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Tektronix RSA6100A Series, Help Manual

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Tektronix RSA6100A Series Help Manual Download Page 136

Analog Modulation > PM

PM Display

PM Display

The Phase Modulation Display shows Phase vs. Time. The vertical axis units are degrees and the
horizontal axis units are seconds. When taking measurements, only the

fi

rst burst in the Analysis period is

analyzed. No trace points are shown for data outside the

fi

rst detected burst, nor are measurements made

on data outside the

fi

rst detected burst.

Elements of the Display

124

RSA6100A Series Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers Help

Summary of Contents for RSA6100A Series

Page 1: ...xx RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers ZZZ Printed Help Document P077016903 077 0169 03...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers ZZZ Printed Help Document www tektronix com 077 0169 03...

Page 4: ...Specifications and price change privileges reserved TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix Inc Microsoft Windows and Windows XP are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation MA...

Page 5: ...nel Connectors 8 Front Panel Controls 8 Touch Screen 11 Touch Screen Actions 11 Elements of the Display 14 Rear Panel Connectors 18 Setting Up Network Connections 18 Operating Your Instrument Restorin...

Page 6: ...89 Amplitude Vs Time Settings 90 Frequency Vs Time Frequency Vs Time Display 92 Frequency Vs Time Settings 93 Phase Vs Time Phase Vs Time Display 94 Phase Vs Time Settings 95 RF I Q Vs Time RF I Q vs...

Page 7: ...ttings 174 Settling Time Measurements Settling Time Measurement Overview 177 Settling Time Displays Settling Time Displays 182 Settling Time Settings 189 Common Controls for Settling Time Displays Set...

Page 8: ...vs Time Magnitude Error vs Time Display 239 Magnitude Error vs Time Settings 241 Phase Error vs Time Phase Error vs Time Display 242 Phase Error vs Time Settings 244 Signal Quality Signal Quality Disp...

Page 9: ...bar Using the Markers Toolbar 288 Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display Using Noise Markers in the Spectrum Display 289 Search Limits Testing The Search Tool Limits Testing 291 Search Limits Testing S...

Page 10: ...Mask Trigger 320 Mask Editor Frequency Mask Trigger 320 Trigger Settings 324 Event Tab 324 Time Qualified Tab 331 Advanced Tab Triggering 332 Actions Tab Triggering 333 Managing Data Settings and Pic...

Page 11: ...Menu 360 Tools Menu Tools Menu 361 Window Menu Arranging Displays 364 Help Menu Help Menu 365 Troubleshooting Error and Information Messages 366 Displaying the Windows Event Viewer 374 On Standby Swit...

Page 12: ...Table of Contents viii RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 13: ...Time Spectrum Analyzers This online help contains the most complete descriptions of how to use the spectrum analyzer For a shorter introduction to the spectrum analyzer refer to the RSA6100A Series R...

Page 14: ...apture 24 s option 110 31 s standard 10 3 s option 110 option 200 24 s option 200 Trigger Tektronix exclusive 40 MHz and 110 MHz DPX Density and Frequency Mask triggers offer easy event based capture...

Page 15: ...l at www tektronix com manuals Do not substitute any version of Windows that is not specifically provided by Tektronix for use with your instrument Product Software The product software is the instrum...

Page 16: ...1 2590 XX Product Documentation CD ROM The Product Documentation CD ROM contains PDF versions of all printed manuals The Product Documentation CD ROM also contains the following manuals some of which...

Page 17: ...onix part number 161 A005 00 China Option A10 Tektronix part number 161 0306 00 India Option A11 Tektronix part number 161 0324 00 No power cord or AC adapter Option A99 Optical Wheel Mouse Product So...

Page 18: ...t select Help About Your Tektronix Real Time Spectrum Analyzer There is a label on the rear panel of the instrument that lists installed hardware options Options can be added to your instrument For th...

Page 19: ...al 077 0250 XX The Service manual is provided as a printable PDF file which is located on the Documents CD See the Documents CD ROM for installation information The Service manual includes procedures...

Page 20: ...tput connector 50 BNC High 2 0 V Low 0 4 V output current 1 mA 2 Trig In External Trigger input connector 2 5 V to 2 5 V user settable 3 USB 1 1 USB 1 1 Mouse connector 4 USB 2 0 USB 2 0 connector 5 R...

Page 21: ...s closes the Acquire control panel Setup Acquire 6 Analysis Opens closes the Analysis control panel Setup Analysis 7 Freq Press to adjust the measurement frequency Setup Analysis Frequency 8 Span Spec...

Page 22: ...n Opens the Markers control panel If markers are turned off the MR marker reference will appear 16 Esc Exits a dialog box without saving changes the same as Esc on an external keyboard 17 Control knob...

Page 23: ...anywhere that click is mentioned in this online help To disable the touch screen push the front panel Touch Screen Off button When the touch screen is off the button is lighted You can still access t...

Page 24: ...reen Actions menu touch the display in a graph area and hold for one second then remove your finger You can also use a mouse to display the Touch screen Action menu by clicking the right mouse button...

Page 25: ...horizontal and vertical position of the waveform The first direction with enough movement becomes the primary direction of movement Movement in the secondary direction does not occur until a threshol...

Page 26: ...equivalent to selecting Single on the Settings Parameters tab Multi range Changes the current single range display to a multi range display Selecting Multi range from the menu is equivalent to select...

Page 27: ...Orientation Elements of the Display Specific elements of the display are shown in the following figure RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help 15...

Page 28: ...Orientation Elements of the Display 16 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 29: ...ont panel up and down buttons 8 Reference Level Displays the reference level To change the value click the text and enter a number from the keypad or use the front panel up and down buttons 9 Amplitud...

Page 30: ...and other peripherals printers external hard disks 13 TekLink reserved for future use 14 Ref Out reference frequency output 15 Ref In reference frequency input 16 Ethernet network connector xxx Setti...

Page 31: ...cted alignments run whenever the spectrum analyzer detects a sufficient change in ambient conditions to warrant an alignment If Run alignments only when Align Now button is pressed is selected the spe...

Page 32: ...ware upgrade or reinstall the instrument will perform a full alignment after the 20 minute warm up period This alignment cannot be aborted and it occurs even if alignments are set to run only when man...

Page 33: ...rror Phase Error and others Constellation Shows the I and Q information of the signal analyzed in an I vs Q format Symbol Table Shows the demodulated symbols of the signal To use the Modulation Analys...

Page 34: ...ou may need to trigger on the signal to get a more stable display This is set up in the Trigger control panel Trig button Using the Power trigger type with the RF Input source works well for many puls...

Page 35: ...Frequency application preset 1 Select File Application Presets Time Frequency Analysis Click OK 2 When the preset s displays and settings have all been recalled and acquisitions are running adjust the...

Page 36: ...ing Options Menu Bar Tools Options There are several settings you can change that are not related to measurement functions The Option settings control panel is used to change these settings Settings t...

Page 37: ...m the following Current acquisition Saves the current acquisition Current frame If Fast Frame is enabled saves only the current frame The current frame is the one most recently analyzed Selected frame...

Page 38: ...lays box or select the desired display and click Add 4 Click OK Interactions Between Displays Different displays can require different settings for example acquisition bandwidth analysis length or res...

Page 39: ...re of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels Multi Carrier Power Ratio The ratio of the signal power in the reference channel or group of channels to the power in adjace...

Page 40: ...R RMS The MER is defined as the ratio of I Q signal power to I Q noise power the result is indicated in dB IQ Origin Offset The magnitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times It...

Page 41: ...s RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value Mag Error The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal magnitude Displays RMS and Peak values with location of Pe...

Page 42: ...e user entered symbol rate to the instrument calculated symbol rate of the analyzed signal Symbol Rate When in Auto symbol rate the instrument calculates the symbol rate of the signal and the instrume...

Page 43: ...or Volts or Watts Rise Time The time required for a signal to rise from 10 to 90 or 20 to 80 of the user selected 100 level Fall Time The time required for a signal to fall from 90 to 10 or 80 to 20 o...

Page 44: ...he difference between the measured carrier frequency of the signal and the user selected center frequency of the analyzer RMS Phase Error The RMS Phase Error measurement is the RMS average of the Phas...

Page 45: ...X Spectrum Frequency vs Time Phase vs Time RF I Q vs Time Spectrogram Spectrum Time Overview These displays provide extensive time correlated multi domain views that connect problems in time frequency...

Page 46: ...through the same span During the pulse s on time the power of the two signals is additive resulting in nearly undetectable differences in the pulse envelope shape But during the time the pulse is off...

Page 47: ...als much more insight on the same signal Since it is a bitmap image instead of a line trace you can distinguish many different signals occurring within each update period and or different version of t...

Page 48: ...and sampled into a continuous data stream Figure 4b Samples are segmented into data records for FFT processing based on the selected resolution bandwidth Figure 4c Data records are processed in the D...

Page 49: ...duration is provided in Guaranteed Capture of Fast Events see page 43 The spectral waveforms are plotted onto a grid of counting cells called the bitmap database The number held by each database cell...

Page 50: ...shows that a 10 dBm signal at 72 3 MHz was present for 10 of one frame s duration 5 ms out of 50 ms it isn t possible to determine just from the DPX display whether the actual signal contained a singl...

