ActionTec V2000H Скачать руководство пользователя страница 27

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Figure 25: ADSL Connection Block on top of Feeder/Distribution

Test Clip at the SAC



MS2 4047A Pair Test Plug Assembly (with tool dish).



Every SAC should have a test plug for you to use to monitor or test the
individual pairs.



You would simply insert this test plug into the binding post on the block.



Note – due to the years of usage, this plug may become defective. The leads on the clip becomes
corroded and may give you noise on the line resulting in false readings. Your instructor will show you
alternative way to test the MS2 modular blocks.

Cross Connect Box



Normally inside we would only find 1 row for Feeder and 1 row for Distribution.



These can be pole mounted to service a smaller neighborhood.

Figure 26: Cross Connect Box

MS2 Impact Insertion tools



3M™ Impact Insertion Tool.



The only tool approved for use in connecting jumper wire to MS²™ Quick-Connect modules.

Содержание V2000H

Страница 1: ...Implementation of Physical layer of a network via practical analysis Capstone Project MINT 709 Parul Khara...

Страница 2: ...it is not hard to estimate the effort which goes into the repair and maintenance of these things If we have to remain one day without internet at our homes due to a faulty wire it is a disaster And i...

Страница 3: ...r positive vibes have kept me going On the academic front I would like to thank Mr Shahnawaz Mir for always answering my queries and doubts whenever I have had any In fact my journey in this course st...

Страница 4: ...WI XCONN 25 1 4 1 SAC to House components 29 1 4 2 Binding post blocks 30 1 4 3 Tools Used 34 1 5 Terminal Types 35 1 5 1 Binding Post Counting 36 1 5 2 Clear Capping 37 1 5 4 Protectors Bonding and G...

Страница 5: ...83 3 3 1 Connecting the WCB3000N 83 3 3 2 Telus Actiontec V1000H V2000H T1200 T2200 GUI 85 3 3 3 Logging into the WCB3000N 85 3 3 4 Changing the default Username and Password 85 3 3 5 Configuring the...

Страница 6: ...Page 6 of 130 5 1 Field Link 114 5 2 Fits and E Fulfillment 120 5 3 DSL Expresse 124 5 4 Inssider Office 128...

Страница 7: ...ency and amplitude are two characteristics that you use to describe a signal When you listen to music or carry on a conversation you are experiencing both frequency and amplitude although those terms...

Страница 8: ...phone in the mouth piece of your telephone handset vibrates much like a listener s eardrum in response to the frequencies and amplitudes of your voice and creates corresponding waves of AC Alternating...

Страница 9: ...ly used in data and telecommunication installations PRO TP is light weight easy to work with relatively inexpensive and is capable of supporting high capacity data networks over relatively short dista...

Страница 10: ...n AC electrical signal which is the carrier of your voice from your phone to the CO But that is not the only electrical signal required by the telephone system All electrical circuits have three basic...

Страница 11: ...he ring side of the circuit and the tip side is at ground potential 0V DC There is one other electrical component of the telephone system that needs to be mentioned It is called Ring Voltage which is...

Страница 12: ...ility for a receiver to distinguish between the signal and the noise on the cable is impaired At some point the signal and the noise will be indistinguishable Noise Caused by unwanted electrical impul...

Страница 13: ...nd within equipment i e hang up switch may become loose dirty wet broken old corroded In fact anything less than an ideal connection can increase or in the case of a short decrease the resistance Usin...

Страница 14: ...SIZES CELFIL Grease filled Fully color coded binder groups and pairs 6 2400 Pair ALPETH ALP Air Core Fully color coded binder groups and pairs 6 2400 Pair CELSEAL CEL Grease filled Fully color coded...

Страница 15: ...25 pairs or individuals circuits Cables are categorized by their ability to transmit data Specifications include Frequency Response Maximum Data Rate Crosstalk Length Limit and Attenuation Binder gro...

Страница 16: ...s PSTN function POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Offered by your Telecommunications provider as a phone line Many POTS network connected together makes up the PSTN We will discuss all the components o...

