programs This allows a simple method for screen dumps to be used in reports memos or other communications In addition if you have the LAN option lF7 you can use FTP to directly get a hardcopy hle in either HP GL or PCX format See the LAN User s Guide Supplement for information If you are sending hardcopy to an external device printer or plotter you should have already configur...

Page 210: ...ice of format press iEiEE Deletia dcop and then one of the following selections Figure 4 26 and Figure 4 27 show the available hardcopy components and formats a md Table outputs both the graph and marker table GrapEt Only outputs only the graph This selection allows printing of the limit line table as well 4kr Tabls Only outputs only the marker table This selection allows printing of the limit lin...

Page 211: ...nt Results bl Transmission L o g Mag 1 0 0 dB R e f 3 8 6 0 dB D2 O f f I I 30 f 1 I I I I I I I I C e n t e r 1 7 5 0 0 0 M H Z Span 200 OOO MHz 1 Mkr A MHZ d 2 Mkr MHz dB I 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 6 2 0 0 8 5 6 i pc857b c Figure 4 26 Hardcopy Components and Formats Available 4 93 ...

Page 212: ... 541 76 94 7 288 82 18 9 03s 89 23 10 782 77 77 12 529 82 95 14 276 89 84 16 023 85 46 17 770 79 86 19 517 88 97 21 264 89 75 23 011 83 53 24 758 87 51 26 505 84 91 28 252 83 51 29 999 86 01 Figure 4 27 Trace list Values NOTE Figure 4 27 shows the trace list values for a transmission measurement in log mag format Trace values for polar format will be frequency magnitude and phase while trace value...

Page 213: ...ase in measurement speed when the network analyzer is outputting to a printer or plotter that doesn t have a built in buffer For the fastest possible hardcopY dump to such devices press lhnENUJ Tx z Ha d before beginning the print or plot Refer to the following table for some typical print times 4 9 5 ...

Page 214: ...cal Print Times portrait Format minzwc Landaoapo Format minrac MDND3 100 300 PCL5 COLOR 100 300 PCL5 DarkJot Do Jot DoakJet LaserJet DookJet DookJat DoakJot LaserJot 870 660 12ooc 61 870 660 12ooc 61 0 2tl cl 30 0 16 0 25 0 23 0 40 0 20 0 27 0 24 0 30 0 26 0 35 0 29 0 42 0 33 0 40 N A N A N A 0 27 N A N A N A o 264 0 33 1 15 0 29 N I A 0 39 2 07 0 43 NIA 1 18 2 lO 1 21 N A 140 2 53 1 51 N A N A N ...

Page 215: ...oard lb connect a keyboard first turn off the analyzer Then connect a PC AT compatible keyboard with a mini DIN connector to the rear panel DIN KEYBOARD connector See Figure l 4 in Chapter 1 for the location of the keyboard connector Turn the analyzer back on after the keyboard connector is fully inserted into the connector N O T E If your keyboard has a standard large pint DIN connector you will ...

Page 216: ...tion to save an instrument state that you want to call mixer 1 Set up the instrument with the measurement parameters that you want to save See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results earlier in this chapter for more information 2 Press SAVE RECALL Se z Disk and choose where to store the instrument state 4 Use the keyboard to backspace over the existing Gle name don t worry the existing file will ...

Page 217: ... 08712 80028 You can use the key combinations below with a keyboard connected to the rear panel of the analyzer to activate the indicated front panel hardkeys and softkeys Softkeys are the eight unlabeled keys to the right of the display They are numbered from one top through eight bottom Equivalents ilyilllllul Kayboar I Front Panel Key Keyboard Function Key Front Panel Shift Softkey 1 MEAS 1 Sof...

Page 218: ...cond key lb select Saftkq i press nl alone In case of difhculty make sure that the keyboard is connected to the DIN KEYBOARD connector on the rear panel The keyboard must be IBM PC AT compatible Print capabilities When you use the analyzer 1 1 function to dump a graph you don t get the softkey menu that appears on the right hand side of the analyzer display Pressing Shift XGZScreen on a keyboard w...

Page 219: ... COLOR VGA connector can be connected to a VGA compatible monitor for enhanced measurement viewing This section describes how to customize the color on an external VGA monitor Refer to Chapter 8 for more information on the VIDEO OUT COLOR VGA connector 4 101 I ...

Page 220: ... color monitor However you can customize the color of various display items if desired To customize the color on an external display press cm MOZ Wspliry Color aptfone3 Curtam Colors First select the item you want to change by pressing the S X Item key and then using the front panel knob or the Q a keys to select the item you want to change You can also use the analyzer s keypad to input the numbe...

Page 221: ...CaX0r OpticzkS Custom Color 2 Press 16 item number for text from the list above and then ENTER 3 Press Satwrzstiork loq ENTER 4 Press Lumin e Iloo KiEJ 5 Finally press I B and then use the front panel knob to adjust the color to the desired hue N O T E All of the above color settings are retained when the analyzer is turned off or is preset To restore the default colors press DISPLAY MW Factory De...

Page 222: ...sting it press Remove PattBr 2 If your external monitor is a sync on green signal monitor press the Sync GXWW an OFE key to enable the sync on green capability 3 Use the VW al Position and Ho ti Positfun keys to vary the display s position on the monitor After pressing one of these softkeys use the front panel knob the J keys or the numeric keypad to vary the position of the display on the monitor...

Page 223: ...5 Optimizing Measurements ...

Page 224: ...the best measurement results The following sections are included in this chapter l Increasing Sweep Speed l Increasing Network Analyzer Dynamic Range l Reducing Trace Noise l Reducing Mismatch Errors l Compensating for Phase Shift in Measurement Setups l Measuring Devices with Long Electrical Delay 5 2 _I ...

Page 225: ...art frequency l sweep time in AUTO mode l widen the system bandwidth l reduce the amount of averaging l reduce the number of measurement points l only view a single channel 0 turn off alternate sweep l turn off markers and marker tracking l turn off spur avoidance l minimize frequency span to avoid bandcrossings HP 8714C only To Increase the Start Frequency Since the analyzer sweeps frequencies be...

Page 226: ...ode If MAN is all capital letters the analyzer is in manual sweep time mode 2 If necessary press Sump Ti mef uta MI to toggle the time mode to AUTO To Widen the System Bandwidth Wide system bandwidth is recommended for some broadband detection measurements Press AVG S s k BadwIdth to widen the IF bandwidth As the bandwidth increases the sweep time decreases and the trace noise increases Table 5 l ...

Page 227: ...nts lb reduce the number of measurement points press LMENU JMOxer of Points and use the front panel knob the IJJ keys or the numeric keypad to enter the reduced number Generally as the number of points is decreased so is the sweep time However other factors will affect the sweep time such as l using frequency bands that contain very low frequencies below approximately 20 MHz l the number of band c...

Page 228: ...ng in the graph above l As the frequency span decreases the sweep time generally decreases l As the number of points decreases the sweep time decreases lb View a Single Measurement Channel 1 If you are viewing both measurement channels but only need one you can decrease measurement time by turning one of the channels off Select the channel you wish to turn off with either the j 1 or C 2 button The...

Page 229: ...softkey should appear Alt Z3wesrp C OFF To Turn Off Markers and Marker Tracking When markers are on time is required to update the marker readouts Turning off markers can reduce sweep cycle time by up to 30 ms When the marker softkey menu is active it too must be updated adding up to 10 ms to the sweep cycle time Press MARKER All Off When marker tracking is on the analyzer performs a search after ...

Page 230: ...frequencies to move mixing products Since the analyzer sweep is not interrupted when this feature is off turn off spur avoidance to increase sweep speed 1 Press ZKQ Spar Avoid Opt iains and look at the Spvr Avoid softkey 2 If the Qw Avaid key is highlighted with a box around it press the me key NOTE If Spur Avoid must be used in your measurement set the start frequency as high as possible to obtai...

Page 231: ... HP 8714C only Sweep time is increased when the analyzer encounters a bandcrossing point The frequency bandcrossing points are approximately 1900 MHz 2310 MHz 2620 MHz Press Ej and then change the start frequency stop frequency or span to avoid sweeping through these band crossing points when possible 5 9 1 ...

Page 232: ...eceiver input power to achieve the highest dynamic range You can increase the analyzer s source output power so that the test device output power is within the measurement range of the analyzer Press GEE La9esl and enter the new source power level If your test device output power stays within the maximum input limits shown below the receiver compression will be minimized C A U T I O N Maximum Reco...

Page 233: ...width is reduced more receiver measurements are used per frequency point increasing the sweep time However with system bandwidth reduction unlike averaging only one sweep is required for the reduced noise floor effect The analyzer offers a choice of six system bandwidths wide medium wide default setting medium medium narrow narrow and fine 1 Press AVG System 3mdwidth 2 Press the key that correspon...

Page 234: ... noise ratio increases l time for each individual sweep remains the same but l total time to update the trace increases Averaging is better than system bandwidth reduction at minimizing very low frequency noise 1 Press AVG Avlesrags Fac ur 2 Enter a value followed by ENTER 3 Press Amwage ON off NOTE When averaging is on there is an indicator in the lower right corner of the analyzer s display The ...

Page 235: ...th l eliminate spurious responses lb Activate Averaging for Reducing Trace Noise The analyzer uses a weighted running average for averaging The noise is reduced with each new sweep as the effective averaging factor increments 1 Press m ATerags Factar 2 Enter a value followed by ENTER 3 Press Arerage ON off Averaging is explained more fully in the previous section 5 13 _I ...

Page 236: ... uses the fastest sweep time possible for any selected system bandwidth Auto sweep time mode is the default analyzer setting To Eliminate Receiver Spurious Responses Spurious responses are undesirable signals that result from various internal mixing products The analyzer has two features to eliminate spurious responses Both features shift the frequency of the spur without changing the RF output fr...

Page 237: ...e invalid Activating Spur Avoidance When you activate spur avoidance the analyzer sweeps to a point before a spur stops the sweep shifts the spur sweeps through the spur location then shifts the spur back and continues the sweep The analyzer determines which spurs need to be avoided with an algorithm based on frequencies number of points sweep time and system bandwidth lb activate spur avoidance 1...

Page 238: ...Optimizing Measurements Reducing Trace Noise C A U T I O N You will invalidate the measurement calibration if you turn spur avoid off 5 16 ...

Page 239: ...f the source or load match errors Source match and load match error terms can be reduced by using the methods described in this section Reducing Mismatch Errors in a Reflection Measurement The best way to reduce mismatch errors in a reflection measurement is to perform a reflection calibration directly at the DUT connector using the exact frequency parameters that you will be using for the measure...

Page 240: ...Six to tan dB of attenuation should be sufficient to significantly reduce mismatch errors Reducing Mismatch Errors When Measuring Both Reflection and Transmission When you want to measure reflection and transmission simultaneously or without changing the test setup perform both a reflection calibration and an enhanced response calibration using the exact frequency parameters that you will be using...

Page 241: ... you might have a test fixture with type N connectors where you can easily perform an accurate calibration However calibrating at this connector does not remove the electrical length within the fixture The desired calibration reference plane is on the other side of the test fixture where you may have device specik connectors Port extension lets you compensate for this delay within your fixture the...

Page 242: ...xtension delay is applied twice When measuring transmission the reflection port extension delay and the transmission port extension delay are each applied once Electtical Delay Another type of reference plane extension is Electrical Delay accessible from the SCALE key Electrical delay lets you add delay to your current measurement to compensate for phase shift lb flatten the phase response at a ce...

Page 243: ... to the exact frequency being emitted at the RF OUT port with an input bandwidth determined by the System Bandwidth selection If the RF IN signal is lower than the RF OUT signal the measurement of RF IN will be attenuated by the receiver s frequency response The amount of attenuation increases as the amount of frequency shift increases The amount of attenuation also increases as the System Bandwid...

Page 244: ...6 Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy ...

Page 245: ...tion in the section titled Measurement Calibration Overview The sections following the overview provide instructions for choosing performing saving and checking measurement calibrations Each example measurement in Chapter 3 provides an example calibration for the particular type of measurement 6 2 ...

Page 246: ...ble by measurement calibration Drift errors such as frequency and temperature drift are also non repeatable and not correctable by a cal Systematic errors such as tracking and crosstalk are the most signmcant errors in most RF measurements Fortunately systematic errors are repeatable and for the most part correctable though small residual errors may remain In brief the systematic errors are correc...

Page 247: ...lyzer RF OUT side of the DUT load match errors on the load network analyzer RF IN side If the DUT is not connected directly to the port the mismatch errors due to cables adapters etc are considered part of the source or load match errors N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R RF Figure 6 2 Mismatch Errors OUT i II RF I N The analyzer has several methods of measuring and compensating for these test system e...

Page 248: ...Be sure to select the correct cal kit by pressing CAL Caf Kit l Make consistent connections use a torque wrench with 3 5 mm connectors if possible of the standards and DUTs l Minimize temperature variations l Minimize movement of cables The Calibration Reference Plane For the most accurate calibrations and measurements it is important that you calibrate at the appropriate reference plane The refer...

Page 249: ...reased Measurement Accuracy Measurement Calibration Overview DUT Lzl CALIBRATION f REFERENCE PLANE NETWORK ANALYZER TEST FIXTURE REFLECTION TRANSM I RF OUT R F I N ss ION pp622c Figure 6 3 The Calibration Reference Plane 6 6 ...

Page 250: ...alyzer If your test setup meets these conditions you do not need to perform any additional calibrations however without a user calibration the analyzer is not guaranteed to meet its published measurement port specifications When a Calibration Is Necessary l You want the best accuracy possible l You are adapting to a different connector type or impedance l You are connecting a cable between the tes...

Page 251: ...of measurement under the EiiFiJ or EFF key press the ICAL key Pressing the key brings up calibration choices for the type of measurement you selected in the ELFi or MEAS menu See lhble 6 l for the types of calibrations available for each type of measurement The following sections in this chapter discuss these different types of calibrations organized by measurement type There is also a discussion ...

Page 252: ...aults One Port See your Option 100 User s Gmiie Supplement Sea your Option 100 User s Gude Suppkzment Autozero Manual Zero Normalize Conversion loss A M Delay Autozero Manual Zero Normalize Restore Defaults Response Normalize Unratioed narrowband internal detection 1 Option 100 only Normalize 2 Options 1DA and 1llB only restored when power is turned back on memory when power is turned off and will...

Page 253: ... parameters other than the default Connect your equipment as you would for an actual measurement but omit the DUT Notice that the top of the display on the analyzer now shows the type of measurement followed by AA to indicate that the displayed data is actually the measurement divided by memory C A U T I O N The normalization cal will be invalidated if any frequency settings are changed after cali...

Page 254: ...ng parameters other than the default 2 Press a and then one of the following softkeys Restoring the default calibration recalls error correction arrays that the network analyzer previously generated by an adjustment test and permanently stored in memory This response calibration was performed at the factory or during servicing using full band entire frequency span and 401 frequency points It is qu...

Page 255: ...The analyzer measures each standard across the frequency band you have dehned using the number of points you have detied The measurements of these standards are used to remove systematic errors caused by frequency response and source match Transmission Calibration Interpolation Widening the frequency span after performing any of these calibrations will invalidate them and restore the default calib...

Page 256: ... the network analyzer previously generated by an adjustment test and stored permanently in memory This calibration was performed at the factory or during servicing using full band entire frequency span and 401 frequency points It is quick and convenient but not as accurate at narrow frequency spans This calibration is also known as the default calibration A one port calibration prompts you to conn...

Page 257: ...hand corner of the display This C indicates that a user deEned cal not the default is in use If you change to a narrower span note that the C changes to C indicating the analyzer is now interpolating between calibrated measurement points The C notation also appears when other system parameters such as power number of points or sweep time have changed 6 14 I ...