Page 51: ...ximum and Minimum are represented by the other colors of the palette Adjusting the Minimum above the black default allows you to concentrate most of your color resolution over a small range of medium...

Page 52: ...mapping between z axis values and color does not have to be linear The Curve control lets you choose the shape of the mapping equation A Curve setting of 1 selects the straight line relationship Highe...

Page 53: ...sity range and only the dark blues are assigned to densities below 50 Note the difference in the palette illustration Figure 12 Adjusting to values less than 1 increases the contrast for viewing event...

Page 54: ...s Line traces are also created in full for each segment and then horizontally compressed to the user selected number of trace points for the full span A complex algorithm for determining the number an...

Page 55: ...her hand capture data across all frequencies within their real time span during every acquisition With Tektronix exclusive Frequency Mask trigger and DPX Density trigger POI increases to 100 insuring...

Page 56: ...ansient is less than 0 01 Figure 16 shows a swept analyzer set up for a 5 second sweep of its MaxHold trace It shows that there is something occurring around the signal This sweep rate was empirically...

Page 57: ...and 10401 Frequency transforms for traces containing more than 801 points take longer and this lower waveform update rate increases the minimum signal duration proportionally This caution applies for...

Page 58: ...cleared after every frame update as long as Persistence is not turned on The density value for any pixel is simply the percent of time it was occupied during the most recent 50 ms frame Markers can be...

Page 59: ...ontiguous bright pixels This isn t so easy for a computer The first thing the RSA must do for any peak search is analyze pixel density values to identify apparent signals Then it can sift through thes...

Page 60: ...sion criteria If row 1 had 1 density then row 9 would be a density peak Once density peaks are found for all columns in the bitmap we can start looking for the amplitude peaks When the Peak button is...

Page 61: ...e single pixel measurement readout displayed by the marker Figure 24 Amplitude and Signal Density controls can be adjusted to define Peak search behavior Density Measurements over an Adjustable Area T...

Page 62: ...the signal Right Incorrect measurement area The measurement is accurate but probably not what you expected Some columns in the box contain no hits so they contribute zeros to the calculation of averag...

Page 63: ...upon the next frame update nor does it linger forever It fades gradually away The user sets a time constant for the Dot Persistence control which determines how long it takes for signals to fade Fadin...

Page 64: ...ased Longer persistence intervals caused increased blooming turning crisp signals into fat red stripes When hit counts are converted to density values requires Option 200 the display is not subject to...

Page 65: ...en density and color Curve setting of 1 resolution is fixed by the number of colors in the palette For non linear mappings Curve settings higher or lower than 1 most of the colors are concentrated at...

Page 66: ...to know any characteristics of the target signal besides where it might show up in the DPX Spectrum graph Figure 29 Example of Density Trigger Left A free run DPX spectrum display showing pulses with...

Page 67: ...ment by Trigger On This The trigger density threshold automatically set by Trigger On This is 80 of the measured value If the signal was present at the moment you selected Trigger On This the threshol...

Page 68: ...be CW you can set the trigger controls to acquire when the density measurement of the signal peak drops below 100 When using the lower than form of the DPX Density trigger the time resolution is one f...

Page 69: ...shows how frequently a display point has been written to An important feature of the DPX Spectrum display is persistence Persistence sets how long a point on the display will be visible You can set t...

Page 70: ...e trace Displays the minimum amplitude values acquired in each update Normal and Hold functions are available for this trace Average detected Line trace Displays the average of all the values acquired...

Page 71: ...r Display Standard Instrument To select a trace for display 1 Use the Settings control panel Select Setup Settings or click the Settings button Select the Traces tab Select the trace from the drop dow...

Page 72: ...update b Select Average to set the trace to display an average of the average values Use the Count box to enter the number of times the trace is averaged Available Traces for Display Option 200 Instru...

Page 73: ...s Traces Math Tab see page 103 Allows you to configure the Match Trace Scale see page 67 Sets the vertical and horizontal scale parameters Prefs see page 106 Specifies whether certain display elements...

Page 74: ...e fading This setting has no units associated with it Standard instrument Range 1 1000 Resolution 0 1 Option 200 instrument Range 50 ms 100 s Infinite The Infinite dot persistence setting prevents a p...

Page 75: ...trace 3 Select the desired trace file 4 Select OK to complete your selection 5 Select the Show recalled trace check box 6 Verify that the trace s Show check box is selected either on this tab or next...

Page 76: ...Detection Trace Detection occurs when the trace is being decimated by the measurement For example if the maximum number of trace points is 100 000 and the selected analysis region is 200 000 samples t...

Page 77: ...for each underlying frequency data point Once the specified number of traces have been acquired and averaged to generate the displayed trace each new trace takes the place of the oldest trace in the c...

Page 78: ...the Open dialog box 2 Navigate to the desired file and click Open 3 Check the Show Recalled Trace check box 4 Verify that the trace s Show check box is selected either on this tab or next to the drop...

Page 79: ...trace display Scale Changes the horizontal scale Position Adjusts the horizontal position of the signal This does not change the center frequency Autoscale Resets the scale of the horizontal axis to...

Page 80: ...ing the measurement box in the graph You move the box by dragging the readout You adjust the size of the box by dragging the corners or edges Setting Description Show Measurement Shows or hides the me...

Page 81: ...ency Modulation as the demodulation method Tune with Specifies how the frequency to be demodulated is specified You can select markers or the frequency control Receiver Freq Readout of the frequency t...

Page 82: ...ill tune to the frequency the marker was last set to Receiver BW The Receiver BW setting will not change the acquisition bandwidth Thus if the acquisition bandwidth is too narrow audio demodulation wi...

Page 83: ...case the upper and lower limits of the Receiver BW fall within the upper and lower limits of the acquisition bandwidth This is the desired relationship between the three settings and audio demodulati...

Page 84: ...using the Peak method similar to Peak detection in a Spectrum display to 10 000 points This decimated trace is what is used for marker measurements The Time Overview window displays the Spectrum Leng...

Page 85: ...nts included in the demodulation 7 Horizontal Scale Adjusts the span of the graph By decreasing the scale the graph essentially becomes a window that you can move over the acquisition record by adjust...

Page 86: ...s of displayed traces Setting Description Show Shows hides the selected trace Detection Sets the Detection method used for the trace Not available for saved traces Available detection methods are Peak...

Page 87: ...set of IQ samples available to that trace point Peak Each point on the trace is the result of detecting the negative peak value present in the set of IQ samples available to that trace point Peak Sel...

Page 88: ...r value is retained for display and subsequent comparisons Saving Traces To save a trace for later analysis 1 Select the Save Trace As button This displays the Save As dialog box 2 Navigate to the des...

Page 89: ...sired file and click Open 5 Check the Show Recalled Trace check box 6 Verify that the trace s Show check box is selected either on this tab or next to the drop down list located at the top left corner...

Page 90: ...ewing 3 Double click the Spectrum icon in the Available displays box This adds the Spectrum icon to the Selected displays box and removes it from the Available displays box Alternatively you can click...

Page 91: ...rence between the left edge of the display and the right edge If Horizontal scaling has been manually adjusted in Settings Scale then Scale will replace Span as the setting at the bottom right corner...

Page 92: ...ets frequency and span parameters for the Spectrum Analysis display BW see page 103 Sets Resolution Bandwidth and windowing parameters Traces see page 99 Sets Trace display parameters Traces Math see...

Page 93: ...p of graph amplitude value This control allows you to move pan the traces up and down in the graph without changing the Reference Level Autoscale Resets the Offset so that the trace appears below the...

Page 94: ...t can be displayed in a spectrogram is 125 000 The spectrogram can also be displayed in a 3 D waterfall format In the 3 D waterfall format the spectrogram displays the time axis along a simulated Z ax...

Page 95: ...All Note that these are not visible while acquisitions are running the instrument must be stopped for the indicators to be visible 7 T Trigger indicator This icon indicates the trigger point within t...

Page 96: ...wn or hidden independently of the other marker readouts see Settings Prefs see page 106 19 Time Scale status readout Three readouts can appear here depending on settings Time update Spectrums line and...

Page 97: ...he vertical and horizontal scale parameters for the spectrogram trace The Spectrum Monitor controls are also on this tab Prefs see page 106 Specifies whether or not certain display elements are shown...

Page 98: ...the spectrogram in a 3 D format Northeast Shifts the perspective of the 3 D graph so that the oldest traces move back and to the right Northwest Shifts the perspective of the 3 D graph so that the old...

Page 99: ...on Adjusts vertical position of the trace within the graph area Setting represents the offset in divisions between the bottom of the graph and the bottom most recent line in the results trace Time at...

Page 100: ...eated in spectrum monitor mode depends on the detection setting Settings Trace For example if Detection is set to Peak each spectrogram line is effectively a peak hold display of all the spectral data...

Page 101: ...d specified with the Detection control to be equal to or less than the Max trace points setting except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate This decimated or undecimated trace is what is use...

Page 102: ...tions Avg Hold 9 Trace function Displays the current trace function setting Settings Trace tab Function xxx Reference Changing Amplitude vs Time Display Settings see page 90 Amplitude Vs Time Settings...

