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Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.

SIR® 4000

Manual

MN72-433 Rev F

1

Chapter 1: Introduction

This manual is designed for novice and experienced users of ground penetrating radar. It is intended as
both a reference and a teaching tool and it is recommended that you read the entire manual, regardless of
your level of GPR experience. For information about GPR theory, please see the general geophysics
references that can be found in Appendix F.

If you experience operation problems with your system, GSSI Technical Support can be reached
Monday-Friday, 8:30 am 5 pm EST, at 1-800-524-3011, or at (603) 893-1109 (International).

1.1: Unpacking Your System

Thank you for purchasing a GSSI SIR

®

4000 (hereafter referred to as SIR 4000). A packing list is

included with your shipment that identifies all of the items included in your order. You should check your
shipment against the packing list upon receipt of your shipment. If you find an item is missing or was
damaged during the shipment, please call or fax your sales representative to immediately report the
problem.

Your SIR 4000 system contains the following items:

1- Digital Control Unit (DC-4000) with preloaded operating system.

1 - Transit Case

2 - Batteries

1 - Charger

1 - Sunshade

1 - Operation Manual
1 - GSSI Manual CD
1 - USB Drive
1 - Universal Mounting Bracket

Your choice of antenna, cables, and post-processing software is available for an additional purchase.

1.2: General Description

The SIR 4000 is a lightweight, portable, ground penetrating radar system that is ideal for a wide variety of
applications. It is designed to operate GSSI single digital antennas, single analog antennas, or dual
frequency antennas. The system will not support the simultaneous operation of a digital and analog
antenna. The various components of the SIR 4000 are described below.

The major features of the control unit are the keypad, control knob, 10.4 inch LED display with 1024 by
768 pixel resolution, connector panels (HDMI Video Out, USB 2.0, Ethernet, Serial Port I/O, digital and
analog antenna connectors, power, GPIO Connector, micro-USB), battery slot, and indicator lights. The
display screen allows you to view data in real time or in playback mode. It is readable in bright sunlight,
although a sunshade for the unit is available. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight will cause the screen
to heat up and may affect screen visibility.

There are two latching panels on the sides of the unit. These contain the battery slot, Micro-USB port, and
Ethernet port. To open the panels, rotate the locking pin counter-clockwise until it is loose. To close the
panel press it firmly, push the locking pin in, and rotate the pin clockwise until it tightens. See the figure
below for further detail.

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Summary of Contents for SIR 4000

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Page 2: ...including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 40 Simon Street Nashua NH 03060 3075 USA Printed in the United States SIR RADAN UtilityScan PaveScan are registered trademarks of Geophysical Survey Systems Inc ...

Page 3: ...the device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES 003 Contains FCC ID VRA SG9011089E Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to op...

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Page 5: ... 5 Playing Back Collected Data 58 3 6 Saving an Image 58 Chapter 4 Using Quick3D Mode 59 4 1 Quick3D File Structure 59 4 2 Setting Up a Physical 3D Grid 60 4 3 Setting Up Quick3D Collection 61 4 4 Step By Step Quick3D Setup 62 4 5 Collecting 3D Data 65 4 6 Modify the 3D Display during Collection 67 4 7 GPS Enabled 3D Collection 69 4 8 Quick3D Playback 70 Chapter 5 Summary of Pre Set Mode Parameter...

Page 6: ...ing GPS 129 9 3 What is the DZG File 131 9 4 What is WAAS 133 9 5 What is NMEA 133 Appendix A SIR 4000 System Specifications 135 A 1 System Hardware 135 A 2 Data Acquisition and Software 136 A 3 System Includes 136 Appendix B Updating the Software and Firmware 137 Appendix C The How To s of Field Survey 139 C 1 Site Selection 139 C 2 Targets 140 C 3 Data Collection Methods 2D vs 3D 142 Appendix D ...

Page 7: ...al CD 1 USB Drive 1 Universal Mounting Bracket Your choice of antenna cables and post processing software is available for an additional purchase 1 2 General Description The SIR 4000 is a lightweight portable ground penetrating radar system that is ideal for a wide variety of applications It is designed to operate GSSI single digital antennas single analog antennas or dual frequency antennas The s...

Page 8: ...eScan Optical When using either the black pad or the optical reader RADAN 5 or 6 Data collected with a SIR 4000 is not compatible with RADAN 5 or 6 You will need RADAN 7 or a later version in order to view and process data collected with the SIR 4000 Orange Control Cables The SIR 4000 will not work with the short orange attenuated control cable that was sold with the SIR 2000 The SIR 4000 will onl...

Page 9: ...he SIR 4000 to make proper contact The cable should only be hand tightened Do not use a wrench to tighten the connection as over tightening will result in damage The cable connector collar should be screwed down far enough to cover the red line on the SIR 4000 connector The only proper time to attach or detach an antenna is with system power off Be sure to unplug any external power and to remove t...

Page 10: ...he SIR 4000 The keypad has sixteen 16 buttons two 2 indicator lights and a control knob All of the keypad button functions will have alternative keyboard implementation except the Power Button Power Button This button turns the SIR 4000 on and off To start up the system insert a battery or connect the optional AC power adapter and push the green power button To turn the system off press and hold t...

Page 11: ...ton is in the center These buttons allow you to navigate through the menu tree and make selections Move through the menus by pressing the Up or Down buttons Pressing the Enter button either toggles between On Off options or enables a secondary menu Modify the menu setting by using either the Up Down Left or Right buttons After modifying the secondary option a second press of the Enter button locks...

Page 12: ...an the display screen as this may damage the rubber gasket around the screen and impact the IP rating GSSI recommends using warm water or Windex or another ammonia based cleaner There is not an anti glare coating on this screen as there was with the acrylic SIR 3000 screen protector The screen is protected by a non removable chemically hardened glass 2 Power off before connection disconnecting an ...

Page 13: ...nna with single survey wheel Follow the steps below 1 Single Survey Wheel Encoder Attach the survey handle between the two vertical mounting plates on the top of the antenna with the two removable pins adjust the angle for comfort and connect the marker cable from the handle to the antenna at the MARK port 2 For Use with the Single Survey Wheel Encoder Attach the survey wheel to the brackets at th...

Page 14: ... to turn on the system 6 Existing carts may require mounting hardware to attach to the universal mounting bracket included with the SIR 4000 Note If you purchased a SIR 4000 with a cart as in the UtilityScan System or purchased the cart system separately please see Appendix C Mounting Your SIR 4000 on a Cart The cart also incorporates a survey wheel that is used in place of the larger survey wheel...

Page 15: ...een Digital 2D Digital Antennas Only With Digital 2D Mode the user has complete control over all 2D data collection parameters All parameters in this mode are customizable whereas in an application specific mode some options are limited based on what is necessary and customary for successful data collection Digital 3D Digital Antennas Only In Digital 3D Mode the user has all of the same controls f...

