Concepts and features
R&S
®
ZNB/ZNBT
209
User Manual 1173.9163.02 ─ 62
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A combination of four-port and two-port networks can be applied to any pair of sin-
gle-ended ports. Moreover it is possible to combine several port pairs in an arbi-
trary order (port pair de-/embedding).
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Single-ended and/or balanced port (de-)embedding can be combined with ground
loop (de-)embedding. A ground loop models the effect of a non-ideal ground con-
nection of the DUT.
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Transformation networks can be defined by a set of S-parameters stored in a
Touchstone file or by an equivalent circuit with lumped elements.
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The same networks are available for embedding and deembedding.
4.6.2.1
Embedding a DUT
To be integrated in application circuits, high-impedance components like Surface
Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters are often combined with a matching network. To obtain
the characteristics of a component with an added matching network, both must be inte-
grated in the measurement circuit of the network analyzer.
The figure below shows a DUT with a single-ended and a balanced port that is com-
bined with a real matching circuit and a physical unbalance-balance transformer
(balun) to be evaluated in a 2-port measurement.
VNA
1
3
2
4
DUT
1
2
3
C1
C3
L
p
Balun
Matching circuit
Single-ended
port
Balanced
port
The idea of virtual embedding is to simulate the matching network and avoid using
physical circuitry so that the analyzer ports can be directly connected to the input and
Offset parameters and de-/embedding