Page 103: ...ment will request Settings Description Span The frequency span used for analysis in the Amplitude vs Time display If the spectrum display is open the span is automatically set to the analyzer bandwidt...

Page 104: ...s than the Max trace points setting except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate This decimated or undecimated trace is what is used for marker measurements and for results export You can set...

Page 105: ...the time spanned by the graph 6 Clear button Restarts Average trace 7 Trace function Displays the current trace function setting Settings Trace Function xxx Changing Frequency vs Time Display Settings...

Page 106: ...etection control to be equal to or less than the Max trace points setting except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate This decimated or undecimated trace is what is used for marker measureme...

Page 107: ...times at which they occurred 6 Horizontal Scale Sets the time spanned by the graph 7 Clear button Restarts multi trace functions Avg Hold 8 Trace function Shows the trace function as set on the Settin...

Page 108: ...ecimated using the method specified with the Detection control to be equal to or less than the Max trace points setting except when Max trace points is set to Never Decimate This decimated or undecima...

Page 109: ...current trace function setting Settings Trace Function If the traces are averaged the number of averages is displayed 8 Trace Control Selects which trace is displayed using the drop down list and whic...

Page 110: ...provided for the specific tabs Common controls for general signal viewing displays Settings tab Description Freq Span see page 98 Sets the frequency and span parameters Trace see page 99 Sets the trac...

Page 111: ...requencies are internally determined based on span acquisition bandwidth RBW and other parameters Max Span Sets the Span to the maximum value xxx Center Start Stop and Span Frequencies Are Correlated...

Page 112: ...isplay and is available only if the Spectrogram display is shown The Spectrogram trace shows the trace selected in the Spectrogram as a spectrum trace Detection Trace Detection is used to reduce the r...

Page 113: ...st one vertical value for each underlying frequency data point Once the specified number of traces have been acquired and averaged to generate the displayed trace additional traces contribute to the r...

Page 114: ...To select a trace for recall 1 Select the trace into which the recalled trace will be loaded from the Trace drop down list 2 Check the Show check box 3 Click the button to display the Open dialog box...

Page 115: ...Trace A or Trace B Setting Description Trace When set to Trace 4 Math this tab is displayed Show Shows hides the selected trace Freeze Halts updates to the selected trace Save Trace As Saves the sele...

Page 116: ...hese artificial discontinuities generate spurious responses not present in the original signal which can make it impossible to detect small signals in the presence of nearby large ones This phenomenon...

Page 117: ...l settings such as Measurement Frequency In effect these controls operate like pan and zoom controls The Scale tab values are unique to each display Also note that each display uses horizontal and ver...

Page 118: ...that shows the Detection method and Function setting for displayed traces The color of the legend text matches the color of the associated trace Show graticule Select to display or hide the graticule...

Page 119: ...ngine It is a function of the selected resolution bandwidth and number of trace points The desired RBW determines the number of points required in each transform which alters the transform rate Additi...

Page 120: ...ew The displays in the Analog Modulation folder Displays Folders Analog Modulation are AM FM PM The Analog Modulation displays provide measurements and time domain trace displays 108 RSA6100A Series R...

Page 121: ...lay 1 Select the Displays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select Analog Modulation 3 Double click the AM icon in the Available Displays...

Page 122: ...s the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display 7 Scale Adjusts the horizontal range of the graph By decreasing the scale time across the entire graph the graph essentially becomes a windo...

Page 123: ...d mathematically by A in the above equation represents the carrier amplitude a t represents the time varying modulation and 0 represents the carrier frequency The signal modulation envelope is given b...

Page 124: ...al Freeze Halts updates to the trace Save Trace As Saves the trace to a file for later recall and analysis Show recalled trace Displays a saved trace instead of a live trace xxx Detection Detection re...

Page 125: ...MS values Trace Processing Traces can be processed to display in different ways The Detection setting controls trace decimation when needed When the trace points each cover more than one sample data p...

Page 126: ...on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement Frequency In effect these controls operate like pan and zoom controls Setting Description Vertical Scale Changes the range shown...

Page 127: ...imum of 100 000 points however the actual number of trace points can extend up to 500 000 points if Max trace points is set to Never Decimate If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max...

Page 128: ...outside the first detected burst nor are measurements made on data outside the first detected burst To show the FM display 1 Select the Displays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select...

Page 129: ...ncy deviation RMS RMS value of the deviation Pk Pk peak to peak frequency deviation and Pk Pk 2 peak to peak frequency deviation divided by two 6 Position Specifies the horizontal position of the trac...

Page 130: ...age 119 Sets the burst detection threshold measurement bandwidth and carrier frequency detection method Trace see page 120 Sets Trace display parameters Scale see page 122 Sets vertical and horizontal...

Page 131: ...g this button automatically deselects Auto xxx Frequency Offset In Auto Auto is selected the instrument scans the measurement bandwidth about the measurement frequency and looks for the highest powere...

Page 132: ...th Spectrum Length set to Auto in the Analysis menu the instrument analyzes just enough samples to produce one IQ sample pair per trace point In this case the detection method chosen has very little e...

Page 133: ...h trace point represents the lowest vertical value among the results it includes Saving Traces To save a trace for later analysis 1 Select the Save Trace As button This displays the Save As dialog box...

Page 134: ...Vertical Scale Changes the range shown between the top and bottom of the graph Position Adjusts the frequency shown at the center of the graph Autoscale Resets the Position so that the entire trace f...

Page 135: ...imum of 100 000 points however the actual number of trace points can extend up to 500 000 points if Max trace points is set to Never Decimate If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max...

Page 136: ...the horizontal axis units are seconds When taking measurements only the first burst in the Analysis period is analyzed No trace points are shown for data outside the first detected burst nor are measu...

Page 137: ...tion Pk negative phase deviation Pk Pk peak to peak phase deviation and RMS RMS value of the phase deviation 6 Position Specifies the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display 7 Scale Adju...

Page 138: ...tic or Manual Sets burst threshold and phase detection method Trace see page 127 Sets Trace display parameters Scale see page 130 Sets vertical and horizontal scale and position parameters Prefs see p...

Page 139: ...ker Pressing this button sets the phase offset to the phase offset of the selected marker Pressing this button automatically deselects Auto xxx Frequency Offset In Auto Auto is selected the instrument...

Page 140: ...uce one IQ sample pair per trace point In this case the detection method chosen has very little effect as the Peak Peak and Avg VRMS are all equal Changing the Spectrum Length causes the available det...

Page 141: ...the results it includes Saving Traces To save a trace for later analysis 1 Select the Save Trace As button This displays the Save As dialog box 2 Navigate to the desired folder or use the default 3 T...

Page 142: ...ting Description Vertical Scale Changes the range shown between the top and bottom of the graph Position Adjusts the phase shown at the center of the graph Autoscale Resets the Position so that the en...

Page 143: ...imum of 100 000 points however the actual number of trace points can extend up to 500 000 points if Max trace points is set to Never Decimate If the Analysis Length includes more than the selected Max...

Page 144: ...elected channel located in the ACPR display Adjacent Channel Power Ratio Measure of the signal power leaking from the main channel into adjacent channels Multi Carrier Power Ratio The ratio of the sig...

Page 145: ...1 Select the Displays button 2 Select RF Measurements from the Folders box 3 Double click Chan Power and ACPR in the Available displays box Click OK to complete your selection 4 Press the front panel...

Page 146: ...low the graph and within the graph itself which can be enabled disabled in the Settings Prefs tab To see all measurements you might need to scroll the table The size of the results table can be change...

Page 147: ...dwidth and shape of the filter used to remove any RF power on frequencies outside of the channel bandwidth Channel Power The total RF power in the selected frequency band The detection type used for m...

Page 148: ...arams see page 144 Specify several parameters that control the measurement such as channel filter chip rate averaging and correcting for noise floor Channels ACPR see page 136 This tab specifies the B...

Page 149: ...the centers of each channel xxx The following figure illustrates the settings controlled from the Channels tab Changing the Number of Adjacent Pairs 1 Select Number of adjacent pairs number entry box...

Page 150: ...the display to indicate the channel bandwidth 3 Select the Close box when you have finished making changes Channel Spacing 1 Select Channel Spacing number entry box 2 Enter a value for the difference...

Page 151: ...b to adjust the frequency to that of the main channel Select Meas Freq to set the measurement frequency Use the front panel knob to adjust the frequency 5 Press the Settings button This displays the c...

Page 152: ...om the Measurement Frequency 12 After you have configured the Main and Adjacent channels click the close button in the Settings panel or the Settings button to remove the settings panel 13 Click the R...

Page 153: ...cy of the channel Lower Displays the ratio of the lower adjacent channel power to the Power Reference Upper Displays the ratio of the upper adjacent channel power to the Power Reference Power Referenc...

Page 154: ...BW see page 143 Specify the frequency and resolution bandwidth used for the MCPR measurements Measurement Params see page 144 Specifies parameters controlling how the MCPR measurement is made Channels...

Page 155: ...VBW Maximum current RBW value VBW Minimum 1 10 000 RBW setting xxx NOTE While the center frequency and step settings on this control tab are shared between ACPR MCPR and Occupied Bandwidth the RBW se...