Page 16: ...ngs Starts the system in the last used application mode and project These may be inappropriate settings if the antenna was changed New Project Opens a new project in whichever application mode is currently selected and requires you to create a new Project Name Playback Starts the system in the currently selected mode and prompts you to select a file or multiple files for playback from the last pro...

Page 17: ...ilable frequencies Antenna Model If multiple models of the chosen Antenna Type are available you can select which model of antenna is connected The antenna model is shown on a sticker affixed to the antenna housing Antenna Transmit Rate The antenna transmit rate is in KHz with a Custom rate capped at 100 KHz You can modify the antenna transmit rate if Antenna Type is set to Custom A higher transmi...

Page 18: ...e middle of the GPS Configuration window HDOP The Horizontal Dilution of Precision is the relative accuracy of the horizontal position The system needs an HDOP of 2 or less in order to collect data Radius This indicates the size of the Circular Error Probability which appears in the center of the GPS window as a bull s eye This is the radius of a circle which centers on the mean of the GPS accurac...

Page 19: ...me on the system Use the Control Knob to select and modify the fields Select Apply using either the Control Knob or Arrow keys to accept any changes Firmware View the current software and firmware installed on the SIR 4000 You can also update the software and firmware from this menu by selecting Update Detailed instructions for updating the SIR 4000 software and firmware are available in the Appen...

Page 20: ...OP of 2 or less Yellow GPS Icon The GPS is enabled detected and the data has an HDOP greater than 2 Red GPS Icon The GPS is enabled but not detected Grey GPS Icon The GPS is either not enabled in the GPS menu or it is not detected 2 3 Setup Collect Playback Screen The SIR 4000 Setup Screen displays a preview of the data an Information Bat Setup Menu and Toolbar Information Bar top An information b...

Page 21: ...Time or depth increases down the screen at the same vertical scale that is selected from the Setup Menu to the right of the Main Data Display At the top of the window you will see a color bar This shows you the distribution of colors across the range of reflection amplitudes from negative on the left to positive on the right The exact color and distribution depends on your choice of Colormap Color...

Page 22: ...hich the antenna is moved over the ground The rate is set in the Scans Second setting option The option is often used when it is not feasible to use a survey wheel during data collection Point Mode Point based data collection is usually selected only for very deep applications or very difficult terrain The system will record one scan every time the external marker or Start button is pressed The an...

Page 23: ...of scans per unit of horizontal distance This parameter is the scan spacing when you are collecting with the survey wheel The unit of measure is based on the Units selected from the Introduction Screen and the Horizontal Units selected from the Output Menu Smaller scan spacing produces higher resolution data creates larger file sizes and may require slower data collection For example if Scans Unit...

Page 24: ...ble Soil Type Several different Soil Type options are included on the SIR 4000 Selecting a Soil Type will automatically update the Dielectric with a value which is representative of that soil Custom Automatically appears if the Dielectric Constant is manually changed or when a hyperbola fitting or ground truth are performed during data collection For more information on hyperbola fitting and groun...

Page 25: ...anged during collection Dielectric changes when a known depth is entered Depth Depth Range changes as Dielectric is changed Time Parameter cannot be changed during collection Dielectric changes when a known depth is entered Position Mode This option controls the position of the beginning of the time range 0 ns This is the start of the recorded scan trace Typically having the system auto locate its...

Page 26: ...l When it is set to Auto the SIR 4000 auto calculates the Offset In the associated image above the antenna was moved up and down over the ground surface Notice how the surface reflection moves up to join the direct wave Surface This display option allows you to visually cut out the flat part of the scan and begin at the direct wave thereby showing only the scan from the first reflected target This...

Page 27: ... to add strength to the signal at your own discretion Manual Gain is not recommended for inexperienced users as it is possible to create features in the data by over gaining areas Auto Selecting Auto Gain causes the system to re initialize and adjust the time variable gain curve based on the current scan and the selected number of gain points This is useful if you find that your data is clipped ov...

Page 28: ...evert Returns to the main Setup Screen without saving any changes to the time variable gain curve Save and Exit Saves changes to the time variable gain curve and returns to the Setup Screen When using Manual Gain you can modify the individual gain points using the following steps Use caution when manually adjusting gain point values If you add too much gain to a single point it could create a fals...

Page 29: ...ncy lower than XX MHz FIR High Pass The selected frequency in MHz is the lower limit of the filter Any frequency higher than selected High Pass frequency will be allowed to pass through the filter and be recorded by the system i e system will record any frequency higher than XX MHz FIR Stacking In addition to FIR frequency filters another option is Stacking Stacking is a high frequency noise reduc...

Page 30: ...uder type of filter than the FIR filter The IIR filter is used to remove noise but may change the waveform shape When an IIR filter encounters a feature in the radar data it produces an output that decays exponentially towards zero but never reaches it hence the name infinite IIR filters are not necessarily symmetrical and while they achieve excellent amplitude response their phase response is non...

Page 31: ... ringing These layers can obscure other real horizontal or point source reflectors Filter length should be set to the number of scans equal to the feature length to be removed Any continuous feature within the data such as a water table reflector or a stratigraphic boundary between two soil types may also be filtered out by performing Background Removal Be careful to not filter out desired reflect...

Page 32: ...his removes any FIR high pass FIR low pass IIR high pass or IIR low pass filters that were previously applied After turning off the filters they can only be recovered by turning them on individually or by recalling a previously saved or factory default setup Setup Menu Output This menu controls the data display and file maintenance There are fourteen 14 sub menus to the Output menu depending upon ...

Page 33: ...ection is made you ll return the Collect Setup Screen You can only choose from existing data paths In order to create a new data path return to the Introduction Screen and select New Project When New Project is selected the Edit Project Name menu opens allowing you to change the name of the data path This name will also be used as the default filename You can also delete old project folders throug...

Page 34: ...e Introduction Units menu If Metric then centimeters cm and meters m are available If English then inches in feet ft and yards yd are available Horizontal Units Sets which units of measure are displayed based on the Units selected from the Introduction Screen As an example if you are collecting a long geologic profile you can display the distance in kilometers instead of meters Metric Horizontal u...

Page 35: ...s the geometry of visible hyperbolas in the data to generate an estimated Dielectric Constant During data collection you ll also have the option to turn the hyperbola On or Off Toggle Show Hyperbola On or Off by pressing the Control Knob or the Enter key Colormap This menu option offers 30 available Colormap options i e color tables Select the menu by pressing the Control Knob or Enter key and the...

Page 36: ... reflections It is in decibels dB and can range from 1 100 You can select different spacing using the Control Knob or the arrow keys Fill Point Mode Only This is the percent of the scan s positive peaks that are filled in and will appear black during data collection and playback Setup Menu System This menu includes general settings such as how files are saved and default setups There are eight 8 o...

