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Basler BE1-951, Инструкция по эксплуатации

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BE1-951

Human-Machine Interface

i

SECTION 10 • HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 10 • HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
FRONT PANEL DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

Menu Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Automatic HMI Display Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

Setting the Screen Scroll list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

HMI OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Entering Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Performing Control Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10
Resetting Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Entering Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

Figures
Figure 10-1. Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Figure 10-2. Menu Tree Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Figure 10-3. Report Status Menu Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Figure 10-4. Control Menu Branch Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Figure 10-5. Metering Menu Branch Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5
Figure 10-6. Reports Menu Branch Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Figure 10-7. Protection Menu Branch Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7
Figure 10-8. General Settings Menu Branch Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
Figure 10-9. Virtual Control Switch 143 Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Tables
Table 10-1. Automatic Screen Display Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Table 10-2. Virtual Control Switches HMI Screen Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear.com

Содержание BE1-951

Страница 1: ...INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SYSTEM Publication 9 3289 00 990 Revision F 08 2002 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 2: ...d reporting and alarm functions BESTlogic programmable logic design and programming Documentation of the preprogrammed logic schemes and application tips Description of security and the user interface...

Страница 3: ...Highland IL 62249 August 2002 It is not the intention of this manual to cover all details and variations in equipment nor does this manual provide data for every possible contingency regarding install...

Страница 4: ...rence and tripping elements Added or revised the following reporting and alarm functions The relay now performs a 2 cycle pre dropout fault recording for use when the 951 does not trip 1 50 02 7 17 00...

Страница 5: ...cording function to allow the 240 cycles of oscillographic memory to be partitioned into 6 to 16 records Added HDR COMTRADE header file to record the fault summary and active settings associated with...

Страница 6: ...gic function to allow automatic blocking logic to be individually set for current and voltage functions Corrected bug in 51 27R voltage control phase time Over current function that blocked Over curre...

Страница 7: ...nformation and complete an overall consistency in the manuals appearance Manual was revised to reflect to reflect Phase II information This included adding new functions such as the 24 25 and 67 eleme...

Страница 8: ...ON 7 BESTlogic Programmable Logic 7 1 SECTION 8 Application 8 1 SECTION 9 Security 9 1 SECTION 10 Human Machine Interface 10 1 SECTION 11 ASCII Command Interface 11 1 SECTION 12 Installation 12 1 SECT...

Страница 9: ...4 Relay Identification 1 4 Clock 1 4 General Status Reporting 1 4 Demand Reporting 1 4 Breaker Monitoring 1 4 Trip Circuit Monitoring 1 4 Fault Reporting 1 5 Sequence Of Events Recorder 1 5 Alarm Fun...

Страница 10: ...rpose Timers 62 162 1 13 Automatic Setting Group Characteristics 1 14 BESTlogic Update Rate 1 14 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 1 14 AC Current Inputs With 5 A CT 1 14 AC Current Inputs with 1 A CT 1 14 Phase...

Страница 11: ...etering functions and reporting and alarm functions A highly flexible programmable logic system called BESTlogic allows the user to apply the available functions with complete flexibility and customiz...

Страница 12: ...unwanted harmonic components while providing fast overcurrent response with limited transient overreach and overtravel Each instantaneous overcurrent function has a settable time delay Phase elements...

Страница 13: ...Protection One breaker failure protection block BF provides programmable breaker failure protection Fuse Loss Protection A fuse loss function protects against false tripping due to a loss of voltage s...

Страница 14: ...is removed for five years or longer A standard IRIG input is provided for receiving time synchronization signals from a master clock Automatic daylight saving time compensation can be enabled Time rep...

Страница 15: ...larm occurred and cleared These reports are available through the communication ports Version Report The version of the embedded software firmware is available from the front panel HMI or the communic...

Страница 16: ...edited using any software that supports the txt file format These ASCII text files can then be used to set the relay using the send text file function of your communication software ASCII ModbusTM DN...

Страница 17: ...r describe the options included in a specific device and appear in the clear window on the front panel and on a sticker located inside the case Upon receipt of a relay be sure to check the style numbe...

Страница 18: ...acy 0 01 hertz 1 least significant digit at 25 C Sensing Input 3 wire Phase A B 4 wire Phase A Neutral Minimum Frequency Tracking Voltage 10 V RMS Calculated Values And Accuracy Demand Range 0 1 to 1...

Страница 19: ...on Time Programmable 4 to 255 milliseconds Time Overcurrent Functions Current Pickup Phase Neutral 51P 51N 151N Dropout pickup ratio 95 Pickup Accuracy 5 Ampere CT 2 or 50 mA 1 Ampere CT 2 or 10 mA Cu...

Страница 20: ...able Time Delay Characteristics 50T 150T Definite time for any current exceeding pickup Time Range 0 00 to 60 0 seconds Time Increments One millisecond from 0 to 999 milliseconds 0 1 second from 1 0 t...

Страница 21: ...lta Phase Angle 1 45 degrees Delta Voltage Magnitude 1 20 V Delta Frequency 0 01 0 50 Hz Sync Check Voltage Monitor 25VM Live voltage threshold 10 150 V Dead voltage threshold 10 150 V Dropout Time de...

Страница 22: ...e Delay Setting Range 0 050 to 600 seconds Increment One millisecond from 0 to 999 milliseconds 0 1 second from 1 0 to 9 9 seconds 1 second from 10 to 600 seconds Accuracy 0 5 or 1 cycle whichever is...

Страница 23: ...s Detection 60FL Time Delay Fixed at 50 milliseconds Reclosing Timers 79 Delay 4 Reset 1 Max Cycle 1 Reclose Fail 1 Range 100 milliseconds to 600 seconds Increments 1 millisecond from 0 to 999 millise...

Страница 24: ...A For other current levels use the formula I K t where t time in seconds K 160 000 All Case styles Saturation Limit 150 A Burden Less than 10 milliohms AC Current Inputs with 1 A CT Continuous Rating...

Страница 25: ...Vdc Above voltage ranges depend on Jumper configurations See Section 3 Input and Output Functions Contact Sensing Inputs Input Burden Burden per contact for sensing depends on the power supply model a...

Страница 26: ...uppression components Radio Frequency Interference RFI Qualified to IEEE C37 90 2 1995 Standard for Withstand Capability of Relays Systems to Radiated Electomagnetic Interference From Transceivers Ele...

Страница 27: ...c Environmental Test Procedures Part 2 Test Z AD Composite Temperature Humidity Cyclic Test A Display is inoperative below 20 C Shock Qualified to IEC 255 21 2 Class 1 Vibration Qualified to IEC 255 2...

Страница 28: ...Command Structure 2 4 ASCII Command Operations 2 5 Batch Command Text File Operations 2 5 BESTCOMS for BE1 951 Graphical User Interface 2 5 GETTING STARTED 2 6 Entering Test Settings 2 6 Checking The...

Страница 29: ...ogic Programmable Logic and Section 8 Application Sections 3 through 6 describe each function provided in the BE1 951 relay and include references to the following items Note that NOT all items are ap...

Страница 30: ...for the protected circuit can be found in Section 7 BESTlogic Programmable Logic and Section 8 Application Characteristics of Protection and Control Function Blocks As stated before each function blo...

Страница 31: ...g pushbuttons an edit pushbutton and a reset pushbutton The edit pushbutton includes an LED to indicate when edit mode is active There are five other LEDs for indicating power supply status relay trou...

Страница 32: ...uman to machine interactions and batch download type operations The following paragraphs briefly describe the command structure and discuss human to machine interactions and batch command text file op...

Страница 33: ...s Partial object names are also supported This allows multiple objects to be read or reset at the same time Example Read all peak since reset demand registers Entering RD PI report demand peak current...

Страница 34: ...heir use on ac signals as well as dc signals The BE1 951 measures the A phase B phase and C phase current magnitudes directly from the three current sensing inputs The neutral and negative sequence ma...

Страница 35: ...now when you have reached the top screen because the screen stops changing when you press the up scrolling pushbutton From this position press the right scrolling pushbutton until you have reached the...

Страница 36: ...rrent year If an IRIG time sync signal is present the clock will resync automatically upon restoration of power 10 Why do I keep getting access conflict errors when I attempt communication with the re...

Страница 37: ...chaining the BE1 951 inputs The burden data is nonlinear approximately 4 kilo ohms at 3 5 Vdc and 3 kilo ohms at 20 Vdc See Section 1 General Information Specifications and Section 3 Input And Output...

Страница 38: ...s and Virtual Outputs 3 7 Retrieving Output Status 3 8 Relay Trouble Alarm Disable 3 8 Programmable Hold Timer 3 8 SG HOLD Command 3 9 Output Logic Override Control 3 9 Enabling Logic Override Control...

Страница 39: ...e sampled by an analog to digital converter ADC at 12 samples per cycle The relay extracts the magnitude and angle of the fundamental components of each three phase current input and the magnitude and...

Страница 40: ...rate to maintain 12 samples per cycle over a frequency of 10 to 75 hertz If the voltage is too low for accurate frequency measurement or if the measured frequency is out of range the ADC defaults to a...

Страница 41: ...nits The voltage input circuit settings also determine which power measurement calculations are used Most of these connections such as 3W 4W AN or AB are self explanatory The auxiliary voltage input V...

Страница 42: ...CT ratio Comments x P three phase current input or G optional independent ground input CT ratio is the current transformer ratio and is entered as primary secondary primary secondary or turns CT rati...

Страница 43: ...s or sets the phase rotation setting Syntax SG PHROT phase rotation Comments phase rotation ABC or ACB CONTACT SENSING INPUTS BE1 951 relays have four contact sensing inputs to initiate BE1 951 relay...

Страница 44: ...to the inputs These parameters can be adjusted to obtain the optimum compromise between speed and security for a specific application Digital input conditioning is evaluated every quarter cycle If the...

Страница 45: ...E1 951 relays have five general purpose output contacts OUT1 through OUT5 and one fail safe normally closed when de energized alarm output contact OUTA Each output is isolated and rated for tripping d...

Страница 46: ...porting and Alarm Functions Alarms Function Programmable Hold Timer Historically electromechanical relays have provided trip contact seal in circuits These seal in circuits consisted of a dc coil in s...

Страница 47: ...verride control is not possible at the front panel HMI It can only be enabled through a communicationport using the CS CO OUT ena dis control select control operate output override enable disable comm...

Страница 48: ...blocked Output control commands are acted on immediately except when the ENA and DIS modes are used ENA and DIS output control command changes aren t executed until saved with the EXIT command Output...

Страница 49: ...t Element 4 15 BESTlogic Settings for Time Overcurrent Elements 4 15 SL 51 Command 4 16 Operating Settings for Time Overcurrent Elements 4 16 S g 51 Command 4 16 Voltage Restraint Control for Phase Ti...

Страница 50: ...tings 4 41 Sequence Controlled Blocking 4 42 SP 79ZONE Command 4 43 SYNCHRONISM CHECK PROTECTION 4 43 25 Synchronism Check 4 43 BESTlogic Settings for the Sync Check Element 4 44 Operating Settings fo...

Страница 51: ...15 Figure 4 10 51P Pickup Level Compensation 4 17 Figure 4 11 Sequence Components for an A B Fault 4 23 Figure 4 12 Phase to Phase Fault Magnitude 4 23 Figure 4 13 Volts Per Hertz Element 4 25 Figure...

Страница 52: ...Table 4 23 VTX Connection Settings 4 31 Table 4 24 Auxiliary Undervoltage and Overvoltage Operating Settings 4 32 Table 4 25 Negative Sequence Overvoltage Logic Settings 4 33 Table 4 26 Negative Seque...

Страница 53: ...Protection and Control Functions Three steps must be taken before using a protection or control function The function logic must be enabled in the active logic scheme by the SL function command Functi...

Страница 54: ...porting and Alarms Functions Alarms Function for more information on using alarm outputs The SGCON time setting also serves to provide anti pump protection to prevent excessive changing between groups...