Page 156: ...Params for ACPR and MCPR Displays Measurement Params for ACPR and MCPR Displays The Measurement Params tab is where you set parameters that control the ACPR and MCPR measurements 144 RSA6100A Series R...

Page 157: ...Correct for Noise Floor Enables disables the Noise Floor Correction function Optimization Sets the Noise Floor Correction function to optimize for the greatest dynamic range or the widest real time ba...

Page 158: ...ossible Dynamic Range Choose Dynamic Range when maximum dynamic range is more important than time correlated results in other displays The Dynamic Range setting optimizes the dynamic range by using a...

Page 159: ...t channel pair Add Adj Add a new pair of adjacent channels at the bottom Their parameters are copied from the channels just above them Channel Definition table A table of the parameters for every chan...

Page 160: ...ect Add This displays the Edit Channel Parameters dialog box 2 Use the knob to enter values for the Frequency Offset and Bandwidth as required The Frequency Offset is measured from the Center frequenc...

Page 161: ...splay 1 Press the Displays button or select Setup Displays 2 In the Select Displays dialog select RF Measurements in the Folders box 3 In the Available displays box double click the Occupied Bandwidth...

Page 162: ...termines the portion of the display allocated to the graph and detailed results area You can move the grid divider all the way to the top or bottom and any position in between 9 Detailed results area...

Page 163: ...play are shown in the following table Settings tab Description Freq RBW see page 199 Allows you to specify the Center Frequency Step size and RBW Parameters see page 152 Allows you to specify the Occu...

Page 164: ...but an averaging of the results Count Specifies the number of results averaged to calculate the Occupied BW Range 2 to 10 000 xxx x dB Level The x dB level determines the x dB BW The instrument analyz...

Page 165: ...s 3 Double click the Spurious icon in the Available displays box This adds the Spurious icon to the Selected displays box and removes it from the Available displays box Alternatively you can click the...

Page 166: ...eadout displays the number of traces being processed averaged or compared for the Max Hold value 7 Clear Restarts multi trace functions Average Max Hold 8 Stop Adjusts the graph stop frequency This se...

Page 167: ...s the peak spur violation The selected marker is highlighted in the Spur table below the graph with a blue background 6 A spur marker Indicates a spur that does not exceed the mask settings See the Se...

Page 168: ...he relative amplitude limit at which the spur occurs This value can vary even with small spur frequency changes if the start and stop relative amplitude limit values are different See the Settings Lim...

Page 169: ...Power Reference level Ranges see page 162 Specifies start and stop frequencies of ranges and which ranges to take measurements in Sets parameters that define a spur Review save and load the Range tabl...

Page 170: ...sition bandwidth when sweeping across spans greater than the maximum available real time span For instruments without Option 110 110 MHz acquisition BW this control has no effect For instruments equip...

Page 171: ...than maximum acquisition BW Neutral For units equipped with Option 110 swept update rate is approximately 3 times faster than Auto No effect in units without Option 110 Maximize Dynamic Range 20 dBm...

Page 172: ...l for relative measurements is based on the power level calculated at the specified carrier frequency xxx Setting the Power Reference Level to No Reference To set the power reference to No Reference S...

Page 173: ...Specify the Threshold level 5 Specify the Integration BW The Integration BW is the bandwidth over which the carrier is measured 6 Although Auto is the recommended setting you can specify the Resoluti...

Page 174: ...andwidth used for the selected filter shape Auto Sets the BW automatically If CISPR is selected for Filter shape this control is disabled Detection Sets the processing method used for compressing exce...

Page 175: ...quency plan using the Edit button Specifying Spur Requirements A spur is a signal peak that exceeds both the Threshold and Excursion settings on the Ranges tab The Threshold and Excursion settings are...

Page 176: ...easurement When the Mask setting is set to any value except off the instrument identifies any signal peak that exceeds the specified limits as a violation and displays Fail on the screen If no signal...

Page 177: ...tude limits are not based on the measured carrier amplitude or manual reference Start and stop values can be different Start Specifies the limit at the start frequency of the range Stop Specifies the...

Page 178: ...ts as desired in the Absolute ampl and Relative ampl boxes The values you can edit depend on the mask type you select 9 Repeat steps 5 6 and 7 for each range you want to test 10 Verify that the Thresh...

Page 179: ...level is expressed in dB relative to the average signal power level The CCDF Display also shows the Average power level and the Peak Average ratio To show the CCDF display 1 Press the Displays button...

Page 180: ...ints 6 Pk Avg Readout of the Peak to Average power ratio 7 Measurement time Readout of the length of time used for the measurement Displays s when the Measurement time is set to continuous xxx Changin...

Page 181: ...acquisitions to collect signal data Continuous When Continuous is selected the CCDF measurement combines each new record Actual Analysis Length into the existing result It does not erase and start ove...

Page 182: ...Displays 2 From the Folders box select RF Measurements 3 Double click the Phase Noise icon in the Available displays box This adds the Phase Noise icon to the Selected displays box and removes it from...

Page 183: ...h nor is it associated with markers in any other display 7 Clear Restarts multi trace function Average 8 Horizontal stop Readout of the Right Horizontal frequency value This setting affects only visua...

Page 184: ...s from the carrier frequency and calculate the spectrum for the frequency range about each offset using a resolution bandwidth appropriate for the offset frequency This is done to optimize speed while...

Page 185: ...ing is done in the real time spectrum analyzer but the 1 MHz final IF section in the real time spectrum analyzer can t reject signal within about 1 MHz whereas a conventional spectrum analyzer can rej...

Page 186: ...meters see page 176 Specifies the Optimization method Traces see page 200 Specifies trace parameters such as detection method and whether smoothing in enabled Traces can also be saved and loaded for r...

Page 187: ...tting is limited to powers of ten 1 10 100 Integration BW Integration bandwidth sets the frequency range over which integrated results for phase noise labeled RMS Phase Noise and jitter are calculated...

Page 188: ...acquisition for speed Dynamic Range Optimizes the acquisition for dynamic range For this setting the instrument uses small bandwidth steps and attenuator optimization to maximize the dynamic range of...

Page 189: ...tolerance band is centered about this settled phase Mask Testing Mask testing is a tool to automatically determine the pass fail state of the Device Under Test The mask is defined over three or fewer...

Page 190: ...RF Measurements Settling Time Measurements Settling Time Measurement Overview Frequency settling time flow diagram 178 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 191: ...ng Time Measurement Overview Phase settling time flow diagram Acquisition hardware collects I and Q samples at the measurement frequency Sample Rate is based on the measurement bandwidth setting RSA61...

Page 192: ...e amount of smoothing applied must be determined by evaluating the waveform you see for artifacts that result from the process Next Settled Frequency is calculated Settled frequency is the average fre...

Page 193: ...red points which can number up to 10 million to a number more easily processed by the display processor Peak detection is always used preserving the maximum positive and negative excursions for displa...

Page 194: ...e measurement tool must be frequency referenced to the device under test or must act as the frequency reference to the device under test To lock the reference to an external source go to Setup Configu...

Page 195: ...RF Measurements Settling Time Displays Settling Time Displays Phase settling time display RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help 183...

Page 196: ...lerance indicators A pair of blue horizontal lines that show the tolerance range 9 Settled time indicator A blue vertical bar that shows the point on the trace at which the measurement has determined...

Page 197: ...ime this can happen because the starting frequency is outside the measurement bandwidth Elements of the Phase Settling Time Graph The following illustration shows the various indicators that appear in...

Page 198: ...previous hop Measuring Settling Time 1 Select the Displays button 2 Select RF Measurements from the Folders box 3 Double click the Freq Settling icon or Phase Settling icon in the Available displays...

Page 199: ...ng time measurement just ahead of the signal transition where you want to measure the settling time Any portion of the signal in the gray area will be excluded from the settling time measurement Setti...

Page 200: ...tled duration see page 192 as required To get the measurement made in the correct location on the signal you must adjust the measurement length You do this by dragging the magenta line in the Settling...

Page 201: ...ts measurement end time and minimum settled duration parameters Mask see page 193 Enable or disables mask testing and sets the parameters that specify the three zones used for mask testing Trace see p...

Page 202: ...page 192 Specifies the Measurement length and minimum settled duration for the settling time measurement Mask see page 193 Specifies the parameters used for Mask testing Trace see page 193 Specify whi...

Page 203: ...uency within the measurement period When set to Auto the instrument determines this value by averaging at least the last 256 samples at the end of the measurement period When set to Meas freq the Targ...

Page 204: ...to exclude earlier hops from the measurement See Analysis Time see page 296 for setting the analysis offset control If there is more than one phase or frequency hop in the signal to be analyzed use t...

Page 205: ...ne Mask Time Reference When mask testing is enabled the Mask time reference selection specifies the starting point of the mask You can choose to start the mask test at the trigger point or at the poin...

Page 206: ...om the measurement or if it is affecting the signal The following illustration shows the effect smoothing has on the displayed trace The range for the Smooth function is 2 1000 The setting resolution...

Page 207: ...or display Choices are Trace 1 and 2 Either trace can be a recalled trace Saving Traces To save a trace for later analysis 1 Select the Save Trace As button This displays the Save As dialog box 2 Navi...