Page 37: ... collecting the next transect Save Setup You can save all of the settings from the Radar Process and Output menus to be recalled at a later date When Save Setup is pressed using either the Control Knob or the Enter key a menu opens with sixteen 16 available setups Setup01 Setup16 Setup00 is the current setup which is automatically saved anytime data is collected You can also create a New Setup fro...

Page 38: ...alibrate SW menu without saving 1 Select calibration distance The default distance is 10 meters or feet but this distance can be changed The longer the calibration distance the more accurate the calibration should be 2 Position Antenna on the Start mark The antenna or system can be positioned anywhere at the start as long as you use the same point on the antenna or system when you stop 3 Press the...

Page 39: ...eel survey wheel for 3101 Series 900 MHz antenna 2000 ticks Model 620 16 wheel 400 MHz and 200 MHz tow behind 417 ticks Model 613 StructureScan Cart 2000 ticks Model 623 624 625 Survey Cart 2 or 3 Wheel UtilityScan Cart 1785 ticks Model 614 615 Survey Handcart Blue metal StructureScan Cart with or without bar code reader 4030 ticks Model 643 644 Survey Cart Large 4 Wheel UtilityScan Cart 3140 tick...

Page 40: ... to as display gain It increases the amplitude of your data by multiplying every sample by a constant value This will enhance weaker reflections but those already strong reflections may be over gained This function is useful for a quick viewing of data that is attenuated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not clipped You can change the Gain from 12 to 60 Negative values weaken the ...

Page 41: ...ill say On To turn the H Cursor off press the H Cursor control button until it says Off Play Mode If you click this button while in the Setup Collect Mode the system will prompt you for a file to open and playback from the current project folder Use the Control Knob or arrow keys to select a saved file You can select multiple files to playback in sequence Select All Selects all files in the curren...

Page 42: ...al to the option in Setup Collect Mode see above Zoom This Zoom option is identical to the option in Setup Collect Mode see above Select File Opens a list of files within the current project folder to open into Playback Mode You can navigate through the list using either the Control Knob or the arrow keys Select a file to open by pressing the Control Knob Then open the file by pressing the Enter k...

Page 43: ...showing the current settings including Radar Parameters Positioning information and Processing History In Collect Mode To begin Collect Mode press on the green Start button while in the Setup Collect Mode After the Start button is pushed data will start to fill in from the left moving to the right at a rate dependent upon the type of collection mode chosen In Collect Mode the Command Bar will chan...

Page 44: ...is pressed a subsequent scan will be added to the data display starting from the left and progressing to the right Gain This Gain option is also referred to as display gain see section 2 4 above for screenshots It increases the amplitude of your data by multiplying every sample throughout your scan by a constant value The result is that you will be able to better see weaker reflections but those a...

Page 45: ... during setup Distance Mode Dielectric can be modified during distance based collection when data are not actively being collected as when the survey wheel is stopped or backing up Adjust the Dielectric Constant by pressing the Dielectric control button and using the Control Knob or arrow keys to adjust the value Save the selected Dielectric by pressing the control button again the Control Knob or...

Page 46: ...trol knob or arrow keys to match the known value The vertical scale and Dielectric will change as you adjust the depth value Output Distance Mode This control button opens a menu with options for modifying the data display during collection Dielectric You can adjust the Dielectric Constant during data collection from a value of one 1 to eighty one 81 Changing the Dielectric Constant will change th...

Page 47: ...key Colormap This menu option offers 30 available Colormap options i e color tables Select the menu by pressing the Control Knob or Enter key and then scroll through Colormap 0 29 To preview the different Colormaps if the O Scope is not displayed during data collection return to the Setup Screen Output Menu Color Stretch Selecting Color Stretch allows you to adjust how the selected Colormap is dis...

Page 48: ...for screenshots and other information Color Slide Selecting Color Slide allows you to shift the center point of the selected Colormap over a scan s amplitude range See Output Distance Mode above for screenshots and other information Output Point Mode This control button opens a menu with options for modifying the data display during collection Dielectric You can adjust the Dielectric Constant duri...

Page 49: ...llows you to modify the horizontal scale by zooming in or out by factors of x 1x 2x 4x or 8x See Output Distance Mode above for screenshots and additional information Cursor Dir You can move a horizontal and vertical cursor around the screen during data playback Press the Cursor Dir control button to change the cursor to either Vert ical or Horiz ontal Then use the Control Knob to adjust its posit...

Page 50: ... Cursor at the top of the known target 2 Press the Set Depth control button The depth value for the position of the H Cursor appears above Set Depth 3 Adjust the depth value using either the Control knob or arrow keys to match the known value The vertical scale will change as you adjust the depth value and once the known depth is saved the Dielectric Constant is adjusted Output Distance and Point ...

Page 51: ...On or Off Toggle Show Hyperbola On or Off by pressing the Control Knob or the Enter key Colormap This menu option offers 30 available Colormap options i e color tables Select the menu by pressing the Control Knob or Enter key and then scroll through Colormap 0 29 To preview the different Colormaps if the O Scope is not displayed during data collection return to the Setup Screen Output Menu Color S...

Page 52: ... Knob or Enter key and then scroll through Colormap 0 29 To preview the different Colormaps if the O Scope is not displayed during data collection return to the Setup Screen Output Menu Color Stretch Selecting Color Stretch allows you to adjust how the selected Colormap is distributed over a scan s amplitude range See Output Distance Mode above for screenshots and additional information Color Slid...

Page 53: ...the Introduction Screen General Settings Once the Introduction Screen loads verify Language settings Units of Measure and Theme These options are available in the Toolbar at the bottom of the screen Antenna If not using an antenna with Smart ID choose from the list of available antenna frequencies GPS Configure the GPS Refer to Chapter 7 Using a GPS with your SIR 4000 for instructions New Project ...

Page 54: ...ly it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the depth or time range 3 Scans Unit Generally you need a minimum of 10 scans to draw a recognizable hyperbola The rule of thumb is to have 10 scans divided by the depth of the shallowest object If you want to image a target 10 feet deep 10 scans 10 feet 1 scan foot For 5 f...

Page 55: ... Edit Gain Curve o Add or erase points to modify the gain curve o Save and Exit to return to the Collect Setup screen Output Menu 1 Scale and Units Verify that you are using the appropriate vertical scale vertical units and horizontal units 2 Colormap Color Stretch and Color Slide Check that you are using your preferred color scale settings System Menu 1 AutoSave With AutoSave turned on you ll aut...

Page 56: ...f the Enter key to highlight the New Calibration Value box 3 Rotate the Control Knob or use the up and down arrows to enter in the correct value 4 Click the right arrow to save and exit Once the desired survey wheel calibration is achieved select Apply The current value will be saved and the Calibrate SW menu will close Press the Quit Toolbar key to return to the main Introduction Screen Step 3 Da...