Страница 55: ...SL GROUP settings information SL GROUP Command Example 1 Set the setting group control such that automatic selection is overridden and emergency overload settings SG3 are in place when Transformer 2...

Страница 56: ...ires separate logic equations for only D0 and D1 if all setting groups are to be used Figure 4 3 shows how the active setting group follows the binary sum of the D0 and D1 inputs except when blocked b...

Страница 57: ...ring the few days of the year when the loading is at peak The relay will switch to a setting group when current rises above the switch to threshold for the switch to time and will return from the sett...

Страница 58: ...witch to that group when there is no current flow for the time delay period indicating that the breaker is open or the circuit source is out of service The threshold for this is 10 nominal rating of t...

Страница 59: ...the reclose 79 function Upon entering a reclose operation as the relay steps through an automatic reclose operation the relay may be instructed to change to an appropriate setting group using the comm...

Страница 60: ...from lockout The active group would return to group 0 when the recloser went to reset if any of the close operations prior to lockout was successful Setting group 2 and 3 are not used the 51P element...

Страница 61: ...ration the relay is in setting group 0 After the first and subsequent recloses the relay would use setting group 1 Upon reaching a lockout condition the automatic mode is disabled manual logic control...

Страница 62: ...ret_time 1 to 60 0 disabled Time in minutes that determines when a return to SG0 will occur once the monitored current has decreased below the ret_level setting 0 ret_level 0 to 150 Percentage of the...

Страница 63: ...group must be selected using the CS GROUP command before the setting group is activated using the CO GROUP command The process of selecting and then placing a setting group in operation is summarized...

Страница 64: ...rrent protection The alphanumeric designation for each element contains the letter T to indicate that the element has an adjustable time delay If an element has a time delay setting of zero then that...

Страница 65: ...his command enable the 50T functions by connecting them to the CT input circuits and provide blocking control as determined by the logic expression assigned to the BLK input The SL 50T command is also...

Страница 66: ...rectional F Forward directional R Reverse Directional N A N A N 9 Time delays less than 10 cycles can be entered to the nearest 0 1 cycle from the front panel HMI All time delays can be entered to the...

Страница 67: ...the inverse time characteristic equation When the measured current is above the pickup threshold the pickup logic output is TRUE and inverse timing is started according to the selected characteristic...

Страница 68: ...e 51Q function SL 51Q 0 Operating Settings for Time Overcurrent Elements The operating parameter settings for the time overcurrent elements are provided in Table 4 8 Settings can be entered at front p...

Страница 69: ...hen set for this mode of operation the 51P pickup setting is typically set near or below load current levels When set for Restraint mode of operation the pickup of the phase overcurrent element is adj...

Страница 70: ...ings can also be made through the front panel HMI using screen 5 2 6 5 Table 4 10 Voltage Restraint Control Operating Settings Setting Range Increment Unit of Measure Default Pickup 30 to 250 0 disabl...

Страница 71: ...inverse the characteristic is Has greatest effect on curve shape at low to medium multiples of tap K Constant Characteristic minimum delay term TR Time to reset Relevant if 51 function is set for int...

Страница 72: ...proximately one second This should be adequate as close in faults are expected to trip in very short time intervals Negative sequence polarization Is used to test directionally for all fault types exc...

Страница 73: ...ent on the ground CT input IG VOIN S g 67N command Purpose Read Set 67 Neutral Polarizing Mode and Quantities Syntax S g 67N Mode Quantity Comments g setting group 0 1 2 or 3 See Table 4 15 for S g 75...

Страница 74: ...hreshold for Negative Sequence test 3 33 of V nominal V0_Minimum Min V0 voltage threshold for Zero Sequence test 3 33 of V nominal VX_Minimum Min external V0 voltage threshold for Zero Sequence test 1...

Страница 75: ...se fault at the same location This is illustrated in Figure 4 11 The phase to phase fault is made up of both positive and negative sequence components as shown in Figure 4 12 For a phase to phase faul...

Страница 76: ...rapped in the delta not seen by the delta side phase relays The phase relays will see only 1 43 0 577 per unit current for phase to ground faults Negative sequence overcurrent protection is immune to...

Страница 77: ...tors VAB for both 3 wire and 4 wire connections Thus setting is in VPP Hz for VT connection 3W 4W AB BC CA and VPN Hz for VT connection AN BN CN For more information refer to Section 3 Input and Outpu...

Страница 78: ...determine whether the element is enabled or disabled The SL command also provides blocking control as determined by the logic expression assigned to the BLK input Table 4 17 lists the volts per hertz...

Страница 79: ...er Hertz level reaches a settable percentage of the pickup level 0 120 a programmable alarm bit is set See Section 6 Reporting and Alarm Functions for more information The setting for the alarm is via...

Страница 80: ...duration of the time delay setting the trip output T becomes TRUE If the voltage increases above the dropout ratio of 102 percent 27P or decreases below the dropout ratio of 98 percent 59P the timer i...

Страница 81: ...oltage where x equals 1 for setting group 0 2 for setting group 1 3 for setting group 2 and 4 for setting group 3 Undervoltage and overvoltage operating settings are summarized in Table 4 21 Table 4 2...

Страница 82: ...ection under BESTlogic Settings for the Auxiliary Under Overvoltage Element The pickup setting determines the voltage pickup level of the element The time delay setting controls how long it takes for...

Страница 83: ...r Overvoltage Element Operating settings for the 27X and 59X 159X functions consist of pickup and time delay values The pickup value determines the level of voltage required for the element to start t...

Страница 84: ...aragraphs Negative sequence Over voltage protection is not available if VTP connection is single phase The negative sequence overvoltage element has two outputs 47PU pickup and 47T trip When the monit...

Страница 85: ...Logic expression that disables function when TRUE A setting of 0 disables blocking 0 SL 47 Command Purpose Read or set the negative sequence overvoltage pickup level and time Syntax SL 47 mode BLK lo...

Страница 86: ...The BE1 951 provides one such element 32 Element operation is described in the following paragraphs The Directional Overpower element has two outputs PU pickup and T trip When monitored power flow in...

Страница 87: ...nd Example Enable the 32 when IN3 is energized Block 32 when IN3 open SL 32 1 IN3 Operating Settings for the Directional Overpower Elements Operating settings for the 32 elements consist of the pickup...

Страница 88: ...An element is enabled or disabled by the Mode input Three mode options are possible Mode 0 disables protection mode 1 enable the element to monitor the frequency on VTP input mode x enables the eleme...

Страница 89: ...Time delays can be set in milliseconds seconds or cycles The default is milliseconds if no unit of measure is specified Minimum timing resolution is two cycles A time delay setting of zero makes the...

Страница 90: ...p 0 1 2 or 3 Use as a wildcard to read or change all groups x 1 for 181 2 for 281 3 for 381 4 for 481 5 for 581 or no entry for 81 See Table 4 28 for S g 81 settings information S g 81 Command Example...

Страница 91: ...the breaker is closed A TRUE signal at this input indicates a closed breaker Reclose Wait WAIT A TRUE signal at this input disables the reclosing function In this condition recloser timing is interrup...

Страница 92: ...automatically goes to Lockout If the STATUS logic stays TRUE for reset time delay the recloser goes to Reset 2 Power up to close If the recloser was in the Reset state when power was lost and when pow...

Страница 93: ...en 79C is TRUE for fourth reclose and while timing to Reset after fourth reclose 0 S g 79 Command Purpose Read or set the 79 operating settings Syntax S g 79 x Time Delay Comments g 0 for setting grou...

Страница 94: ...ng diagram for this example S 79SCB 2 3 4 5 Figure 4 23 shows a logic timing diagram showing all possible sequence control blocks enabled TRUE In Figure 4 24 79RTD is the reclose reset time delay and...

Страница 95: ...omatic reclose counter should be incremented The shot counter is reset by the max cycle timer So its 79ZONE is used this function cannot be disabled SYNCHRONISM CHECK PROTECTION 25 Synchronism Check F...

Страница 96: ...actually tested For single phase connections the terminals are connected in parallel as described above and the single phase is tested three times This is implemented this way for convenience allowin...

Страница 97: ...A volts 20 Dropout TD 050 60 N A Seconds 50 VM1 1 3 12 13 23 123 N A N A DIS VM2 1 3 12 13 23 123 N A N A DIS S 25VM Command Purpose Read Set 25VM live volts dead volts time delay and VM1 VM2 logic Sy...

Страница 98: ...used to set up different closing supervision criteria for automatic reclose versus manual close used for example Table 4 37 Voltage Monitor Logic Settings Voltage Monitor Logic Condition Logic Settin...

Страница 99: ...hs in this section Table 4 39 60FL Element Blocking Settings Mode Input Setting Explanation Default I Block DIS When I Block is disabled current tripping level is determined by the sensing voltage lev...

Страница 100: ...nal voltage and current values See Section 3 Input and Output Functions for information on changing the nominal voltage and current values usingtheSG NOMcommand GENERAL PURPOSE LOGIC TIMERS The BE1 95...

Страница 101: ...red until the timing sequence has been completed If the duration time T2 is set to 0 this timer will not function Mode 3 One Shot Retriggerable Timer This mode of operation is similar to Mode 2 except...

Страница 102: ...etween TRUE and FALSE from time to time the function will still time out as long as the time that it is TRUE is longer than the time that it is FALSE With a simple PU DO timer the timing function woul...

Страница 103: ...onds 1 0 for 10 to 9999 sec 0 to 599 940 60 Hz 0 to 499 950 50 Hz 9 cycles 9 Time delays less than 10 cycles can be entered to the nearest 0 1 cycle through the HMI All time delays can be entered to t...

Страница 104: ...t time The timer can also be stopped by the block logic input being asserted The current detector sensitivity is fixed at 10 percent of nominal A traditional breaker failure relay includes a fault det...

Страница 105: ...ettings can be made from the ASCII command interface using the SL BF settings logic Breaker Failure commands SL BF Command Purpose Used to program a logical mode of operation for the Breaker Failure p...

Страница 106: ...status or the RL report logic commands See Section 6 Reporting and Alarm Functions General Status Reporting for more information VIRTUAL SWITCHES 43 Virtual Selector Switches BE1 951 Generator Protec...

Страница 107: ...position might be labeled NORMAL Section 7 BESTlogic has more details about setting user programmable names for programmable logic variables BESTlogic Settings for x43 Virtual Selector Switches The v...

Страница 108: ...43 CO 43 0 2 Momentarily toggle the state of switch 43 to closed CS 43 P 43 P SELECTED CO 43 P 43 P EXECUTED 3 An example of an operate command not matching the select command CS 743 P 743 P SELECTED...

Страница 109: ...LOGIC command is provided in Section 6 Reporting and Alarms Functions Breaker Monitoring Table 4 44 101 Virtual Selector Switch BESTlogic Settings Function Range Purpose Default Logic Mode 0 Disabled...

Страница 110: ...elements 86 and 186 Each element has three available inputs that are BESTlogic programmable The element can be enabled or disabled using the mode input In addition to the mode input the 86 element al...

Страница 111: ...nction Modules Syntax SL x 86 mode Trip Reset Comments x nothing for 86 and 1 for 186 SL 86 Command Example 1 Enable the relay to trip when an overcurrent fault occurs and reset when virtual switch 14...

Страница 112: ...rent Power 5 2 Reactive Power 5 2 True Power 5 2 METERING COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS 5 3 M Command 5 3 M I Command 5 4 M PF Command 5 4 M S Command 5 4 M V Command 5 4 M VAR Command 5 5 M 3V0 Command 5 5 M...

Страница 113: ...A to 9 999 A 10 kA to 9 999 kA 10 MA N A Voltage 0 V to 999 V 1 kV to 999 kV 1MV N A Apparent Power N A 0 kVA to 999 999 kVA 1 000 MVA to 999 999 MVA 1 GVA Reactive Power N A 0 kvar to 999 999 kvar 1...