Страница 17: ...k path through the CO Information signal Dial Tone Informs the subscriber that they may start to dial Ringing Indicates that the called line has been reached and ringing has started Line Busy Called l...

Страница 18: ...ses or other devices that protect the switch from lightning shorts with electric power lines or other foreign voltages coming from the Outside Plant OSP Figure 9 VDF Vertical Frame The cable leaving t...

Страница 19: ...Page 19 of 130 Figure 11 MDF Wire wrap Blocks Figure 12 Protector Left0 MPC Mainframe Connector QCM486 100 Pair Connector Right...

Страница 20: ...ove jumpers from the horizontal side Remove all clearance jumpers Do not leave dead jumpers in the rack Leave 3 to 6 inches of slack Measure from tip of thumb to tip of little finger with fingers spre...

Страница 21: ...81 cm 1 5 inches of insulation only Wrap is all bunched up at the bottom of the pin The cause is incorrect technique Remember to pull back gently as the gun is pulled Wire comes in from different dire...

Страница 22: ...n the right side The tip is the left side of the protrusion and the ring is the right There are different types of BIX blocks single pair and multiplied strips so it is important to use the correct ty...

Страница 23: ...protrusion the ring on the right The 1A connector only accommodates one jumper per circuit Other connectors accommodates multiple connections per circuit e g 2A up to 2 pair of jumpers per circuit 5A...

Страница 24: ...om the P1 level enter phone Feeder Cable A feeder cable is a large cable that runs from the CO and carries individual cable counts of different sizes of up to 3900 copper pairs Feeder cables connect t...

Страница 25: ...eder cable It contains a smaller number of twisted pair wires The wrapping or sheath that covers a cable varies based on where it is located for example buried versus aerial Distribution cables connec...

Страница 26: ...so the Telecom personnel can easily change the cable route from any IN pair to any OUT pair You may not notice these cabinets in the field but they are usually located at the side of streets back all...

Страница 27: ...sage this plug may become defective The leads on the clip becomes corroded and may give you noise on the line resulting in false readings Your instructor will show you alternative way to test the MS2...

Страница 28: ...UR OWN PATH Ensure jumpers are ran through the rings inside the SAC Binding post 1 to 12 must enter and exit from the Left Binding post 13 to 25 must enter and exit from the Right Match the MS2 impact...

Страница 29: ...e In others RAT only refers to the Aerial outside Plant Buried outside Plant is call Pedestals PED or Encapsulated ENC Terminals Ready Access RA Aerial terminals are normally either Ready Access RA or...

Страница 30: ...4 2 Binding post blocks Binding posts are used to connect a drop to the assigned cable pair through a fuse link This provides an easy point for opening the circuits for the purposes of isolation test...

Страница 31: ...al protection When terminating a fuse link to a cable pair the assigned cable pair should be identified and UB Scotchlok should be used to connect the fuse link to the pair using the proper Scotchlok...

Страница 32: ...destals are not locked In Rural applications in Alberta a pedestal called an RJP or Rural Junction Point is used This is where the Exchange cable or urban cable transitions to the rural cable designat...

Страница 33: ...that are run in conduit primarily in subdivisions These boxes may contain cablevision wire along with the telephone cable The cover can sometimes be pried off with a screwdriver however a lid lifting...

Страница 34: ...Page 34 of 130 1 4 3 Tools Used Figure 34 NIB NID Security Driver Left Scotlock Clippers Right Figure 35 Can Wrench Left and SAV Impact Tool Right Figure 36 Screw Drivers...

Страница 35: ...A The SLIC terminal is the current company standard terminal for plastic insulated cable PIC cable The SLIC contains Raychem DTerminator 2IIDCbinding post blocks that allow the terminal to be expanded...

Страница 36: ...In commercial and multi tenant building the BET business entry terminal box or MIT metal inside terminal were historically used on the customer side of protection equipment or to house the protection...