Page 258: ...e to changes in ambient temperature The two CAL selections for conversion loss mode are Autozero periodically compensates for detector drift due to changes in temperature When autozero is selected the detectors are automatically zeroed approximately every five minutes A pop up message will briefly appear on the analyzer s display when the detectors are zeroed In manual zero mode the analyzer zeros...

Page 259: ...rated The accuracy of relative group delay group delay flatness measurements will not be degraded as long as the delay of the cables and adapters connected to the DUT is negligible A response calibration prompts you to connect a through cable in place of the DUT as the calibration standard and then measures it across the frequency band you have defined using the number of points you have defined T...

Page 260: ...e shows the connector types that are stored in the analyzer along with the appropriate cal kit model number Connector Type Type N Iml I50 2l Type N Iml 175 nl Type F Ifl 3 5 mm To select the connector type by pressing m a l Kft and then the connector type applicable to your measurement If you are calibrating with type F connectors you must follow the procedure in the HP 85039A Calibration Kit User...

Page 261: ...VE RECALL and note the f5st word of the second line on the screen If it is not INT for internal disk press S W Disk fa tmm3 3 P Disk Prior Menu 3 Highlight the GIe CALKIT in the case of the Example Programs disk 4 Press R caXl W e and wait for the prompt Loaded cal kit information for 4 calibration standards Recall of cal kit from CALKIT complete 5 Press CAL Cal it User B f ined N O T E Cal kit co...

Page 262: ...Determine the standard characteristics for the connector type you plan to use 2 Create a cal kit ASCII llle or edit the one provided on the Example Programs Disk N O T E Calibration kit definitions musf be in DOS format LIF format is not supported for cal kit definitions 3 Verify performance Step 1 Determine the Determine the standard characteristics for the connector type you plan to use Standard...

Page 263: ...or each type of measurement error that is to be corrected one standard is measured Open Open defines the standard type of an open circuit used for calibrating reflection measurements As a reflection standard an open circuit offers the advantage of broadband frequency coverage At high frequencies however an open rarely has perfect reflection characteristics because the fringing capacitance effects ...

Page 264: ... for that standard will be retained The best practice is to define all of your standards and characteristics when loading zo Z is usually set to the system characteristic impedance usually either 50 or 75 ohms Delay Delay is equivalent to a uniform length of transmission line between the standard being defined and the actual measurement plane The DELAY is entered as the one way travel time from th...

Page 265: ...59 Step 2 Create a Cal Kit Create a cal kit ASCII file or edit the one provided on the Example Programs ASCII File disk Remember that these flies are compatible with MS DOS and thus you could use any IBM Compatible PC and a text editor that can modify ASCII flies Just be sure to include the line numbers as if it were an IBASIC program The example file CALKIT provided on the Example Programs disk i...

Page 266: ...40 250 260 270 280 290 300 END Standard Definitions for HP 85054B Precision Type N Cal Kit Definitions for 50 Ohm jack FEMALE center contact test ports plug MALE center contact standards OPEN HP 85054 60027 Open Circuit Plug zo 50 0 ohms DELAY 57 993E 12 Set LOSS 0 8E 9 Ohms Set CO 88 308E 15 Farads Cl 1667 2E 27 Farads Hz C2 146 6lE 36 Farads Hz 2 C3 9 75313 45 Farads Hz 3 SHORT HP 85054 60025 Sh...

Page 267: ... verikation device must not be one of the calibration standards measurement of one of these standards is merely a measure of repeatability lb achieve more complete verifkation of a particular measurement calibration accurately known verification standards with a diverse magnitude and phase response should be used NBS traceable or HP standards are recommended to achieve verihable measurement accura...

Page 268: ...and select where you want the calibration saved See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for information on the three available selections 3 Press Prior Menu SZUW State to save the calibration 4 The analyzer will save the calibration along with the current instrument state to a Ele on the disk you have selected 5 Refer to Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for m...

Page 269: ...f you suspect that you may not be making valid measurements you can use Calibration Check the calibration check to confirm that your current measurement calibration is valid or to reveal that it is faulty Using a different set of calibration standards for the calibration check than the ones you used for the initial calibration will help you to rule out the possibility of degraded or faulty cal sta...

Page 270: ...ibrations available including the factory default calibration See Table 6 2 Table 6 2 Calibration Check Error Terms Meesurement Celibretion Stondordr Error Terms2 Type TYPO Needed Computed Transmission Default O S L T Source Match Load Match Transmission Tracking Response O S L T Source Match Load Match Transmission Tracking Response Isolation O S Ll2l T Source Match load Match Transmission Tracki...

Page 271: ...is being used it is recommended that you use a di ient set of calibration standards for the calibration check than you used to perform the initial calibration The different set of calibration standards must be of the same type as the original set 4 Once you have properly connected all the required standards as prompted the analyzer computes the residual errors for the measurement 5 Now press the V...

Page 272: ...B load Match 1 0 dB Transmission Tracking O l t o 0 1 dB Isolation 1 0 0 t o 7 0 dBm Reflection Tracking 0 05 t o 0 5 dB 1 Twical values include cables and fixtures Ymr results will vary depending upon your cables fixturin and connector type Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy Check the Calibration ...

Page 273: ...ror term Corrected directivity less than 40 dB is expected after calibrations have been performed This is the same value YOU would measure when measuring a load standard di3 tl Memory D2 off Log Mag 1 0 0 dB Ref 70 00 dB C 110 I I I I I 1 I I I Start 0 300 MHZ Stan 1 300 000 MHZ Figure 6 4 Typical Directivity Error Term 6 30 ...

Page 274: ...t refer to its User s Guide for more information A corrected source match of 30 dB indicates a good calibration for these two calibration choices See Figure 6 5 I Memory I Memory D2 Off D2 Off Log Mag Log Mag 5 0 dB Ref 55 00 dB C 5 0 dB Ref 55 00 dB C I I 1 1 I I I 65 70 Start 0 300 MHZ Start 0 300 MHZ St 00 1 300 000 MHZ St 00 1 300 000 MHZ Figure 6 5 Typical Source Match Corrected Error Term Fi...

Page 275: ...or Increased Measurement Accuracy Check the Calibration W Memory D2 Off dB 5 Log Mag 5 0 dB Ref 25 00 dB 1 1 2 1 3 3 40 45 Start 0 300 MHz St00 1 300 000 MHz Figure 6 6 Typical Source Match Uncorrected Error Term 6 32 ...

Page 276: ...rror term It is a measure of the re reflections contributed from the match of the THRU standard and the receiver port RF IN A typical value for this match term is 10 dB WI Memory D2 Off Log Mag 5 0 dB Ref 45 00 dB C I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Start 0 300 MHZ Stoo 1 300 000 MHZ Figure 6 7 Typical load Match Error Term 6 33 ...

Page 277: ... THRU standard A typical transmission tracking error is fO 1 dB Most likely this term wilI be dominated by trace noise W Memory W Memory D2 Off D2 Off Log Mag Log Mag 0 1 dB Ref 0 1 dB Ref 0 00 d d C 0 00 d d C Start Start 0 300 0 300 MHZ MHZ St00 St00 1 1 300 000 300 000 MHZ MHZ Figure 6 6 Typical Transmission Tracking Error Term Figure 6 6 Typical Transmission Tracking Error Term 6 34 ...

Page 278: ...isolation term displays the best possible noise floor of a transmission measurement with no external signal path This measurement can be in the range of 100 to 70 dBm W Memory W Memory D2 Off D2 Off Log Mag Log Mag 1 0 0 dB Ref 80 00 dB C 1 0 0 dB Ref 80 00 dB C II II II II II II II II II Start 0 300 MHZ Start 0 300 MHZ St00 1 3OO OOO MHZ St00 1 3OO OOO MHZ Figure 6 9 Typical Iqolation Error Term ...

Page 279: ...ction measurement error term It is a measure of how well the open or load standards have been corrected A typical reflection error tracking error is ho 05 dB W Memory 02 Off Log Mag 0 1 dB Ref 0 00 dB C dB 3 4 Start 0 300 MHZ St00 1 300 000 MHZ Figure 6 10 Typical Reflection Tracking Error Term 6 36 I ...

Page 280: ...7 Automating Measurements ...

Page 281: ...ith an external controller connected via HP IB If you have ordered the LAN option flF71 you have the additional capability of controlling the analyzer over a LAN Refer to the User s Guide Supp ement fur Op0iin IF7 for information An automated measurement system is a system where a computer performs some of the tasks that you would normally have to do manually The information in this chapter will h...

Page 282: ...be used to direct you through a sequence of tests to set instrument parameters and to send prompts with helpful directions or diagrams Automation is also used to collect data to monitor production line performance and to archive and analyze data Automating your measurements can help ensure consistent quality on a production line Using a consistent documented production process while monitoring pro...

Page 283: ...eraction l Measurement Setup and Control with Fast Recall l Automated Measurement Setup and Control l Controlling Peripherals l Displaying Measurement Results l Saving Measurement Results N O T E IBASIC Option lC2 when installed on your network analyzer acts as a complete system controller residing inside your analyzer 7 4 ...

Page 284: ...l How many test stations will be needed in the future l How much space is available at each test station l What type of testing will be done l How will the measurement be controlled l How will the data be analyzed and archived l What level of throughput is required After answering these questions you should decide which of the following configurations best meets your needs ...

Page 285: ...hanging to different instrument states This configuration is well suited for simple go no go device testing using the built in limit testing features Configure your system as a stand alone analyzer if you would like to 0 Simplify test system configuration l Reduce capital expense l Allow for future expansion with minimal effort l Minimize the space required for a system Figure 7 l shows a stand al...

Page 286: ...rams quickly without needing to refer to the programming documentation Using AUTOST liles the analyzer will load and run your program when power is turned on Since no external computer is required there are fewer system components to purchase maintain connect and synchronize Configure your system as a stand alone instrument with IBASIC Option lC2 if you would like to 0 Simplify test system conligu...

Page 287: ...mating Measurements Configuring Your Test System IBASIC PROGRAM NETWORK ANALYZER D U T 1 0 2 0 O U T P U T _ _ 3 0 E N T E R 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 E N D Figure 7 2 Stand Alone Network Anelyrer Running IBASIC 7 8 ...

Page 288: ... connect one or more analyzers to each computer Since the computer can be connected to other computers via Local Area Network LAN measurement statistics can be easily tracked and archived using computer applications N O T E You must have Option lF7 installed in your analyzer to use the LAN port If you have Option lF7 refer to your Option lF7 User s Guile Supplement for information on using your an...

Page 289: ...Automating Measurements Configuring Your Test System 20 OUTPUT _ NElWRK ANALYZER D U T Figure 7 3 Network Analyzer Without IBASIC Controlled by a Computer 7 10 ...

Page 290: ...n communicates with IBASIC and collects the measurement results at some defined interval This configuration can result in higher throughput especially if the measurement setup and control is complex Configure your system as an analyzer with IBASIC Option lC2 and an external computer if you would like to l Centralize automation and application programs l Develop a more sophisticated system l Add ne...

Page 291: ...ou add more analyzers Set each analyzer s address via the SYSTEM OPTIONS HP I I menu If you have Option lF7 installed in your analyzer you can overcome the physical limitations of HP IB cabling and create large systems with hundreds of analyzers lo BaseT LAN provides a theoretical bandwidth of close to 1 MByte second although in practice throughput will be slower due to overhead and turn around ti...

Page 292: ...ce Refer to the HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook for more information An external controller can be used to control the analyzer It can be a personal computer PC or an HP BASIC computer The external controller sends standard SCPI commands to address 716 default OUTPUT 716 Command to control the analyzer Refer to the Programmer s Guide for more information You can use one controller to control s...

Page 293: ...ice versa The programmer must ensure that SCPI commands executed by IBASIC do not overlap with SCPI commands sent from an external controller otherwise the system may deadlock Synchronization between the analyzer and the controller must be ensured See Synchronizing the Analyzer and a Controller in the supplement to the HP hstrument BASIC User s Handbook for additional information 2 Both IBASIC Sel...

Page 294: ... of HP s BASIC UX It has roughly the same keywords as HP BASIC 4 0 With very little effort you can design your program so that it will run either inside the analyzer or on a computer with no modification The IBASIC program runs concurrently with normal instrument measurement processing Since IBASIC has direct access to the analyzer s measurement arrays it can read them and write to them very quick...

Page 295: ...00 452 4844 extension 9141 Outside the U S contact your nearest HP Sales or Service office Refer to Chapter 10 for a table of sales and service offices QuickBasic has been a popular programming language since it runs on PCs It does not offer a rich keyword set as does HP BASIC and is not optimized for instrument control lb control the analyzer via HP IB an HP IR card and driver library must be ins...

Page 296: ... analyzer via the HP B including several example programs written in HP BASIC The HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook contains detailed information and examples showing how to control the analyzer using BASIC The Option lF7 User s Guide Supplement contains detailed information on controlling the analyzer via LAN including example programs 7 17 ...

Page 297: ...creen graphics to create custom diagrams l User defined measurement channel and frequency annotation l Ability to define the EKJ key menu with custom softkeys requires IBASIC Option lC2 l IBASIC display window configurable as full or split l IBASIC DISP line and INPUT line l Data entry using a barcode reader l Data entry using an external keyboard l Hot keys on external keyboard for common functio...

Page 298: ......

Page 299: ...e of the following timeout words SHOW MEDimn LONG NONE For example OUTPUT ORfna DISP ANN MESS Test passed MEDIUM To clear the message immediately use the command DISPlay ANNotation MESSage CLEar The message string can contain a maximum of 25 lines with up to 47 characters per line However it cannot be more than 254 characters in length including carriage returns and line feeds lf you are using BAS...

Page 300: ...ing split display you can display the measurement in one half of the screen while displaying a connection diagram in the other half For more details on SCPI graphics commands refer to Using Graphics in the Programmer s Guide If you are using IBASIC you can use the BASIC graphics keywords such as MOVE and DRAW to draw diagrams in the IBASIC window MOVE Xl Yl DRAWX2 Y2 Since IBASIC s keywords always...

Page 301: ...e softkeys to implement application support The feature is designed to provide the fastest possible sweep speeds while taking advantage of the flexibility provided by IBASIC This is the simplest way for recalling instrument states or conliguring most used softkey functions under a single softkey menu The BEGIN menu softkey 8 provides access to the menus below Toggle softkey 8 to enable disable iZi...

Page 302: ...er BEGIN softkey will run a macro function deEned by a sequence of IBASIC commands defmed within an IBASIC program IBASIC programs to be used for User I GIN must have the following structure 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 110 120 140 150 160 170 The following label must be present DO NOT REMOVE User begin Define softkey labels OUTPUT 087lX DISP MENU2 KEYl Test Setup l WAI OUTPUT 087lX DISP MENU2 KEY2...

Page 303: ...s the user for a title and also enables the clock The default program is listed next You may edit this program to change the functions you need Once you have edited the program be sure to save the program to memory for later recall 1 The following line is required DO NOT REMOVE 2 User begin ASSIGN QHp8714 TO 800 User Begin Program 3 4 To Modify 5 Use IBASIC EDIT or IBASIC Key Record 6 7 8 Declare ...

Page 304: ...ey 2 here 3 2 GOSUB Message Remove this line 3 3 GOT0 User pause 3 4 3 5 User key3 Example Marker Function 3 6 OUTPUTQHp8714 CALCl MARKl ON 3 7 OUTPUTOHp8714 CALCl MARK FUNC MAX 3 8 GOT0 User pause 39 40 User key4 Example Title Entry 41 INPUT Enter Title Line 1 Press Enter when done Name 4 2 OUTPUT 6Hp8714 DISP ANN TITLl DATA J Name 4 3 OUTPUTOHp8714 DISP ANN TITL ON 4 4 GOT0 User pause 4 5 4 6 Us...