Page 57: ...e a checkerboard pattern Gain differences will mask features and create edge effects Select Datapath GSSIs recommend creating separate datapaths when collecting a bi directional 3D grid Create new folders for files collected in the X direction and for files in the Y direction AutoSave Set AutoSave to Off This will pause the system between profiles allowing you to reposition the antenna to start th...

Page 58: ...nna is moving over the survey surface Data density is improved with higher Scans Second and slower antenna speed Time based data has no real distance tag so the software does not know how far you actually traveled It is extremely important to move the antenna at a constant speed and to add user marks by clicking the mark button at consistent intervals Time based data requires additional processing...

Page 59: ... As you do so watch the scan trace displayed in the O Scope window When the scan trace gets to a depth time where there is more noise or interference than signal strength you ll see the scan trace jump from negative to positive and appear craggy To setup the system so that you re collecting the maximum range of data possible you ll want to see some of that noise in the scan trace If no noise is ap...

Page 60: ...Init when your signal quality changes between profiles Edit Gain Curve If portions of the signal are under or over gained after using Auto Gain Mode you can try increasing or decreasing the number of gain points The number of gain points selected are evenly distributed along the scan trace and changing the number of points can change where along the scan trace amplification is increased or decreas...

Page 61: ...em prompt will pop up giving you the option to save or discard the current file Once an option has been selected push and hold down the red Stop button for two seconds and you will return to the Collect Setup screen 3 4 Setting Up for Point Mode Data Collection The third data collection mode on the SIR 4000 is for Point mode data collection This mode is most useful for deep geophysical investigati...

Page 62: ... the screen drag the antenna over the area As you do this watch the scan trace displayed in the O Scope window When the scan trace gets to a depth time where there is more noise or interference than signal strength you ll see the scan trace jump from negative to positive and appear craggy To setup the system so that you re collecting the maximum range of data possible you ll want to see some of th...

Page 63: ...y increasing or decreasing the number of gain points The number of gain points selected are evenly distributed along the scan trace and changing the number of points can change where along the scan trace amplification is increased or decreased o Set Gain Mode to Manual o Select Edit Gain Curve o Add or erase point to modify the gain curve o Save and Exit to return to the Collect Setup screen 2 Sta...

Page 64: ...allows you to save a screenshot of the entire SIR 4000 screen and save that image automatically to the SIR4000 memory as a Portable Network Graphics PNG file A PNG file is a picture file that you can email to the client or print off You do not need RADAN to see a PNG file any PC or Mac computer can open it Screen Capture is available in any mode and in Collect or Playback How to Use Screen Capture...

Page 65: ...s are the DZT files and each one has a corresponding header filer the DZX The BZX is a grid assembly file that tells RADAN how to assemble the individual files into a grid In the screenshot a 50 foot x 50 foot area was surveyed in one direction only with profiles spaced every 2 feet This survey created 26 DZT and DZX files 1 every 2 feet including the line at 0 and 1 BZX file The Grid was named GR...

Page 66: ...lue line a This is your baseline 2 Pull one tape measure 10 units from 0 0 green line b to 0 10 3 Pull one tape measure from 10 0 to 0 10 green line c 4 Move both green tapes together so that 10 on line b connects to 14 14 on line c The point that they connect is the grid corner You will know that the corner at 0 0 is square because this method produces a right triangle 5 Repeat for the corner 10 ...

Page 67: ...t be regular For example you cannot start your grid at one interval and change halfway through to another If you need to change the line spacing you must start a new grid with the new parameters Survey Directions X Y or both 3D surveys are typically collected along both the X and Y grid axes If you only want to collect on the X or the Y you must also change the parameters for the unused grid direc...

Page 68: ... the modes listed at the top Then select New Project to create a new project folder After selecting Apply you will see the Setup screen with the menu on the right O scope in the upper middle data preview in the upper left and a grid preview in the bottom center of the screen Step 2 Setup If you ve previously saved a setup or would like to start with a default setup then you should recall it before...

Page 69: ...start as long as you use the same point on the antenna or system when you stop 5 Press the Start button This is the green Start button located on the keypad of the SIR 4000 6 Move antenna to the stop mark This should match the same location on the antenna or system where you started 7 Press Stop button This is the red Stop button located on the keypad of the SIR 4000 8 Repeat steps 3 6 at least tw...

Page 70: ... you re going to collect the lines using Forward Zigzag or Reverse Line Order Forward and Reverse will take longer to collect However these have potential for fewer offset errors created by uneven ground surface or a slightly misshapen grid Potential offset errors created by collecting in Zigzag can be corrected in RADAN Step 5 Enter Collection Screen Once you are satisfied with the grid and setti...

Page 71: ...the green Start button This initiates data collection of Line 1 Nothing will happen until you begin to push or pull the survey wheel Once the survey wheel starts moving in a forward direction or whichever direction was used during SW calibration you will start collecting data and see the yellow line progress across the screen After traveling the distance that you specified in 3D Setup the SIR 4000...

Page 72: ...our current location press the green Start button to collect or recollect the line The new data file will be stored with the proper positioning info and any old data will be overwritten Step 4 Adding a Line Segment You can collect portions of a line or stop and start collection along a line by using the Add Segment button There are two ways to use this button Offset the Starting Position You can c...

Page 73: ...Stop button This will end collection of the 3D grid save the grid and return you to the 3D Setup Screen You are now ready to start collecting the next sequential grid in the same project Select New Grid from the Toolbar to enter the Quick3D Setup Screen with the next sequential grid selected To change to a different project press and hold the red Stop button a second time to return to the Introduc...

Page 74: ...th of the slice map in the Grid Display in half inch increments Slice Thickness Adjusts the slice thickness from zero 0 inches to the maximum selected depth range in half inch increments The slice is centered on the location of the H Cursor Dielectric You can adjust the Dielectric Constant during data collection from a value of one 1 to eighty one 81 Colormap This menu option offers 30 available C...

Page 75: ... of the data during collection Viewpoint Viewpoint adjusts the perspective to view the grid You can adjust the Viewpoint from 0 40 to 1 where 0 40 will provide almost a straight forward view of a 2D profile as you would see during 2D data collection This will not preview through the Output menu unless Viewpoint Toggle was selected from the Toolbar Home Resets Rotate and Viewpoint to zero 0 Marks o...

Page 76: ... this occurs you can either pause data collection waiting until the satellite turns green again or continue collecting data knowing that this portion of the line is not georeferenced 4 8 Quick3D Playback Quick3D Playback allows the user to display previously collected 3D data as a grid or in 2D profiles recollect data within a previously collected grid and modify some settings used during the orig...

Page 77: ... is also referred to as display gain It increases the amplitude of your data by multiplying every sample throughout your scan by a constant value The result is that you will be able to better see weaker reflections but those already strong reflections may be over gained This function is useful for a quick viewing of data that is attenuated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not cli...