Page 208: ...ale settings changes how the trace appears on the display but does not change control settings such as Measurement Frequency In effect these controls operate like pan and zoom controls Setting Descrip...

Page 209: ...trace points Sets the number of trace points used for marker measurements and for results export Show graticule Select to display or hide the graticule Show Marker readout in graph selected marker Sh...

Page 210: ...mple Scale values are independent for each of the displays Common controls for RF measurement displays Settings tab Description Freq RBW see page 199 Allows you to specify the Center Frequency Step si...

Page 211: ...h value xxx NOTE While the measurement frequency and step settings on this control tab are shared between ACPR MCPR and Occupied Bandwidth the RBW setting is not shared The RBW setting is unique for e...

Page 212: ...othing Phase Noise only When enabled diminishes point to point trace variations Smoothing Peak traces treats and lines independently The smoothing value adjusts how many points are in each filter set...

Page 213: ...g dB dBm the correct RMS value results When the averaging function is applied to a trace the averaging is performed on the linear Voltage values resulting in the correct average for RMS values Saving...

Page 214: ...Show check box is selected either on this tab or next to the drop down list located at the top left corner of the graph Gaussian Trace The Gaussian trace is a reference trace that you can compare your...

Page 215: ...m Offset Adjusts the Reference Level away from the top of the trace display Autoscale Resets the scale of the vertical axis to contain the complete trace Horizontal Controls the span of the trace disp...

Page 216: ...ral time domain traces can include up to 100K points and frequency domain traces can include up to 10K points When the analysis produces a results array longer than the selected trace length the trace...

Page 217: ...ents Average ON Power Peak Power Average Transmitted Power Pulse Width Rise Time Fall Time Repetition Interval Sec Repetition Rate Hz Duty Factor Duty Factor Ratio Ripple Droop Pulse Pulse Phase Diffe...

Page 218: ...one Displaying the Pulse Table 1 Press the Displays button or select Setup Displays 2 Select PulsedRF in the Folders box 3 Double click Pulse Table in the Available displays box to add the display to...

Page 219: ...e Pulse Table Params see page 212 Specifies several parameters that control how pulses are counted and defined Define see page 214 Specifies parameters that control where measurements are taken on a p...

Page 220: ...urement result and a trace graph illustrating that measurement for a selected pulse number You can also choose to display arrows and lines in the graph that illustrate where on the pulse the measureme...

Page 221: ...dge of the trace display these controls specify the offset and scale on the horizontal axis 7 Top of graph adjustment Sets the power level shown at the top of the graph If the number is greater than t...

Page 222: ...show the rise time measurement for each of 30 pulses with rise time on the Y axis and pulse number on the X axis Alternatively the Statistics Display can show an FFT trace for the values of a measurem...

Page 223: ...range Located at the top of the left graph edge and at the bottom of the left graph edge use these controls to adjust the values at the top of the graph and the bottom of the graph 6 Plot Selects fro...

Page 224: ...nted and defined Define see page 214 Specifies parameters that control where measurements are taken on a pulse Levels see page 219 Specifies parameters that control the method and levels used to calcu...

Page 225: ...on see page 220 Specifies the reference used for computing frequency errors Scale see page 221 Specifies the vertical and horizontal scale settings Prefs see page 222 Specifies whether or not certain...

Page 226: ...The setting resolution is 1 If this setting is not checked the analyzer will measure all pulses within the Analysis Time up to a maximum of 10000 pulses To determine the maximum number of pulses that...

Page 227: ...ameters that control where measurements are made on a pulse The settings available depend on the measurement selected The following paragraphs describe the settings that appear on the Define tab accor...

Page 228: ...tart time is measured from the point along the pulse rising edge specified by the Ref setting Start Range 100 ms Resolution 3 digits inc dec small 1 ns large 1 2 5 10 Default 0 Length L Length specifi...

Page 229: ...ument waits after the rising edge reference before starting to measure the pulse The Start time is measured from the point along the pulse rising edge specified by the Ref setting Start Range 100 ms R...

Page 230: ...es the percentage of the top of the pulse that is used for measurements The instrument automatically determines the pulse top The measurement length is centered within the pulse ON time Only the Relat...

Page 231: ...included in the measurement The measurement time begins at the Start point and continues for the amount of time specified by Length Relative time method Ref Ref specifies the level along the pulse ris...

Page 232: ...d Pulse measurements are referenced against these various levels For example Rise is the time between the 10 and 90 or 20 and 80 levels on the rising edge of the pulse When the Pulse Average Amplitude...

Page 233: ...to Linear Chirp xxx Modulation Type Frequency estimation is performed by the instrument using selectable methods depending on signal type The selections for modulation type are CW constant phase CW c...

Page 234: ...from the top of the trace display The units for this setting depend on the statistic selected from the Result drop down list in the Pulse Statistics display Autoscale Resets the scale of the vertical...

Page 235: ...Show graticule Displays or hides the graticule in the trace display Show Marker readout in graph When a marker is enabled this setting displays or hides the maker readout but not the maker itself on...

Page 236: ...ysis Option 21 provides vector signal analyzer functionality A wide variety of modulation types are supported allowing you to view your signals in Constellation Eye and Trellis diagrams measure the qu...

Page 237: ...signal Gain Imbalance The gain difference between the I and Q channels in the signal generation path Constellations with gain imbalance show a pattern with a width that is different from height Rho Th...

Page 238: ...plays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select GP Digital Modulation 3 Double click the Constellation icon in the Available Displays box...

Page 239: ...dard Settings button from the Settings control panel This allows you to select a preset optimized for a standard from the Select Standard dialog box See Standard Settings Button see page 256 Settings...

Page 240: ...he Demod I Q vs Time display 1 Select the Displays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select GP Digital Modulation 3 Double click the Demo...

Page 241: ...graph 5 Autoscale Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings to provide the best display 6 Position Specifies the horizontal position of the trace on the graph display 7 Scale Adjusts the span of th...

Page 242: ...es settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate for specific measureme...

Page 243: ...ue varies with modulation type To show an EVM vs Time display 1 Press the Displays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select GP Digital Mo...

Page 244: ...ee Standard Settings Button see page 256 Settings tab Description Modulation Params see page 256 Specifies the type of modulation used in the input signal and other parameters that controls the demodu...

Page 245: ...splay 1 Press the Displays button or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select GP Digital Modulation 3 Double click the Eye Diagram icon in the Avai...

Page 246: ...m Readout Displays the value indicated by the bottom of graph 5 Autoscale Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings to provide the best display 6 Position Displays the horizontal position of the tr...

Page 247: ...for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate for specific measurement needs Ad...

Page 248: ...or select Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select Frequency Deviation vs Time 3 Double click the Frequency Deviation vs Time icon in the Available Displ...

Page 249: ...n at the center of the graph display 4 Bottom Readout Displays the value of the frequency deviation value shown at the bottom of graph 5 Autoscale Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings to provi...

Page 250: ...see page 261 Specifies settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate f...

Page 251: ...General Purpose Digital Modulation measurements the actual value varies with modulation type To display Magnitude Error vs Time 1 Select the Displays button or Setup Displays This displays the Select...

Page 252: ...ut Displays the Peak value of the magnitude error the RMS value of the magnitude error and the time at which it occurs within the acquisition Units can be either Symbols or Seconds Settings Analysis T...

Page 253: ...ge 261 Specifies settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate for spec...

Page 254: ...tion measurements the actual value varies with modulation type To show the Phase Error display 1 Press the Displays button or select Setup Displays 2 In the Select Displays dialog select GP Digital Mo...

Page 255: ...raph adjustment Adjusts the phase angle shown at the top of the graph 3 Position Adjusts the vertical offset 4 Autoscale Adjusts the vertical and horizontal settings so that the entire trace fits in t...

Page 256: ...1 Specifies settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate for specific...

Page 257: ...on the modulation type There is a set of measurements displayed for all modulation types except nFSK and C4FM There is a second set of measurements displayed for nFSK and C4FM modulation types Signal...

Page 258: ...gital Modulation Signal Quality Signal Quality Display Signal Quality display for nFSK modulation type Signal Quality display for C4FM modulation type 246 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers...

Page 259: ...MS The MER is defined as the ratio of I Q signal power to I Q noise power the result is indicated in dB IQ Origin Offset The magnitude of the DC offset of the signal measured at the symbol times It in...

Page 260: ...ys RMS and Peak values with location of Peak value Mag Error The RMS magnitude difference between the measured signal and the reference signal magnitude Displays RMS and Peak values with location of P...

Page 261: ...e from the center frequency at the symbol point Symbol Rate Error This compares the user entered symbol rate to the instrument calculated symbol rate of the analyzed signal Symbol Rate When in Auto sy...

Page 262: ...ulation used for the input signal and other parameters Freq BW see page 261 Specifies settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when...

Page 263: ...4 Click the OK button This displays the Symbol Table view Using Markers Markers are indicators in the display that you can position on a trace to measure values such as frequency power and time A Mark...

Page 264: ...es the type of modulation used for the input signal and other parameters Freq BW see page 261 Specifies settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is se...

