VNA concepts and features
R&S
®
ZNL/ZNLE
191
User Manual 1178.5966.02 ─ 19
Note that the channel data flow for S-parameters (and quantities derived from S-
parameters such as impedances, admittances, stability factors) differs from the chan-
nel data flow for wave quantities (and derived quantities such as ratios).
RATIOS
Differential
Match
EMBEDDING
IMBALANCE
IMPEDANCE
RENORMA-
LIZATION
OFFSET
(Alternative 2)
EMBEDDING
Ground Loop >
Balanced >
Port Set >
Single Ended
DEEMBEDDING
Single Ended >
Port Set >
Balanced >
Ground Loop
SYSTEM
ERROR
CORRECTION
(User)
POWER
CORRECTION
(User)
R&S ZNL only
RAW WAVE
QUANTITIES
SYST. ERR.
CORRECTION
DATA
POWER
CORRECTION
DATA
OFFSET
(Alternative 1)
MIXED MODE
S-PARAMS
AVERAGE
COMPLEX
CONVERSION
**
S-parameters
Wave quantities with
wave de-/embedding
Wave quantities without
wave de-/embedding
SYSTEM
ERROR
CORRECTION
(Factory)
0
a
b
1
2
3
Data access points:
0 Raw wave quantities
1 Factory-calibrated S-parameters
2 S-parameters
3 Balanced (symmetric) S-parameters
a, b apply cal pool data /
copy to cal pool
– S-parameters (no conversion)
– CMRR
– Converted impedances
– Converted admittances
– Stability factors
**
Traces...
Channel data flow
for all traces
of the channel
Trace data flow
for all traces of the channel
Figure 9-1: Channel data flow
Basic concepts