Page 78: ...ust the vertical location of that line This can be used to acquire more accurate depth information Press Scan Cursor until it shows H Cursor Use the Control Knob to adjust the vertical location of the horizontal line The location of the H Cursor is shown as the Slice Depth on the display and the thickness can be adjusted under the Output Menu Rotate You can adjust the rotation of the 3D grid using...

Page 79: ... Selecting Color Slide allows you to shift the center point of the selected Colormap over a scan s amplitude range A negative number shifts towards the positive amplitudes and positive number shifts towards the negative amplitudes o Adjusting the Color Slide may allow you to see more subtle variations in the data Left Color Slide 0 20 Middle Color Slide 0 Right Color Slide 0 20 Rotate You can rota...

Page 80: ...cting a Different Quick3D Grid To select a different 3D grid for playback press and hold the red Stop button to exit the Playback screen and return to the Introduction Screen At this point you ll be able to select a different grid or data path by going into Playback Mode ...

Page 81: ...n over all collection parameters The Quick3D mode is similar to Expert mode in that it is fully customizable but with the added feature of defining an easy 3D data collection project The additional modes are StructureScan2D StructureScan3D UtilityScan coming soon UtilityScan DF coming soon 5 1 StructureScan2D StructureScan2D is meant for a quick and dirty scan of concrete You would use this mode t...

Page 82: ... connected and the dead man switch is engaged it will initialize and data will start to scroll across What You Can Customize There are two setup menus in StructureScan2D Radar and System Radar Menu Change the settings in the Radar Menu in the order that they are listed 1 Scan Density You can adjust the number of scans collected over the distance traveled Below are the options for Scan Density The ...

Page 83: ... 3 AutoSave Allows you to save all of the files you collect or to be selective With AutoSave turned on you ll automatically save every profile If performing real time locating turning this to On may be beneficial as it will decrease the number of selections you have to make to clear your screen It is recommended to turn AutoSave Off if collecting individual profiles to build into a 3D grid using s...

Page 84: ...reScan2D Samples Scan 512 Filters All Scans Second 333 Offset position Gain 3 point Auto Surface position The Dead Man Switch When using the blue cart or the Palm antenna with the SIR 4000 you ll need to hold the Dead Man Switch on the cart or on the Palm antenna during setup and collection If the Dead Man Switch is not engaged the system will only record noise If you see noise in Setup Hold the D...

Page 85: ... file The previous data will be cleared and a new file opened New files will be collected with the same collection parameters as the previous file 5 To return to the Collect Setup screen if AutoSave is set to On push and hold down the red Stop button for two seconds The current file will automatically be saved and you will return to the Collect Setup screen If AutoSave is set to Off press the red ...

Page 86: ...s the Gain control button and use either the Control Knob or Right Left Arrow keys to adjust the gain amount Display Gain is only for display and is not saved with the data Zoom This option allows you to modify the horizontal scale by zooming in or out by factors of x 1x 2x 4x or 8x The system defaults to 1x Zoom on initial startup and when data collection begins This does not affect how the data ...

Page 87: ...izontal Cursor H Cursor to Move and the Set Depth button appears Position the H Cursor at the top of the known target 4 Press the Set Depth control button and the depth of the H Cursor s position appears above Set Depth 5 Adjust the depth value using either the Control knob or arrow keys to match the known value The vertical scale will change as you adjust the depth value and once the known depth ...

Page 88: ... reflections may be over gained This function is useful for a quick viewing of data that is attenuated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not clipped Zoom This option allows you to modify the horizontal scale by zooming in or out by factors of x 1x 2x 4x or 8x Cursor Dir You can move either the horizontal or vertical cursor on the screen during playback Dielectric Set Depth With Sh...

Page 89: ...Setup 1 Select StructureScan3D from the modes at the top of the Introduction screen 2 If using a Smart Antenna such as the 52600S the correct antenna will be selected However if using an older antenna you ll need to select the correct frequency from the Antenna soft key at the bottom of the screen 3 After verifying or selecting your antenna select whether this is a New Project or if you re continu...

Page 90: ...nd directs the software to create a 3D grid with the proper positioning information Opening the grid in RADAN is as simple as opening the BZX file The project folder will also contain a subfolder called Proc This folder contains DZP files that are used to playback the 3D data on the SIR 4000 They are not necessary for 3D viewing or processing in RADAN When transferring data from the SIR 4000 to a ...

Page 91: ... This will open the 3D Collection Screen There are four different ways to view the 2D profiles and 3D slice maps during collection and you toggle through them by pressing the View Toggle control button Grid Display Shows the full 3D grid and your current location within the grid There are three views in this display 2D Profile Shows just the 2D profile and can be used to perform a hyperbola fittin...

Page 92: ...Stop button This will end collection of the 3D grid save the grid and return you to the 3D Setup Screen You are now ready to start collecting the next sequential grid in the same project Select New Grid from the Toolbar to enter the StructureScan3D Setup Screen with the next sequential grid selected To change to a different project press and hold the red Stop button a second time to return to the ...

Page 93: ...he line where you d like to start 2 Press Add Segment and then the green Start button 3 Move antenna to the end of the line and position the center of the antenna over the opposite baseline from where you started 4 Press the red Stop button This will end the line and shift it so that it lines up with the opposite baseline Skipping a Section of the Line You can skip a section in the middle of a lin...

Page 94: ...s the slice thickness from zero 0 inches to the maximum selected depth range in half inch increments The slice is centered on the location of the H Cursor Dielectric You can adjust the Dielectric Constant during data collection from a value of one 1 to eighty one 81 Colormap This menu option offers 30 available Colormap options i e color tables Select the menu by pressing the Control Knob or Enter...

Page 95: ...d from a previous project folder 3 Choose the grid file you want to play back using the Control Know and select it by pressing the Control Knob 4 Press Enter to open the 3D grid 5 A Loading Grid progress bar will appear on the screen to track the progress of opening the grid 6 The 3D grid immediately opens in the StructureSCan3D Playback Screen StructureScan3D Playback Options The Playback Screen ...

Page 96: ...ated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not clipped You can change Gain from 12 to 60 with negative values weakening the entire signal and positive values strengthening the signal by the value shown Fence X and Y Profiles that were collected in either the X or Y direction or both can be viewed during Playback Press this soft key to select which profiles to display Once Fence X or Y...

Page 97: ...a soft key or from the Output Menu To adjust simply press the Rotate soft key and use the Control Knob of rotate the grid on a 360º axis Output Menu This control button opens a menu with options for modifying the data display during playback H Cursor Changes the depth of the slice map in the Grid Display in half inch increments Slice Thickness Adjusts the slice thickness from zero 0 inches to the ...

Page 98: ...e Viewpoint from 0 40 to 1 where 0 40 will provide almost a straight forward view of a 2D profile as you would see during 2D data collection This will not preview through the Output menu unless Viewpoint Toggle was selected from the Toolbar Home Resets Rotate and Viewpoint back to zero 0 Marks on Grid This turns the grid marks on or off Grid marks correspond with the location of the profiles in th...