Page 265: ...ct Setup Displays This shows the Select Displays dialog box 2 From the Folders box select GP Digital Modulation 3 Double click the Trellis Diagram icon in the Available Displays box This adds the Trel...

Page 266: ...automatically 3 Position Specifies the phase value shown at the center of the graph display 4 Bottom Readout Displays the value of the phase value shown at the bottom of graph 5 Autoscale Adjusts the...

Page 267: ...s settings for frequency error measurement BW and Frequency Deviation Each of these settings is set internally when set to Auto Alternatively you can specify values appropriate for specific measuremen...

Page 268: ...caling Common controls for GP digital modulation displays Settings tab Description Modulation Params see page 256 Specifies the type of modulation symbol rate and filters to be used in demodulating th...

Page 269: ...ff Burst Detection Threshold 10 dBc Parameter values set by presets in the standard settings dialog Standard Modula tion Symbol Rate Meas Filter Reference Filter Filter Parameter Other 802 15 4 OQPSK...

Page 270: ...in Hertz Measurement Filter Specifies the filter used for measurements Reference Filter Specifies the filter used as a reference Filter Parameter Enter a value used for defining the Reference Filter...

Page 271: ...cy Shift Keying 4FSK 4 Frequency Shift Keying 8FSK 8 Frequency Shift Keying 16FSK 16 Frequency Shift Keying CPM Continuous Phase Modulation SOQPSK Shaped Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying SBPSK Sha...

Page 272: ...aussian User Rectangular freq IS 95REF MSK None Root Raised Cosine RaisedCosine Gaussian User Rectangular freq None Gaussian User OQPSK None RootRaisedCosine User IS 95TX_MEA IS 95TXEQ_MEA None Half s...

Page 273: ...d Filter Parameter The filter parameter specifies the alpha for the Root Raised Cosine or Raised Cosine filter or the bandwidth time product BT for the Gaussian filter when selected as the Reference f...

Page 274: ...ment Filter if any specified on the Modulation Params tab is applied about the offset frequency whether set automatically or manually Measurement BW This setting allows you to override the automatic b...

Page 275: ...b The Advanced Params tab specifies additional parameters that control the demodulation of the signal Advanced Params tab for all modulation types except nFSK and C4FM Advanced Params tab for modulati...

Page 276: ...symbol locations and use Maximum Symbol Magnitude for signals that have a large difference in magnitude among the symbol locations such as 128QAM It prevents the instrument from using the very low mag...

Page 277: ...1 Comments begin with and may appear after the last field in a line 2 A symbol map begins and ends with a line containing the name of the modulation type These names must exactly match the name of one...

Page 278: ...period If a burst is not found display an error message Off Analyze the whole analysis length If the signal isn t adequate for demodulation an error message is shown Burst Detection Threshold Sets the...

Page 279: ...nnot set the Analysis Offset outside the range of time covered by the current acquisition data all time values are relative to the Time Zero Reference You can set the Analysis Length so that the reque...

Page 280: ...tings Trace Application Toolbar Front Panel Settings The Trace tab allows you to set the trace display characteristics of the selected display Example trace tab for constellation display Note that som...

Page 281: ...Remove Q offset Present for Constellation Demod I Q and Eye Diagram displays only Symbol point location Selects whether to evaluate the symbol value at the center or the end of the eye opening This c...

Page 282: ...iv is less than the acquisition bandwidth Autoscale Resets the scale of the horizontal axis to contain the complete trace xxx A Note About Units The Units used for the horizontal scale can be either S...

Page 283: ...Symbol Maps This topic shows the symbol mapping for each digital modulation technique D8PSK Phase shift radians Symbol value binary 0 000 4 001 2 011 3 4 010 110 5 4 111 3 2 101 7 4 100 xxx RSA6100A...

Page 284: ...value binary 2 0 2 1 xxx DQPSK Phase shift radians Symbol value binary 0 00 2 01 11 3 2 10 xxx Pi 4 DQPSK Phase shift radians Symbol value binary 4 00 3 4 01 4 10 3 4 11 xxx MSK Phase shift direction...

Page 285: ...GP Digital Modulation Symbol Maps Symbol Maps RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help 273...

Page 286: ...GP Digital Modulation Symbol Maps Symbol Maps 274 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 287: ...GP Digital Modulation Symbol Maps Symbol Maps RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help 275...

Page 288: ...GP Digital Modulation Symbol Maps Symbol Maps CPM Phase shift h modulation index Symbol value binary 3h 11 h 10 h 01 3h 00 xxx 276 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 289: ...e of the filter names that starts with User This displays the Manage user filters window 3 Enter a name for the filter in one of the Name editable boxes This name will appear in the drop down list on...

Page 290: ...the filter coefficient in time domain Rules for Creating a Filter File A line beginning with is a comment line Enter a positive value for the oversampling rate A decimal number can be expressed by fi...

Page 291: ...174718 0 0 286147 0 0 0 0 0209294 0 0 181776 0 0 130455 0 0 0151973 0 0 0263419 0 0 157502 0 0 0 0 0246357 0 0 0280807 0 0 0971877 0 0 0971877 0 0 0280807 0 0 0246357 0 0 0 0 157502 0 0 0263419 0 0 0...

Page 292: ...0 458502 0 3 81E 06 0 1 23E 08 0 0 0727328 0 0 345977 0 1 32E 06 0 4 21E 08 0 0 114626 0 0 25 0 4 37E 07 0 1 39E 07 0 0 172989 0 0 172989 0 1 39E 07 0 4 37E 07 0 0 25 0 0 114626 0 4 21E 08 0 1 32E 06...

Page 293: ...kers Reference and Delta Markers The Marker Reference labeled MR in the graph makes absolute measurements and is also used for calculating differences when Delta readouts are enabled The Delta Markers...

Page 294: ...Peak Moves the selected marker to the next peak Choices are Next left Next right Next lower absolute and Next higher absolute Add marker Defines a new marker located at the horizontal center of the gr...

Page 295: ...rs in other displays that can be placed only on a trace This enables you to measure the signal density frequency and power level at any point on the graph Searching for peaks on the DPX bitmap trace T...

Page 296: ...rop down list select the trace to which you want to assign the marker 5 Click the close control panel button to remove the Define Markers control panel 6 Click on the marker on the trace to activate t...

Page 297: ...he Markers menu moves the selected marker to the highest level peak within the acquisition record Next Peak Selecting Next Peak displays a submenu that enables you to move the selected marker to the n...

Page 298: ...readout displays both the marker s position on the trace and the difference between its position and the position of the Reference Marker MR Defining Markers 1 Select Markers Define Markers to display...

Page 299: ...s squared Smoothing specifies the number of pixels around the marker that are averaged together to reduce noise in the readout of signal density The value of this control is the number of pixels on ea...

Page 300: ...ency to the frequency of the selected marker Not selectable for time markers Moves the marker to the highest peak on the signal On displays that scale about zero on the vertical axis for example Magni...

Page 301: ...dBm Hz and then a difference value in dBc Hz is calculated between each delta measurement and the reference Measuring Noise To measure noise on a Spectrum trace 1 Select Markers Define to display the...

Page 302: ...esired locations on the trace 16 Read the frequency and power level for the selected marker in the upper corners of the display To display the delta measurement in dBc Hz select the delta marker M1 M2...

Page 303: ...rch displays the Search control panel These settings define search parameters and specify actions to be performed when the search condition is met Setting Description Enable Search Select to perform a...

Page 304: ...ll not see the results of the Search until you select the trace in the target measurement display that is the Search in trace Search For The Search for setting has selections that vary based on which...

Page 305: ...en you select is outside mask or is inside mask an Edit limits button is displayed Select the Edit limits button to display the Mask Editor To edit a search mask for a Spectrum display search 1 Click...

Page 306: ...later recall click Save As 6 From the Save As dialog name the file and save it in the desired location Masks are saved only in CSV Comma Separated Value format Performing a Mask Based Search To perfor...

Page 307: ...Search Limits Testing Define Tab Search RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help 295...

Page 308: ...e Saves Trace data to a file when the search condition is met AutoSave picture Saves a screen capture to a file when the search condition is met xxx AutoSave File Naming When one of the AutoSave actio...

Page 309: ...gth of time to use in measurements Spectrum Time see page 298 Specifies whether the Spectrum Analysis display uses the same Analysis Time parameters as all the other displays or if it uses a different...

Page 310: ...ested in manual mode xxx Analysis Offset Use analysis offset to specify where measurements begin Range 0 to end of acquisition Analysis Length Resolution 1 effective sample or symbol Analysis Length U...

Page 311: ...ctable in the Analysis Time tab as either Acquisition Start or Trigger Spectrum Length The amount of data in terms of time from which spectrum traces are computed Auto When enabled causes the instrume...

Page 312: ...example where a signal contains a set of channels it is useful to unlock the Measurement Frequency from the Spectrum Center Frequency When the Spectrum Center Frequency is unlocked from the Measuremen...

Page 313: ...402 GHz while the Spectrum Center Frequency is still located at 2 0000 GHz You can drag the Measurement Frequency indicator on the screen to set the measurement frequency Note the base of the Measurem...