Page 305: ...th analyzers with the IBASIC Option 112 IBASIC Option 112 loading a Us BEGIN Program A User EGf program can be automatically loaded at power up if the program is named AUTOST An AUTOST program is loaded at power up from the internal non volatile memory or from a 3 5 floppy disk inserted into the analyzer s 3 5 disk drive When the USW BEGIN key is pressed the program will remain idle until it is ne...

Page 306: ... you can now insert code you have written lb use keystroke recording to modify the program 5 Exit the editor by selecting Prior Menu 6 Enable keystroke recording with Key Necurd ON 7 Now perform the keystrokes required for setup 1 3 When the setup is completed select CSYSTEM OPTIONS IBASIC Ksy Rsccxd OF g Ib verify your change select M BEGIN User BEGIN ON 10 Select softkey 1 which should be labell...

Page 307: ...onnector as shown in Figure 7 6 Figure 74 Connect a Switch to the USER TTL INIOUT Connector 2 Make sure the analyzer is configured to use the USER TTL IN OUT connector for softkey sequencing press SYSTEM OPTIONS tefft co Q Utirar I Gu fg ftkay Auto Step 3 Press the switch several tunes while observing the analyzer 4 Notice that with each press of the switch the softkey labels are highlighted boxed...

Page 308: ...ices tested with the test station Connect a barcode reader such as the HP KeyWand HBCK 1210 to the analyzer s DIN KEYBOARD connector on the rear panel Once connected the barcode reader will send scanned barcode characters to the analyzer just as if they were typed on a keyboard The barcode characters will be followed by a carriage return The barcode wand and the external keyboard can be connected ...

Page 309: ...r file names for instrument state save recall or text for title lines NOTE If your keyboard has a standard large DIN connector you will need to use a DIN to mini DIN adapter to connect the keyboard to the analyzer These adapters are available as HP part no 1252 4141 Contact the nearest HP sales or service office for more information See Using the Analyzer s Title Feature next in this section for m...

Page 310: ...ine the information will be included on hardcopy dumps The title lines can also be set or queried using the following SCPI command DISPlay ANNotation TITLe ll2 DATA STRING For example OUTPUT ORfna DISP ANN TITLl DATA BPF 177 SN US95170001 and OUTPUTORfna DISPlay ANNotation TITLel DATA ENTERORfna Titlel Use the command DISPlay ANNotation TITLe ll21 ONIOFF to display or hide the title lf you are usi...

Page 311: ... of the analyzer s keys to control the analyzer lhble 7 l provides the same information that can be found on a template that is supplied with each analyzer HP part number 08712 80028 Function keys F9 FlO and Fll are hot keys which perform common operations such as entering measurement titles and saving measurement results to disk 7 32 I ...

Page 312: ... Softkay 8 Title Keys Line 1 or RCL Title Keys Line 2 or Edit Title Keys Clock or Window1 Ra save File of Run1 Help MEAs MEAS Koyboard Key Name Analyzer Function Shift F4 Tmizij Shift F5 l Jlmiq Shift FB pERDJ Shift F7 ixnTj Shift FB Jfxmm Shift F9 W Shift FlO W Shift Fl 1 m Shift F12 AVGI Shift Print Screen Herd Copy Graph and Softkeys Ctrl Fl SAVERECALL Ctrl F2 JIARDCOPY Ctrl F3 STE oflroNs Ctrl...

Page 313: ...hen used as an output the state of the USER TTL IN OUT line can be set with either the SCPI command DIAG PORT WRITE 15 1 value or with the IBASIC command WRITE10 15 1 value The USER TTL IN OUT port can also be used in conjunction with an external switch for softkey auto stepping or as a sweep out port Be sure that USER TTL IN OUT port is coniigured properly for general purpose I O by pressing SYST...

Page 314: ...le X will be set to 0 Switch debounce is generally not a problem due to the relatively slow polling rate of the program Refer to the section titled Analyzer Port Numbers for tables describing the various analyzer ports that you can access using SCPI or IBASICcommands Below are two example programs which shows how to display a message and read the foot switch to control your measurements The first ...

Page 315: ...sure next DUT 330 OUTPUTQHp871l DISP ANN MESS Msg 340 350 Wait for button to be pressed 360 REPEAT 370 OUTPUTQHp871l DIAG PORT READ 15 l 380 ENTEROHp871l X 390 UNTIL X 0 400 DISP Button is now pressed 410 OUTPUT OHp871l DISP ANN MESS CLEAR 420 430 Wait for button to be released 440 REPEAT 450 OUTPUTOHp871l DIAG PORT READ 15 l 460 ENTERQHp871l X 470 UNTIL X 1 480 DISP Button is now released 490 500...

Page 316: ...imit test TTL can also be used as a general purpose input since the analyzer drive to this line is open collector When used as an input limit testing should be turned oflso the instrument will allow the limit test line to float high The line can then be connected to an external switch which should only pull the signal to ground or let it float an external circuit should not drive this line A push ...

Page 317: ...the state of the line can be set to logic high or low with either the SCPI command DIAG PORT WRITE port number or with the BASIC command WRITE10 number value Following is an example of reading the LIMIT TEST TTL IN OUT line when used as an input 30 Limit READI0 15 2 40 The Limit variable will be set to 0 if the signal is low 50 and 1 if the signal is high 7 38 ...

Page 318: ...l bit according to the least significant bit of A A least significant bit equal to 1 sets the pass fail bit high A least significant bit of 0 clears the pass fail bit Outputs I bit data to the Cent 00 thru 07 lines of the Centronics port Cent 00 is the least significant bit Cent 07 is the most significant bit Sets the Printer select signal high de select Ooes not check Centronics status lines Outp...

Page 319: ...r bit Reads the limit test pass fail bit DO Cent acknowledge D l C e n t b u s y C Cent out of paper LItCent on line M Cent printer err Output for Large Screen External Monitor You can connect a VGA compatible external monitor to the VIDEO OUT COLOR VGA connector for a large screen color view of your measurement if you wish See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 for information on using an...

Page 320: ...instrument states with a foot switch Using Fast Recall with the Front Panel or a Keyboard N O T E The following explanation assumes that you are familiar with the information presented in Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 1 Press SAVE RECALL 2 If the measurement display area changes to a listing of ties on the currently selected disk fast recall is OFF If the measurement displa...

Page 321: ...keys in the order in which they appear in the disk s directory table NOTE You may want to use the R x attw Pils feature to give your files more meaningful names See Other File Utilities in Chapter 4 for information on renaming files 8 lb fast recall an instrument state press the softkey next to the file that contains the instrument state 9 The fast recall toggle will remain on even when the analyz...

Page 322: ...el connector as shown in Figure 7 7 SWITCH Figure 7 7 Connect a Switch to the USER TTL IN OUT Connector 2 Make sure the analyzer is configured to use the USER TTL IN OUT connector for softkey sequencing press Syst ConPig User TTZ cotiig Sioftktey Auto Step 3 With fast recall toggled to ON press the switch several times while observing the analyzer 4 Notice that with each press of the switch the fi...

Page 323: ...nstrument parameters are set under program control The control program can be an IBASIC program running inside the analyzer or be in another language running on an external computer The control program sends SCPI and IEEE 488 commands to the analyzer s HP IB or LAN interface The HP IB commands rapidly change the instrument settings or calibration COMPUTER DISK H a r d D i s k o r E x t e r n a l F...

Page 324: ...etails This section describes methods for changing instrument settings rapidly under program control It then briefly discusses how to synchronize the modihcation of instrument settings with the collection of data and how to use Service Requests SRQs to signal instrument states Finally it describes how to utilize both measurement channels and a feature to automatically start an BASIC control progra...

Page 325: ... in the same way that you access files on a floppy disk The Non V01 RAM Disk is non volatile meaning that its contents are preserved while the analyzer is turned off The contents of the Volatile RAM Disk are erased when the analyzer is turned off The Volatile RAM Disk can be conllgured to be much larger than the Non V01 RAM Disk allowing it to hold many more instrument states For all three types o...

Page 326: ...M For more details see the Programmer s Guide When controlling the analyzer with a computer you may want to copy a state flle from your computer s disk to the analyzer s built in RAM disk or floppy disk Later the instrument can be instructed to recall the state from it s internal disk The lile can be sent from the computer to the analyzer s disk using the SCPI MMEMory TRANsf er commands For more d...

Page 327: ...01 20 OUTPUT PRfna LRN 30 ENTER PRfna USING K Statel 160 I Put the learn string back 170 OUTPUT ORfna Statel Since LRN by IEEE definition only contains the actual instrument state exclusive of data traces and calibration arrays the network analyzer provides the command SYST SET LRNLong This command saves the data traces and calibration arrays if they are enabled under SAVE RECALL Define Saws or us...

Page 328: ...een the states is for the control program to send the SCPI commands that modify those parameters For example if center frequency and source power are the only parameters that change in consecutive measurement setups send the SCPI commands SENSl FREQ CENT and SOURl POW to change these parameters leaving all other instrument settings unchanged This will be faster than either recalling an instrument ...

Page 329: ...This process can be repeated until the measured ampliher output is within some specified range of the target value When data at only a single frequency is needed you can achieve the fastest possible sweep by selecting a CW frequency and setting the number of points to the minimum value of 3 A SCPI marker command can be used to read the trace value Using this approach you can typically achieve 3 to...

Page 330: ...Tl CONT OFF WAI Turn on Marker 1 OUTPUTOHp87ll CALC MARKl ON CouIlt O TO TIMEDATE Step from 175 MHz 463 MHz by 6 MHz FOR Freq 175 TO 463 STEP 6 Take a sweep Freq str VAL Freq MHz OUTPUTOHp871l SENSl FREQ CENT Freq str OUTPUT OHp87l1 INITl WAI Set marker to frequency OUTPUTOHp87ll CALC MARK X Freq str Query the marker value OUTPUT OHp87ll CALC MARK Y ENTEROHp87ll Response Display the first three nu...

Page 331: ...ing SRQs allows your program to be interrupt driven reducing the latency and inefficiency of polling For more details refer to Chapter 5 Using Status Registers in the Programmer s Guide Using Both of the Analyzer s Measurement Channels The analyzer is capable of making different measurements on each of its two measurement channels For example you can set measurement channel 1 to measure Transmissi...

Page 332: ...as an AUTOST file on the analyzer s non volatile RAM disk When the analyzer s power is turned on it will first check for this file on the non volatile RAM disk and then on the 3 5 disk and if found load it and run it This feature simplifies the task of turning on an automated test station at the beginning of a working day or test session 7 53 ...

Page 333: ...bit TTL output port and as a 5 bit TTL input port The eight TTL outputs are for output only and cannot be read or used as bidirectional I O lines The parallel port does not support the IEEE 1284 defined Extended Capabilities Port ECP Mode or Enhanced Parallel Port EPP Mode The outputs signals are driven by standard TTL drivers They should be buffered for heavy duty applications to avoid damaging t...

Page 334: ...ant bit of A A least significant bit equal to 1 sets the pass fail bit high A least significant bit of 0 clears the pass fail bit Outputs B bit data to the Cent DO thru 07 lines of the Centronics port Cent DO is the least significant bit Cent D7 is the most significant bit Sets the Printer select signal high Ide select Does not check Centronics status lines Outputs a byte to the serial port The by...

Page 335: ...ith your printer manual Writing to the Parallel Port To write the value 52 decimal 34 hex 0011 0100 binary to the parallel port s output pins use one of the following commands OUTPUTORfna DIAG PORT WRITE 15 3 52 WRITE10 15 3 52 When the write command is executed the parallel port s data lines pins 2 9 will be set to the specified value and then a pulse of at least 1 ps duration will occur on the s...

Page 336: ... t r o b e I isetup I I h o l d I I 4 I I I I 1 I I I I I Figure 7 9 Writing to the Parallel Port Able 7 6 shows the pin numbers data bus bit numbers and signal names Pin Bit N A DO 01 D2 D3 Table 7 6 Parallel Port Pins Name Strobe Data 1 Data 2 Data 3 Data 4 Pin 1 Bit 1 Name 04 Data 5 05 Data 6 06 Data 7 D7 Data 8 7 57 ...

Page 337: ...ta using the strobe Figure 7 10 shows a simple circuit which can be used to write to an f bit DAC and a digital latch DECODE 5 6 7 DAC0830 WRI Rfb DO D7 ILE CS vmZ YFER p OUT OP AMP 2 DO I 3 Dl 1 T I I 4 D2 I I I I I I LATCHES 174 L PARALLEL PORT De 25 CONNECTOR NOTE ESD PROTECTION POWER SUPPLIES AND DECOUPLING ARE NOT SHOWN Figure 7 10 Digital latch Circuit 7 58 ...

Page 338: ...nals and the corresponding data bits and pins are shown in the following table Pin Bit 1 0 00 1 1 01 r r 1 2 02 1 3 03 1 5 04 Name Acknowledge Busy O u t o f Paper On Line Printer Error Your custom interface circuit can drive these signals and they can be read using any of these commands SCPI commands OUTPUT Rfna DIAG PORT READ 15 lO ENTERORfna Parallel in BASIC command Parallel in READIO l5 lO 7 ...

Page 339: ...ce circuit and a printer to the parallel port The interface circuit should only respond to the data strobe pin 1 when the Printer Select signal is high The printer should only respond to the data strobe when the Printer Select signal is low Most printers require the Printer Select line to be low or else they will not print Other printers ignore this line lf you are using a printer which ignores th...

Page 340: ... used to decode the RS 232 signals Most UARTs are designed to be used with microprocessors The advantage of the serial port is that it can operate over long distances up to 30 meters using the RS 232 C standard Its disadvantage is its slow speed limited to 19200 bits second Before using the serial port you must select the baud rate and handshake style using the SCPI commands SYSTem COMMunicate SER...

Page 341: ...ng Egure Many of the features discussed in this section can also be implemented using the analyzer s user interface See Customizing the Display in Chapter 4 for more information DMeas C h a n 1 Info h e r e kMeas C h a n 2 i n f o h e r e d6 40 30 20 10 b 2 1 0 2 0 II 1 2 P SS I 1 0 5 0 0 S f x Freq 1 Label 1 0 6 0 0 Sfx 1 1 5 0 0 SfX Freq 2 Label 1 1 6 0 0 Sfx Figure 7 l 1 Customized Annotation 1...

Page 342: ...lines or marker values turning off the graticule makes it easier to view the measurement trace limit lines and markers lb turn the graticule off press c 1 Wore D spIay Gzat5cuI e IIN of f or use this SCPI command DISPlay WINDow 1I2 TFlACe GFlATicule GRID OFF where the window number is 1 if in full screen display and 1 or 2 for the upper and lower split screen displays See Figure 7 11 for an exampl...

Page 343: ... turn limit lines on or off press DISPLAY Limit Qnu Limit OPtiuas Limit Line UN off or use these SCPI commands CALC l12 LIMit DISPlay ON CALCClI21 LIMit DISPlay OFF where 1121 indicates the measurement channel number either 1 or 2 l lb turn the fail icon on or off press m Limit Menu Lfmit Optfc Limit Icon ON off or use these SCPI commands DISP ANN LIM ICON lI21 FLAG ON DISP ANN LIM ICON 1123 FLAG ...

Page 344: ...splaying Measurement Results DISP ANN LIM ICON ll2 POS Y nun0 For more information on limit lines see Using Limit TWing in Chapter 4 See Figure 7 11 for an example of a measurement using limit lines with a PASS test result 7 65 I ...