Страница 114: ...five ampere nominal systems One ampere nominal systems meter reactive power over a range of 1 500 kilovars to 1 500kilovars True Power True power is metered over a range of 7 500 kilowatts to 7 500 ki...

Страница 115: ...d sync angle between Phase and Aux inputs M SYNC 3 11 METERING COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS The following paragraphs describe each metering command and provide examples for using the commands M Command Purpos...

Страница 116: ...les 1 Read metered current values M I M IA 4 99A M IB 5 00A M IC 4 99A M IN 0 00A M IQ 0 02A M IG 4 99A 2 Read the Phase C current M IC 4 99A M PF Command Purpose Read the three phase power factor Syn...

Страница 117: ...age V in primary units Syntax M 3VO Comments Reports NA unless VTP connection is 4 wire M 3V0 Command Example Read the zero sequence voltage M 3V0 0 30V M WATT Command Purpose Read metered 3 Phase Wat...

Страница 118: ...3 and Logic Var 64 95 6 4 Active Group 6 4 Breaker 52 6 4 Diag Alarm 6 4 ENERGY DATA 6 6 RE KWH Command 6 6 RE KVAR Command 6 7 RE Command 6 7 DEMAND FUNCTIONS 6 7 Demand Calculation and Reporting 6 7...

Страница 119: ...t 6 23 SG LINE Command 6 23 Fault Summary Reports 6 24 Fault Summary Report Example 6 24 Retrieving Fault Report Information from the Relay 6 25 Oscillographic Records 6 26 Recording Oscillographic Re...

Страница 120: ...6 11 Table 6 6 Breaker Status Reporting Settings 6 12 Table 6 7 Legend for Figure 6 1 6 15 Table 6 8 Breaker Duty Monitoring Settings 6 16 Table 6 9 SA BKR Command 6 17 Table 6 10 Load Profile Record...

Страница 121: ...ettings information SG ID Command Examples 1 Enter a relayID of FEEDER_3 and a stationID of HIGHLAND_NORTH SG ID FEEDER_3 HIGHLAND_NORTH 2 Display the relayID and stationID labels SG ID FEEDER_3 HIGHL...

Страница 122: ...ange Default date format d day first m month first m time format 12 12 hour format 24 24 hour format 24 dst enable 0 daylight saving time disabled 1 daylight saving time enabled 0 SG CLK Command Purpo...

Страница 123: ...INPUT 1234 STATUS 0000 OUTPUT A12345 STATUS 000000 CO OUT A12345 STATUS LLLLLL CO 43 143 243 343 STATUS 0000 CO 101 101SC STATUS AFTER CLOSE 1 CO GROUP STATUS L ACTIVE LOGIC STATUS USER RECLOSER 79 S...

Страница 124: ...the recloser function is available in Section 4 Protection and Control Logic Var 00 31 Logic Var 32 63 and Logic Var 64 95 These three lines report the status of each BESTlogic variable These lines c...

Страница 125: ...1 1 V O 1 2 V O 1 3 V O 1 4 V O 1 5 I N 1 I N 2 I N 3 I N 4 6 2 1 6 2 8 6 1 8 6 1 0 1 T 1 0 1 C 1 0 1 S C A L M L G C A L M M A J A L M M I N O U T 1 M O T R S T K E 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 4...

Страница 126: ...es are updated every 250 milliseconds and watt hour and var hour values are logged once every minute Energy registers are stored in nonvolatile memory during power down Watt hour values and var hour v...

Страница 127: ...with the demand interval or response period defined as the time taken by the meter to reach 90 percent of the final value for a step change in the current being measured Demand interval can be set in...

Страница 128: ...o and then updated on the next processing loop with the currently calculated demand value No write access is needed to reset demand register values at the HMI Its also possible to preset a value into...

Страница 129: ...1 Read today s C phase ampere demand current RD TIC 8 77A 16 44 06 30 99 2 Read all demand current values for yesterday RD YI RD YIA 8 68A 17 15 01 01 99 RD YIB 8 66A 17 15 01 01 99 RD YIC 8 67A 17 1...

Страница 130: ...sterday s watt demand values RD YWATT 0 00KW 05 23 01 01 99 0 00KW 00 00 01 01 99 RD PWATT Command Purpose Read the peak watt demand values Syntax RD PWATT Comments Two watt demand values are returned...

Страница 131: ...condary units See Table 6 5 for SA DAR WATT settings information SA DVAR DWATT Command Examples 1 Read the reactive power demand alarm thresholds SA DVAR 2000 50 2 Set the forward power demand alarm t...

Страница 132: ...FALSE The 52b contact is wired to IN3 SB LOGIC IN3 Retrieving Breaker Status and Operation Counter Information Current breaker status can be read from HMI screen 1 5 6 and through the communication po...

Страница 133: ...egisters the function adds the measured current squared in primary amperes The user selects which of the two sets of duty registers are reported and monitored when setting up the breaker duty monitor...

Страница 134: ...n SG TRIGGER PU or Logic goes FALSE When SG TRIGGER PU or Logic is TRUE When SG TRIGGER PU or Logic is TRUE When SG TRIGGER PU is TRUE When SG TRIGGER Trip is TRUE F 3 cycle pre fault data cap ture tr...

Страница 135: ...e trip output goes true This two cycle delay allows the line transients to settle to provide more accurate data The post fault current vectors are compared to pre fault current vectors captured three...

Страница 136: ...reaker monitoring should be blocked when input 3 is energized SB DUTY 2 20E3 IN3 Retrieving Breaker Duty Information Breaker duty values can be read at HMI screen 4 3 2 Duty values can be changed by u...

Страница 137: ...le 1 Program breaker alarm point number 1 at 20 operations point 2 at 50 percent duty and point 3 for slow breaker alarm for clearing times greater than 8 cycles SA BKR1 2 20 SA BKR2 1 50 SA BKR3 3 8c...

Страница 138: ...01 5 597A 597A 597A 1 86MW 1 10MVAR 12 32 03 15 01 6 597A 597A 597A 1 86MW 1 10MVAR 12 31 03 15 01 7 597A 597A 597A 1 86MW 1 10MVAR 12 30 03 15 01 8 597A 597A 597A 1 86MW 1 10MVAR 12 29 03 15 01 9 59...

Страница 139: ...onitor connections for the BE1 951 If the breaker status reporting function detects a closed breaker and no trip circuit voltage is sensed by the trip circuit monitor after the appropriate coordinatio...

Страница 140: ...conditions these expressions aren t included here Section 7 BESTlogic Programmable Logic provides information about using BESTlogic to program the relay Trip Trip expressions are used by the fault re...

Страница 141: ...g fault clearing time when the pickup logic expression VO12 is TRUE SG TRIGGER VO11 BFT VO12 0 Targets Each protective function logs target information to the fault reporting function when a trip cond...

Страница 142: ...ied by separating each element by When the programmed protective element s BESTlogic expression is TRUE 1 and the trip output is TRUE 1 a trip event is recorded in the target log rst TARG logic Logic...

Страница 143: ...Z0 impedance A1 A0 angle LL length SG LINE Command Example 1 Enter data for a power line with the following parameters Positive Sequence Impedance 0 47S 60 6 KM Negative Sequence Impedance 1 59S 70 6...

Страница 144: ...one Each fault summary report is assigned a sequential number from 1 to 255 by the relay After event number 255 has ben assigned the numbering starts over at 1 Fault Summary Report Example A fault sum...

Страница 145: ...this line is reported as N A If the pickup or logic expressions stay TRUE for more than 60 seconds an alarm bit in the programmable alarm function is set and this line is reported as N A In this situ...

Страница 146: ...ry reports can be retrieved using the RF n command where n represents the number assigned to the fault summary report To obtain the most recent report use RF NEW If additional detail is desired Sequen...

Страница 147: ...record and the number of oscillographic records associated with each fault Oscillographic records can be retrieved using the RO report oscillography command RO Command Purpose Read Oscillographic COMT...

Страница 148: ...record is replaced by the latest one acquired The SER monitors the following points and conditions Single state events such as resetting demands or targets changing settings etc Programmable logic var...

Страница 149: ...ce the last RS 0 command was issued RS 0 resets the new records counter to zero RS LGC report SER logic A report is retrieved for all logic events since the last RS 0 command was issued RS 0 resets th...

Страница 150: ...ays with normally open contacts OUT1 through OUT5 can be programmed to be held closed For example to open OUT5 for indication of relay trouble set the VO5 logic expression at 0 SL VO5 0 A not zero set...

Страница 151: ...ge monitor 2 BKR FAIL ALARM Breaker failure trip 3 RECLOSER FAIL ALARMW Reclose fail timer timed out before breaker closed 4 RECLOSER LOCKOUT ALARM W Recloser went through sequence without success 5 B...

Страница 152: ...larm points is available in the Demand Functions subsection Refer to the Breaker Monitoring subsection for details about programming Breaker alarm points Major Minor and Logic programmable alarm setti...

Страница 153: ...age of this to allow the front panel Reset key to be used in the programmable logic scheme when alarm screen 1 3 is active An example of the use of this logic variable is to break the seal in for a lo...

Страница 154: ...ble Alarms Major Minor and Logic programmable alarm settings drive BESTlogic variables ALMMAJ ALMMIN and ALMLGC These variables can be used in logic expressions to control logic when the alarm is acti...

Страница 155: ...Logic Scheme 7 6 Custom Logic Schemes 7 8 Copying and Renaming Preprogrammed Logic Schemes 7 8 Creating or Customizing a Logic Scheme 7 9 Debugging the Logic Scheme 7 10 USER INPUT AND OUTPUT LOGIC VA...

Страница 156: ...ntrol inputs virtual outputs and hardware outputs A group of logic equations defining the function of the multifunction relay is called a logic scheme Several preprogrammed logic schemes are stored in...

Страница 157: ...BESTlogic Programmable Logic BE1 951 7 2 Figure 7 1 BESTlogic Function Blocks Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 158: ...BE1 951 BESTlogic Programmable Logic 7 3 Figure 7 2 BESTlogic Function Blocks Continued Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 159: ...tput 481T 481 Over Underfrequency Tripped 343 Virtual Switch 343 Output 581T 581 Over Underfrequency Tripped SG0 Setting Group 0 Active Default Directional Power Variables SG1 Setting Group 1 Active 3...

Страница 160: ...put output or timer Figure 7 3 illustrates this relationship Every quarter cycle output expressions are evaluated as TRUE or FALSE If a logic output that corresponds to a hardware output changes state...

Страница 161: ...a 0 or 1 state independently from the state of the virtual output logic More information about overriding control of logic outputs is available in Section 3 Input and Output Functions LOGIC SCHEMES A...

Страница 162: ...d Interface provides detailed information about command structure and establishing communication with the relay Appendix D Setting Terminal Communications gives instructions for configuring Windows Hy...

Страница 163: ...characters This scheme is then referred to as a custom or user programmable logic scheme because the variable expressions of the logic can be customized or created from scratch to suit the needs of a...

Страница 164: ...rammed logic scheme the scheme must be renamed This process is outlined in the previous SL N Command Examples The following procedure outlines the process of customizing or creating a logic scheme If...

Страница 165: ...ble names Syntax SN var name TRUE label FALSE label Comments var logic variable 43 143 243 343 VOA VO1 VO15 or IN1 IN4 name 1 to 10 character user name to replace var in the RS report TRUE label 1 to...

Страница 166: ...cross a normally closed relay output when the draw out assembly is removed Extra care is required to ensure that the switch is closed prior to removing the draw out assembly and that the switch is ope...

Страница 167: ...tion Reclosing 8 16 Operation Setting Group Selection 8 16 Operation Alarms 8 22 OC W CTL Logic Settings and Equations 8 23 FDR W IL LOGIC SCHEME 8 23 Normal Operation Control 8 24 Normal Operation Pr...

