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Manual for VMP300-based instruments 

 

12 

The  low  current  boards  are  coupled  with  a  channel  board,  so  a  low  current  board  must 

ALWAYS

 be calibrated with the corresponding channel board. 

 
The board installation can be validated in two steps: 

  Firstly,  it  is  recommended  to  calibrate  the  channel  with  the  calibration  tool  which  is 

available in the “

Tools

” menu of EC-Lab

®

. The procedure is described in 8 and also in the 

Technical Note #18. 

  If a further check is needed, it is possible to validate the boards thanks to the dummy cells 

provided with the board(s). 
 

1.3  Software features 

In  general,  any  electrochemical  experiment  is  composed  of  open  circuit  sequences  and/or 
galvanic  sequences  performed  while  measuring  the  potential,  and/or  imposed  potential 
sequences performed while measuring the current. 
Common electrochemical techniques, such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronopotentiometry 
(CP), etc. are obtained by combination of these elementary sequences.  These combinations 
appear in EC-Lab as flow-diagrams for easy visual description for the user. 
 
At various points within any experimental sequence, conditional tests can be performed on the 
working  electrode  potential  or  current,  the  counter  electrode  potential,  or  the  external 
parameters. These conditional tests force the experiment to go to the next step, to loop to a 
previous sequence, or end the sequence or experiment. 
 
The  application  software  package  provides  useful  protocols  for  general  electrochemistry, 
corrosion,  batteries,  super-capacitors  and  custom  applications.  Standard  graphic  functions 
such as re-scaling, zoom, linear and log scales are available. Standard processed files can be 
created  at the user's  convenience  upon  running  an  experiment for the  purpose  of real  time 
display of the experiments in progress. Post processing is also possible using built-in options 
to create variables at the user's convenience, such as derivative or integral values, etc. Raw 
data and processed data can be exported as standard ASCII text files. 
 
The user can find more information about EC-Lab

 software in the software manuals, available 

in the “

Help

” menu of the software.

 

It  is  assumed  that  the  user  is  familiar  with  Microsoft Windows

©

  and  knows  how  to  use  the 

mouse and keyboard to access the drop-down menus. 
 

Summary of Contents for HCV-3048

Page 1: ...Installation and Configuration Manual for VMP 300 based Instruments and Boosters VMP300 based instruments are SP 200 SP 240 SP 300 VSP 300 VMP 300 HCV 3048...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...struments used to calibrate this equipment is traceable to NIST Standards CE certificates available in paragraph 12 Model Chassis serial number SP 200 chassis SP 240 chassis SP 300 chassis VSP 300 cha...

Page 4: ...gic SAS Web www bio logic info Phone 33 476 986 831 Fax 33 476 986 909 Address 1 rue de l Europe Claix 38640 France USA office Bio Logic USA LLC Contact Bill Eggers Phone 1 865 769 3800 Fax 1 865 769...

Page 5: ...t the manual must be strictly adhered to whenever the equipment is operated Only advanced users may use the instrument Bio Logic SAS accepts no liability for accidents or damage resulting from any fai...

Page 6: ...e equipment is connected to its measurement inputs or supply the opening of covers or removal of parts could expose live conductors Only qualified personnel who should refer to the relevant maintenanc...

Page 7: ...r installation Unauthorized structural alterations to the device Unauthorized modifications to the system settings Inadequate monitoring of device components subject to wear Improperly executed and un...

Page 8: ...product s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons This Marking is used to indicate that the equipment is compliant with the European Standards a...

Page 9: ...ts 13 2 1 3 2 HCV 3048 15 2 2 Unpacking and inspection 15 2 3 Electrical equipment requirements 15 2 4 Safety precautions 16 2 5 Communication connections 16 2 5 1 Direct USB connection 16 2 5 2 Direc...

Page 10: ...nection mode 47 5 2 5 High voltage control connection mode 47 5 2 6 Floating mode 48 5 3 Specific connection for high current boosters 48 5 3 1 Connection to the cell with 1A 48V booster 48 5 3 2 Conn...

Page 11: ...ftware 79 8 2 1 Potentiostat galvanostat board calibration 79 8 2 2 Booster board calibration 84 8 2 3 HCV 3048 booster 87 9 Maintenance 91 9 1 Calibration 91 9 1 1 SP 200 SP 240 SP 300 VSP 300 VMP 30...