Page 314: ...Settings Freq BW tab As you adjust the setting you will see how the width of the box at the base of the Measurement Frequency Indicator changes Units Tab The Units tab specifies the global Amplitude u...

Page 315: ...data records from history Select Data Records Tab The Select data records tab is used to select which data records to replay A data record is the smallest unit that can be replayed Note that what con...

Page 316: ...Analyzing Data Analyzing Data Using Replay Replay Overview Replay Speed Tab Sets the speed at which data records are replayed 304 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 317: ...leted Press Pause again to begin replay with the next record in the sequence Stop Halts the replay of acquisitions If replay is started after Stop has been selected replay starts from the first acquis...

Page 318: ...paused Stop Select Stop to halt the replay of data Selecting any Replay action restarts replay of records from the beginning Select All Select Select all to select all data records for replay Select R...

Page 319: ...ecting Select all resets the Start and Stop values on the Select data records tab of the Replay control panel Pressing Select displays the Select data records tab of the Replay control panel The Selec...

Page 320: ...he signal to compensate for the use of external equipment External Probe Correction see page 314 Specifies whether a correction is applied to the signal if the analyzer detects a probe is connected to...

Page 321: ...e displays Auto Minimize Sweep Time Maximize Dynamic Range Spectrum Spectrogram only and Minimize Noise You can select RF IF optimizations to achieve the best dynamic range fastest sweep speed or mini...

Page 322: ...or measurement bandwidth This results in the best rejection of out of band signals in the IF stage of the analyzer but comes at the cost of slower update rates for all spectrum analyzer spans and mea...

Page 323: ...nits without Option 110 Maximize Dynamic Range 20 dBm Driven by span and user selected RBW when a spectrum type display is selected or by measurement bandwidth and filter bandwidth when other display...

Page 324: ...Be aware that if you recall acquisition data that was saved with data corrections and you use Replay with trace corrections selected and an external loss table enabled the trace will be calculated usi...

Page 325: ...ncy response or preamp frequency response You can create external loss tables from the analyzer application and save them as files External loss tables are saved as plain text files in CSV Comma Separ...

Page 326: ...k Delete 5 Select the Frequency Interpolation method Select Linear when the frequency scale of the spectrum or spurious measurements are linear Select Log when the frequency scale of the spectrum is l...

Page 327: ...ifies whether a correction is applied to the signal or not The amount of correction is specific to the probe and is communicated to the spectrum analyzer through the RTPA2A TekConnect probe adapter Wh...

Page 328: ...consist of 100 acquisitions that are averaged together to create the trace that is displayed Run Menu Bar Run Run Application Bar Front Panel Run Selecting Run begins a new acquisition measurement cyc...

Page 329: ...and trigger on the rising or falling edge Frequency mask triggering Option 02 Frequency Mask Triggering allows you to trigger the instrument when a signal in the frequency domain violates the mask Yo...

Page 330: ...n the front panel or click Trig in the Application toolbar or select Tools Trigger Using Free Run To set Triggering to Free Run Click the Free Run option button The spectrum analyzer will acquire a si...

Page 331: ...alues for Threshold Frequency and Amplitude using the front panel controls Select Trigger On This from the Touchscreen Actions menu right click in the graph or press and hold on the display for two se...

Page 332: ...ne trigger events to capture signal anomalies based on their frequency and amplitude Displaying the Mask Editor To display the Mask Editor 1 Press Trigger on the front panel or select Trig from the Ap...

Page 333: ...evel lower than 50 dBm this range decreases as the RefLevel decreases The FMT range is also reduced when the Acquisition Bandwidth contains frequencies near 0 Hz In both these situations the underlyin...

Page 334: ...you can double click on the offset or amplitude value in the table and enter a new value To edit a point on a mask 1 Click the Edit Points option button 2 Click on the point you wish to change 3 Chan...

Page 335: ...To save a mask Click the Save button To save an edited mask under a new name Click the Save As button Opening an Existing Mask To open an existing mask 1 Click on Open This displays the Open dialog bo...

Page 336: ...er event is recognized xxx Trigger Tabs Use the Trigger tabs to access controls for setting the different trigger parameters Tab Description Event see page 323 Sets parameters that control triggering...

Page 337: ...t exceeds a specified level and then fails to exceed a second specified level defines a trigger event Source RF input The following table describes the settings for each triggering type available when...

Page 338: ...nsity value exceeding Higher the specified Threshold value or is defined by the DPX Density value falling below Lower the specified Threshold value Threshold Threshold specifies the density value used...

Page 339: ...n source is monitored for the trigger event and a signal on the rear panel Gate Trig 2 In is used to determine when a trigger event is valid A transition through the selected Level on the TrigIn signa...

Page 340: ...ution Bandwidth value to be used in the spectrum view The value is italicized when Auto is selected Actual This is a displayed value not a setting It is the RBW being used by the spectrum analyzer thi...

Page 341: ...and then passes out of the mask The trigger event occurs when the first non violating waveform is detected F T In Two states are required to initiate a trigger event The signal must be outside the ma...

Page 342: ...nt box on the frequency axis horizontal Specifies the width of the measurement box Amplitude Specifies the enter of the measurement box on the power level vertical axis Specifies the height of the mea...

Page 343: ...specified by the Time 2 setting then the trigger event is accepted and an acquisition is completed Outside If the length of the trigger event is shorter than the time specified by the Time 1 setting o...

Page 344: ...nstrument triggers the holdoff setting causes the oscilloscope to refuse to accept another trigger until the holdoff time has expired On the spectrum analyzer once a trigger event is identified the in...

Page 345: ...file is saved after a complete acquisition which can include multiple frames When CSV or MAT is the selected file type a separate file is saved for each frame Save picture on Trigger Enables saving a...

Page 346: ...ings Saves a list of settings relevant to the selected measurement to a text file This option is useful for including the measurement settings in reports Measurement settings export TXT Trace Saves a...

Page 347: ...setup Recalling data follows the same procedure regardless of the type of data being recalled 1 Select Recall from the File menu to open the Open dialog box 2 Navigate to the folder containing the fil...

Page 348: ...export except it does not include the results Saving Acquisition Data with Setup Save for later analysis with the analyzer The setup is saved as part of the acquisition data file so you can choose whe...

Page 349: ...A6100A application Several of the instrument s measurements allow you to recall a Trace file for visually comparing a saved trace to a live trace Acquisition Data with Setup tiq These files contain th...

Page 350: ...roup consists of one or more Trace groups There is one Trace group for each trace Each Trace group contains background information about the trace units number of points x scaling and others depending...

Page 351: ...udes some source settings like Acq BW Dither Preamp and RF Attenuation The second group Parameters are measurement specific parameters Another group which can occur is Trace Parameters Within this gro...

Page 352: ...alled data file you can find the acquisition length under File Acquisition Data Info Printing Screen Shots You can print shots screen captures two ways use File Print or save a picture file and print...

Page 353: ...displays this online help The online help is a standard Windows help system The Online Help menu item is the only method available to display the online help there are no other links to the online hel...

Page 354: ...t box lists the instrument options installed on the spectrum analyzer This window does not list every option installed on the instrument just those that can be detected by the software Hardware Inform...

Page 355: ...l application windows Settings tab Description Trigger I O Specifies the impedance for the Trig 1 input Frequency Reference Specifies the source of the Frequency Reference You can select between an In...

Page 356: ...yzer do not connect signals greater than 30 dBm 1 Watt CAUTION To prevent damage to the spectrum analyzer do not turn the equipment under test on or off with a LISN Line Impedance Stabilization Networ...

Page 357: ...e probe adapter device driver is already installed To properly install the probe adapter device driver 1 Select the option for Windows to install from a specific location then select Next 2 Only searc...

Page 358: ...th an oscilloscope The output level is amplified and filtered especially for use with oscilloscopes The output frequency varies with changes in center frequency of the instrument Additionally the outp...

Page 359: ...Default 120 MHz IQ Output The Digital IQ Output transmits the digitized RSA6100A data for capture and storage by external equipment The I Q data is provided in 16 bit two s complement format along wi...

Page 360: ...and search for signal peaks Setup see page 359 Change settings for acquisition trigger analysis measurements amplitude alignments and configure in out settings Setup see page 359 Change settings for...

Page 361: ...fo tab of the Replay control panel The info on this tab describes such acquisition parameters as acquisition bandwidth sampling rate RF attenuation and acquisition length FastSave Acquisitions Display...

Page 362: ...As Menu Bar File Save Save As Use Save Save As to store acquisition data setups and traces Save is also used to export traces results and pictures of the display for use in other programs Difference B...

Page 363: ...Setup Configuration information detailing instrument settings Data can be saved in a format readable only by RSA6100A Series instruments or oscilloscopes running SignalVu software or in a text file S...

Page 364: ...e current acquisition or it could be from a recalled data file Print Menu Bar File Print Front Panel Print Print displays the Windows Print dialog box for printing a screen capture of the display To s...

Page 365: ...settings or Tools Alignments or Tools Options menu items Application Presets The spectrum analyzer includes a set of configuration files that are tailored to specific applications These configuration...