Страница 168: ...ne Drawing 8 31 Figure 8 9 Device Interconnection for Integrated Protection System 8 33 Figure 8 10 BUS Logic Diagram 8 40 Figure 8 11 BUS One Line Drawing 8 41 Figure 8 12 BACKUP Logic Diagram 8 46 F...

Страница 169: ...Logic 8 28 Table 8 17 BUS Contact Sensing Input Logic 8 36 Table 8 18 BUS Function Block Logic 8 36 Table 8 19 BUS Virtual Switches Logic 8 37 Table 8 20 BUS Virtual Output Logic 8 38 Table 8 21 BACKU...

Страница 170: ...llowing paragraphs define terms that are used in the logic scheme discussions of this section Function Block A stand alone protection or control function that is equivalent to its discrete component c...

Страница 171: ...ns It also contains logic to trip the feeder breakers while the feeder relays using FDR W IL logic scheme are out of service BACKUP Logic Scheme This logic scheme is applied to a bus main relay to pro...

Страница 172: ...an be programmed to provide this function Operation Alarms If the continuous self test diagnostics of the relay detect an error failsafe output contact OUTA will close and the Relay Trouble LED of the...

Страница 173: ...3 Logic No manual selection logic is used 0 Auto Manual Logic Set to 1 0 to enable automatic selection No manual selection is used 0 Table 8 3 BASIC OC Virtual Switch Logic Switch Purpose Mode Variab...

Страница 174: ...s when timed neutral or timed negative sequence overcurrent condition exists 51N QTRP TRIP NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO5 51NT 51QT VO6 None VO6 TRUE FALSE BESTlogic Expression VO6 0 VO7 None VO7 TRU...

Страница 175: ...R Gate are shown by a single line into the OR Gate VO11 PROT TRIP 6 OUT3 OUTPUT LOGIC CO OUTx OUT4 OUTPUT LOGIC CO OUTx OUTPUT LOGIC OUT5 CO OUTx VO1 52TC VO3 51PT VO4 50TNT 50TQT VO5 51NT 51QT VOA AL...

Страница 176: ...C OC SL 50TP 1 0 SL 50TN 1 0 SL 50TQ 1 0 SL 150TP 0 0 SL 150TN 0 0 SL 150TQ 0 0 SL 51P 1 0 SL 51N 1 0 SL 51Q 1 0 SL 151N 0 0 SL 27P 0 0 SL 59P 0 0 SL 59X 0 0 SL 47 0 0 SL 62 0 0 0 SL 162 0 0 0 SL 79 0...

Страница 177: ...OC W 79 uses a reclose initiate RI scheme where each step in the reclosing sequence is initiated by a protective trip or external initiate signal via IN3 Setting the first reclose time at zero in the...

Страница 178: ...propriate front panel LED will light to indicate the alarm Note that some alarms are non latching and will clear when the alarm condition goes away Other alarms require a reset either by operating the...

Страница 179: ...nitiate when Reclose Initiate Expression is TRUE VO8 1 Power Up to Lockout Breaker Status Logic Closed breaker is indicated when IN1 is de energized IN1 79 continued Wait Logic Stop recloser timing wh...

Страница 180: ...aker Close Contact Close breaker when recloser close output is TRUE BKR_CLOSE CLOSE NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO2 79C VO3 OUT3 Not used VO3 TRUE FALSE BESTlogic Expression VO3 0 VO4 OUT4 Minor Alarm...

Страница 181: ...50TPT 150TNT 150TQT 51PT 51NT 51QT VO12 Protection Picked Up Expression TRUE when any 50 150 or 51 element has picked up PROT_PU PU NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO12 50TPPU 50TNPU 50TQPU 150TPPU 150TNP...

Страница 182: ...OUT4 OUTPUT LOGIC CO OUTx OUTPUT LOGIC OUT5 CO OUTx D2848 19 04 08 99 CO 343 CO 243 CO 143 CO 43 243 ACTIVE SETTING GROUP CONTROL AUTO SG0 SG2 SG1 SG3 BLK BLK 0 BLK BLK BLK BLK BLK 0 0 BLK BLK 0 150T...

Страница 183: ...TP 150TN 150TQ IN2 DTL BLOCK Figure 8 4 OC W 79 One Line Drawing OC W 79 Logic Settings and Equations Overcurrent with Reclosing SL N OC W 79 SL 50TP 1 79SCB SL 50TN 1 79SCB IN4 SL 50TQ 1 79SCB IN4 SL...

Страница 184: ...ectional overcurrent protection applications In OC W CTL automatic reclosing uses a recluse initiate scheme and is initiated by a protective trip or by an external recluse initiate RI contact The comp...

Страница 185: ...settings Zone sequence coordination may be enabled by the expression SP 79ZONE VO12 OC W 79 logic provides for the recloser to torque control the 50TP N Q functions typically used for low set instanta...

Страница 186: ...Function Purpose BESTlogic Expression Mode Setting 50TP Block when recloser sequence controlled blocking output is TRUE 79SCB 1 enabled 50TN Block when recloser sequence controlled blocking output is...

Страница 187: ...al selection logic is used 0 Input 3 Logic No manual selection logic is used 0 Auto Manual Logic Disable automatic selection when virtual switch 43 is in the Manual position 43 Table 8 11 OC W CTL Vir...

Страница 188: ...pression VO6 0 VO7 Not used VO7 TRUE FALSE BESTlogic Expression VO7 0 VO8 Reclose Initiate TRUE when any protective element trips or when the external reclose initiate input is TRUE RCL_DTL DTL NORMAL...

Страница 189: ...put Description Variable Label State Labels TRUE 1 FALSE 0 8 20 Application BE1 951 BESTlogic Expression VO14 0 VO15 Alarm Mask 23 Not used VO15 TRUE FALSE BESTlogic Expression VO15 0 Courtesy of Nati...

Страница 190: ...OGIC OUT5 CO OUTx D2848 18 04 08 99 CO 343 CO 243 CO 143 CO 43 243 N AND Q ENABLE ACTIVE SETTING GROUP CONTROL MODE 1 SG0 SG2 SG1 SG3 BLK BLK 0 BLK BLK BLK BLK BLK 0 0 BLK BLK 0 150TQT 150TQPU WAIT VO...

Страница 191: ...0TN 150TQ BLOCK 143 GROUP CONTROL 43 IN2 DTL Figure 8 6 OC W CTL One Line Diagram OC W CTL Logic Settings and Equations SL N OC W CTL SL 50TP 1 79SCB SL 50TN 1 243 79SCB IN4 SL 50TQ 1 243 79SCB IN4 SL...

Страница 192: ...e Basler Electric protective relays that incorporate a BUS and BACKUP logic scheme are the BE1 851 Overcurrent Protection System the BE1 951 Overcurrent Protection System and the BE1 CDS Current Diffe...

Страница 193: ...bled by the expression SP 79ZONE VO12 FDR W IL logic provides for the recloser to torque control the 50TP N Q functions typically used for low set instantaneous protection during various steps in the...

Страница 194: ...eaker re trip signal for additional security Initiation of the BF function block by external relays is not accommodated in this scheme The breaker failure function block is initiated by a protective t...

Страница 195: ...tting 50TP Block when recloser sequence controlled blocking output is TRUE 79SCB 1 enabled 50TN Block when recloser sequence controlled blocking output is TRUE or when disabled by IN3 or virtual switc...

Страница 196: ...t 2 Logic No manual selection logic is used 0 Input 3 Logic No manual selection logic is used 0 Auto Manual Logic Disable automatic selection when virtual switch 43 is in the Manual position 43 Table...

Страница 197: ..._SERVICE NORMAL BACKUP BESTlogic Expression VO3 VO15 VO4 OUT4 Block Upstream Instantaneous Elements Upstream instantaneous elemenst are blocked when relay is picked up for high speed bus overcurrent p...

Страница 198: ...50TQT 51PT 51NT 51QT VO12 Protection Picked Up Expression TRUE when any 50 150 or 51 element has picked up PROT_PU PU NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO12 50TPPU 50TNPU 50TQPU 150TPPU 150TNPU 150TQPU 51PP...

Страница 199: ...UT LOGIC OUT5 CO OUTx D2848 16 07 19 99 CO 343 CO 243 CO 143 CO 43 243 N AND Q ENABLE ACTIVE SETTING GROUP CONTROL SG0 SG2 SG1 SG3 BLK BLK 0 BLK BLK BLK BLK BLK 0 0 BLK BLK 0 150TQT 150TQPU WAIT 7 VO8...

Страница 200: ...BF OUT IN4 TEST MODE TEST MODE OUT 150TP 150TN 150TQ DTL OUT2 52CC 143 IN2 DTL Figure 8 8 FDR W IL One Line Drawing FDR W IL Logic Settings and Equations SL N FDR W IL SL 50TP 1 79SCB SL 50TN 1 243 7...

Страница 201: ...n a nondirectional overcurrent protection application When used with other programmable relays using the FDR W IL scheme BUS and BACKUP logic provide complete overcurrent protection for the transforme...

Страница 202: ...OUT4 F1 B8 B7 OUT3 BUS TS BUS OUT5 BUS 94 BUS IN3 BUS RELAY FEEDER BACKUP MODE B6 B5 IN4 BUS RELAY TEST MODE OUT4 F2 OUT4 Fn OUT4 BUS 86B TC TRIP F1 TRIP F2 TRIP Fn 86B OPTIONAL OUT4 BACKUP BACKUP RE...

Страница 203: ...pickup before any feeder relay If there is a contingency problem such as a relay removed from service 51 protection is still provided The BUS and BACKUP 51 functions are enabled for tripping via OUT1...

Страница 204: ...5 A for the relay A time delay setting of zero disables the BF function block This permits the traditional radial system backup scheme of coordinated relays tripping different breakers Contingency Ope...

Страница 205: ...status 0 disabled BREAKER OPEN CLOSED IN2 Blocks instantaneous when feeder relay picks up 0 disabled FEEDER_PU PICKDUP NORMAL IN3 Signal from bus source relay using BACKUP logic that a feeder relay is...

Страница 206: ...itch to Setting Group 1 if feeder relay is out of service IN3 2 binary coded selection Input 1 Not used 0 N A Input 2 Not used 0 N A Input 3 Not used 0 N A Auto Manual Auto Manual switch fixed in Manu...

Страница 207: ...ormal mode BUS_TRIP TRIP NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO4 VO9 SG0 VO5 OUT5 Feeder Breaker Trip Trip feeder breaker via auxiliary relay 94 for timed 51 or instantaneous 50 trip when in Feeder Relay Back...

Страница 208: ...ing Group 1 FEEDER_BU BACKUP NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO13 SG1 VO14 Not Used VO14 TRUE FALSE BESTlogic Expression VO14 0 VO15 Test Mode Blocks the BFI signal VO3 to an external breaker failure rela...

Страница 209: ...8 14 04 01 99 BLK BLK BLK BLK BLK 0 6 6 VO8 51TRIP VO9 50TRIP VO11 PROT TRIP VO1 52TC VOA ALARM VO2 52CC VO3 EXTERNAL BFI SIGNAL VO4 BUS FAULT TRIP 86B VO5 FEEDER BU TRIP 94 Note For clarity multiple...

Страница 210: ...If the feeder relay is out of service the 50T and 51 elements are diverted from OUT1 and OUT4 to OUT5 for feeder protection 2 1 Figure 8 11 BUS One Line Drawing BUS Logic Settings and Equations SL N B...

Страница 211: ...ed 1 Open 0 IN1 51b breaker status BREAKER OPEN CLOSED IN2 Places relay in feeder backup mode when out of service feeder relay is detected by open contact FEEDERS OK NORMAL FDR_OOS IN3 Initiates break...