Page 99: ...recognize them Also discussed in this chapter are unique menu options for specific antennas these antenna specific functions will be noted where applicable 6 1 Setting Up Distance Mode Data Collection Step 1 Introduction Screen Press the green power button and wait for the SIR 4000 Introduction Screen to appear The SIR4000 will automatically recognize the connected digital antenna 300 800 DF 350HS...

Page 100: ...p screen will display either 1 Line Scan view with scrolling data 2 Line Scan view and O Scope Setup Menu Regardless of the digital antenna and display setup you will see a Setup Menu on the right hand side of the screen The Setup Menu has four 4 main menus Radar Process Output and System To collect data you ll need to check or adjust settings in all four 4 menus The options for each Setup Menu wi...

Page 101: ...t the depth range for each of the dual frequencies For example selecting a depth range of 2 0m 4 0m means that the high frequency depth range is 2 0m and the low frequency depth range is 4 0m Note that in Wiggle Mode as you change the depth range you will see the depths change for each frequency s O Scope Also note that the depth range of the low frequency will set the maximum depth of the Blend O...

Page 102: ...e Scans Second is set to 60 and you have configured the system to collect 60 scans a foot If you move more than one foot per second the system will attempt to collect scans which are not available Assuming your Antenna Transmit Rate is 200 KHz the scans second should be at least 240 whenever you are collecting with a survey wheel and are collecting a maximum of 512 Samples Scan If you set Scans Se...

Page 103: ...two options for setting the depth or time range Depth Range The vertical scale displayed in whichever units are selected under the Output Vertical Units menu Depth Range can be set from 1cm to 10000cm 0 4 3900 in Time Range The vertical scale in nanoseconds ns within which the SIR 4000 will record reflections It is proportional to depth viewed because a higher Time Range will allow the energy to p...

Page 104: ...n Your goal should be to have a gain curve that creates a scan trace with balanced amplitude changes from top to bottom 2 Select Auto Gain Mode If Auto Gain Mode is already selected press the Init control button at the bottom of the screen to apply an automatic gain curve to the current scan trace This will re initialize the system and add subtract gain to produce a visible signal Move the antenna...

Page 105: ...data collection speed The maximum value is 1023 scans 5 IIR BG Removal This filter removes horizontal bands of noise These bands are occasionally caused by real horizontal reflectors but they are also caused by low frequency noise such as antenna ringing These layers can obscure other real horizontal or point source reflectors Filter length should be set to the number of scans equal to the feature...

Page 106: ...rsor is placed at the top of the data display Toggle Show Hyperbola On or Off by pressing the Control Knob or the Enter key Output Menu 300 800DF 1 Select Datapath Choose previously created datapath or create a new datapath 2 Scale and Units Verify that you are using the appropriate vertical scale vertical units and horizontal units 3 Scale Color Colormap Color Stretch and Color Slide Check that y...

Page 107: ...low frequencies based on Time or Samples 7 Blend Position Choose between shallow medium and deep This option controls the depth or time at which the high and low frequency data are blended Use this option for viewing a greater or lesser range of each frequency Note this setting can help to optimize data viewing especially when high frequency data are either attenuated with increasing depth time or...

Page 108: ...ll be saved and the Calibrate SW menu will close Press the Quit Toolbar key to return to the main Introduction Screen 5 GPS Config Enter GPS parameters based on the settings for your GPS Press the green start button to begin GPS data collection Once a GPS fix is acquired the GPS Configuration window will show the Fix Quality Number of Satellites and HDOP Use the Control Knob to highlight Apply and...

Page 109: ...D image Note If 3D imaging is your goal it is ideal to collect Distance based data with a survey wheel Most SIR 4000 system parameters are identical in Distance Mode and Time Mode Listed below are the settings that pertain to Time Mode For all other settings refer to Distance Mode Data Collection in Digital 2D see above Radar Menu 1 Collect Mode Set to Time 2 Scans Second Your data density depends...

Page 110: ... Menu 1 Collect Mode Set to Point 2 Depth Time Range There are two options for setting the depth or time range 3 Scans Unit This is the number of scans that will be collected every foot or meter This number will affect how the horizontal scale is displayed during data collection Process Menu 1 Static Stacking Point data is typically collected with some static stacking A good default value here is ...

Page 111: ...n or out to expand or condense the horizontal scale Details for these options are listed below Focus This option performs a real time migration of the data by collapsing hyperbolas This can help when trying to pinpoint a specific target during data collection Gain Use this option to change the overall Gain during data collection This is useful when crossing over areas with different subsurface con...

Page 112: ...position the Backup Cursor and H Cursor on a target of interest Dielectric Use this option to change the Dielectric constant As you change the Dielectric value the vertical scale will change as well If you enable Show Hyperbola in the Output menu changing the dielectric will change the shape of the hyperbola Use this to calculate the dielectric in real time during data collection Note in order to ...

Page 113: ...eful file information such as Radar Parameters Positioning and Processing History 6 5 Playing Back Collected Data in Digital 2D You can playback and review data collected in Distance Time or Point Mode Playback can be accessed either from the Introduction Screen by selecting Playback or from the Collect Setup screen by pressing the Play Mode control button Either method will open a list of files s...

Page 114: ...lection in Digital 3D mode see Chapter 7 Step 1 Distance Mode Setup To begin follow the guide for 2D Distance Mode see above The following setup options are also recommended for single line 3D collection Position Set Position to Manual under the Radar Menu This will ensure that you do not accidentally auto position over different ground surface conditions while collecting which makes it impossible...

Page 115: ...g the data to a PC If an obstacle requires reversing the direction of a profile such as a tree close to your baseline make sure to note which profile was reversed You can adjust the start and end positions of this line in RADAN Step 4 Data Collection Collect each survey profile as a separate file 1 Position the center of the antenna on the baseline of your grid The antenna has black lines on it th...

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Page 117: ...n the SIR 4000 after collection and perform some processing functions such as applying FIR IIR Filters or performing Hyperbola Fitting Digital 3D mode does not require the 3D file creation process in RADAN and allows you to analyze your 3D data in the field If needed you can also open and process Digital 3D data in RADAN The next section explains the file structure of a Digital 3D file The subsequ...

Page 118: ...id folder is transferred In order for the BZX file to work all of the DZT and DZX files must be kept in the same folder as the BZX file In summary each grid is saved in a separate folder under the project folder Inside each folder are all of the individual radar profiles DZT and DZX files and one BZX file The BZX file tells RADAN where to put each profile to create a 3D grid 7 2 Setting Up a Physi...

Page 119: ... to mark the starting and ending point of each line you re going to collect You could either leave the baselines on the ground or put markers such as pin flags along each baseline In the example to the right you would put a flag at the beginning and the end of each orange arrow 7 Photograph or make a sketch map of the grid Notes to include in the sketch map X and Y axis Starting corner Direction o...