Page 366: ...ables you to define Markers and perform Peak searches Status Bar see page 354 Shows or hides the Status bar xxx Full Screen Menu Bar View Full Screen When unchecked clicking Full Screen resizes the ap...

Page 367: ...ef Ext Internal Attenuator setting Displays the setting of the internal attenuator Preamp Setting If Option 01 is installed this indicates whether the preamp is on or off If the preamp is on displays...

Page 368: ...15 Immediately halts the current measurement acquisition cycle Single Sequence see page 355 Selects the single sequence acquisition mode This is only a mode selector it does not initiate an acquisitio...

Page 369: ...ontinuous places the analyzer in the Continuous acquisition mode In Continuous mode the analyzer acquires and displays acquisitions repeatedly The Continuous and Single Sequence acquisition modes are...

Page 370: ...enu see page 357 allows you to rerun measurements using the data in acquisition memory or a recalled TIQ file You can use this to compute new results for old data after you change settings or measurem...

Page 371: ...ee page 284 Moves the selected marker to the highest peak on the trace Next Peak Moves the selected marker to next peak depending on the setting chosen Marker to Center Frequency Sets center frequency...

Page 372: ...ays the Amplitude control panel Configure In Out see page 342 Displays the Configure In Out panel Preset see page 359 Initiates the Preset Application Presets see page 352 Displays the Application Pre...

Page 373: ...to locate and highlight specified signal levels in Spectrum displays Alignments see page 19 Displays the Alignments dialog box Diagnostics see page 362 Displays the Diagnostics dialog box Install Upgr...

Page 374: ...ables you to specify when alignments occur either automatically or only when manually initiated Elements of the Alignments Dialog Setting Description Automatically align as needed Specifies that align...

Page 375: ...nual Tektronix part number 077 0250 XX Install Upgrades You can install upgrades on your instrument as your needs change To install upgrades you will need an Option Installation Key For information ab...

Page 376: ...displays around Command Description Close View Closes the selected view Cascade Positions windows in a cascade view not available when Lock Windows is selected Tile Horizontally Positions widows in a...

Page 377: ...online help Printable Online Help Displays a PDF version of the online help Quick Start Displays a PDF version of the RSA6100A Series Quick Start User Manual Apps Manual Displays a PDF version of the...

Page 378: ...he message Click Run if the instrument is not already acquiring data Acquisitions are not running and the measurement now requests a wider bandwidth than the last acquisition Click Run to perform a ne...

Page 379: ...perform an OS restore on the hard disk After restoring the OS reinstall the RSA6100A Series product software NOTE The specific OS restore procedure required for your instrument depends on when your i...

Page 380: ...dered uncalibrated Data from unaligned instrument The acquisition data was captured when the instrument was not aligned This message refers to the acquisition data currently being analyzed but not nec...

Page 381: ...anual which might affect the quality of measurement results Export failure file not saved An error occurred while exporting Results The file was not created Export the results again Export failure una...

Page 382: ...isplay which prevents it from controlling the hardware acquisition parameters and setting the acquisition mode to Swept or its settings require a wider data bandwidth Select the display that you are i...

Page 383: ...ires a wide acquisition bandwidth and another display requires a much narrower bandwidth The display requiring the much narrower bandwidth must decimate and filter the acquisition record which can res...

Page 384: ...et manually it is possible for the acquisition bandwidth to be incompatible with the RBW setting Change the RBW setting Adjust the Acq BW setting either directly Setup Acquire Sampling Params select o...

Page 385: ...e the ACPR display might show Setup error channels can t overlap Setup errors are the result of conflicts in instrument settings These types of errors occur when a user makes manual changes to setting...

Page 386: ...l on the Frequency Reference tab in the Config In Out control panel VBW not applied Acq BW too small Increase VBW or measurement bandwidth Make sure Sampling Parameters are set to Auto VBW not applied...

Page 387: ...ails on the most recently reported error Please note that many items reported as errors are simply informational and do not mean that your instrument is impaired Contact the Tektronix Customer Support...

Page 388: ...Reference Troubleshooting Displaying the Windows Event Viewer 376 RSA6100A Series Real Time Spectrum Analyzers Help...

Page 389: ...the instrument on or to shut down set the instrument to standby Before shutting down you should first exit the instrument application and any other active Windows applications to avoid error messages...

Page 390: ...your local Tektronix representative To see if a software upgrade is available for your instrument use your browser to go to www tektronix com software Search by the instrument model number To add addi...

Page 391: ...ay The Settings control panel for the Spectrum display is shown in the following figure The control panel for the CCDF display is shown in the following figure Settings Control Panels ACPR Settings se...

Page 392: ...see page 243 Phase Noise Settings see page 174 Phase vs Time Settings see page 95 PM Settings see page 126 Pulse Statistics Settings see page 211 Pulse Table Settings see page 207 Pulse Trace Setting...

Page 393: ...an power centered on the assigned channel frequency to the mean power centered on an adjacent channel frequency In the 3GPP specification it is called ACLR Adjacent Channel Level Ratio and both the ma...

Page 394: ...producing a specified output used for calibration purposes Carrier The RF signal upon which modulation resides Carrier Frequency The frequency of the CW component of the carrier signal Carrier Signal...

Page 395: ...X axis 0 at the left CDMA Acronym for Code Division Multiple Access Center Frequency The frequency corresponding to the center of a frequency span of the analyzer display Check Mark Indicator The che...

Page 396: ...he full scale of the display screen or the full scale of the analog to digital converter ADC dBm A unit of expressed power level in decibels referenced to 1 milliwatt dBmV A unit to express voltage le...

Page 397: ...al often a result of nonlinear operations resulting in unwanted signal components Harmonic and intermodulation distortion are common types Dynamic Range The maximum ratio of the levels of two signals...

Page 398: ...d at a sufficient sample rate to produce a spectrum view of a specified span and RBW Frequency A series of time contiguous samples long enough in duration and at a sufficient sample rate to produce a...

Page 399: ...er which the performance of the instrument is specified Frequency Span A continuous range of frequencies extending between two frequency limits Frequency Settling Time The time measured from a referen...

Page 400: ...e Impulse Response The Impulse Response trace display shows normalized power on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis Input Impedance The impedance at the desired input terminal Usually ex...

Page 401: ...his mode the display indicates the peak level at each frequency after several successive acquisitions MCPR Multiple Carrier Power Ratio The ratio of the signal power in the reference channel or group...

Page 402: ...BW The exact bandwidth of a filter that is used to calculate the absolute power in dBm Hz Noise Floor The noise intrinsic to a system that represents the minimum limit at which input signals can be ob...

Page 403: ...ely in accordance with a digital code QAM Acronym for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation The process or result of a process in which the amplitude and phase of the carrier are varied concurrently by synt...

Page 404: ...k frequency deviation and expressed in hertz or percent of the displayed frequency Residual Response A spurious response in the absence of an input signal Noise and zero pip are excluded RBW The RBW d...

Page 405: ...ce Positive in Volts DelNeg Delta Negative in Volts this is a positive value RefNeg Reference Negative in Volts The Ripple measurement in Volts is calculated as follows Where RatioPosV DelPos RefPos R...

Page 406: ...d The signal is an input Span Span is the range of frequencies displayed in a spectrum window Span start frequency and stop frequency are related by the following equation Span stop frequency start fr...

Page 407: ...an be the same as Analysis Time but it can be different Spur A spur is a signal peak that exceeds a user definable threshold See Spurious Settings Ranges and excursion setting A spur that also exceeds...

Page 408: ...analyzer a device for determining the frequency components of a signal However unlike a standard spectrum analyzer the vector signal analyzer is optimized for analyzing digitally modulated RF signals...

Page 409: ...omatically generate filenames 24 Automatically increment filename number 24 Autosave acquisition on Trigger 332 Average Channel Power measurement 135 Average ON Power 31 Average Transmitted Power 31 B...

Page 410: ...phor Spectrum 57 display reference level 385 Displays arranging 26 Frequency Settling Time 182 interactions between 26 Phase Settling Time 182 selecting 26 distortion 385 documentation 4 Dot Persisten...

Page 411: ...uts 24 Histogram readout Pulsed RF displays 223 Holdoff Triggering 332 I I Q 388 IF 388 import 388 Impulse Response Amplitude 32 Impulse Response setting 216 Impulse Response Time 32 Information messa...

Page 412: ...FSK signal quality measurements 248 noise 390 noise bandwidth NBW 390 noise floor 390 Noise markers 289 O OBW Level Left Right 149 OBW Ref Power 149 Occupied Bandwidth 151 Occupied Bandwidth settings...

Page 413: ...red text settling time measurements 184 Ref level Internal Settings tab 308 Reference Filter GP Digital Modulation displays 257 Reference Level 392 Reference tab Spurious display 159 Repeat 316 Repeti...

Page 414: ...electivity 394 Shorter Time Qualified tab 331 Show graticule General Signal Viewing Displays 106 Pulsed RF displays 223 Settling Time displays 197 Show Marker Readout in Graph General Signal Viewing D...

Page 415: ...th Trace General Signal Viewing displays 103 Transform Window Spectrum display BW tab 103 Trellis Diagram display settings 255 Trigger On This 319 Trigger settings 324 Advanced tab 332 Event tab 324 t...

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