Страница 212: ...sed 0 1 enabled 151N Not used 0 0 disabled 27P Not used 0 0 disabled 59P Not used 0 0 disabled 59X Not used 0 0 disabled 47 Not used 0 0 disabled 62 Not used 0 0 disabled 162 Not used 0 0 disabled 79...

Страница 213: ...1 OUT1 BUS Breaker Trip Trip for BACKUP breaker virtual control switch trip OR for 51 trip when in Normal mode BKR_TRIP TRIP NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO1 101T VO8 BFPU VO2 OUT2 BUS Breaker Close Cl...

Страница 214: ...PV BFI BFI INI NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO10 VO11 IN3 150TNPU IN3 150TQPU VO11 Protective Trip Expression TRUE when any 50 or 51 element has timed out PROT_TRIP TRIP NORMAL BESTlogic Expression VO1...

Страница 215: ...BFPU VO10 BFI VO9 50TRIP VO11 PROT TRIP VO12 PROT PU VO2 52CC VO3 FEEDER OUT OF SERVICE VO4 BUS FAULT TRIP 86B VO5 BF TRIP Note For clarity multiple variables going to the same OR Gate are shown by a...

Страница 216: ...P CONTROL IN2 FEEDER RELAY OUT OF SERVICE BE1 951 150TQ 150TN 150TP IN3 BFI BF TRIP OUT4 50TQ 50TN 50TP IN4 TEST MODE Figure 8 13 BACKUP One Line Drawing BACKUP Logic Settings and Equations SL N BACKU...

Страница 217: ...the BEST LOGIC settings and are not set through the ASCII command interface using the SL Set Logic commands Several of the Reporting and Alarm Functions provided in the relay require programmable logi...

Страница 218: ...cuit it s possible to reduce fault clearing time by bypassing the breaker failure timer Since feeder relay Out of Service and breaker failure are covered by different backup actions it is desirable to...

Страница 219: ...iable to reset the latch As an example assume a BE1 951 is used for overcurrent protection of a radial transformer shown in Figure 8 15 The user wants to trip and lockout the high side circuit switche...

Страница 220: ...50TP 0 0 SL 150TN 0 0 SL 150TQ 0 0 SL 51P 1 0 SL 51N 1 0 SL 51Q 1 0 SL 151N G 0 SL 27P 0 0 SL 59P 0 0 SL 59X 0 0 SL 47 0 0 SL 62 0 0 0 SL 162 0 0 0 SL 79 0 0 0 0 0 SL 81 0 0 SL 181 0 0 SL 281 0 0 SL 3...

Страница 221: ...o Section 6 Alarms Function Retrieving and Resetting Alarm Reports for detail Under Frequency Load Shedding with Restoration Permissive Under frequency load shedding schemes are designed to operate wh...

Страница 222: ...operator dispatcher will initiate a remote restoration procedure A restoration permissive from the 951 verifies that the following conditions are met prior to restoring load Conditions The under freq...

Страница 223: ...is above the inhibit setting of the under frequency elements 81 and 181T and system frequency is below the 81 and 181T setting VO6 UF_TRIP goes high This initiates the auto reclose sequence through V...

Страница 224: ...vel The logic can be applied in any number of ways including stand alone to other preprogrammed schemes or completely customized by the user Using BESTCOMS to modify and add to the logic is not only q...

Страница 225: ...ed by the user Using BESTCOMS to modify and add to the logic is not only quick and easy but minimizes Input Output name and state label changes In this example start with a renamed version of the BEST...

Страница 226: ...T 150TNT 50TQT 150TQT 51PT 51NT 51QT SL VO12 50TPPU 150TPPU 50TNPU 150TNPU 50TQPU 150TQPU 51PPU 51NPU 51QPU SL VO13 VO6 VO14 SL VO14 VO10 VO13 SL VO15 0 Close Circuit Monitor While a close circuit mon...

Страница 227: ...hold timer must be disabled so that the output contact follows the VO1 output expression To modify the logic add the expression reclose 79C AND NOT trip VO1 to the close logic Examples 1 and 2 show a...

Страница 228: ...gic from the position of the source breakers can select which settings group is active To achieve this assign input D0 or D1 to a contact sensing input Select binary coded setting group selection Mode...

Страница 229: ...he tripping output To do this set one of the general purpose timers 62 or 162 for Mode 1 Pickup Dropout Timer Set the timer logic so that it is initiated by the breaker position input and set the time...

Страница 230: ...51 Security i SECTION 9 SECURITY TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 9 SECURITY 9 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1 GS PW Command 9 1 Command 9 3 Tables Table 9 1 Password Protection Settings 9 1 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgea...

Страница 231: ...command to be accepted the entered password must be correct and the command must be entered through a valid port Only one password can be active at one time for any area or port For example if a user...

Страница 232: ...word has already been entered with the ACCESS command GS PW GS PWG G 0 1 2 GS PWS S 0 1 2 GS PWC C 0 1 2 GS PWR R 0 1 2 3 Program password S to be ABC and allow it to be accepted at the front panel HM...

Страница 233: ...1 Commands 10 13 Figures Figure 10 1 Front Panel 10 1 Figure 10 2 Menu Tree Branches 10 2 Figure 10 3 Report Status Menu Branch 10 3 Figure 10 4 Control Menu Branch Structure 10 4 Figure 10 5 Metering...

Страница 234: ...layout Locator Description A Display Two line by 16 character liquid crystal display LCD with backlighting The LCD is the primary source for obtaining information from the relay or when locally settin...

Страница 235: ...the LEFT and RIGHT scrolling pushbuttons select the variable to be changed The UP and DOWN scrolling pushbuttons change the variable J Edit Pushbutton Settings changes can be made at the front panel...

Страница 236: ...10 5 illustrates the structure of the Metering menu branch 4 REPORTS Provides display and resetting of report information such as time and date demand registers and breaker duty statistics Reports me...

Страница 237: ...5 21752 6 7 6 77 1 5283 21752 287387 21752 29 55 5 2175 75 3 26 6 7 5283 2 29 55 287 29 55 8 6 7 6 D2848 21 04 13 99 6 7 B 6 758 6 7 B 6 758 6 7 B 6 758 6 7 B 6 758 Figure 10 4 Control Menu Branch St...

Страница 238: ...BE1 951 Human Machine Interface 10 5 Figure 10 5 Metering Menu Branch Structure Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 239: ...10 6 Human Machine Interface BE1 951 Figure 10 6 Reports Menu Branch Structure Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 240: ...G G R O U P 0 5 1 1 24 SETTINGS 5 1 1 1 24 PU0 00TD0 0RD0 0 5 1 6 1 51P PU0 00TD0 0 CV2 5 1 6 2 51N PU0 00TD0 0 CV2 5 1 6 3 151N PU0 00TD0 0 CV2 5 1 6 4 51Q PU0 00TD0 0 CV2 5 1 6 5 27R PU0 00 MODE R...

Страница 241: ...E VT VTC4W VPPP 51VPP 6 3 5 AUX VT VTR 1 00 6 3 6 AUX VT VTC AN 6 3 7 NOMINAL V 120 I 5 00 6 1 1 COM0 F 232 BAUD9600 6 1 2 COM1 R 232 BAUD9600ADR 0 6 1 3 COM2 R 485 BAUD9600ADR 0 D2849 01 11 22 00 6 3...

Страница 242: ...REEN command 5 Scrolling screens disabled 1 2 Default target screen showing TARGETS NONE If the recloser is inactive and no targets or alarms exist the relay will scroll automatically through a maximu...

Страница 243: ...selections For example you would move the cursor over to the CRV field and then scroll through a list of available TCC curves 4 Once all of the settings on the screen have been entered press the EDIT...

Страница 244: ...r action are limited to one of the two positions If Mode 3 OFF Momentary ON switch is selected the choice for action is limited to pulse 4 Press the EDIT pushbutton a second time and the switch will c...

Страница 245: ...in place instead of entering blanks 4 Press the EDIT pushbutton to enter the password If the proper password has been entered the screen will flash ACCESS GRANTED If an incorrect password has been ent...

Страница 246: ...11 3 Obtaining Help Information 11 3 Changing Settings 11 3 Reading All Settings 11 5 Reading Specific Groups of Settings 11 5 Reading Logic Settings 11 7 Configuring the Serial Port Communication Pr...

Страница 247: ...sion of Hyperterminal The software bug is associated with the carriage return line feed function when acting as a terminal emulator An upgrade to Hyperterminal that fixes the problem is available from...

Страница 248: ...ommand performs operations that don t fall into the other general groups The command for reading and changing passwords GS PW is the only global command available METERING M Commands in this group rep...

Страница 249: ...l following characters until the next carriage return or linefeed character Example of embedding comments in a settings file 1 Group0 is used during normal operation S0 50TP 7 50 0m S0 50TN 2 5 0m Gro...

Страница 250: ...red the relay responds with the access privilege provided by the password entered If an invalid password is entered an error message is returned If password protection is disabled in one or more privi...

Страница 251: ...d of a programming session to make a record of the relay settings If saved in a file the report can be sent to another BE1 951 that will use the same settings Because the report that is created is a s...

Страница 252: ...EN2 1 5 6 SG SCREEN3 4 3 1 SG SCREEN4 1 1 SG SCREEN5 3 2 SG SCREEN6 3 5 SG SCREEN7 0 SG SCREEN8 0 SG SCREEN9 0 SG SCREEN10 0 SG SCREEN11 0 SG SCREEN12 0 SG SCREEN13 0 SG SCREEN14 0 SG SCREEN15 0 SG SC...

Страница 253: ...ions for a specific logic scheme SL Command Purpose Obtain setting logic information Syntax SL name Comments No password access is required to read settings Entering SL by itself returns all of the lo...

Страница 254: ...y acknowledgment level where x 0 disabled or 1 enabled Xx Xon Xoff setting where X0 handshake disabled X1 handshake enabled The following parameters pertain to relays using ModbusTM communication prot...

Страница 255: ...ion 11 ASCII Command Interface Miscellaneous Command Descriptions HELP Command Purpose Obtain help with command operation Syntax HELP cmd or H cmd gives help with a command H1 gives command list Refer...

Страница 256: ...escriptions Control Commands CO Command Purpose Control operation Syntax CO control mode Reference Section 3 Input and Output Functions Outputs CO OUT Section 4 Protection and Control Setting Groups C...

Страница 257: ...d Alarm Functions Breaker Monitoring RB OPCNTR Command Purpose Read Set breaker operation counter Syntax RB OPCNTR operations Reference Section 6 Reporting and Alarm Functions Breaker Monitoring RD Co...

Страница 258: ...nd Functions RE Command Purpose Report all energy data Syntax RE Reference Section 6 Reporting and Alarm Functions General Status Reporting RE KVARH Command Purpose Read Reset three phase varhours Syn...

Страница 259: ...port Syntax RO nA B CFG DAT Reference Section 6 Reporting and Alarm Functions Fault Reporting RS Command Purpose Read Reset sequence of events record data Syntax RS n Fn ALM IO LGC NEW 0 Reference Sec...

Страница 260: ...etting mask Syntax SA MIN alarm num 1 alarm num 2 alarm num n Reference Section 6 Reporting and Alarms Function Alarms Function SA RESET Command Purpose Read Set programmable alarms reset logic Syntax...

Страница 261: ...d Output Functions Voltage Inputs SG HOLD Command Purpose Read Program output hold operation Syntax SG HOLD x 1 0 hold ena Reference Section 3 Input and Output Functions Outputs SG ID Command Purpose...

Страница 262: ...tage Inputs SG VTX Command Purpose Read Set Aux VT ratio and connection Syntax SG VTX VTratio connection Reference Section 4 Protection and Control Programmable Logic Setting Commands SL Command Purpo...

Страница 263: ...d Purpose Read Set logic for 59 function modules Syntax SL x 59P mode BLK logic Reference Section 4 Protection and Control Voltage Protection SL 62 Command Purpose Read Set logic for 62 function modul...