Page 12: ...mputer save options on data recording 105 12 EC declaration of conformity 106 12 1 SP 200 106 12 2 SP 240 SP 300 107 12 3 VSP 300 108 12 3 1 Horizontal VSP 300 108 12 3 2 Vertical VSP 300 109 12 4 VMP...

Page 13: ...o channel s for the SP series six channels for VSP 300 and sixteen channels for VMP 300 Once started the on board computer fully controls the entire experiment Therefore if the host computer PC Mac et...

Page 14: ...to be inserted in the slots 1 to 4 not 5 and 6 VSP 300 vertical chassis accepts a maximum of 4 booster boards 10 A and 2 A and these boosters can be inserted in any slot Because of power limitation V...

Page 15: ...t The slot 1 is the slot the closest to the communication board The other slot is dedicated to the booster board or the second potentiostat board fff 1 1 1 2 VSP 300 slot numbering 1 1 1 3 Horizontal...

Page 16: ...dle the voltage measurement and control of the set values The connection between the pstat gstat and the booster as well as the connection to the cell will be explained in Chapter 6 Connecting this bo...

Page 17: ...4 boosters can be connected in parallel increasing the current ability up to 120 A 5 Power sockets The 6 mm banana and power sockets allow to connect 10 mm2 power cables that can pass a maximum curre...

Page 18: ...ion fuses are located Each is a 16 A Fast fuse 7 The back panel also features additional safety information as well as the serial number of the instrument 4 Rear ventilation grids for power supply Thi...

Page 19: ...w boards channel board low current board or a booster board they can install them themselves The procedure for this operation is described in the corresponding service note With the newly provided boa...

Page 20: ...for the user At various points within any experimental sequence conditional tests can be performed on the working electrode potential or current the counter electrode potential or the external parame...

Page 21: ...with only one Emergency Stop by connecting the BNCs in the back of all four instruments The connection can be made by using BNC T connector on the Open In of all boosters except the main one on which...

Page 22: ...should be observed It must also be ensured that nothing can block the air flow at the bottom of the instrument Something as harmless as a sheet of paper can reveal itself quite dangerous if it is stuc...

Page 23: ...ertically stacked 2 2 Unpacking and inspection VSP 300 VMP 300 and HCV 3048 are heavy instruments 22 30 and 26 kg respectively and necessitate two persons to unpack and carry them to avoid crashing an...

Page 24: ...network connection one or several PCs to one or several instruments By default the IP address of the instrument is 192 109 209 128 or 192 168 0 1 2 5 1 Direct USB connection This connection can be don...

Page 25: ...gh the network WARNING check IP addresses before connection to avoid any IP conflicts see TCP IP configuration chapter Fig 13 Ethernet cable for network connection 1 INSTRUMENT several PCs Alternative...

Page 26: ...D Rom in the computer The installation is automatically launched with the Autorun function The first software to be installed is EC Lab If your computer does not have a CD Rom drive all software can b...

Page 27: ...aTermPro and other files are located in the in the Program Files directory Fig 18 top Batch Data include the data samples Documents include manuals and getting started document Newsletter Settings inc...

Page 28: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 20 Fig 18 EC Lab software installation Step 5 Top Installation in the Program Files Directory bottom Installation in the Documents Directory...

Page 29: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 21 Fig 19 EC Lab software installation Step 6 Fig 20 EC Lab software installation Step 7...

Page 30: ...ed features and control over the regular EC Lab software Installation of EC lab Express is not required to operate the instrument provided that EC Lab is installed The installation of EC lab Express s...

Page 31: ...r 2 VALID IP NUMBERS FOR YOUR INTRANET and the sub net mask and the gateway numbers if necessary Note 1 Before the installation of the TCP IP protocol your Ethernet board must be properly installed on...

Page 32: ...2 On the General tab click on Properties This will load the window in Fig 23 Fig 23 Local Area connection status 3 Select Internet Protocol TCP IPv4 or TCP IPv6 and click on the Properties button The...