Page 345: ...otation use the command DISPlay ANNotation FREQuency ll2 USER STATe OFFIOIONll For example DISPlay ANNotation FREQuencyl USER ON l lb specify your start and stop values use DISPlay ANNotation FREQuency ll2 USER STARt nun0 DISPlay ANNotation FREQuency il2 USER STOP nura The value Cnum must be between 10 000 and 10 000 For example DISPlay ANNotation FREQuencyl USER STAR 100 DISPlay ANNotation FREQue...

Page 346: ...imulus value not Your custom annotation values If this is a problem You can use the SCPI command CALC MARK POIN to specify the X axis point number at which You wish to position the marker For example OUTPUT OHP8711 CALC MARKl POIN 134 will put the marker at point number 134 Custom X axis annotation has no effect on marker Y values ICALC MARK Y Note the customized X axis annotation in Figure 7 11 7...

Page 347: ...d to enable user defined annotation DISPlay ANNotation CHANnel ll21 USERC STATel OFFIOIONIl For example DISPlay ANNotation CHANnell USER ON l To specify the string to be displayed use the command DISPlay ANNotation CHANnel ll2 USER LABel DATA STRING For example DISP ANN CHANl USER LABel 1 SuperNotch filter test t3 a lb restore the default measurement channel annotation use DISPlay ANNotation CHANn...

Page 348: ...it easy to quickly read the measured data at several marker positions The triangular marker symbols can also be used to graphically indicate critical frequency points of the measurement For example a marker can be set at the desired center frequency for a notch filter and the operator can tune the filter until the notch is at the same frequency as the marker Marker search types include 0 max searc...

Page 349: ...splaying Measurement Results These functions perform certain mathematical calculations on the amplitude data of user defined trace segments See To Use Marker Math Functions in Chapter 4 for more information on these features 7 70 I ...

Page 350: ...title line can be set to show the serial number and type of the DUT Doing so provides a simple and safe link between the device under test and the measurement data The title and clock lines are by default included on hardcopy printouts These can be conhgured using the 1 lW Pns fi W j menu For more details and a simple example refer to the Operator Interaction section of this chapter 7 71 ...

Page 351: ...o produce a print or plot of the DUT s response and ship this to your customer along with the DUT Querying Measurement Data Ib save the complete measurement trace use the SCPI command CALCl DATA or TRACEl DATA CHlFDATA Refer to the chapter titled Trace Data Transfers in the Programmer s Guide for more details From BASIC you can also use Read fdata which is faster Refer to the chapter titled Using ...

Page 352: ...olatile RAM disk and then how to transfer that file into your program and store it as a file on your computer disk 10 DIM A 320001 20 Dest SAV DUTl PRN 30 OUTPUT 716 MMEM STOR TRAC FORMAT LOTUS123 40 OUTPUT 716 MMEM STOR TRAC CHIFDATA MEM DUTl PRN 50 OUTPUT 716 MMEM TRAN MEM DUTl PRN 60 ENTER 716 USING W K Wordl A 70 CREATE Dest 32000 80 ASSIGN File TO Dest 90 OUTPUT OFile A 100 ASSIGN File TO Wit...

Page 353: ...point as opposed to about 20 bytes per point for Sawe XXI However the file type is binary and contains a header making it difficult to read Querying Marker Searches The analyzer can measure a hlter and compute its center frequency bandwidth Q and Loss You can query this information using the SCPI command CALC MARK FUNC RES For example 10 OUTPUT Rf na CALC MARK BWID 3 3 dB bandwidth 20OUTPUTQRfna C...

Page 354: ...saved to RAM disk From RAM disk they can be copied to the internal floppy disk by pressing AVE RECALL File Utilities Copy A11 Files or using the SCPI command MMEM COPY MEM INT or MMEM COPY RAM INT The following mass storage specifiers can be used Disk I SCPI name Disk Volatile RAM Disk The liles can also be transferred over HP lB using the SCPI command MMEM TRANsf er Refer to the Example Programs ...

Page 355: ...L format files can also be archived on the analyzer s floppy disk drive and later sent to a printer or plotter Under program control the hles can be printed using various page layouts such as one to a page two to a page and so on using either portrait or landscape orientation This is done using the HP GL IP command described later The analyzer provides an HP lB interface and a Centronics parallel ...

Page 356: ...rdcopy dump in HP GL format These steps are discussed in detail below Put the printer into HP GL mode In order to send HP GL hardcopy output to your PCL 5 printer you must first instruct the printer to accept HP GL commands On some printers this can be done using the printer s built m menu You can also send the printer a PCL 5 escape sequence to instruct it to accept HP GL This can be done using I...

Page 357: ...DCOPY L l I MAGE 0 0 8500 O A S I ZE P O R T R A I T O R I E N T A T I O N o a500 11000 8500 1 I MAGE O O 11000 0 A S I ZE L A N D S C A P E O R I E N T A T I O N Figure 7 l 2 Paper Numbering Typically a margin around the image of 0 5 to 1 0 inches 500 to 1000 units is used 7 78 I ...

Page 358: ...500 units and ending at the right margin of 8000 units Using an aspect ratio of 1 30 1 the height should be 7500 1 3 5769 The top margin of the paper is at 10000 so the bottom of the image should be at 10000 5769 4231 Plugging these numbers into the HP GL IP command gives IP 500 4231 8000 10000 Using the same calculations for an A size sheet of paper in landscape orientation gives IP 500 7 10500 7...

Page 359: ...tom data sheet Refer to the example program called REPORT which is included with IBASIC Option lC2 example programs A data sheet created by the REPORT program is shown on the next page The example program uses hardcopy output to generate a report with custom text Five different text fonts are used The fonts are available for HP LaserJet printers Refer to your printer manual to modify the example f...

Page 360: ... r PASS BAND Level Bandwidth 3 dB 60 MHz 3 MHz 20 dB 95 MHz 5 MHz 60 dB 200 MHz 8 MHz SWR PASSBAND typical 1 5 1 Cost per unit 24 95 TransmissionCharacthstics I TC3 SllISSlO Log tlag 28 1 dE Hef 0 00 in M aff start 10 BZ0 1Hz Step 1B0 000 tlHz IN STOCK IMMEDIATE DELIVERY For more information Call l 800 Filter ...

Page 361: ...lar spreadsheet programs Transferring Files Two example programs GETFILE and PUTFILE demonstrate how to transfer liles from the analyzer s mass memory to and from mass memory of an external controller via HP B Instrument states and program files may be transferred to or from the analyzer s internal non volatile memory MEM internal volatile memory RAM and the internal 3 5 floppy disk INT This can b...

Page 362: ...8 Front Rear Panel ...

Page 363: ...and rear panel Information on the following can be found in this chapter 0 Connectors 0 Display l Knob 0 Line Power Switch l Display Intensity Control l Disk Drive l Line Module The front panel keys are not documented in this chapter Refer to Chapter 9 for information on a particular front panel key 8 2 1 ...

Page 364: ...I Connectors NETWORK ANALYZER 0 0 0 0 000 000 cl 0 on 00 000 0 REFLECTION PROBE R F O U T POWER TRANSMISSION RF IN po621b Figure g l Analyzer Connectors Front Panel 8 3 ...

Page 365: ...M I T T E S T T T L E X T T R I G P A R A L L E L V I D E O I N OUT I N OUT PORT RS 232 COLOR USE I N OUT VGA EiT D E T EXT D E T POWER CORD Y I N P U T X I N P U T RECEPTACLE AUX INPUT PP C Figure 8 2 Analyzer Connectors Rear Panel 8 4 1 ...

Page 366: ...p When the TTL level is pulled high a sweep is triggered When the TTL level is pulled to ground the sweep is inhibited This is an open collector signal which you can drive low but must not drive high since the analyzer also drives it This rear panel female BNC connector provides a bidirectional open collector TTL high signal The output goes high when the limit test passes The output goes low if th...

Page 367: ...e by pressing SYSTEM OPTIONS User TTL Goti ig and then making the appropriate selection l The default use for this connector provides a bidirectional open collector TTL signal which can be set or read from IBASIC or SCPI HP IB This is an open collector signal which you can drive low but must not drive high since the analyzer also drives it See Chapter 7 Automating Measurements for more information...

Page 368: ...ilable are shown in the table following the Ggure TYPE 57 MICRORIBBON CONNECTOR SIGNAL GROUND TWISTED PAIR WITH 11 SHOULD BE GROUNDED P O TWISTED PAIR WITH IO NEAR TERMINATION TWISTED PAIR WITH 9 OF OTHER WIRE OF TWISTED PAIR TWISTED PAIR WITH 6 TWISTED PAIR WITH 7 TWISTED PAlR WITH 6 REN DlO6 Cl107 Dl06 D105 SHIELD ATN SRO IFC Figure 8 3 HP IB Connector and Cable NOAC NRFD DA EOI 0104 Dl03 D102 0...

Page 369: ...t not exceed two meters 6 6 ft l The total cable length between all instruments must not exceed 20 meters 66 ft Hewlett Packard manufactures HP IB extender instruments Models HP 37204A and HP 37204B that overcome the range limitations imposed by the cabling rules These extenders allow twin pair cable operation up to 1 km 3 280 ft and telephone modem operation over any distance HP Sales and Service...

Page 370: ...connector as shown in Figure 8 4 All pins are ESD protected data and strobe pins have 2200 pF capacitors voltage levels are TTL compatible output pins can source 15 mA and sink 24 mA See Configure the Hardcopy Port in Chapter 4 for information on using this port with a printer or plotter opuATPpEq ACKNOWLEDGE SELECT PRINTER PR NTER ERROR V i e w l o o k i n g i n t o c o n n e c t o r pa622b Figur...

Page 371: ...NAME 1 Doto C a r r i e r D e t e c t C F 2 R e c e i v e D a t a B B 3 T r a n s m i t D a t a BA 4 D a t a T e r m i n a l R e a d y C D 5 G r o u n d 0 V AB 6 D a t a S e t R e a d y cc 7 R e q u e s t t o S e n d CA t3 C l e a r t o S e n d 1 Doto C a r r i e r D e t e c t C F 2 R e c e i v e D a t a BB 3 T r a n s m i t Data BA 4 D a t a T e r m i n a l R e a d y C D 5 G r o u n d 0 V AB 6 D ...

Page 372: ...onitors See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 V i e w L o o k i n g I n t o C o n n e c t o r PD61C Figure 8 6 VIDEO OUT Connector Pin out Pin Signal Description Pin Signal Description Pin Signal Description 1 R e d V i d e o 6 Red Ground 1 1 GNO Display ID 01 2 Green Video 7 Green Ground 12 N C Display ID 11 3 Blue Video 6 Blue Ground 1 3 Horizontal Sync 4 N C iReserved 9 N C IKeyl 1 4 V...

Page 373: ......

Page 374: ...ered this front panel connector is a female type N 75 n connector This port receives the RF signal for internal transmission measurements C A U T I O N While 50 D and 75 0 Type N connectors are similar in appearance they are not compatible 75 n type N connectors have a smaller center pin Connector damage can result if you attach a 50 61 male connector to a 75 61 female connector lb adapt from 50 6...

Page 375: ...splay The analyzer display shows various measurement information The following illustration shows several locations where information is provided on the screen stop1 300 000 MHZ o I d Avg 16 1 1 6 0 9 8 14 ...

Page 376: ...sing the m key 8 I IA c appears hare when a user defined calibration is in use If the frequency span has been narrowed the notation becomes C to indicate that interpolated error correction is on I I 9 The message area is where you will receive messages from the analyzer from time to time Most messages appear only for a few moments before disappearing 10 This area indicates whether the scale is abs...

Page 377: ... give an analog feel to the setting of the values Any of the values that can be set through the numeric entry pad or the step keys can also be set using the knob However the rate at which the active parameter varies for a given amount of knob rotation is dependent on the parameter that is being controlled 8 16 ...

Page 378: ... off but a portion of the power supply stays on The detachable power cord is the product s disconnecting device It disconnects the mains circuits from the mains supply before other parts of the instrument The front panel switch is only a standby switch and is not a LINE switch disconnecting device I I I Tip When not using the analyzer leave it piUQQed in and switched to standby When in standby the...

Page 379: ... grounded through the protective conductor of the power cable to a mains power receptacle provided with protective earth contact Any interruption of the protective grounding conductor inside or outside of the analyzer or disconnection of the protective earth terminal can result in personal injury 8 18 I ...

Page 380: ...I Display Intensity Control NETWORK ANALYZER po627b Figure 84 Display Intensity Control The intensity control adjusts the brightness of the display 8 19 ...

Page 381: ......

Page 382: ...ntry of destination See Figure 8 11 Power Cable and Line Mains Plug Part Numbers for the part numbers of these power cables Cables are available in different lengths Check with your nearest Hewlett Packard service center for descriptions and part numbers of cables other than those described in Figure 8 11 W A R N I N G This is a Safety Class I product provided with a protective earthing ground inc...

Page 383: ... n p o l a r i z e d i n many not ions 125V 8 1 2 0 1 3 4 8 S t r a i g h t NEMA5 15P 8 1 2 0 1 5 3 8 9 0 8120 1378 S t r a i g h t NEMAS 15P 8120 4753 S t r a i g h t 8 1 2 0 1 5 2 1 9d 8 1 2 0 4 7 5 4 9 0 8120 5182 Stroighr NEMA5 15P 8120 5181 9 2 0 3 8 0 Black U n i t e d S t a t e s 2 0 3 80 Black Canada 2 0 3 80 Japan 100 V or Jade Gray 2oo I 2 3 0 9 0 J a d e Gray Co anb a r j o 2 0 3 80 Jad...

Page 384: ...gure 8 12 illustrates where the fuses are and how to access them REWDR I VER PRY OPEN F U S E I N U S E S P A R E F U S E Figure 8 l 2 location of Line Fuses W A R N I N G For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only with same type and rating T 5A 250 V The use of other fuses or material is prohibited 8 23 I ...

Page 385: ...r Switch location Use a screwdriver to set the line voltage selector switch to the proper position either 110 V or 220 V The power source must meet the following requirements If the ac line voltage does not fall within these ranges an autotransformer that provides third wire continuity to ground may be used 8 24 ...

Page 386: ... 9 w I Suftkey Reference ...

Page 387: ... HARDKEY Softkey Reference This chapter provides a brief description of each of the analyzer s hardkeys and softkeys This chapter is arranged alphabetically for ease of use 9 2 ...

Page 388: ...tkey in cal kit menu of 50 ohm instruments Selects type of cal kit as 3 5 mm Coefficients for male and female test ports are identical and based on the HP 85033D cal kit standards See Chapter 6 Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy for more information Access Keys CAL CaIL Kit 50 n Softkey in system impedance menu Selects 50 ohms as the system impedance Refer to When to Change the System ...

Page 389: ...elects tuned receiver reflection measurement A R See Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer in Chapter 3 for more information on measuring A R Abort Softkey in HARDCOPY menu Stops sending data from the network analyzer to the hardcopy device NOTE Hardcopy devices with large buffers may continue to operate for quite a while after this command To stop such devices immediately turn off power to...

Page 390: ...kers Access Keys MARKERI Mars Markers Add Lj mit Softkey in limit line menu Displays menu to add limit lines or points to the limit table See Using Limit Lines in Chapter 4 for detailed information on using limit lines Access Keys Ei5iT7Fj Limit B W Ad Softkey in add limit menu Displays menu to add a maximum limit line Mu Line See Using Limit Lines in Chapter 4 for detailed information on using li...

Page 391: ...on using markers Alpha Formats the real time internal clock to display the Grst three letters of the month rather than a number for example Mar for March instead of 03 Access keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Systsm CortSig Set Clack Clocln Forma A2 t Sweep Softkey in VET menu When on alternate sweep allows operation with on OFF different instrument states on its two displayed measurement channels When on the s...