Страница 264: ...Syntax S g Reference Section 11 ASCII Command Interface Using ASCII Commands S g 24 Command Purpose Read Set 24 pickup level time delay and reset delay Syntax S g 24 Pickup Time Delay Reset Time Delay...

Страница 265: ...ay Reference Section 4 Protection and Control Voltage Protection S g 62 Command Purpose Read Set 62 time delay Syntax S g x 62 T1 T2 Reference Section 4 Protection and Control General Purpose Logic Ti...

Страница 266: ...ax SP CURVE A B C N R Reference Section 4 Protection and Control Overcurrent Protection SP GROUP Command Purpose Read Program auxiliary setting group auto operation Syntax SP GROUP x sw_time sw_level...

Страница 267: ...utcheon Plate and Cutout Dimensions 12 10 Figure 12 11 Mounting Dimensions for Panel Mounting Two H1 Relays Without an Escutcheon Plate 12 11 Figure 12 12 Dovetailing Procedure 12 12 Figure 12 13 S1 C...

Страница 268: ...omputer to BE1 951 12 31 Figure 12 34 Modem to BE1 951 12 31 Figure 12 35 RFL9660 Protective Relay Switch to BE1 951 Cable 12 31 Figure 12 37 RS 485 DB 37 to BE1 951 12 32 Figure 12 38 Contact Sensing...

Страница 269: ...hown in Figure 12 2 Two mounting adaptor plates are available for S1 cases Adaptor plate 9 1085 51 021 is shown in Figure 12 3 and allows an S1 relay to be installed in a General Electric S2 or Westin...

Страница 270: ...12 2 Installation BE1 951 Figure 12 1 BE1 951 S1 Case Dimensions Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 271: ...ation 12 3 4 PLACES 25 6 35 DIA 109 5 219 1 144 5 72 1 209 6 104 8 77 0 154 0 4 31 8 25 4 13 3 03 6 06 8 63 5 69 2 84 1 23 93 D1427 04 Figure 12 2 BE1 951 S1 Case Cutout Dimensions Courtesy of Nationa...

Страница 272: ...063 10 438 539 6 102 250 DIA 4 PLC S 245 P 005 DIA C SINK 100D TO 386 DIA 8 PLC S 904 2 438 8 000 9 534 0 290 475 6 165 6 350 6 640 258 6 381 060 R 4 PLC S D2863 17 VSD 09 24 00 Figure 12 3 S1 Adapto...

Страница 273: ...250 DIA 4 PLC S 245 P 005 DIA C SINK 100D TO 386 DIA 4 PLC S 060 R 4 PLC S 0 158 343 6 033 6 218 6 376 407 5 970 0 375 3 935 4 130 12 380 12 565 16 125 16 500 D2863 18 VSD 01 17 01 9 1085 51 022 Figur...

Страница 274: ...12 6 Installation BE1 951 Figure 12 5 BE1 951 H1 Case Dimensions Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 275: ...51 Installation 12 7 Figure 12 6 Adapter Bracket for Mounting a Single Relay n a 19 Inch Rack Figure 12 7 Adaptor Bracket for 19 Inch Rack Mount with ABB FT Cutout Switch Courtesy of NationalSwitchgea...

Страница 276: ...729 0 485 0 0 344 0 993 0 1 023 9 475 9 505 10 154 10 498 Inches 0 0 344 0 485 0 729 0 993 1 023 3 729 3 973 4 458 9 475 9 505 10 154 10 498 Millimeters 0 8 738 12 319 18 517 25 222 25 984 94 717 100...

Страница 277: ...BE1 951 Installation 12 9 Figure 12 9 Single H1 Relay Mounting Dimensions for Panel Mounting Without an Escutcheon Plate Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 278: ...18 517 25 222 25 984 94 717 100 914 113 233 456 616 457 378 473 862 482 60 4 458 3 973 3 729 0 729 0 485 0 0 344 0 993 0 1 023 18 656 19 000 17 977 18 007 C L C L 4 905 124 587 1 5 38 1 4 45 113 03 1...

Страница 279: ...BE1 951 Installation 12 11 Figure 12 11 Mounting Dimensions for Panel Mounting Two H1 Relays Without an Escutcheon Plate Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 280: ...erminal Strip A to the rear panel Remove the terminal strip and set it aside Remove the remaining Phillips screw from the rear panel and set the rear panel aside Step 5 Arrange the two cases so that t...

Страница 281: ...ciated with the model and style number found on the relay nameplate Refer to the Style Number identification chart in Section 1 for options Be sure to use the correct input power for the specified pow...

Страница 282: ...AC connections for the BE1 951 are shown in Figures 12 15 and 12 16 NOTE The relay should be hard wired to earth ground with no smaller than 12 AWG copper wire attached to the rear ground terminal of...

Страница 283: ...BE1 951 Installation 12 15 Figure 12 16 Typical AC Connections Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 284: ...951 Sidebar 12 1 provides fundamental information on CT polarity and protective relays Sidebar 12 1 Current Circuit Polarity By ANSI convention Current Transformer Polarity will face away from the pro...

Страница 285: ...ght fit against the lug screw feels tight but lug may move under the screw head The maximum wire lug width accommodated by the current circuit terminal block on the H1 case is 344 inches 8 6 mm The ma...

Страница 286: ...on System or the BE1 GPS Generator Protection System Notes 1 The neutral ground IN operates on internally calculated residual 3Io current 2 VTP connections shown are for H1 case See Figure 12 13 for S...

Страница 287: ...Figure 12 20 for alternate VTP connections 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from High Side to Low Side defined as power out and watts 5 Optional Independent Ground Input IG connect...

Страница 288: ...polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from High Side to Low Side defined as power out and watts 5 Optional Independent Ground Input IG connected to one CT inside the delta to protect an unl...

Страница 289: ...0 for alternate VTP connections 3 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Bus to Load defined as power out and watts 4 Optional Independent Ground Input IG supplied by a core balance C...

Страница 290: ...izing 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Bus to Line defined as power out and watts OC elements set for forward trip 5 Current polarizing input to IG provides zero sequence pola...

Страница 291: ...ower flow from Bus to Line defined as power out and watts OC elements set for forward trip 5 Current polarizing input to IG provides zero sequence polarization for ground faults 6 VTX can be connected...

Страница 292: ...or ground faults 3 wire connection provides negative sequence voltage polarizing 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Bus to Line defined as power out and watts OC elements set fo...

Страница 293: ...r alternate VTP connections The 4 wire connection provides negative and zero sequence voltage polarizing for ground faults 3 wire connection provides negative sequence voltage polarizing 4 CT non pola...

Страница 294: ...voltage 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Transformer LS to Bus defined as power out and watts 5 VTX can be connected A N B N C N or A B B C C A For the VTP connection shown VT...

Страница 295: ...ernate VTP connections 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Generator to Transformer defined as power out and watts 5 VTX is set for GR and connected to the external 3Vo source fo...

Страница 296: ...or ground faults 3 wire connection provides negative sequence voltage polarizing 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow from Bus to Line defined as power out and watts OC elements set fo...

Страница 297: ...and if selected zero sequence voltage polarizing V0IN or V0IG for ground faults 3 wire connection provides negative sequence voltage polarizing 4 CT polarity connected to relay polarity power flow fro...

Страница 298: ...rtual sensing Settings validation Proper operation of equipment main or auxiliary Proper alarming to SCADA and or targeting Refer to Section 7 BESTlogic Programmable Logic for information about custom...

Страница 299: ...C 5 2 3 MATING CONNECTOR MALE DB 9 DCE 11 16 00 D2881 22 vsd RFL 9660 REAR PORT TO BE1 951 1 2 3 4 5 TXD RXD N C SGND 9 6 7 8 N C N C N C N C N C 20 7 6 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 TXD RXD 5V SGND TXD RXD N C SG...

Страница 300: ...connections are made at a three position terminal block connector that mates with a standard communication cable A twisted pair cable is recommended Connector pin numbers functions names and signal di...

Страница 301: ...actions An external wetting voltage is required for the contact sensing inputs The nominal voltage level of the external dc source must comply with the dc power supply input voltage ranges listed in...

Страница 302: ...inputs to operate at the higher end of the control voltage range Figure 12 38 illustrates the location of the jumper terminal blocks as well as the position of a jumper placed in the high voltage pos...

Страница 303: ...hird Harmonic 13 9 Line and Bus Angle Frequency and Slip Verification 13 9 COMMISSIONING TESTING 13 9 Digital I O Connection Verification 13 10 Contact Sensing Inputs 13 10 Output Contacts 13 10 Virtu...

Страница 304: ...Trip Time Verification 13 36 Over Excitation Volts Hertz Reset Time Verification 13 37 Phase Undervoltage and Overvoltage Pickup Verification 13 37 Phase Undervoltage and Overvoltage Timing Verificati...

Страница 305: ...e Delay Settings 13 19 Table 13 12 150T Time Delay Commands 13 20 Table 13 13 50TQ Pickup Commands 13 20 Table 13 14 50TQ Pickup Commands 13 21 Table 13 15 50 150TQ Pickup Values 13 21 Table 13 16 150...

Страница 306: ...ings 13 47 Table 13 67 Synchro Check Pickup Test Commands 13 47 Table 13 68 Synchro Check Voltage Monitor Pickup Settings 13 48 Table 13 69 Synchro Check 25VM Live Dead Dropout Time Settings 13 48 Tab...

Страница 307: ...lement Pickup Settings 13 64 Table 13 102 Setting Group Change Example Accuracy Limits Increasing Current 13 65 Table 13 103 Automatic Setting Group Control Selection 13 65 Table 13 104 Setting Group...

Страница 308: ...ng Acceptance testing is intended to confirm that a particular relay delivered to a customer meets published specifications Because this is a numerical relay whose characteristics are defined by softw...

Страница 309: ...nd operates correctly as designed TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING AIDS Under test or in service the BE1 951 provides several ways to check operations targets or events A continuous self test monitors the...

Страница 310: ...trees see Section 10 Human Machine Interface Event Reporting Features The SER function of the relay records protective element output changes overcurrent element pickup or dropout input output contact...

Страница 311: ...13 4 Testing and Maintenance BE1 951 Figure 13 1 Rear Panel Terminal Connections H1 Case Figure 13 2 BE1 951 Rear Panel Terminal Connections S1 Case Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 312: ...municates through all ports Reference Commands ACCESS EXIT To communicate with the BE1 951 through any of the three ports use a terminal immulation program such as Hyperterminal or VT 100 terminal run...

Страница 313: ...ACCESS CO OUT CS OUT EXIT R STAT Step 1 Apply an external voltage source within the range of the voltages listed in Table 13 2 to contact sensing inputs IN1 IN2 IN3 and IN4 Table 13 2 Input Contact We...

Страница 314: ...mper wire across relay terminals D2 and D3 D4 and D5 and D6 and D7 Apply an ac current source to terminals D1 and D8 Step 4 Apply the appropriate current values in Table 13 3 to the relay Verify curre...

Страница 315: ...amp relay for 1 amp values divide by 5 Step 2 Apply 100 volts at angle 0 degrees and 1 or 5 amps depending on the current rating at angle 0 degrees to the relay Verify the accuracy of the power readin...

Страница 316: ...requency angle between the two voltages and slip frequency by transmitting the M command to the relay HMI Screens 3 10 and 3 11 can also be monitored to verify the measurements Step 4 Vary the angle o...

Страница 317: ...name and labels Step 3 Verify the recognition and debounce settings for each contact sensing input by using the SG IN command When the SG IN command is transmitted the relay responds with the recognit...

Страница 318: ...The syntax of the CS x43 and CO x43 commands must match or the CO x43 command won t be executed Step 6 Verify each switch position change by using the CO x43 command or through optional HMI screens CT...

Страница 319: ...that are on the relay Copy the data to a text editor such as Notepad and print it out This along with the user s logic diagram provides a complete picture of the relay s protection and control capabi...