Page 33: ...h the PC This connection requires USB drivers to be installed in the computer operating system Installation of the drivers will vary depending upon the operating system of the computer We highly recom...

Page 34: ...window Step 1 In this window select No not this time and click on Next The following window is displayed Check that the EC Lab installation CD is in the CD drive If it is Windows XP will automaticall...

Page 35: ...o the computer through the USB connection It is not necessary to restart the computer after this installation 3 5 2 Windows Seven Eight 10 Vista installation With Windows seven eight 10 and Vista syst...

Page 36: ...ista 3 5 3 Uninstall USB drivers For this operation please open the folder C Progrm Files Bio Logic USBIO as described in the picture below Double click on uninstall to proceed Fig 29 Uninstall USB dr...

Page 37: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 29 Fig 30 Uninstall USB driver Step 2 Fig 31 Uninstall USB driver Step 3...

Page 38: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 30 Fig 32 Uninstall USB driver Step 4 When you click on the Finish button the USB driver is completely uninstalled...

Page 39: ...delivered with the following IP address commonly used as default 192 109 209 128 or 192 168 0 1 You can either manage your instrument directly with the computer direct connection with the cable or ch...

Page 40: ...he automatic search frame shows the name of the instruments detected with their serial numbers A MAC address is given to each instrument at the factory The MAC address is used to detect the instrument...

Page 41: ...tion of the instrument If the IP address of the instrument is not valid i e two IP addresses are the same or not in the appropriate network the IP address has to be changed In the Devices frame click...

Page 42: ...ick OK to display the New Device window where you have to click Refresh to refresh the window and select your instrument IP address Now the instrument is ready for use Note that it is possible to comm...

Page 43: ...n if its IP Address is not valid in the network It is also used for the detection of instruments connected by USB Fig 40 Device connection window 3 Select the instrument of interest and click on the S...

Page 44: ...is sent to the instrument and a configuration changed message appears in green Several Bip sounds are emitted by the instrument indicating that the communication board is reinitialized with the new IP...

Page 45: ...by the user 4 6 Firmware Downgrading with EC Lab software It is possible to downgrade the firmware of the instrument in an advanced tool available in EC Lab This procedure should only be done by an a...

Page 46: ...test software version here V10 23 The version is listed in the header of EC Lab window Fig 46 connection under the latest version 3 Open Firmware Upgrade Downgrade tool in the Tools menu Fig 47 Firmwa...

Page 47: ...file is selected NOTE if the wrong file is selected the communication board may be damaged Fig 49 Flash location in the EC Lab folder 6 The pathway of the flash of the old version V10 12 is now shown...

Page 48: ...mware is really downgraded Fig 52 Flash loading Fig 53 Upgrading message on the status bar 9 Close the firmware downgrading upgrading window and EC Lab V10 23 The downgrading procedure is now complete...

Page 49: ...ber of the slot where the potentiostat galvanostat board is inserted If additional boards are purchased afterwards user has to plug the appropriate cable to board The serial number indicated on the el...

Page 50: ...EIS maximum value 2 MHz and standard channel boards Once the booster is connected to the potentiostat board connection to the cell is the same as without the booster 1A 48V connected 5 1 2 2 2 2A 30V...

Page 51: ...rent each chassis is connected to the other using the DB15 or CLIO cable Also the BNC Open In in the back of the instrument should also be connected such that when the Emergency Stop button is pushed...

Page 52: ...stackable 2 mm bananas for the connection to the electrochemical cell The ULC electrometer offers also a Guard connector red socket of 2 mm which allows user to protect the cell from external perturba...

Page 53: ...black lead and the terminals should not exceed 50 V The potential between the ground lead and the earth should not exceed 100 V Fig 59 voltage limits in grounded and floating mode The current defined...

Page 54: ...e electrode potential vs Reference electrode It is then possible to plot the change of potential positive negative total as a function of time or state of charge SOC 5 2 2 2 Two electrode connection I...

Page 55: ...in connecting the S1 and the Ground cable to the WE of the cell and S3 and P1 to the CE electrode of the cell as shown below Fig 65 CE to Ground connection mode 5 2 5 High voltage control connection m...

Page 56: ...ome specifications of the instrument can be modified using the floating mode Using the floating mode for measurements will require taking some measurement precautions Indeed the cell connections shoul...