Page 392: ...y When off the screen annotation is suppressed from the hardcopy Aw ation Softkey in more display menu Displays a menu that allows you to customize Options the analyzer s display screen by enabling or disabling annotation for measurement channel frequency and markers See Customizing the Display in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys i FLF More Bisplay ApertuJce Softkey in delay aperture men...

Page 393: ...ctors Periodically compensates for external detector drift due to changes in temperature When this feature is selected the detector s are automatically zeroed every five minutes C A U T I O N Do not use Au ozer with an external source See M u f Zero AUX put Softkey in detection options menu Choose this selection to make very low frequency voltage measurements See Making Measurements With the Auxil...

Page 394: ... sweep to On OFF sweep See lb Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor in Chapter 5 for more information on how averaging works m Hardkey in the CONFIGURE area Displays the menu that allows selection of averaging parameters as well as system bandwidth and delay aperture selections See To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor in Chapter 5 for more information on how averaging works 9 9 ...

Page 395: ...n on input B Softkey in broadband internal menu Selects diode detector transmission measurement ratio of input B broadband transmitted power to input R broadband reference signal See Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer in Chapter 3 for more information on ratioed measurement B R Access Keys C 1 o j 2 Detoct oft Opticrns oadbartd Intar naI Softkey in narrowband internal menu Selects tuned ...

Page 396: ...ystem configuration menu Sets the analyzer beeper volume from ViLtAUlle off 0 to high 100 The default is 90 Access keys CSYSTEM OPTIONS System CoaBg e Hardkey to left of disk drive An appropriate place to begin measuring any of the four types of devices in the begin menu Recommended for one channel measurements See Using the CBEGIN Key in Chapter 3 for more information Begjcn Softkey used to defin...

Page 397: ...JEiTi or MEAs D action Optiuas Bra d q Softkey in detection options menu Displays menu to select measurements bxternal made with internal broadband detectors B R or B R Access Keys j or j2 U tsctkon Optlkoins flraadba ad Softkey in BEGIN menu Used to set up the analyzer to make transmission or Passive reflection measurements of passive devices such as cables 9 12 ...

Page 398: ...more information on using cal check Softkey in CAL menu Allows selection of type of cal kit Type N female default Type N male 3 5 mm for use with 50 fl systems Type F female for use with 75 fl systems or user defied By convention cal kits indicate the sex of the pot with which they are used For example the default cal kit for the analyzer is type N female because the front panel RF ports are femal...

Page 399: ...ties menu Used to change directories on an internal Directory or external DOS storage device See lb Use Directory Utilities in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL Pila Utilitiw Q mmm y Utilities clear Softkey available when editing titles iile names directory names and BASIC programs from the front panel of the analyzer Clears the entire title name or fWr line if pressed cl Opti...

Page 400: ...d for example Mar See Title Clk ON off and S t Clo in this chapter for more information on viewing and setting the internal clock Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS etefft Conf g Sat Clock Clock Off Softkey in title and clock menu Suppresses display of clock in the title area Access Keys m More pisPlay Title and Clock color Softkey in defme printer and define plotter menus Used to define the printer or pl...

Page 401: ... in IBASIC menu Restarts a program that has been paused See the HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook for more information on using IBASIC Access Keys CSYSTEM OPTIONS IBASIC Softkey in trigger menu Continuous is the default trigger mode the analyzer begins its next sweep at the conclusion of the current sweep Access Keys m Trfggar Softkey in mixer menu and measurement menu for measuring frequency tr...

Page 402: ...latile NonVoZ RAM RAM as the destination drive for copying of files Displays character entry menu to rename Ele if desired prior to copying Access Keys SAVE RECALL Fila Utilities Copy File or Crspy All Files Cr py to Softkey in copy fle menu Used to select the analyzer s internal volatile RAM Vu1 RAM as the destination drive for copying of files Displays character entry menu to rename Ele if desir...

Page 403: ...he color options menu Accesses the menu that allows you to C 3X customize the colors on your external monitor or to customize the greyscale on the analyzer s internal display See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 for more information CW Softkey in m menu Selects CW continuous wave single frequency source operation 9 18 I ...

Page 404: ...Y menu Divides current trace data by data in memory For this key to function you must first have selected IWa Fb m and stored a data trace in memory Softkey in jj menu Stores the active data trace in the memory of the active measurement channel Softkey in clock format menu Formats the real time internal clock to display time as Day Month Year HourMinute See CWzk Forraat in this chapter for more in...

Page 405: ... Softkey in iEEEW menu Displays menu to define the hardcopy in terms Wwdc opy of information to be copied Default setting is Graph Daly See Printing and Plotting Measurement Results in Chapter 4 in PCLG Softkey in m menu Displays menu to define a PCL5 printer in terms of color orientation autofeed and margins See Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters in Chapter 4 for more information j ...

Page 406: ... Iiles are deleted you will be asked to con m this selection Also deletes empty directories on DOS disks See Other File Utilities in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys AVE RECALL File tfr ilitiss Delete 613 Softkey in delete limit menu Deletes all of the limit lines in the limit line L i m i t s table Asks for confirmation before deletion occurs See Using Limit Lines in Chapter 4 for more ...

Page 407: ...ode in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys j 1 Mnrk Fun forts Softkey in IjMEAsj and MEAS menus S e l e c t s m e a s u r e m e n t t y p e narrowband or broadband internal broadband external or aux input See Measuring Devices with Your Network Analyzer in Chapter 3 for more information on detection modes Softkey in the cd check menu One of the corrected measurement uncertainties that can b...

Page 408: ...d to perform fault location measurements See your Option 100 User s Guide Supplement for information Dither Softkey in spur avoid options menu When selected shifts spurs which may be visible in low level measurements See Reducing Trace Noise in Chapter 5 for more information C A U T I O N The measurement calibration must be performed with the same spur avoid option used in the measurement or your ...

Page 409: ...ions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys DISPLAY L it M w Mkr Limits Softkey in the W menu Adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the DUT It simulates a variable length lossless transmission line which can be added to or removed from a receiver input to compensate for interconnecting cables etc This function is similar to the mechanical or analog line stretchers of other ne...

Page 410: ...calibration that corrects for frequency response tracking errors load match and input match See lb Perform a Transmission Calibration in Chapter 6 for more information hter Softkey in title and clock menu Displays menu to edit screen title on L i n e 1 line 1 of display Maximum number of characters is 36 AccessKeys 1 More Display Title and Clock Enter Softkey in title and clock menu Displays menu ...

Page 411: ... reference should be disconnected from EXT REF IN or power reduced when not in use Extern Softkey in trigger source menu Enables the analyzer to sweep to the next POiRti frequency point when externally triggered through EXT TRIG IN OUT rear panel connector one point per trigger 9 2 6 t raal Softkey in trigger source menu Enables the analyzer to begin one complete Swaep sweep when externally trigge...

Page 412: ...surements See your Option 100 User s Guide Supplement for information Softkey in the define save menu Allows you to choose between saving files in a format compatible with C model analyzers only or a format compatible with A and B model analyzers See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL I f ins Save Option lC2 IBASIC o D Softkey in prog...

Page 413: ... more information Fine Softkey in system bandwidth menu This is the narrowest system bandwidth I5 wZ available Medium wide is the default system bandwidth See Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurements for information on how system bandwidth can affect your measurements Access Keys m system ISandwfdth Flatness Softkey in marker math menu Calculates the flatness of a user defmed trace segment See lb Use Mar...

Page 414: ...ormats the internal non volatile RAM disk NonVol RAM C A U T I O N Formatting the internal non volatile RAM disk erases all existing files and directories on the disk Access Keys SAVE RECALL File Utilities Fa t Diat Menu Format Softkey in format disk menu Formats the internal volatile RAM disk VoZ RAM C A U T I O N Formatting the internal volatile RAM disk erases ah existing hles and directories o...

Page 415: ... the frequency of a limit point See lb Create a Single Point Limit in Chapter 4 for an example of how to set a limit point Access Keys i G5Fj Limit Menu Add Iimit Add Max Pain cm Acid Min Point Softkey in Wj menu This key is used to return the analyzer to frequency sweep mode after it has been used in power sweep mode Option ICZ IBASIC only Softkey in the BASIC display menu Displays the IBASIC pro...

Page 416: ...hardcopy as the graph See Define the Output in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys COPY I f ins HardcoPy Softkey in set pen numbers menu Sets pen number assignment color for the annotation on a hardcopy Softkey available in two different menus the more display menu and the dehne graph menu This softkey toggles the display graticule grid on and off When pressed in the more display menu the g...

Page 417: ...signment color or Pi33 width for grid on hardcopy Access Keys j 1 Define Plotter S t Fen Numbe1 3 Grey Softkey in color options menu for use with an external VGA monitor Select Seals grey scale when using a monochrome external monitor Access Keys i i Fj More Dieplay C01ar Optiuns 9 3 2 1 I ...

Page 418: ...to the currently selected hard copy device Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Operating Par iW rs Softkey in update correction constants menu Displays the help message that describes the actions of the other softkeys in the update correction constants menu Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Service Updats Ckm Ganst Softkey in trigger menu Stops the current data trace sweep immediately and holds the sweep until Co...

Page 419: ...e The default value set at the factory and obtained by pressing Roetore Def uI s is 73 This setting is not affected by an instrument preset See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 for more information on using an external display Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS_ Syst em Config CRT Adjus HN p BTIIJA B Softkey in file format menu Select this key only if you are saving instrument Csmpatiblie states...

Page 420: ...network analyzer set and change network analyzer HP h3 status and set HP II3 echo feature HEJP IB E o Softkey in HP II3 menu When on displays HP IB mnemonics on screen as keys are pressed a convenient way to see the mnemonics associated with the a OFF keys Not all keys especially those that display menus have mnemonics Access Keys CSYSTEM OPTIONS HP II3 Hue Softkey in the custom colors menu Use th...

Page 421: ...I Hz Softkey in display frequency resolution menu Displays frequency to Hz resolution Access Keys IFREQl Disp Fr q Resalut fain 9 36 ...

Page 422: ... IBASfC Softkey in more format menu Displays only the imaginary reactive portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format This format is similar to the red format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of impedance data Access Keys FORMAT_ M TB Format Softkey in j menu Displays impedance magnitude vs frequency on a Cartesian format See Measuring Impedance Magnitude in Chapt...

Page 423: ... floppy disk to internal EPROM This must be done after loading new hrmware into the analyzer See the Service Guide for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Ssrvics Upda W Corr Coast Inst rum nt Softkey in service menu Displays information about the network analyzer I n f o firmware revision and date bootROM version serial number options system impedance and amount of memory Access Keys SYST...

Page 424: ...sk location where information is saved re saved or recalled See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL Select Disk I tlvexse Softkey in the color options menu Sets the external display to inverse video Yidso format IsoJlation Softkey in the cal check menu One of the corrected measurement uncertainties that can be viewed after performing a...

Page 425: ...to end program Only one program can be stored in memory at a time but programs can also be stored to internal and external disks N O T E When editing an IBASIC program Key Record should be off See the HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS IBASIC k8z Softkey in display frequency resolution menu Displays frequency to kHz resolution For example 1 234 567 ...

Page 426: ...r to print hardcopy so that paper is oriented with longer edge at top and shorter edges at sides Toggles with Portrait Access Keys Daf ine Printer Softkey in more printer menu Sets left margin non printing space in mm 25 4 mm 1 00 inches Minimum setting is 0 00 mm default maximum is 200 mm Access Keys HARDCOPY Define Printer Nare Printes Softkey in I menu Sets the RF power level of the analyzer s ...

Page 427: ...enu Limit Options j iI t xc a Softkey in limit options menu Allows for customizing the position of the Y Pcmition pass fail indicator and text on the analyzer s display See Customizing the Display in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys jj Limit Menu Limit OP ions L nit H nu Softkey in i GiW menu Displays limit testing menu to select display add delete and edit limit lines and other limit te...

Page 428: ...oftkey in limit options menu Allows you to enable or disable the PASS or UN off FAIL text when limit testing is on Does not enable or disable the A fail icon The fail icon is enabled disabled with the LPmE Icon 01 off softkey See Customizing the Display in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys ki 7 Lhit Menu Limit Options Lisl M g Softkey in 1 menu Displays a transmission trace in terms of tr...

Page 429: ...tkey in update correction constants menu Loads a temporary copy of CC Fram Disk data from floppy disk to the analyzer s internal volatile RAM See the Service Guide for more information Access Keys CSYSTEM OPTIONSI Service TJpda e Corn Gcrast LOad Softkey in the cal check menu One of the corrected measurement Match uncertainties that can be viewed after performing a cal check Refer to Chapter 6 for...

Page 430: ...en and measurement data on the upper half See the HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS IBASIC IBASIC Display Softkey in the custom colors menu Use this key to customize the colors of display items on your external monitor Luminance specilles the brightness of the selected color Use the Huer key to select the color Luminance values are expressed as a p...

Page 431: ...This key is only available when using internal or external broadband detectors Softkey in add max line add min line add max point and add min point menus Adds a marker to the data trace and allows it to be moved to identify trace frequencies and amplitudes Access Keys jY iZZJ Limit Kerns A Id Limit Add Mm L WJ or A Nin Line orA Max Paint or Add Odin Point Hardkey in the CONFIGURE area Displays men...

Page 432: ...frequency it is applicable only for ratioed inputs Access Keys m Maker Functions Markm Softkey in marker functions menu Makes reference level of graticule equal to Rsf xwlC marker value does not change reference position If markers are off it first turns on marker I at its previous setting or the center frequency default Access Keys MARKER Nmkex Flltnctfans Marker Softkey in LiZGQ menu Invokes men...

Page 433: ...ing Markers in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys IZGGQ I w w Ssarch m Hardkey in MEAS area Turns on measurement channel 1 as the active channel Default mode is transmission measurement MEAS Hardkey in MEAS area Turns on measurement channel 2 as the active channel Default is measurement channel off selecting it changes setting to the most recent type of measurement or transmission if not b...

Page 434: ... Optimizing Measurements for information on how system bandwidth can affect your measurements Access Keys m System LWdwid h Medium Softkey in the system bandwidth menu The default system bandwidth is 3700 Hz medium wide See Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurements for information on how system bandwidth can affect your measurements Access Keys m Syate Banduidth Memory Softkey in EIFFE7 menu Displays the ...

Page 435: ...on menu Displays frequency to MHz resolution For example 1 234 567 MHz is displayed as 1 MHz note rounding down Access Keys FREQJ WsP sq etraluticm Min Lj mit Softkey in marker limits menu Use this key to set the minimum limit for the marker limit function that is currently highlighted in the on screen table See RI Use Marker Limit Functions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys iGTTT Limi...

Page 436: ...eys c 1 More IIispIay Bnnatatian aptions Softkey in marker limits menu Turns marker limit testing on or off See To Use Marker Limit Functions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys jjj Limit Menu Mkr Limits Softkey in limit menu Displays marker limits menu where limit testing can be placed on statistics flatness marker searches and delta amplitude or frequency See To Use Marker Limit Functi...

Page 437: ...tkey in max search menu Places the active marker at the frequency point of maximum amplitude If tracking is off marker remains at that frequency If tracking is on marker moves to the maximum point with each sweep See Using Markers in Chapter 4 for more information Mkr Min Softkey in min search menu Places the active marker at the frequency point of minimum amplitude If tracking is off marker remai...

Page 438: ... printer or plotter as one color black and white or multi color See Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys HARD Define Printer or D f ins Platter Mono rum8 Softkey in set pen numbers menu Sets pen number assignment for hardcopy PaXI in monochrome plot mode See Connecting and Con qring Printers and Plotters in Chapter 4 for more information Mu...