Страница 320: ...ser needs are not illuminated or asserted If required alarm information can be read by transmitting the RA or RG STAT commands To reset a Major Minor Logic Alarm first gain write access to the reporti...

Страница 321: ...rotection system can be greatly reduced Relay operating characteristics are a function of programming instructions that do not drift over time Thus the user may wish to verify items that the relay s s...

Страница 322: ...me clock is an optional feature available in BE1 numeric products A 3 6 V 0 95Ah Lithium battery is used to maintain clock function during extended loss of power supply voltage over eight hours In mob...

Страница 323: ...maintenance The fully numeric design of the BE1 951 contains no internal jumpers or mechanical settings and requires no circuit board level calibration The BE1 951 can be fully drawn out of the case W...

Страница 324: ...ational setting is changed To accelerate the testing process two protection elements may have the same setting and are tested at the same time but with different outputs During the pickup dropout test...

Страница 325: ...uracy listed in Table 13 8 Slowly decrease the applied current until OUT1 opens Dropout should occur at 93 to 97 percent of pickup Step 5 Repeat Step 4 while monitoring OUT2 50TN enabled for 3Io Verif...

Страница 326: ...tom logic name SL 50T 1 0 Enables 50TP 50TN 3Io and 50TQ and disables blocking SL VO1 50TPT Enables OUT1 to close for 50TP trip SL VO2 50TNT Enables OUT2 to close for 50TN trip SG CT 1 Sets P N ct rat...

Страница 327: ...hanged to specify the setting group being tested To test settings in group 1 replace the 0 in the S0 x50 commands with a 1 S1 x50 50 150TQ Pickup and Dropout Verification Purpose To verify the operati...

Страница 328: ...percent or 15 mA Table 13 15 provides the upper and lower limits for the specified tests Table 13 15 50 150TQ Pickup Values Sensing Type Pickup Setting Lower Limit Upper Limit 1 A S0 50TQ 0 1 0 0 225...

Страница 329: ...ings Purpose 2 Second TD 5 Second TD 10 Second TD S0 50TQ 0 5 2S S0 50TQ 0 5 5S S0 50TQ 0 5 10S Sets 50TQ TD For a single phase input test I2 Ia 3 Therefore the relay should pick up at a value of thre...

Страница 330: ...ng Type Command Comments 1 A S0 50TN 0 1 0 N S0 150TN 0 1 0 N Sets 50TN pickup at 0 1 A TD 0 non directional Sets 150TN pickup at 0 1 A TD 0 non directional S0 50TN 1 0 0 N S0 150TN 1 0 0 N Sets 50TN...

Страница 331: ...2S S0 150TN 0 5 5S S0 150TN 0 5 10S Sets 150TN TD Step 3 With the current source still connected to terminals D7 and D8 IG step the applied current to 55 amps for 1 amp CT circuit divide by 5 Measure...

Страница 332: ...A S0 51P 0 5 0 5 I2 N S0 51N 0 5 0 5 I2 N S0 51Q 0 5 0 5 I2 N Step 3 Connect a current source to relay terminals D1 and D2 A phase Using the values listed in Table 13 25 Table value x3 for 51Q apply t...

Страница 333: ...erence Commands SL 51P SL 51N SL 51Q SL 151N SL GROUP SL VO Step 1 Connect a current source to terminals D1 and D2 A phase Refer to Figure 13 1 for terminal locations An ohmmeter or continuity tester...

Страница 334: ...ld occur at 93 to 97 percent of pickup Verify 51A and 51N targets on the HMI Repeat step4 while monitoring OUT2 51N Verify the pickup and dropout accuracy of the middle and upper pickup settings for y...

Страница 335: ...Step 3 Table 13 27 must be changed to specify the setting group being tested To test settings in group 1 replace the 0 in the S0 x51 commands with a 1 S1 x51 Voltage Restraint Control Time Overcurren...

Страница 336: ...nt Step 2 Connect and apply 120 Vac three phase 50 or 60 Hertz voltage source depending on users nominal frequency to terminals C13 A phase C14 B phase C15 C phase and C16 Neutral Connect a variable a...

Страница 337: ...o each directional test reset the relay targets HMI Screen from the previous test Table 13 35 67P 50TP Operational Settings Operating Settings Purpose S0 67 Q Sets 67N to Negative Sequence Polarizing...

Страница 338: ...Negative Sequence Overcurrent Elements Step 9 Using Table 13 36 as a guide transmit the 67 setting commands to the relay Table 13 36 67P 50TQ Operational Settings Operating Settings Purpose S0 50TP 0...

Страница 339: ...90 degrees away from the 80 degree positive sequence line angle Verify that OUT2 opens at approximately 170 degrees I lag E and 350 degrees I lag E OUT2 should remain closed from 170 through 80 to 35...

Страница 340: ...me modified accordingly i e all 50 entries would change to 150 and so on Step 27 Optional Repeat Steps 3 through 25 for setting groups 1 2 and 3 Zero sequence Current Polarizing Ground Over current E...

Страница 341: ...relay Prior to each directional test reset the relay targets HMI Screen from the previous test Table 13 41 32 Operational Settings Operating Settings Purpose S0 32 500 50ms F Sets 32 to 500 watts TD...

Страница 342: ...80 degrees I lag E Dropout will occur at 93 to 97 of actual pickup Verify 32 target on the HMI Step 4 With the relay picked up OUT1 closed change the angle of the applied current to 0 degrees I lag E...

Страница 343: ...Alarm setting Continue increasing the A phase voltage until OUT1 closes V H Trip x Freq PU Pickup should occur within 2 percent or 1 volt of the Trip pickup setting Slowly decrease the A phase voltag...

Страница 344: ...s 25 seconds Step 2 Connect a 120 Vac three phase 50 or 60 Hertz voltage source depending on users nominal frequency to terminals C13 A phase C14 B phase C15 C phase and C16 Neutral Refer to Figure 13...

Страница 345: ...ply a 120 Vac three phase voltage source to terminals C13 A phase C14 B phase C15 C phase and C16 Neutral Refer to Figure 13 1 for terminal locations Step 5 Slowly decrease the A phase voltage until O...

Страница 346: ...elay and verify the accuracy of the 59P time delay setting Timing accuracy is 5 percent or 3 cycles of the time delay setting Step 6 Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for the middle and upper time delay settings o...

Страница 347: ...erification Step 1 Using Table 13 54 as a guide transmit the first row of setting commands to the relay Table 13 54 47 Pickup and Time Delay Settings Pickup and Time Delay Settings Purpose S0 47 36 2S...

Страница 348: ...on operation Operation can be verified by monitoring OUT1 OUT2 for 159X Step 4 Connect and apply a single phase 55 Vac voltage source to terminals C13 polarity and C16 non polarity Refer to Figure 13...

Страница 349: ...ing Timeing accuracy is 5 percent or 3 cycles of the time delay setting Step 6 Repeat Steps 5 and 6 for the middle and upper time delay settings of Table 13 54 Step 7 Optional Repeat Steps 2 through 6...

Страница 350: ...ings listed in Table 13 56 Step 8 Optional Repeat Steps 2 through 7 for setting groups 1 2 and 3 Auxiliary Undervoltage and Overvoltage Timing Verification fundamental Vx input Step 1 Using Table 13 6...

Страница 351: ...PU 159X PU to the relay Table 13 62 27X and 59X 159X Pickup Settings Pickup Settings Purpose Undervoltage Overvoltage S0 27X 70 50ms S0 59X 159X 90 50 ms Sets 27X PU at 70 V 59X 159X at 90 V TD at min...

Страница 352: ...ac 3rd harmonic voltage source to terminals C17 polarity and C18 non polarity Refer to Figure 13 1 for terminal locations Step 4 Step the voltage down to 45 volts Measure the time delay and verify the...

Страница 353: ...erfrequency S0 581 69 0 O Sets 581 PU at 69 Hz overfrequency Step 3 Prepare to monitor x81 function operation Operation can be verified by monitoring the programmed output contacts or HMI Screen 1 5 2...

Страница 354: ...he time delay setting Step 5 Repeat Step 4 for the 181 OUT2 and 81 OUT1 elements Step 6 Step the frequency of the applied voltage up from 60 hertz to a value above the 381 overfrequency setting Measur...

Страница 355: ...age source 1 Step 6 Connect a second single phase 50 or 60 Hertz voltage source Auxiliary VTX to relay terminals C17 polarity and C18 non polarity Apply 0 vac Step 7 Output 1 should be closed Slowly i...

Страница 356: ...le 13 70 as a guide transmit the setting commands to the relay Table 13 70 Synchro Check Settings Synchro Check Purpose S0 25 10 10 0 3 0 Sets Delta V Angle Delta Slip and GF BF Mode Step 3 Prepare to...

Страница 357: ...rding EXIT Y Exit and save settings Step 2 Energize relay inputs IN3 and IN4 This enables the BF logic and BF initiate The BF current detector pickup setting is a fixed value that is determined by the...

Страница 358: ...mediately when current was applied Verify that the BF timer operated within the specified accuracy of 5 percent or 11 4 1 4 cycles whichever is greater Step 9 Optional Repeat Steps 3 through 8 for the...

Страница 359: ...3 for On operation Step 4 Transmit the commands in Table 13 77 to the relay These commands change the state of the 43 switch to Off It isn t necessary to gain access for the following steps unless the...

Страница 360: ...commands change the state of the 43 switch to On Result OUT1 contact closes and remains closed Table 13 80 x43 Mode 2 On Commands Command Purpose A Gain write access CS 143 1 Selects 143 for On opera...

Страница 361: ...ss CS 243 P Selects 243 for On operation CO 243 1 Executes 243 for On operation Virtual Breaker Control Switch Purpose To verify 101 virtual breaker control switch operation Reference Commands SL 101...

Страница 362: ...1 Virtual Breaker Control Switch Close Test Commands Command Purpose CS 101C C Selects 101C for Close operation CO 101C C Executes 101C for Close operation Virtual Lockout Latch Purpose To verify 86 1...

Страница 363: ...the 62 timer for Mode 1 testing by transmitting the commands in Table 13 88 to the relay Table 13 88 x62 Mode 1 Test Commands Command Purpose A Gain write access SL N NONE Zero out custom logic setti...

Страница 364: ...Mode 1 Timer Initiate Removal Commands Command Purpose CS 43 0 Selects 43 for Off operation CO 43 0 Executes 43 for Off operation Step 5 Use the RS LGC command to retrieve logic variable data from th...

Страница 365: ...to a FALSE state You may view the state changes of the 143 switch at screen 1 5 4 of the front panel HMI NOTE The 143 switch action is performed twice in this test To illustrate the action of the tim...

Страница 366: ...from FALSE to TRUE and then back to FALSE You may view the state changes of the 343 switch at screen 1 5 4 of the front panel HMI NOTE The 343 switch action is performed three times in this test To il...

Страница 367: ...initiate signal the 62 timer output went TRUE again and then went FALSE after the duration timer T2 expired 20 seconds later Mode 4 Oscillator Because this operating mode is not intended for general...

Страница 368: ...ion Wait no longer than 10 seconds to interrupt the T1 timer CS 43 0 Selects 43 for FALSE operation CO 43 0 Executes 43 FALSE operation Wait at least 5 seconds for the T2 timer to reset CS 43 0 Select...

Страница 369: ...e commands in Table 13 99 to the relay These commands supply a latch input to the 62 timer by changing the 43 switch state to TRUE By changing the BLK input 143 switch to TRUE these commands supply a...

Страница 370: ...2 and 3 Automatic Setting Group Change Purpose To verify the operation of the automatic setting group change function Reference Commands SL GROUP SG SGCON SP GROUP CS CO GROUP SL 51 S g 51 Automatic C...

Страница 371: ...70 of SG0 51P setting SP GROUP2 1 90 1 85 51P SG2 ts 1min 90 tr 1min 85 of SG0 51P setting SP GROUP1 1 110 1 100 51P SG3 ts 1min 110 tr 1min 100 of SG0 51P setting EXIT Y Exit and save settings Step...