Page 57: ...d in parallel so it is possible to increase the current ability of the channel board by using in parallel numerous 2 A 4 A or 10A boosters For example if 12 boosters of 10A are connected to one potent...

Page 58: ...3 Connection to the cell with HCV 3048 external booster 5 3 3 1 Standard connection Two different cell cables have to be used The voltage cell cable also named HV 48 cable connects the pstat gstat to...

Page 59: ...NG It must be ensured when using boosters in parallel that the BNC cables in the back of the instruments are also connected such that when the emergency stop is triggered either by pushing on the fron...

Page 60: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 52 WARNING In this mode the voltage on the power cable can be equal to 100 Vdc which is dangerous...

Page 61: ...ntact on flat conductor bars max 10mm thick Highly flexible lead with 6mm spring loaded safety socket with snap in lock the same as in the standard power cables Fig 75 Flat contact clamps M6 threaded...

Page 62: ...her with S SL PF10x38 safety fuse cable The axial connection is made by means of a 6mm coupling socket with locking device Fig 78 Clamping contact adapter for M12 hexagonal screw heads 5 4 Auxiliary i...

Page 63: ...6 bits resolution with automatic 2 5 V 5 V 10 V ranges for Analog In1 10V for Analog In2 Input impedance 1 M GND 10 k in series E monitor is a voltage analog output that can be used to inspect Ewe wit...

Page 64: ...he DB9 connector of a channel on one end with 8 BNCs on the other end The available signals are E monitor I monitor Trigger In Trigger Out Analog In1 Analog In2 and Analog Out Another cable is also av...

Page 65: ...onsidering the capacity and the time constant TC of the studied cell but also the experimental conditions Considering these factors the most appropriate bandwidth SF is given 1 A 1 M 10 A 100 k 100 A...

Page 66: ...s 7 1 mF 1 ks 100 s 1 10 s 2 1 s 3 100 ms 4 10 ms 5 1 ms 6 10 mF 10 ks 1 ks 100 1 10 s 2 1 s 3 100 ms 4 10 ms 5 100 mF 100 ks 10 ks 1 ks 100 s 1 10 s 2 1 s 3 100 ms 4 1 F 1 Ms 100 ks 10 ks 1 ks 100 s...

Page 67: ...l parameters to configure the external device to either be controlled via the analog output left column or record measure data via analog input 1 and 2 right column The procedure for the configuration...

Page 68: ...Cell characteristics window and activated for recording In the Selector the created variables are displayed and can be plotted These auxiliary variables can be used in several protocols as conditiona...

Page 69: ...his cable has a DB9 connector on one end and three wires named Analog Out Trigger Out and 1 Ground on the other end PN 092 22 11 The connection procedure is as follows Connect the DB9 cable to the fro...

Page 70: ...annels designed to drive a RDE are currently connected to the RDE If so click on External Devices and the following window will be displayed Fig 87 Rotating electrode control configuration Under Devic...

Page 71: ...rotating electrode unit but it will only have effects on electrochemical instruments equipped with a rotating system 6 4 3 Temperature control Temperature control is possible with the auxiliary output...

Page 72: ...efine both the frequency range and the resistance range The results of this experiment are displayed to the right A process is also available to calculate the amount of a species electro disposed onto...

Page 73: ...t available for experiments but can be used as a user s interface The user can select his virtual instrument in the Devices frame click on the Virtual potentiostat button then the corresponding softwa...

Page 74: ...the hardware compensation is about 100 times faster This option is compatible with ULC cable and booster boards Fig 93 ARG option ARG specifications Scan ranges 1 MV s 10 kV s 100 V s 1 V s Scan resol...

Page 75: ...ere separated in the same manner as the DB9 to BNC adaptor Fig 94 IS1 option IS1 specifications Analog I O Digital I O Input IN1 IN2 Input Trigger In Open In Input impedance 1011 15 pF Input impedance...

Page 76: ...ted by two sturdy crocodile copper clips similar to automobile battery clips The scheme below Fig 96 shows how to connect in parallel five boosters inserted in the VSP 300 chassis All the boosters nee...