Page 439: ...p to 8 markers on consecutive maximum points See lb Use Marker Search Functions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys jj kar Sgzvch Mare f ltiport Softkey in switching test set menu When ON configures the analyzer for use u3l OFF with an HP 87075C multiport test set Refer to them 87075C User s and Service Guide for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS f tear C fig Stritching Test Ss...

Page 440: ...n Chapter 3 for more information Access Keys j 1 or j IIets tiort Qtiontr Softkey in the mm search menu Moves the active marker to the next nearest minimum point to the left See lb Use Marker Search Functions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys MARKER Maka r Ssm Mm Ssrrrch Softkey in the min search menu Moves the active marker to the next nearest minimum point to the right See lb Use Mar...

Page 441: ...ALL Select Disk None C on 1C2 BASIC on Softkey in IBASIC display menu Displays the measurement data on the full screen Does not show the IRASIC program on the display at all Noxmali e Softkey in display and CAL menus Equivalent to selecting na ta hQ m and Rata em Corrects for frequency response errors only The only type of measurement calibration other than detector zero for power or conversion lo...

Page 442: ...f measurement Points points in a sweep 3 5 11 21 51 101 201 default 401 801 or 1601 As the number of points increases frequency resolution increases and sweep speed decreases See lb Reduce the Number of Measurement Points in Chapter 5 for information on how the number of measurement points selected can affect your measurements Nweric Softkey in clock format menu Formats the real time internal cloc...

Page 443: ... perform a user defined reflection measurement calibration See To Perform A Reflection Calibration in Chapter 6 for more information rating Softkey in SYSTEM OPTIONS menu Displays several screens of measurement channel settings cal kit definitions instrument settings and instrument P 3XEEt configuration 9 5 8 I ...

Page 444: ...rather than linear Softkey in more format menu Displays a polar format Each point on the polar format corresponds to a particular value of both magnitude and phase Quantities are read vectorally the magnitude at any point is determined by its displacement from the center which has zero value and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from the positive x axis Magnitude is scaled in a linear fashio...

Page 445: ... In this mode power is swept at a single frequency The start and stop power values are selectable under the POWER key This feature is convenient for such measurements as gain compression or automatic gain control AGC slope The span of the swept power is limited to being equal to or within one of the seven pre defined power ranges Power sweep is independent of level Use this function with frequency...

Page 446: ...cess Keys 1 Sslect Copy Port printer Softkey in more printer menu Sets printer resolution in terms of dots per inch Check printer manual for appropriate setting Default is 96 dots per Resolution inch See Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters in Chapter 4 for more information on printer resolution Access Keys HARD 1 Dsf izLe Printer Moire Printer progra ms Option ICZ BASIC on Softkey in ...

Page 447: ...rence Pwr w p Softkey in jjj menu Leads to the power sweep ranges menu There are Range 7 predetermined power ranges to choose from See POUW Sweep entry in this chapter for more information on the power sweep function 9 62 1 ...

Page 448: ...SIC on Softkey in programs menu Displays character entry menu to re title program and save it to memory or disk See the HP Instrument BASIC User s Handbook for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL Programs Softkey in SAVE RECALLS menu Displays character entry menu to re title file and save it to memory or disk Also can be used when saving a file for the first time if you wish to give the file ...

Page 449: ... 4 for more information Softkey in SCALE menu Sets the value of the reference line The reference value is noted on the screen as Ref Softkey in ZYZ menu Sets the position of the reference line from the top of the graticule 10 to the bottom 0 or in between Default position is middle 5 See Figure 2 3 in Chapter 2 Softkey in Z J menu Allows you to track either a certain frequency or the peak point of...

Page 450: ...Keys CAL Cal Check Vi v Gal Bnxk R move Softkey in directory utilities menu First highlight the intended directory D i r e c t o r y then press Remove Dirsctory Deletes empty directories only See lb Use Directory Utilities in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL Fils Utilities DfxW t ory Utilities noV Softkey in the CRT adjust menu A test pattern is displayed whenever the CRT Adj...

Page 451: ...ceiver Noise Floor in Chapter 5 for information on Stolc Softkey in several menus such as the calibration menus the hardcopy menus D e f a u l t s and the CRT adjust menu 1 If this key is pressed in the transmission reflection and AM delay calibration menus the default measurement calibration becomes the active calibration This calibration is originally performed and stored in non volatile memory ...

Page 452: ...e sweep passband and stopband of See lb Use Marker Math Functions in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys jj Marker Functions Marksr Math Softkey in POWER menu Turns the internal RF source off and on Default is ON Softkey in set clock menu Rounds off seconds to nearest minute Rounds down with less than 30 seconds rounds up to next minute with more than 30 seconds Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS S...

Page 453: ...to save in Lotus 123 or Touchstone format for spreadsheet use See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SAVE RECALL b ffrt Save Option 1C2 BASIC on Softkey in programs menu Titles the current program AUTOST and saves it to memory or disk as set by Select Disk At power up the network analyzer searches the internal non volatile disk and the internal f...

Page 454: ...d programs rename delete and copy files and select configure and format disks See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for examples we Softkey in SAVE RECALL menu Saves information to memory or disk s t a t e automatically naming the file STATEA See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for more information G Hardkey in CONFIGURE area of front panel Allows changing...

Page 455: ...ring a target search moves the active marker to the right higher frequency to the first occurrence on the data right trace where the amplitude equals the target value That first occurrence may be an actual data point or an interpolated value See lb Use Marker Search Functions in Chapter 4 for an example of how to use the target search function Access Keys 1 N W Semch Target Ssarch Seconds Softkey ...

Page 456: ...insert character menus Char Ward Adds character or word selected by pointer to an BASIC program Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS IBASXC Edit Insmt Llir or InsBrt Gtitar Select Softkey in c 1 menu Displays menu to select the hardcopy output copy Port device and its operating parameters Default settings not affected by preset are HP printer PCL language parallel port Use the front panel knob or arrow keys...

Page 457: ...P0 See the service Guide for more information Service Softkey in service menu Displays menu of service functions ilitj es See the service Guide for details Set Clock Softkey in the system configure menu Displays menu to set real time internal clock of network analyzer and its format Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS S MB Cuxffg Set Bay Softkey in set clock menu Use this key to set the day of the month Ac...

Page 458: ...traces graticule etc In color setting different items can be plotted with different pens In monochrome setting all items are printed with the same pen See Connecting and Configuring Printers and Plotters in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys j COPY LIsf ine Plutt x Sat Track Softkey in reference tracking menu Allows you to identify a particular l3XKp 9CY frequency as a point of interest Af...

Page 459: ... Morn DftFpZay Title d Clock Option ICZ IBASIC on Softkey in the configure VOL RAM disk menu Displays a message box that shows the total memory available and the current memory allocation for the internal non volatile RAM disk Access Keys SAVE RECALL Select Disk Coaf igtrrs Vf RAR Disk Softkey in trigger menu Immediately stops the current sweep takes one complete sweep and holds until retriggered ...

Page 460: ...in the cal check menu One of the corrected measurement Hatch uncertainties that can be viewed after performing a cal check Refer to Chapter 6 for more information on using cal check Access Keys ICAL C 3 Chs Vfew Cal Ch a Softkey in character entry menu Adds a blank space to a title or filename spa Softkey in IFREQ menu Used in conjunction with Courter Selects the frequency span of source When sele...

Page 461: ...ation The measurement calibration must be performed with the same spur avoid option used in the measurement or your results may be invalid Access Keys MENU Spur llvafd apt ions Softkey in source MENU Displays selections for spur avoidance dither spur avoid or none SRL Option IO0 onl Softkey in reflection or cable menu Sets up the analyzer to perform structural return loss SRL measurements See your...

Page 462: ...L menu Sets starting point in dBm for a power sweep power measurement PWWI Sweep in W menu must be selected before setting the start and stop power points See Power reep entry in this chapter for more information on the power sweep function ta I ties Softkey in marker math menu Measures a user defined segment of a measurement trace and calculates the frequency span mean and standard deviation of t...

Page 463: ...drive This function is used to make a backup copy of CC data See the Service Guide for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Updats Ccrrr Const StoJr cc Softkey in update correction constants menu Writes a copy of CC data from To EPROM internal volatile RAM to EPROM This function is used so that current CC data is not lost when power to the analyzer is turned off See the Service Guide for mo...

Page 464: ... information on sweep time Switching Softkey in the system config menu For use with a muliport test set Test Set Refer to the multiport test set User s and Serwice Guide for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS System Cwfig SWR Softkey in YGEJ menu Displays the data formatted as SWR standing wave ratio Sync en Softkey in CRT adjust menu Default is OFF For use with a sync on green on OFF ext...

Page 465: ...ork analyzer the system controller of the HP instrument bus Required mode for interfacing with HP IR peripherals CuntroXLar printers plottens and disk drives Also required by IBASIC to talk to HP IB peripherals This operation mode is not selectable with another active controller on the bus See the Programmer s Guide for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS HP I3 SYSTEM OPTIONS Hardkey in SY...

Page 466: ...es a data path for it Access Keys CSYSTEM OPTIONS HP fB Softkey in marker search menu Displays menu to set target search value search left or search right See Using Markers in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys Ijjj Marker S csarch Softkey in target search menu Sets value of target sought by wch LBft or Sear ch Right Default value is 3 dB N O T E Since markers are continuous but frequency ...

Page 467: ... More Display Top Softkey in more printer menu Sets top margin of printout non printing space in mm Minimum setting is 0 00 mm default maximum setting is fQwin 2 0 0 0 0 m m Access Keys HARD COPY IMi nes Printer Mewe Printer Touchstane Softkey in the save ASCII menu Saves measurement data in a format Fwmat compatible with CAE programs See Saving Instrument Data in Chapter 4 for more information Ac...

Page 468: ...ment trace is resealed with each sweep so that the frequency set with the Set Track Frequervzp key is placed on the reference line See Using Reference Tracking in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys iiLF Reference Traokfng Track Softkey in reference tracking menu When this key is pressed the Peak measurement trace is resealed with each sweep so that the peak point on the trace lies on the d...

Page 469: ...ing uncertainties that can be viewed after performing a cal check Refer to Chapter 6 for more information on using cal check Access Keys ICAL l Chgck Vies Cal GhecB T r i g g e r Softkey in source MENU Displays menu with choices for triggering the analyzer The analyzer can be triggered continuously default setting or once It can be triggered internally default setting externally or externally one ...

Page 470: ...SYSTEM OPTIONS IBA C I WC Df y Option lC2 IBASIC on Softkey in BEGIN menu See The User BEGIN Function in Chapter 3 for more information Softkey in the system config menu Allows you to choose how the USER TTL IN OUT rear panel connector will be utilized See Measurement Setup and Control with Fast Recall in Chapter 7 for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS Sgs t e Canf ig Option lC2 BASIC on...

Page 471: ... CRT adjustment menu CRT timing adjustment for use with external monitors Also affects network analyzer s internal CRT Default setting is 16 68416 msec This setting is not affected by an instrument preset See Using an External VGA Monitor in Chapter 4 for more information Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS System Cotifg CRT Adjust IWT B Softkey in the CRT adjustment menu Changes the vertical positioning o...

Page 472: ...pter 6 for more information on using cal check Access Keys a Cal Check Valati Softkey in select disk menu Selects the analyzer s internal volatile RAM as RAM Disk the place where information will be saved to or recalled from C A U T I O N Any information stored on the volatile RAM disk will be lost if the analyzer s power is turned off See Saving and Recalling Measurement Results in Chapter 4 for ...

Page 473: ... bandwidth menu This is the widest system bandwidth 6500 E2 available Medium wide bandwidth is the system default See Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurements for information on how system bandwidth can affect your measurements Access Keys AVG Syst sm kndwidth 9 88 ...

Page 474: ...EXT DET X INPUT on the rear panel x y Softkey in broadband external menu Selects measurement of the ratio of external detectors at inputs X and Y Access Keys i Mij OT jZ5G F Detsctian apt boas Broadbmd Ext erftti g f Softkey in select copy port menu A software handshake for some serial devices Toggles with IITWDSR Access Keys HARD Select Copy Port 9 8 9 I ...

Page 475: ...racters including and If any graticule value exceeds four characters all values are blanked For example 23 45 blanks the values it is not truncated as 23 4 or rounded up as 23 5 Similarly 1 23 blanks the graticule values Access Keys jj H IV Display Y axfs LI l Softkey in more display menu Toggles graticule value annotation and values 3x1 MS in ABS mode absolute value of each horizontal graticule l...

Page 476: ...d external menu Selects measurement of the ratio of the external detectors at inputs Y and X Access Keys jj OT MEAS IWection Options Broadband Ext errral YYYY M DD Softkey in clock format menu Formats the real time internal clock to display HH MM time as Year Month Day HourMinute Access Keys SYSTEM OPTIONS System Conf ig Sat Clock Clsck Format YYYY MM DD HH MM 9 91 I ...

Page 477: ...I 10 Specifications and Characteristics ...

Page 478: ...e instrument has been turned on and allowed to warm up for at least one hour Supplemental characteristics indicated by italics are typical but nonwarranted parameters intended to provide information useful in applying the instrument Dynamic Range Receiver dynamic range is calculated as the difference between the maximum receiver input level and the receiver s noise floor System dynamic range appli...

Page 479: ...alibration for transmission measurements or one port calibration for reflection measurements has been performed and with an environmental temperature of 25 f5 OC with less than 1 C deviation from the calibration temperature Measurement Port Specifications Directivity Parameter HP8712C HP8714C 40 dB 40 dB Source Match 30 dB 30 dB load Match 300 kHz to 1300 MHz 18 dB 20 dB 1300 MHz to 3000 MHz NM 18...

Page 480: ...e instrument has been turned on and allowed to warm up for at least one hour Supplemental characteristics indicated by italics are typical but nonwarranted parameters intended to provide information useful in applying the instrument Source Specifications Frequency Range H P 8712C H P B714C Resolution StabBy Accuncy 300 kHz to 1300 MHz 300 kHz to 3000 MHz 1 Hz f5 p p m a t 2 5 C f5 C 1 Hz at 10 cha...

Page 481: ...er Frequency to00 M H z lOOO M H z HP 87121 Std 16 dBm 1 3 dBm HP 8714C Std 10 dBm lO dBm 1 This value till change depending upon the options installed in your analyzer See Determining Test Port Power to determine the maximum test port power output for your particular instrument Minimum Specified Test Port Power Analyzer Standard Option 1El Attenuator HP 8712C Std HP 8714C Std 0 dBm 5 dBm 6 0 dBm ...

Page 482: ...tandard tables For example if you have an HP 8714C with Options 1EC and 1DB installed you would subtract a total of 7 dB from the standard values found in the tables to get a hnal correct maximum output of 3 dB for your analyzer and 12 dB for the minimum output power However the minimum output power for any analyzer with Option 1El attenuator is 60 dBm regardless of other options installed lf you ...

Page 483: ...arameter VonharmonicSpurious HP8712C HP8714C 250 kHz from carnbr I MHz 21 MHz 40 kHz from wrrL r Phase noise Pasidual Ah Vasidual F 20 dt c 3 0 dBc c 25 dBc 70 dBc Hz 50 dBc 1 5 kHz peak 3 0 dBc 30 dBc 25 dBc 67dBc Hz 50 dBc c 1 5 kHz peak 1 at 10 kHz offset 2 in 100 kHz bandwidth 330Hzto15kHz 1 0 7 ...

Page 484: ...Range Frequency Narrowband 5 M H z 25 M H z Broadband All HP8712C 60 ohm HP g712C 76 ohm 60 dB1 97 dB lOO dB3 97 dB4 66 dp 63 d HP g714C 60 ohm lOO dB3 lOO dB3 66 dt HP 8714C 76 ohm 97 dB4 97 dB4 63 dp 1 lO to 50 dBm 2 lO to 4 7 dBm 3 I0 to 9 0 dBm 4 lO to 8 7 dBm 5 16 to 5 0 dBm 6 lti to 4 7 dBm Maximum Input Type of Detection HP8712C HPg714C narrowband lO dBm lO dBm broadband 16 dBm 16 dBm 1 at ...