Страница 372: ...2 5 Starting point 50 pickup 3 675 3 825 1 min Switch to SG1 75 SG0 51P 4 405 4 595 1 min Switch to SG2 90 SG0 51P 5 88 6 12 5 min Switch to SG3 110 SG0 51P Step 6 Verify that SG3 is the active setti...

Страница 373: ...UT2 when SG2 became the active setting group and that relay output OUT1 opened Verify that VO3 went TRUE and closed relay output OUT3 when SG3 became the active setting group and that relay output OUT...

Страница 374: ...st procedures Do not change the logic or settings except for those in Step 1 and subsequent Step 1 Transmit the commands in Table 13 106 to the relay These commands set up the relay for binary setting...

Страница 375: ...rate Commands Command Purpose A Gain write access CS 43 0 Selects 43 for FALSE operation CO 43 0 Executes 143 FALSE operation EXIT Exit select and operate mode Step 4 Verify that VO1 goes FALSE and op...

Страница 376: ...Time 99 1373 Similar to ABB CO 8 A 11 Figure A 8 Time Characteristic Curve I2 Inverse Time 99 1597 Similar to GE IAC 51 A 12 Figure A 9 Time Characteristic Curve V V1 Very Inverse 99 1374 Similar to...

Страница 377: ...s of D greater than 0 1 and multiples of 2 to 40 times the pickup setting but not over 150 A for 5 A CT units or 30 A for 1 A CT units Sixteen inverse time functions one fixed time function and one pr...

Страница 378: ...028 3 2500 C Extremely Inverse I2 t 8 2506 0 00000 1 000 2 0469 0 028 8 0000 G Long Time Inverse I2 t 12 1212 0 00000 1 000 1 0000 0 028 29 0000 F Fixed Time N 0 0000 1 00000 1 000 0 0000 0 028 1 0000...

Страница 379: ...you convert the time dial settings of induction disk relays to the equivalent setting for Basler Electric relays Enter time dial settings at HMI screens 5 X 4 1 51P 5 X 4 2 51N 5 X 4 3 151N and 5 X 4...

Страница 380: ...Electromechanical Relay Time Dial Setting 0 5 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 Curve Name Equivalent to Drawing No Basler Electric Equivalent Time Dial Setting S S1 ABB CO 2 99 1369 0 3 0...

Страница 381: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 5 Figure A 1 Time Characteristic Curve S S1 Short Inverse 99 1369 Similar to ABB CO 2 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 382: ...A 6 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 2 Time Characteristic Curve S2 Short Inverse 99 1595 Similar to GE IAC 55 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 383: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 7 Figure A 3 Time Characteristic Curve L L1 Long Inverse 99 1370 Similar to ABB CO 5 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 384: ...A 8 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 4 Time Characteristic Curve L2 Long Inverse 99 1594 Similar to GE IAC 66 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 385: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 9 Figure A 5 Time Characteristic Curve D Definite Time 99 1371 Similar to ABB CO 6 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 386: ...A 10 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 6 Time Characteristic Curve M Moderately Inverse 99 1372 Similar to ABB CO 7 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 387: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 11 Figure A 7 Time Characteristic Curve I I1 Inverse Time 99 1373 Similar to ABB CO 8 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 388: ...A 12 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 8 Time Characteristic Curve I2 Inverse Time 99 1597 Similar to GE IAC 51 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 389: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 13 Figure A 9 Time Characteristic Curve V V1 Very Inverse 99 1374 Similar to ABB CO 9 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 390: ...A 14 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 10 Time Characteristic Curve V2 Very Inverse 99 1596 Similar to GE IAC 53 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 391: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 15 Figure A 11 Time Characteristic Curve E E1 Extremely Inverse 99 1375 Similar to GE IAC 11 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 392: ...A 16 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 12 Time Characteristic Curve E2 Extremely Inverse 99 1598 Similar to GE IAC 77 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 393: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 17 Figure A 13 Time Characteristic Curve A Standard Inverse 99 1621 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 394: ...A 18 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 14 Time Characteristic Curve B Very Inverse 99 1376 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 395: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 19 Figure A 15 Time Characteristic Curve C Extremely Inverse 99 1377 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 396: ...A 20 Appendix BE1 951 Figure A 16 Time Characteristic Curve G Long Inverse 99 1622 Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 397: ...BE1 951 Appendix A 21 Figure A 17 46 Time Characteristic Curve Courtesy of NationalSwitchgear com...

Страница 398: ...Screen ACCESS password Read Set access level in order to change settings N A EXIT Exit programming mode N A HELP cmd or H cmd Obtain help with command operation N A Table B 2 Metering Commands ASCII...

Страница 399: ...rent 4 4 3 1 4 4 3 5 RD PVAR 0 Read Reset peak demand vars 4 4 3 8 4 4 3 9 RD PWATT 0 Read Reset peak demand watts 4 4 3 6 4 4 3 7 RD TI p Report today s demand current 4 4 1 1 4 4 1 5 RD TVAR Report...

Страница 400: ...logic alarm setting mask N A SA MIN alarm num 1 alarm num 2 alarm num n Read Set minor alarm setting mask N A SA MAJ alarm num 1 alarm num 2 alarm num n Read Set major alarm setting mask N A SA RESET...

Страница 401: ...N A SL 24 mode BLK logic Read Set logic for 24 function modules N A SL 25 mode BLK logic Read Set logic for 25 function modules N A SL 27 mode BLK logic Read Set logic for 27 function modules N A SL 3...

Страница 402: ...nd time delay 5 x 6 1 to 5 x 6 6 S g 51 p Pickup Time Delay Curve Read Set 51P 51N pickup level time delay and curve 5 x 7 1 to 5 x 7 4 S g x 59 p Pickup Time Delay Read Set 59 pickup level time delay...

Страница 403: ...to your protection system Settings are grouped in the following order Global Security Settings BESTlogic Settings for User Programmable Logic Scheme Active Protection and Control Logic Protection Set...

Страница 404: ...of the logic scheme or to copy the pre programmed logic scheme Copy Logic W Yes Name SL N Inst OC w Time Delay Mode 0 1 G Blk Input Expr G can be selected for N functions in relays with the independe...

Страница 405: ...xpr SL 62 SL 162 Recloser Mode 0 1 2 RI Input Expr 52Stat Input Expr SL 79 Recloser 2nd Line Delimiters Wait Input Expr DTL Blk Input Expr SL 79 Breaker Failure Mode 0 1 BFI Input Expr Blk Input Expr...

Страница 406: ...otection Mode 0 1 Trip Expression Reset Expression SL 86 USER PROGRAMMABLE LABEL SETTINGS Contact Sensing 10 Character 7 Character 7 Character Input Labels Variable Label 1 State Label 0 State Label S...

Страница 407: ...ion is 3W and PN if VT connection is 4W Nominal Voltage Sec Volts Sec Amps SG NOM Protected Line Parameter settings are used by the 67 function and the distance to fault function Protected Line Parame...

Страница 408: ...set Dial S0 24 Sync Check Delta V Sec V Delta Angle Degr Slip Hz Pf Xf 0 DIS 1 ENA S0 25 25 Voltage Monitor Live Cond Sec V Dead Cond Sec V Dropout Delay M C S S0 25VM 25 Voltage Monitor 2nd Line Deli...

Страница 409: ...M Recloser SCB Output Trip Numbers S0 79SCB GROUP 1 Current Functions Inst OC w Time Delay Pick Up Sec A Time M C S 67 Control N F R S1 50TP S1 50TN S1 50TQ S1 150TP S1 150TN S1 150TQ Time Overcurrent...

Страница 410: ...age Pick Up Sec V Time M C S S1 47 Phase Overvoltage Pick Up Sec V Time M mSec C Cyc S Sec S1 59P Auxiliary Overvoltage Pick Up Sec V Time M C S S1 59X Over Underfrequency Pick Up Hz Time M C S Mode O...

Страница 411: ...ge I Zero Seq Current S2 67N Voltage Functions Volts per Hertz Pick Up Sec V HZ Time Dial Reset Dial S2 24 Sync Check Delta V Sec V Delta Angle Degr Slip Hz Pf Xf 0 DIS 1 ENA S2 25 25 Voltage Monitor...

Страница 412: ...32 Miscellaneous Functions Timers T1 Time M C S T2 Time M mSec C Cyc S Sec S2 62 S2 162 Recloser Time M mSec C Cyc S Sec M is deflt if not specified S2 791 S2 792 S2 793 S2 794 S2 79R S2 79F S2 79M Re...

Страница 413: ...ters Mode 25VM1 Mode 25VM2 DIS 1 DP DX 2 DP LX 3 LP DX S3 25VM Phase Undervoltage Drop Out Sec V Time M C S S3 27P Auxiliary Undervoltage Drop Out Sec V Time M mSec C Cyc S Sec S3 27X Neg Sequence Ove...

Страница 414: ...2nd Line Delimiters R Coefficient SP CURVE Automatic Group Selection Switch Settings Return Settings Grp 1 Auto Settings Time Min Level GRP0 51x Time Min Level GRP0 51x SP GROUP1 Grp 1 Auto Settings...

Страница 415: ...rget Reset via Programmable Logic Expr SG TARG Fault Record Triggers Fault Record Trigger Delimiters Trip Logic Expr SG TRIGGER Flt Record Trigger 2nd Line Delimiters PU Logic Expr SG TRIGGER Flt Reco...

Страница 416: ...OM2 Rear RS485 Port 2nd Line Delimiters Handshake SG COM2 The following settings are only for units with Modbus Style BE1 951 xx xxx1 RS485 Port Modbus Settings EP Format MF0 1 Parity MPN O E Remote D...

Страница 417: ...nd Alarms FWD Threshold Sec W var RVS Threshold Sec W var SA DVAR SA DWATT Volts Hz Alarm Threshold Sec V Hz SA 24 Alarm Priority Mask of Alarm Points Separated by s See Alarm Point List SA LGC SA MAJ...

Страница 418: ...ialog Box PHONE NUMBER a Click drop down menu CONNECT USING Select Direct To ComX where X is the port you are using on your computer b Click OK Step 6 Dialog Box COMX Properties a Make the following s...

Страница 419: ...HyperTerminal is now ready to communicate with the relay Table D 1 describes the required connection for each RS 232 port Table D 1 RS 232 Communication Ports Connection Type Front Port 9 pin female D...

Страница 420: ...set the delay at 1 or 2 10 Sec Disable Word Wrap b Click OK Step 5 Select Settings Communications a Make the following selections Under Connector select the appropriate communication port for your co...

Страница 421: ...ction 4 58 Negative Sequence Overvoltage 4 33 Output Logic 7 5 Overvoltage Elements 4 28 Phase Undervoltage 4 28 Recloser 4 38 Settings 4 13 Sync Check Element 4 44 Time Overcurrent Elements 4 15 Time...

Страница 422: ...e 4 22 Coordination Settings 4 23 Fault type Multipliers 4 23 Negative Sequence Overcurrent 4 19 Curve Coefficients 4 19 Equations 4 18 Programmable Curves 4 18 SP CURVE Command 4 19 O Operating Setti...

Страница 423: ...orting 1 4 Fault Reporting 1 5 6 19 General Status Reporting 1 4 6 6 Relay Identification 1 4 Sequence Of Events Recorder 1 5 STATUS 6 3 Trip Circuit Monitoring 1 4 S SECURITY 9 1 Password 9 1 SETTING...

Страница 424: ...VIRTUAL SWITCHES 4 54 8 1 Status Information 4 56 Voltage Measurement 3 1 VOLTAGE PROTECTION 4 24 Overvoltage 4 27 Voltage Restraint Control 4 17 Phase Time Overcurrent 4 18 Setting Voltage 4 18 VTX C...

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