Page 120: ...s Survey Directions X Y or both 3D surveys are typically collected along both the X and Y grid axes If you only want to collect on the X or the Y you must also change the parameters for the unused grid direction GSSI recommends changing the values of the unused axis to the overall grid dimensions X Y Line Order This controls the survey line direction Forward Profiles are surveyed in one direction ...

Page 121: ...een with the menu on the right o scope in the upper middle data preview in the upper left and a grid preview in the bottom center of the screen Step 2 Setup If you ve previously saved a setup or would like to start with a default setup then you should recall it before making any changes Otherwise when you do recall the setup it will overwrite any of your changes with those that were saved Setups c...

Page 122: ...Start button This is the green Start button located on the keypad of the SIR 4000 5 Move antenna to the stop mark This should match the same location on the antenna or system where you started 6 Press Stop button This is the red Stop button located on the keypad of the SIR 4000 7 Repeat steps 3 6 at least twice to ensure that the calibration distance is consistent If necessary you can manually ent...

Page 123: ...collect the lines using Forward Zigzag or Reverse Line Order Forward and Reverse will take longer to collect However these have potential for fewer offset errors created by an uneven ground surface or a slightly misshapen grid Potential offset errors created by collecting in Zigzag can be corrected in RADAN Step 5 Enter Collection Screen Once you are satisfied with the grid and settings press the ...

Page 124: ...ng IIR Stacking is a high frequency noise reduction filter operating in the horizontal direction This filter has a tendency to smooth high frequency targets and accentuate low frequency horizontal features such as layers As the number of scans you stack increases the influence of each new scan drops o The IIR Stacking filter input is in number of scans Pressing IIR Stacking with either the Control...

Page 125: ... cart or survey wheel starts moving in a forward direction or whichever direction was used during SW calibration you will start collecting data and see the yellow line progress across the screen After traveling the distance that you specified in 3D Setup the SIR 4000 will automatically stop collecting data The file will save and the system will automatically increment to the next line Orientation ...

Page 126: ...ng the Add Segment button There are two ways to use this button Offset the Starting Position You can choose to start away from the baseline if needed Position the antenna along the line where you d like to start Press Add Segment Move antenna to the end of the line and position the center of the antenna over the opposite baseline from where you started Press the red Stop button This will end the l...

Page 127: ... the 3D Display during Collection You can adjust how the data appear during data collection using the Toolbar soft keys and the Output menu available in the 3D Collection Screen View Toggle Pressing this soft key toggles the 3D Collection Screen between a top down view of the grid and 3D view of the grid and profiles and a 2D profile view You can further modify how the 3D grid appears through the ...

Page 128: ...lines above and below the H Cursor line Dielectric You can adjust the Dielectric Constant during data collection from a value of one 1 to eighty one 81 Scale Color Colormap Color Stretch and Color Slide Check that you are using your preferred color settings Rotate You can rotate the grid from 0 358º using the Control Knob The rotation changes in increments of 2º and you can start by moving up from...

Page 129: ...r less will display a green satellite box and higher than two 2 a yellow satellite box When there s no signal the box will appear red and if GPS was never configured the box will remain grey Ensure you have a green satellite box before starting data collection Step 3 Monitor GPS Quality When you start collecting each 2D profile in your 3D grid the SIR 4000 captures GPS coordinates and place them i...

Page 130: ... format rotate the grid to view data from different angles apply filters change colors and do hyperbola fitting If you re still in the field you also have the ability to recollect lines in the grid These options are all available through the Toolbar located at the bottom of the screen View Toggle Pressing the View Toggle button at the bottom of the screen switches the 3D grid displayed to either a...

Page 131: ...tion of the time slice data The location of the H Cursor is shown as the Slice Depth on the display and the thickness can be adjusted under the Output Menu You can also change the thickness of the time slice through the Output Menu The yellow line corresponds to the H Cursor position and the green lines show the upper and lower boundaries of the slice thickness Rotate You can adjust the rotation o...

Page 132: ...ting a Different Digital 3D Grid To select a different 3D grid for playback press and hold the red Stop button to exit the Playback screen and return to the Introduction Screen At this point you ll be able to select a different grid or data path by going into Playback Mode ...

Page 133: ...py on the SIR 4000 internal memory A progress bar will appear on the screen showing the status of the copied files 7 To copy the files to the USB memory stick and remove them from the SIR 4000 press the Move to USB Command key A progress bar will appear on the screen showing the status of the copied files 8 2 Deleting Data from the System It is advisable to keep the data on your system until you h...

Page 134: ...ev F 128 Deleting Project Folders 1 From either the Collect or Playback Setup screen open Output Select Datapath 2 Select the data path you wish to delete 3 Press the Delete Path control button A progress bar will appear showing the status of the copied files ...

Page 135: ... negative 9 1 Connecting a GPS 1 Turn on your GPS to determine if you are getting a good position and an adequate number of satellites 2 Power up your SIR 4000 and connect the GPS to the serial port on the control unit 3 From the Introduction Screen select GPS from the Toolbar and check the following settings GPS Type Select Custom as the GPS Type Baud Rate Choose a Baud Rate that matches the one ...

Page 136: ...s it work GPS works by triangulating the distance from satellites in space Like our RADAR systems these satellites transmit time very accurately and estimate the distance using the speed of light The travel time from three satellites is enough to know where you are on the earth but the travel time from 12 satellites greatly decreases the uncertainty of your position Typically around buildings and ...

Page 137: ... value 1 The value in field 2 is convertible into seconds by subtracting the number from the value associated with the GSSIS record at Scan 0 then dividing by the scans sec in the DZT file header How to Calculate the Time To calculate the time relative to the start of the file for each scan record determine the scan rate from the DZT header e g 473 scans per second Following are three lines from a...

Page 138: ...Fix Quality 0 Invalid 1 GPS fix 2 DGPS fix 2 Data is from a DGPS fix Number of Satellites in Use 12 12 satellites used Horizontal Dilution of Position HDOP 0 8 Relative accuracy of horizontal position Antenna altitude above below mean sea level geoid and units of altitude i e antenna height 192 470 M 192 470 meters Geoidal separation difference between WGS 84 ellipsoid and mean sea level above bel...

Page 139: ... you WAAS testing in September 2002 confirmed accuracy performance of 1 2 meters horizontal and 2 3 meters vertical throughout the majority of the continental U S and portions of Alaska http gps faa gov Programs WAAS waas htm This is with a clear view of the sky Typically WAAS can improve your error from less than 5 meters 95 of the time to less than 3 meters WAAS is now available even in the less...