Page 485: ...l 0 dBm excluding frequency response transmission measurement HPg714C 310 2 dB 3 0 05 dB Damage Level 23 dBm or A25 Vdc Receiver Dynamic Accuracy narrowband Dynamic Accuracy narrowband at 30 MHz Reference Power Level 20 dBm 3 2 5 30 40 50 40 70 80 90 100 Input Power Level dBm HP8714C m mHP8712C Figure 10 l Receiver Dynamic Accuracy narrowband 10 9 ...

Page 486: ...ccuracy broadband at 30 MHz 4 7 2 0 1 i i i j I6 10 0 10 2 0 3 0 4 0 4 5 5 0 Input Power dBm po684b c Figure 1 O 2 Absolute Power Accuracy broadband Fmquency Response lbrodband Typical Frequency Response broadband HP 8712C HP 8714C 4 0 5 dB 411 0 dB Total Power Accuracy lbtal Power Accurw Absolute Rmer Accuse Fhquenw Response 10 10 ...

Page 487: ...ainty the DUT is assumed to be well matched l For reflection uncertainty the DUT is assumed to be a one port device In other words load match errors produced when measuring transmission are not taken into account 0 Power 0 dBm for reflection measurements 0 Power 20 dBm for transmission measurements l For transmission measurements an enhanced response calibration was performed l For reflection meas...

Page 488: ...ainty Test Part Power 20 dBm 50 I I I I I I I I I I I 20 I I I I I Sll Magnitude Uncertainty Test Part Power 0 dBm c 2 18 I6 x z 14 c r I2 02 ul 0 m cl i u u l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SII ReflectIon Coefflclent Sll Phase Uncertainty Test Part Power 0 dBm 2 0 2 0 18 18 16 16 14 14 12 12 I0 I0 8 8 6 6 4 2 I I I 00 00 I I I I I I I I I 2 2 4 4 6 6 e e II 521 Transmlssl...

Page 489: ...5 0 7 0 S21 Transmlsslon Coefflclent SII Reflectjon Coefflclent S21 Phase Uncertainty Teat Pert Power 20 dBm 1 3 to 3 GHZ I I I I I I I I I I 20 10 2 30 I0 1 0 3 0 5 0 S21 Transmlsslon Coefflclent 7 0 Sll Magnitude Uncertainty Teat Part Power 0 dBm Sll Phase Uncertainty Teat Part Power 0 dBm 16 x J 14 t r I2 m I0 L Q 8 6 4 d 2 Lll 00 2 4 6 a 1 511 Reflectton Coefflclent 10 13 ...

Page 490: ...p Delay Chafacterirticr Group delay is computed by measuring the phase change within a specified frequency step determined by the frequency span and the number of points per sweep Aperture Maximum aperture 20 of frequency spun Minimum aperture requency span number of points 1 Range The maximum delay is limited to measuring no more than 180 of phase change within the minimum aperture Range l 2 x mi...

Page 491: ... Ol Ol Specifications and Characteristics Instrument Specifications and Characteristics Group Delay Accuracy Frequency 1 3Gl k Electriical Leogth lOm I I I I lllll I I 1111111 I I Illllll Ol l 1 10 100 Aperture MHz ...

Page 492: ...isplay Characteristics Display Resolution Rehrance Level Amplitude 0 0 1 dB division R a n g e f500 dB Resolution 0 01 dB Phase R8ngc4 f160 Display Resolution O l division Marker Resolution Reffermor Level polar Scale Range O OP R a n g e f360 Resolution 0 1 10 t o lM division lo 16 ...

Page 493: ... Panel Connectors External Reference Frequency 10 MHz Level 5 dBm Impedance 50 D Auxiliary Input Calibrated range f10 V Accuracy f 3 of reading 20 mV Damage Level 15 Vdc External Trigger This rear panel female BNC connector allows external triggering of a sweep When the TTL level is pulled high a sweep is triggered When the TTL level is pulled to ground the sweep is inhibited 10 17 ...

Page 494: ...an also be used as a general purpose I O port with control provided by IBASIC and SCPI commands This g pin male connector is used with serial peripherals such as printers and plotters This RJ 45 ether twist connector is used for connecting the analyzer to a LAN This connector is functional only with Option lF7 See the Option lF7 User s Guide supplement for more information on using this connector ...

Page 495: ...bber keypad protects key contacts from dust but the environment should be as dust free as possible Operating Environment Indoor use only Operating temperature 0 O to 55 C Maximum relative humidity 5 to 95 percent relative at 40 C non condensing Altitude up to 15 000 feet 4 572 meters Non Operating Storage Conditions lbmperature 40 C to 70 C Humidity 0 to 90 percent relative at 65 O C non condensin...

Page 496: ...Specifications and Characteristics General Characteristics NETWORK ANALYZER L 514mm 4 po674b 425mm 4 f 179mm Physical Dimensions 1 0 2 0 ...

Page 497: ...HP service travel areas Outside HP service travel areas warranty service will be performed Buyer s facility only upon HP s prior agreement and Buyer shah pay HP s round trip travel expenses In all other areas products must be returned to a service facility designated by HI If the product is to be returned to Hewlett Packard for service or repair it must be returned to a service facility designated...

Page 498: ...pecifications for the product or improper site preparation or maintenance NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED HEWLETT PACKARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Exclusive Remedies THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES HEWLETT PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL...

Page 499: ...I Hewlett Packard Sales and Service Offices If you should need technical assistance contact the nearest Hewlett Packard sales or service office See lhble 10 l on the next page lo 23 ...

Page 500: ...ewlett Packard GmbH Hewlett Packard Ltd 150 Route du Nant d Avril 1 Avenue flu Canada Hewlett Packard Strasse Eskdale Road Winnersh Triangle 1 2 1 7 MeYrin 21Geneva Zone D Activite De Courtaboeuf 61352 Bad Homburg vd H Wokingham Berkshire RG41 5D Switzerland F 91947 las Ulis Cadex Germany England 141 221 780 8111 France 4 9 6172 16 O 144 7341 696622 133 II 69 82 60 60 INTERCDN FIELD OPERATIONS Hea...

Page 501: ...11 Safety and Regulatory Information ...

Page 502: ...I Safety and Regulatory Information This chapter contains required safety and regulatory information that is not included elsewhere in the manual 11 2 ...

Page 503: ...ife Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met Warnings applicable to this instrument are No operator serviceable parts inside Refer servicing to qualified personnel lb prevent electrical shock do not remove covers W A R N I N G For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only with same type and rating T 5 A 250 V The use of ...

Page 504: ...O N Always use the three prong ac power cord supplied with this instrument Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause product damage Statement of Compliance This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC Safety Requirements for Electronic Measuring Apparatus and has been supplied in a safe condition The instruction documentation contains inform...

Page 505: ...ructions in the manual CC The CE mark is the registered trademark of the European Community The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association ISMl A I This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product The ON symbol is used to mark the position of the analyzer s line power switch The STANDBY symbol is used to mark the position of the analyze...

Page 506: ...Regulatory Information Notice for Germany Noise Declaration LpA 70 dB am Arbeitsplatz operator position normaler Betrieb normal position nach DIN 45635 T 19 per IS0 7779 Declaration of Conformity 11 6 ...

Page 507: ...ifications Safety IEC IOIO l lQQO Al I EN 81010 l lQQ3 CANICSA CZ 2 No 1010 1 92 EMC CISPR ll lQQO EN 55Oll lQQl Group 1 Class A IEC 80 2 1984 EN 50082 l lQQ2 4 kV CD 8 kV AD IEC 80 3 1984 EN 50082 l lQQ2 3V m 27 500 MHz IEC 8014 1988 EN 50082 l lQQ2 0 5 kV Sig Lines 1 kV Power Lines Wpptementary Information ihe products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC ...

Page 508: ...I 12 preset State and Memory Allocation ...

Page 509: ...ates Preset State When the network analyzer is preset with the iK F hardkey or SCPI command SYST PRESET it sets itself to the pre defined conditions shown below NOTE The HP 16 command RST is not the same as SYST PRESET GiLi Key Settings Cm key device None 12 2 ...

Page 510: ... frequency Stop frequency low pass Band pass Band pass max span1 3 Band pass max span2v3 Frequency resolution SWEEP Sweep type Alternate sweep Sweep time SOURCE Key Settings 3 3 MHz 1300 MHz 3000 MHz low pass 1299 700 MHz 2999 700 MHz kHz Frequency Off A u t o Ifastest possible1 1 HP 8712C 2 HP 8714C 3 Analyzers with Option 100 only ...

Page 511: ...Sour avoid options preset power level1 O n 0 0 dBm 1 0 dBm Internal Continuous 201 0 0 0 ft IO 00 ml 100 00 ft 130 48 ml Off None 1 Preset power level is user defined by using the Preset Pwr Level key The factory default is 0 dBm 2 Aoalpers with Option 100 only CONFIGURE Key Settings I SCALE I Scale div 1 0 dB div Reference level 0 dB Reference position 5 Reference tracking Off Electrical delay OS...

Page 512: ...ation Marker numbers V axis label state Y axii label mode Title Clock Clock title line Title line 1 Title line 2 Limit lines Limit pass fail text Limit fail icon Limit pass fail indicator X position Limit pass fail indicator Y position Marker limits Limit test Previously set limits II lete 3n 3 i On On On On Absolute Off Clock on line 2 Blank Blank O n O n O n 6 0 6 0 Off Off Oeleted ...

Page 513: ...ker state Search Bandwidth search level Notch search level Target search level Tracking F O R M A T Format type CONFIGURE Key Settings continued last active cal if valid otherwise default cal Autozero Type N female 5 0 ohms 1 0 speed o f light 5 0 ohms Off OS OS All off Off Off 3 6 3 Off lo9 ma9 1 75 ohms if your analper is Option 1EC 175 ohm test portsl 2 See Peripheral State for analyzers with O...

Page 514: ...dwidth Fault Windowl Delay Aperture Off 16 Medium Wide Medium 0 5 lminimuml 1 Analyzers with Option 100 only I SYSTEM Key Settings I SAVERECALL I Define save IARDCOPY Instrument state On Cal O f f Data Off See Peripheral State I Beeper volume I 9 0 IBASIC display None 1 Analyzers with Option lC2 only 1 2 7 ...

Page 515: ...analyzer is shipped from the factory with the settings in the following table These settings will remain as shown until changed BEGI Key Settings User BEGIN menu Off MENU Key Settings Distance Units Feet 1 Analyzers with Option 100 only iiSKK Key Settings Color options for external monitor Factory default ICALJ Key Settings Velocity facto 1 Option 100 only For analyzer s without Option 100 sea Pre...

Page 516: ...ate and Memory Allocation SAVE RECALL Key Settings Save ASCII format tutus 123 Format Select Disk Non Vol RAM disk Volatile RAM disk percent 2 0 IBASIC file type A S C I I Fast recall Off 1 Option lC2 only 12 9 ...

Page 517: ...c k Format YYYY MM DO HH MM SS Numeric Alpha Numeric Seconds O n HP4B Status Talker Listener SRE Register 0 ESE Register 0 PSC Flag 1 LAN3 LAN state On HP 87 3 IP Address 0 0 0 0 Gateway IP Address 0 0 0 0 Subnet Mask 0 0 0 0 1 This address cannot be changed 2 This address cannot be changed from the front panel of your analyzer It can only be changed using the PCB command See your Progammer s Guid...

Page 518: ...HP IB Address Baud Rate Handshake lrfinr Hardcopy lefine Graph Trace Data Graticule Annotarion Marker Symbol Title Clock lefins PC15 Mono Color Orientation Auto Peed Top Margin Left Margin Print Width HP printer PCL parallel 5 19200 XonlXoff Graph and Marker Table O n O n O n O n O n Monochrome Portrait O n 0 m m 0 m m 150 mm 15 9 inl 12 11 ...

Page 519: ...tion Auto Feed Resolution Top Margin lsft Margin Print Width lefine Plotter Mono Color Auto Feed Pen Numbers Monochrome Trace 1 Trace 2 Memory 1 Memory 2 Graticule Graphics Monochrome Portrait O n 96 dpi 0 m m 0 m m 1 5 0 m m 15 9 inl Monochrome O n Pen 1 Pen 1 Pen 2 Pen 3 Pen 4 Pen 5 Pen 6 12 12 ...

Page 520: ...previous sections are volatile These settings survive when the ZZ key is pressed but not when the analyzer s power is cycled Examples of volatile settings are File FamaS always returns to HP 8711C Compatible format after a power cycle fP Ad es tu Ping always returns to 0 0 0 0 after a power cycle Option lF7 only 12 13 I ...

Page 521: ...ent states to any one of the following Table 12 l Disk Capacities Disk Capacity Internal non volatile RAM disk over 900 KB Internal volatile RAM disk Internal 3 5 floppy disk over 200 KB to 16 MB 1 44 MB 1 Expandable by adding SIMM DRAM ISee the Smce Guide for details1 The non volatile RAM disk is powered by a battery to provide short term storage of data when the analyzer is not connected to ac p...

Page 522: ... than wilI fit in a single directory use additional subdirectories With fewer hles in each directory your disk access time will be faster The SAVE RECALL disk catalog window can display at most nine pages of files with 21 files or directories per page for a total of 189 This means that if you have over 188 files in addition to the parent directory you will not be able to see all of the files Howev...

Page 523: ...instrument states when you want to return to the same instrument setup Cal Data Calibration data Error correction arrays The amount of memory used increases with the number of data points Reflection cals are larger than transmission cals The instrument state is automatically saved with caI data You should save calibrations to avoid having to repeat the calibration procedure Measurement or trace da...

Page 524: ...e three types of information that can be saved 0 Instrument state l Cal l Data Each of these can be enabled or disabled using CSAVE RECALL Retine Save based on your needs The following table shows how much space is required to save each of the three components of the instrument state By adding the numbers for the items which you are saving you can calculate approximately the size of the instrument...

Page 525: ...el Off response4 response and isolation4 enhanced response4 reflection4 0 176 6 x Npts 0 246 4 x 6 x Calpts 246 4 x 6 x Calpts 246 4 x 6 x Calpts 246 3 x 6 x CalDts 1 Sizes are subject to change with future firmware revisions 2 If the file format chosen is HP 8711pIB Compatible the file header size is 788 3 Npts number of measurement points 4 Calpts number of points over which the calibration was ...

Page 526: ...a transmission calibration and saving the calibration Size 0 140 9580 6 x 201 178 6 x 201 246 4 x 6 x 201 17 380 I I NOTE Most disks use a sector size of 256 or 512 bytes so there will usually be a small amount of wasted space on the disk Memory Usage Notes In general memory usage increases with number of points and complexity of information saved Reflection calibrations use more memory than trans...

Page 527: ...Index ...

Page 528: ...i 9 4 Abort Cal Che Q 5 absolute output power measuring 3 30 absolute power 3 33 absolute power accuracy specifications IO 10 ac line power lo 18 activating spur avoidance 5 15 Attim Market Off 9 5 active measurement channel 2 10 Add muit 9 5 MS kz Lizze Q 5 4ld3 ix PoZ zxt Q 5 ikid ml LiJle Q 6 Add in Poia Q 6 address plotter 1 15 printer l 15 maex z 1 ...