Page 77: ...possible to use several CC5 For 2A and 10 A boosters only 4 boosters can be used in parallel or independently 7 4 MP MEA option MP MEA option is especially dedicated to applications using micro elect...

Page 78: ...e connectors The Ultra low current probe to cable and DB 15 connector to connect MP MEA to the board are available at the rear panel of the MP MEA Two cables are needed to connect MP MEA to instrument...

Page 79: ...100 Dummy Cell for Booster 7 5 3 Test Box 2 The Test Box 2 is a tool specifically designed for checking the calibration of the standard channel boards of our instruments This test box is made of one...

Page 80: ...Test Box 3 1 2 3 Fig 103 stationary curve obtained with Test Box 3 7 6 Temperature probe To allow the user to measure temperature temperature probe PN 092 22 13 can be connected to the auxiliary inpu...

Page 81: ...lopment package includes a LLB LabVIEW library where the functions of the DLL are implemented Requirements LabVIEW V8 5 or higher This development package includes a DLL with specific functions for co...

Page 82: ...s the user needs a dummy cell DC2 shown in Fig 106 This is the dummy cell provided with each channel board The cell cable has to be connected as shown in the Fig 106 Fig 106 Front panel of a channel b...

Page 83: ...rt the measurement Select the whole resulting curve Fit the resulting data with the Linear Fit tool available in the Analysis menu or by clicking on Shift F2 Fig 108 Default settings of the CV techniq...

Page 84: ...el board with EIS option The procedure is the following Load the PEIS technique with the default settings on the channel of interest Fig 111 Fig 111 Default settings of PEIS technique NOTE For longer...

Page 85: ...n Fig 113 Fig 113 Results of Z Fit Check the fitted values They have to be close to the theoretical values The theoretical values for DC2 are summarized in Tab 8 Table 8 The theoretical values of the...

Page 86: ...cedure is similar to the procedure described in II 1 Because of the involved current the dummy cell DC2 has to be exchanged by the dummy cell for booster Fig 114 Fig 114 Dummy cell for boosters The vo...

Page 87: ...board calibration window appears 3 Select the channel you want to calibrate with the drop down box 4 Select the type of the calibration you want to run with the drop down box three different calibrat...

Page 88: ...rd and the channel and or amplifier board s depending on the selected calibration A wizard helps the user to use the appropriate connection NOTE Hereafter the Channel Amplifier is selected If user sel...

Page 89: ...MP300 based instruments 81 9 Connect the cell cable of the channel board to the calibration board and click on the Next button 10 Connect the two DB15 connectors using DB15 BB15 cable and click on the...

Page 90: ...0 based instruments 82 11 Connect the two DB9 connectors using DB9 DB9 cable and click on the Next button If the DB15 DB15 is not correctly connected a warning message appears 12 Then the calibration...

Page 91: ...not be saved and the calibration process is not completed Before contacting your local representative please check again if all the cables were properly connected 15 If you selected Channel calibrati...

Page 92: ...drop down box and click on the Next button Hereafter only the calibration procedure of the 4A amplifier is described but the procedure is the same for the other boosters 17 Connect the cell cable and...

Page 93: ...e P1 P2 connector coming from the amplifier board to the P1 P2 of the cell cable coming from the channel two 4mm to 2mm adapters are provided with the amplifier board and click on the Next button 20 I...

Page 94: ...r more items failed a warning message indicating that the value of the calibration will not be saved and the calibration process is not completed Before contacting your local representative please che...

Page 95: ...n leaving the factory will be lost because the calibration board does not have the highly precise components needed to calibrate over the whole 48 V range that is covered by the HCV 3048 Nevertheless...

Page 96: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 88 Note the blue lead of the HV 48 must be connected to the white S2 connector on the calibration board and not on the blue S3 connector...

Page 97: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 89...

Page 98: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 90 The next steps are similar to the in built boosters...

Page 99: ...by performing a calibration using the calibration board and specified in 10 2 7 the user can send the controlling potentiostat board to the factory to allow a calibration with the HCV 3048 giving the...

Page 100: ...ottom side of the vertical VSP 300 with the air filter outlined in red Fig 117 Bottom side of the HCV 3048 with the air filter outlined in red 9 3 3 Fuses WARNING To maintain protection from electric...