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Page 141: ...rt Internal data logging Video Output HDMI Input Output 19 pin analog antenna input control cable 13 pin digital antenna input control cable AC power adapter GPIO connector HDMI video out RS232 Serial I O GPS port USB 2 0 Micro USB RJ45 100BT Ethernet WiFi 802 11 B G Mechanical Dimensions 14x10x2 75 in 36x25x7 cm Weight 10 lbs 4 53 kg with battery Relative Humidity 95 non condensing Storage Temper...

Page 142: ...l FIR Low Pass FIR High Pass IIR Low Pass and IIR High Pass Horizontal FIR Stacking FIR Background Removal IIR Stacking and IIR Background Removal Advanced Real Time Filters Migration Surface Position Tracking Signal Noise Floor Tracking and Hilbert Transform Automatic System Setups Storage of an unlimited number of system setup files for different survey conditions and or antenna deployment confi...

Page 143: ...upport geophysical com 1 Unzip the folder to the GSSI 2GB USB drive supplied with your SIR 4000 By double clicking on the zip file Windows will automatically open whichever compression software you have installed 2 Copy all of the subfolders and files to the main directory of your USB drive Note GSSI recommends using the provided USB as not all USB drives are formatted the same and some may interf...

Page 144: ...ponents 6 Highlight GPR Control and then depress the Control Knob You will now see the word update next to GPR Control 7 Once it reads Update next to the GPR Control select Update at the bottom of the window 8 An update status bar will appear When the status bar reaches 100 and disappears the firmware update is finished 9 Reboot the SIR 4000 Press and hold the green Power button for 3 seconds to t...

Page 145: ... than continuous data profiles Radar energy travels into the ground perpendicular to the surface This means that if the antenna is flat on the ground and level you are reading right under the antenna This forward scanning of the antenna could lead to serious position errors Ground Cover If your antenna is floating on top of thick grass or a layer of gravel you may get errors in your data because t...

Page 146: ...ters or even the feasibility of radar for the application There are two main criteria to consider Target Size Target Composition Target Size All things being equal antenna choice determines how deeply you are able to penetrate and the minimum size of the targets that you are able to see Lower frequency antennas see deep but the minimum target size that they can see is larger Rather than focus on w...

Page 147: ...with two different antennas Target Composition Your ability to see a target depends on the contrast between the dielectric values of the target s material and the material that the radar energy was traveling through just before it hit the target The greater the contrast between the dielectric values the more visible the target is For applications which involve finding metal targets like rebar pipe...

Page 148: ...r table mapping 3D Collecting data for 3D imaging obviously takes more time than 2D collection While the SIR R 4000 makes it faster and easier than it has ever been before it can still add significant time and cost to a job It also requires some software processing to produce an interpretable image These two issues may frighten some users away from 3D data collection but like GPR in general it onl...

Page 149: ... 13 Asphalt 5 Wet Sands 15 Dry Granite 5 Wet Sandy Soils 23 5 Frozen Sand Gravel 5 Dry Bauxite 25 Dry Concrete 5 5 Saturated Sands 25 Dry Limestone 5 5 Wet Clay 27 Dry Sand Gravel 5 5 Peats saturated 61 5 Potash Ore 5 5 Organic Soils saturated 64 Dry Mineral Sandy Soils 6 Sea Water 81 Dry Salt 6 Water 81 Frozen Soil Permafrost 6 Syenite Porphyry 6 Wet Sandstone 6 Meter to English conversion factor...

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Page 151: ...Hz IIR High Pass 50 MHz FIR Low Pass Filter 0 Scan Rate 60 Transmit Rate 200 KHz 300 800 Dual Frequency Antenna Model 50300 800 300 MHz 800 MHz Dual Frequency ground coupled digital antenna Depth of viewing window approximately 7m 21ft with 300 MHz frequency assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 18 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 Bits Number of Gain Points 4 IIR Low Pass 2000 MHz IIR Hig...

Page 152: ...uming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 50 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 bits Number of gain points 3 Vertical High Pass Filter 100 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 800 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 270 MHz Model 50270S 270 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 4m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 75 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 bi...

Page 153: ...at the different rate If your system is beeping it indicates that your T_RATE is too high for this antenna 500 MHz Model 3102 500 MHz antenna Not Model 3102 HP or 3102 DP Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 60ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 bits Number of gain points 3 Vertical High Pass Filter 125 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans per second 120 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 300 Deep Ol...

Page 154: ...ints 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 6 KHz 80 MHz 80 MHz folded bow tie antenna Note The 80 MHz antenna is unshielded Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per...

Page 155: ...t to a length of 6 0m Data Collection Mode Point Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 32 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 1 Vertical Low Pass Filter 50 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz Borehole 120 MHz Borehole antenna frequency 120 MHz Note The borehole antennas are unshielded Data Collection Mode Point Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resol...

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Page 157: ...s for your survey Power Mode can be set to 0 50 or 60 Power Mode is a passive detection method that can locate the AC current of energized cables that are under load These frequencies are typically 50Hz or 60Hz Frequency Mode can be set to 1 8 16 or 33 KHz Frequency Mode is an active detection method used in combination with a user supplied signal application device Set the value of Frequency Mode...

Page 158: ...or is approximately six inches in front of the antenna take this into consideration when delineating target locations based solely on Power or Frequency data Example of LineTrac peaks in Power Mode The blue lines and blue text show Power Mode information For Power Mode targets the target s position is at the top of the blue peak ...

Page 159: ...Inc SIR 4000 Manual MN72 433 Rev F 153 For Frequency Mode targets the target s position is the trough between two peaks Example of LineTrac peaks in Frequency Mode The yellow lines and yellow text show Frequency Mode information ...

Page 160: ...PR work EM Acronym for electro magnetic FCC Acronym for Federal Communications Commission The United States governmental body that oversees the UWB industry of which GPR is a part Gain amplifying the signal to certain section of a radar pulse in order to counteract the effects of attenuation and make features more visible GHz Acronym for Gigahertz A measurement of frequency equal to one billion cy...

Page 161: ... sampling will produce a scan wave that does not contain enough information to draw a smooth curve It may miss features Over sampling will produce a larger data file Samples Scan the number of samples recorded from an individual radar scan Commonly set to 512 Scan one complete reflected wave from transmission to reception sometimes called a trace Signal Noise floor time depth at which the noise ma...

Page 162: ...ry M 2001 Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments The Geological Society of London London United Kingdom Oppenheim Alan V and Schafer Ronald W 1975 Digital Signal Processing Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ Oppenheim Willsky and Young 1983 Signal and Systems Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ Reynolds John M 1997 An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics Wiley and Sons Hoboken NJ Telfo...

Page 163: ... Resources Conservation Service Ground Penetrating Radar Program http nesoil com gpr 4 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service GPR Soil Suitability http www nrcs usda gov wps portal nrcs detail soils use maps cid nrcs142p2_053622 5 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey http websoilsurvey sc egov usda gov App HomePage htm 6 North American Database of Archaeological Geophys...

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