Page 529: ...3 9 Amplifier 9 7 amplitude delta marker limit 4 42 annotation frequency 4 60 marker number 4 61 measurement channel 4 60 x axis 4 60 4 61 Anno ation DRI off 9 7 annotation options 4 53 Amlo atiun qptians 9 7 anti static mat lo 19 aperture 3 49 Aperture 9 7 Apertxlle IIzf 9 8 A 9 4 arrays error correction 6 3 atmospheric conditions lo 19 attenuation when to use in a measurement 3 9 Auto Fee OM c 9...

Page 530: ...anging 5 11 barcode reader 7 29 basic functions front panel 2 3 battery 12 14 baud rate 4 84 Baud R e Q 11 B detector 3 6 B detector 3 4 BeepSz VaLWae 9 11 Gp3 2 l g y2 7 7 user program structure 7 23 Begin Frequemy 9 11 cm k e y measurement configurations 3 12 network analyzer internal con gurations 3 16 user defined 3 17 7 22 Beg Ligit 9 11 BNC connectors 8 4 6 B R 9 10 B R 9 10 broadband detect...

Page 531: ...tion AM delay 6 16 conversion loss 6 15 enhanced response 6 12 for a reflection measurement 3 25 3 26 for a transmission measurement 3 19 isolation 9 66 normalization 6 10 one port 6 13 reflection 6 13 response 6 11 9 66 response and isolation 6 12 transmission 6 l 1 when it is necessary 6 7 calibration information to save 4 65 calibration kit sex of connectors 9 13 calibration kits 3 25 calibrati...

Page 532: ...eaning instructions 11 4 Cleax EnCry 9 14 Clear Frugram 9 14 clock 4 60 Cluck Fwma Q 15 Clmk Uff 9 15 coaxial connectors 8 4 6 Color 9 15 color display 4 102 Color OXB 9 16 computer selecting for automation 7 13 computer connections 7 12 conditions for environment lo 19 confidence check Z 13 19 configurations of system for automation 7 5 configure the hardcopy port 4 82 Configure RJLJWf 9 16 conii...

Page 533: ...trol intensity S 19 controller selecting for automation 7 13 controller connections 7 12 controllers connecting l 11 conversion loss formula 3 40 measuring 3 35 Conversion Loss 9 16 conversion loss calibration Copy AL3 Files 9 16 Copp Ffle Q 17 CQpy to 3 5 Uisk 9 l c0pJr to BonVol MI4 9 copy ta Vol ItUI 9 17 crosstalk 9 66 CRT Adjust 4 104 9 17 CRT adjustment 6 15 7 17 for external monitor 4 104 C...

Page 534: ...rx tter 9 20 Defhe I rizlter Q 20 Defixe save 9 21 defining a printing device 4 85 defining what you save 4 68 delay AM 3 42 AM specilkations lo 14 electrical effect on measureme group 3 49 group specifications lo 14 phase derived 3 49 delay aperture 3 49 Delay srhre 9 21 delay specifications lo 14 Dslste AU Files 9 21 Delete A11 Limits 9 21 Delete Char 9 21 Belste File 9 21 Delete Li t 4 45 9 22 ...

Page 535: ...est port power 10 6 device measurement 3 3 diagrams on screen 7 21 dimensions of analyzer lo 19 DIN keyboard lo 18 directivity 10 3 D5xectivi y 9 22 directory to make or change 4 75 Dixe ary Utilities 9 22 disk formatting 4 77 disk access time 7 47 disk or memory recall 4 7 1 disks MS DOS formatting 4 77 disk selecting 4 67 disk storage capacity 12 14 Disp Frsq Resolution Q 23 display 8 14 expande...

Page 536: ... increasing 5 10 receiver 10 S reduce receiver floor 5 11 dynamic range iii dynamic range specifications 10 Z E Edit Q 24 Edit Un t 9 24 edit limit example 4 33 Edit LiluSv Brin rktx 9 24 electrical delay 5 20 effect on measurements 5 21 E x zYCXCL D J 9 24 electrical requirements 1 4 electrostatic discharge 1 8 lo 19 precautions l 8 lo 19 eliminate receiver spurious responses 5 14 End Prequeney 9...

Page 537: ...auxiliary input AUX INPUT 3 48 8 5 10 17 external detector connectors l l 1 external keyboard 7 30 lo 18 external keyboard hot keys 7 32 external monitor 4 102 7 40 external monitor connector 8 11 External Poknt 9 26 external reference input 8 5 lo 17 Estex al Sveep 9 26 external trigger Input 8 5 lo 17 external video monitor lo 18 EXT REF IN 8 5 lo 17 ht Ref on OFF 9 26 EXT TRIG IN OUT 8 5 lo 17 ...

Page 538: ...file 4 69 format markers polar 4 30 9 29 77 9 29 nith 4 30 Fozpat lunTo1 TtMJ 9 lam vol RhH 9 29 m 2 7 9 29 Ikeq hanot ORt off 4 lcm plerIcy 9 30 41 29 60 9 30 frequency annotation 4 60 frequency change to increase sweep speed 5 3 frequency delta marker limit 4 43 frequency of data point 4 47 frequency range entering 2 7 frequency response errors 6 4 9 66 frequency shift how to minimize 5 21 frequ...

Page 539: ...Ile 9 32 group delay 3 49 group delay specifications 9 31 15 9 31 10 14 H hardcopy faster 7 77 4 82 harmonics specifications 10 6 H p Kessage 9 33 HoId 9 33 Iioximntal Back Porch 4 104 9 33 Huxizont93 Fxnt Purch 9 34 Hoxii z mntal Fxont Poxcb 4 104 HoxizlontaZ Posi tion 9 34 hot keys external keyboard 7 32 how to create flat limit lines 4 33 create single point limits 4 37 delete limit segments 4 ...

Page 540: ... IB interconnections 1 13 8 8 HP IB interface capabilities 8 8 HP IB port l 11 HP IB restrictions 8 8 HP VEE programming language 7 16 Hue 9 36 humidity conditions lo 19 Hz 9 36 1 IBASIC 7 4 programming language 7 15 J BhSnl 9 37 IBASIC and automation 7 7 IBhSLC Display 9 37 icon fail 4 46 Imaghary 9 37 impedance magnitude 3 62 bph08 bgdtuae 9 37 impedance matching errors how to reduce 5 17 impeda...

Page 541: ...trument description iii rnstrume t rnfo 9 38 instrument markings and symbols 11 5 Instrument preset state parameters 12 2 Instrument State OB off 9 38 Instrument states recalling 4 65 7 46 instrument state settings to save 4 65 Int Diap I msity intensity control 8 19 interface cables 4 80 parallel lo 18 Interface capabilities 9 38 HP IB 8 8 tlIzLtexnal 9 39 Tnternal 3 5 Disk 9 39 internal detector...

Page 542: ...e 7 32 Key Record m OFF 9 40 keystroke recording 7 27 kHz 9 40 kits calibration 3 25 knob 8 16 L LAN lo 18 LJtff 9 41 Landscape 9 41 language programming 7 15 LAN port 4 82 LAN P ntr XP hddress 9 41 layout page 7 77 learn strings 7 48 L t E crgizl 9 41 level power 2 8 reference 2 9 Level 9 41 limit edit example 4 33 Lbit 9 41 Limit Icon on OFF 4 61 Limit Lcun OH aff 4 46 9 42 Limit Icun X Positian...

Page 543: ...tness 4 41 limit testing using markers 4 38 Limit Test on OFF 9 43 limit test output 8 5 limit test port used as general munose I O 7 37 LIMIT TEST TTL IbObT 8 5 Li G k T ext an OFF 4 61 Limit Text Al off 4 46 9 43 line fuse location 8 23 ratings 11 3 type 1 4 line module 8 21 line power lo 18 line power requirements 1 5 8 24 line power switch 8 17 line switch 8 17 line voltage requirements 1 4 li...

Page 544: ...rch 4 23 Haxkex Fuaetions 9 47 marker limit 4 38 marker limit test delta amplitude 4 42 delta frequency 4 43 flatness 4 41 peak to peak ripple 4 40 statistical mean 4 39 marker math 4 21 Harker H h 9 47 Harkex 4 Centex 9 46 tikwr ELM De iy 9 47 lhrker Reference 9 47 marker number annotation 4 61 marker resolution specifications lo 16 markers delta A 4 27 polar format 4 30 reference 4 27 relative m...

Page 545: ...ion response 3 24 steps 3 11 transmission response 3 18 typical sequence 3 11 measurement averaging 5 12 measurement calibration iii When it is necessary 6 7 measurement calibration theory of 6 3 measurement channel 2 10 measurement channel annotation 4 60 measurement data to save 4 65 measurement detection modes 3 6 measurement errors 6 3 measurement example reflection response 3 24 transmission ...

Page 546: ... Hz 9 49 memory 7 46 Hemqr 9 49 Hemtry 1 Pen 9 50 Hemry 2 Pen 9 50 memory allocations changing 4 68 memory or disk recall 4 7 1 piim j 9 50 message string 7 20 H z 9 50 H5 n Limit 9 50 B k Semxb 4 9 9 50 mismatch errors 6 4 how to reduce 5 17 Hizex 9 51 Hkr Am UN off 9 51 Mkr Lit on OFF 9 51 Hkr Limita 4 38 9 51 Hkr Nhz 9 52 Eke Miisz 9 52 Hkr Wumber U off 4 61 Hkr sywlbo1 UIY off 9 51 Hkr Tab oIz...

Page 547: ...l 9 55 narrowband power measurement 3 30 narrow bandwidth 5 11 networking 7 12 lext Kin Left 4 10 9 55 Wext lin Right 4 10 9 55 Bert Pedc Left 4 10 9 55 Ilezt Peak Right 4 10 9 56 noise trace activate averaging 5 13 trace change system bandwidth 5 14 trace elimmate receiver spurious responses 5 14 trace reduction 5 13 noise floor 10 2 noise floor reduction 5 11 noise trace 10 8 tkme 9 56 non opera...

Page 548: ...e protection 4 86 panel front and rear 8 2 24 parallel port l 11 4 82 4 84 7 54 59 lo 18 part number rack kit 1 17 part numbers static safe equipment l 8 parts supplied with shipment 1 3 pass fail indicator 4 46 4 61 PCL5 setup 4 85 peak to peak ripple marker limit test 4 40 peak tracking 4 51 performance system 10 2 Pexfuxm Secure 9 59 peripherals connecting l 11 Phase 9 59 phase derived delay 3 ...

Page 549: ...ement 3 30 output specifications 10 5 probe 8 12 lo 17 Power 9 60 POWER 2 8 9 60 power cable configurations 8 21 power cables 8 21 power level entering 2 8 preset 2 8 power level preset 2 8 power module 8 21 power requirements 1 5 8 24 Pawex Sweep 9 60 power switch 8 17 precautions electrostatic 1 8 lo 19 jj 2 6 9 60 preset conditions 2 6 12 2 7 preset power level 2 8 preset state parameters 12 2 ...

Page 550: ...ing polar format markers 4 30 widen system bandwidth 5 4 programming languages 7 15 Rogxztms 9 61 prompting how to display pop up messages 7 20 Pwr Level at Preset 9 61 Pwi Sweep Range 9 62 R R 9 63 R 9 63 rack installation 1 17 rack kit part number l 17 RAM disks 7 46 range frequency 2 7 R detector 3 6 R detector 3 4 readable ports 7 40 7 55 Real 9 63 rear panel connectors lo 17 rear panel featur...

Page 551: ... trace noise 5 13 Reference Lev 2 9 9 64 reference markers 4 27 reference plane adjustment 5 19 reference position 4 51 Reference Position 2 9 9 64 reference signal 3 4 external 8 5 lo 17 reference tracking 4 52 Refexence Txwking 4 51 4 52 9 64 reference tracking using limits with 4 44 4 50 reference tracking using markers with 4 50 reflection calibration example 3 25 formula 3 28 Reflection 9 65 ...

Page 552: ...n loss 3 29 RF connectors 8 13 RF Piltex Stats 4 25 9 67 RF Uli off 9 67 RF power out setting 2 8 ripple marker limit test 4 40 Round Seconds g 67 rpg knob 8 16 RS 232 serial port l 11 4 82 4 84 8 10 Run 9 67 q safety information 11 3 safety warnings 11 3 aturatimt 9 68 Save ASCTI 9 68 Save AUT ST 9 68 save definition 4 68 Save as i 968 Saye Heaa 2 9 69 Save Program 9 69 AVE RECALL 7 47 Save State...

Page 553: ...itch voltage 8 24 serial port l 11 4 82 4 84 7 61 8 10 Sexvice 9 72 Service Utilities 9 72 Set Cluck 19 72 Set Day 9 72 set Houx 9 72 Set Binute 9 72 Set Hoath 9 73 Set Pen mbexs 9 73 setting HP IB addresses 1 15 setting the line voltage 1 4 setting up the analyzer l 10 Set Track Fxequexcy 4 52 9 73 Set Teax 9 74 shiR spurs 5 14 shipment contents 1 3 shipment weight lo 19 shipping instructions 11 ...

Page 554: ... 9 75 Span 2 7 9 75 specifications 10 2 20 definition 10 2 receiver 1 O 8 source 10 4 speed increase of sweep 5 3 speed with hardcopy 4 95 Split Map FULL aput 4 54 9 75 split display 2 12 4 54 7 21 Spur Avoid 9 76 spur avoidance 5 8 5 15 Spur Avoid Dptians 9 76 SRL 9 76 SRQ 7 52 Stack Size 9 76 standard deviation 4 21 standby 8 17 Stsxt 2 7 9 77 start frequency change to increase sweep speed 5 3 S...

Page 555: ...ing 5 3 reduce averaging 5 5 reduce number of points 5 5 turn off alternate sweep 5 7 turn off spur avoidance 5 8 use auto mode 5 4 view single measurement channel 5 6 Sweep Time 9 79 Sweep Time Fl D miul 9 79 switch foot 7 35 line power 8 17 line voltage selector 1 4 Sdtching Test Set 9 79 sm 9 79 symbols and markings instrument 11 5 Sync Gxeea un OFF 9 79 synchronization of external monitor 4 10...

Page 556: ...12 9 81 techniques optimizing measurements 5 2 temperature conditions lo 19 template keyboard 7 32 testing with limit lines 4 31 test oattern 4 104 1 Tests and Jtdju mants 9 82 theory measurement 3 3 10 throughput of an automated system 7 12 time 4 60 disk access 7 47 format 9 15 Title and Clock 4 60 9 82 TitleGlk 01 9 82 title feature 7 31 Top btxgin 9 82 topology measurement system 7 5 Touchston...

Page 557: ...urements 3 18 23 Txansmkpia 9 84 Ransmisgn Tzacking g 84 Txsns Faxt Extensian 9 84 transporting instructions 11 5 trigger external 8 5 external input lo 17 Txiggex 9 84 Rigger Source 9 84 TSet Cd oa OFF 9 84 TTL signals 7 35 type F connectors 6 17 U uncertainty measurement lo 11 unpacking the analyzer 1 3 unrecoverable error 9 60 Upbte Coti Const 9 85 Upper 9 85 User BEGIU 3 17 7 22 default progra...

Page 558: ...ew a single measurement channel 5 6 View Cal Check 9 87 volatile RAM disk 7 46 Volatile RAM Disk 9 87 volatile settings 12 13 voltage requirements 1 4 voltage selector switch 8 24 W warning definition 11 3 warranty lo 21 weight lo 19 Wide 6 HO Hz 9 88 wide bandwidth 5 11 writeable ports 7 39 7 55 X X 9 89 x axis annotation 4 60 Xmt Xoff 9 89 X Y 9 89 y Y 9 90 y axis annotation 4 61 Y zis L s UIY o...

Page 559: ...Y X 9 91 YYW m m IiH rn 9 91 Z zeroing detectors 6 15 Index 33 ...

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