Page 101: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 93 On the HCV 3048 the fuses are located on the rear of the instrument on the left of the power socket Fuse location on the VMP 300 family instruments...

Page 102: ...264 50 60 650 2 x 5 AF 260x530x510 22 VSP 300 Vertical 90 264 50 60 650 2 x 5 AF 337x254x517 20 VMP 300 90 264 50 60 1500 2 x 10 AF 533x315x563 30 HCV 3048 85 264 47 440 1700 2000 2 x 16 AF 0 48 Vdc 3...

Page 103: ...V the resolution is 10 V For 0 0 32 V the resolution is 5 V For 0 0 13 V the resolution is 2 V For 0 0 06 V the resolution is 1 V Accuracy 1 mV 0 03 of setting Lowest resolution 1 V Current control Ra...

Page 104: ...control amplifier 2 Analog Inputs Automatic 2 5 V 5 V 10 V ranges 16 bits resolution 1 Analog Output 16 bits resolution on the 10 V range 2 Digital Inputs TTL level Trigger input and Open input 1 Dig...

Page 105: ...00 pA 1 nA 10 nA 100 nA Additional Ranges with gain 1 pA 10 pA Maximum Resolution 0 004 of the range Accuracy 0 1 of range 0 03 of setting for 500 mA to 100 nA ranges 0 1 of range 1 of setting for 10...

Page 106: ...ter board connected to board with EIS option Accuracy Same as the potentiostat galvanostat board but limited at 2 MHz 10 2 4 2A 30 V booster Control amplifier Compliance voltage 30V Compliance current...

Page 107: ...ontrol voltage 3 V 10 V Operating area For VSP 300 chassis there is derating for the slot 5 and 6 red curve For all the other case consider the blue curve Bandwidth 3 dB 4 MHz Slew Rate no load 50 V s...

Page 108: ...rol amplifier Compliance voltage 1V 6V Compliance current 10 A Control voltage 1V 6V Bandwidth 3dB 8MHz Operating area Slew rate no load 50V s Rise Fall time no load 200ns Floating mode yes Parallel a...

Page 109: ...ading Voltage measurement 0 1 0 1 range reading Current measurement 0 3 0 5 range reading Factory when HCV 3048 purchased with pstat board or pstat board returned to factory for calibration with HCV 3...

Page 110: ...ual for VMP300 based instruments 102 EIS contour plot if HCV 3048 connected to board with EIS option Power contour plot WARNING When used with 110 Vac if the HCV 3048 delivers 25 30 A the fuses will b...

Page 111: ...disconnected no firmware loading is possible solid red LED Status n 5 if CLIO cable is unplugged during normal operation solid green LED turns into solid red LED Status n 4 10 2 8 MP MEA General Numb...

Page 112: ...300 based instruments 104 512 Mo RAM 80 GB Hard Drive Screen resolution 1280 1024 Ethernet board with 10 100 base T or USB port Windows XP SP2 Seven Eight 32 or 64 bits 10 Microsoft Corporation All ri...

Page 113: ...onnection direct connection verify that the Ethernet cable is plugged in at both ends network connection verify that the yellow LED is blinking on the instrument front panel and that you have access t...

Page 114: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 106 12 EC declaration of conformity 12 1 SP 200...

Page 115: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 107 12 2 SP 240 SP 300...

Page 116: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 108 12 3 VSP 300 12 3 1 Horizontal VSP 300...

Page 117: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 109 12 3 2 Vertical VSP 300...

Page 118: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 110 12 4 VMP 300...

Page 119: ...Manual for VMP300 based instruments 111 12 5 HCV 3048...

Page 120: ...h 15 pins on the instrument front panel used to connect the channel board to the booster or to the calibration board Default settings settings defined and saved as default by the user and automaticall...

Page 121: ...fer Control Protocol Internet Protocol using IP addresses to identify hosts on a network Triggers option that allows the instrument to set a trigger out TTL signal at experiment start stop or to wait...

Page 122: ...allation 62 Calibration 67 Connection IP Address change 30 Connections cell 38 Instrument 23 Dummy cell for booster 59 EQCM 51 External device QCM 922 51 File Repair 86 Maintenance 76 Network 16 QCM 9...

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