Страница 37: ...nd removing all bridged taps before the drop pedestal or aerial terminal removes any reflection of the signal caused by the extra cable A reflection on the line is similar to that of an echo of the si...

Страница 38: ...ug on the terminal to the premise power ground The minimum gauge for this is a 6 AWG Older style business entrance terminals are also grounded with 6 AWG wire to a copper strap that runs behind all th...

Страница 39: ...ntry port until it passes over the white or colored insert inside the module and stops 4 Hold conductors in place while tightening the drive module to the down position SLIC The drop is to be run into...

Страница 40: ...Field Technician Test and access point for the customer NID consist of Plastic body base lock hole for subscriber A Protector with or without a RJ11 test jack Ground bar Ground wire Figure 43 NID Fig...

Страница 41: ...of electrons between it and another object of substantial size i e the Earth A proper ground serves two purposes It allows our circuits to perform properly and it allows us to properly protect our se...

Страница 42: ...g the NID to the house Figure 47 Attaching the NIB to the house Make sure to fasten NIB with correct screws Be sure to add sealant to any areas where the NIB does not make a tight seal Over tightening...

Страница 43: ...Page 43 of 130 Step 2 Dressing your cables and connecting your ground Figure 48 Dressing your cables and connecting your ground Step 3 Butting and unsheathing buried drop...

Страница 44: ...e 49 Butting and unsheathing buried drop Step 4 Bonding Figure 50 Bonding Step 5 Dressing Cables Butting should be added prior to alligator Alligator clip must be fastened tightly All ground connectio...

Страница 45: ...Page 45 of 130 6 ground should have slack Figure 51 Dressing Cables Step 6 Protection Figure 52 Protection Step 7 Securing NID upon Completion...

Страница 46: ...stomer must pay the cost of installing additional underground drops In Alberta the drop is normally direct buried from the pedestal to the house The technician runs the drop up the side of the house i...

Страница 47: ...they have a tendency to pit or get dusty over time causing noisy circuits Also once they have been tripped by a high voltage incident they must be replaced A fuse less protector must be used if the c...

Страница 48: ...are undistorted and the characteristic impedance is resistive up to the cutoff frequency Loading coils prevent xDSL frequencies which are higher than voice frequencies from passing This is a common fa...

Страница 49: ...drop will be encountered across Alberta and BC in legacy neighborhoods It is not to be used except under specific situations for instance when customers have only POTS service with no splices It must...

Страница 50: ...e PIC code e g 1 ring tip colors second ring and tip colors It uses a wrap on hanger It is stripped either with the pull string or by banana peeling The wrap on drop hanger is installed by first wrapp...

Страница 51: ...s dry spots from 3M These are 5 cm x 5 cm 2 inches x 2 inches black splice points that are attached to a pole The wire used to extend the drop is the same kind as the drop taking care to retain the tw...

Страница 52: ...work service wire from a span clamp going to a building on the road side must be attached as shown in the bottom diagram This is achieved by looping the network service wire over the cable before atta...

Страница 53: ...le to pole spans Where no cable messenger or electrical utility exists pole to pole spans of drop wire must not exceed 60 m 200 feet Pole to pole spans of drop wire on private property must not exceed...

Страница 54: ...ood aluminum vinyl stucco brick and stone are all examples of material used for house siding The difficulty in attaching to some material has led to today s standard request for conduit to be placed w...

Страница 55: ...l wiring neatly and be aware of pinch point of door closing Sometimes a loose fitting Ty Wrap is recommended to keep the wires in alignment Types of Underground drops 1 Direct buried underground Direc...

Страница 56: ...he opposite side to the turning can wrench to help prevent the metal cable sheaths from cracking 5 Remove the plastic shield Mylar and string from around the cable pairs clean and wrap the pairs with...

Страница 57: ...tters are one of the components used in a basic single line installation Although they are only used when a customer has HSIA or TTV service you may encounter them at POTS only customer s premises if...

Страница 58: ...t connection technology 1 9 Alarm Jacks Residential alarms also need to be taken into account for single dwelling installations 8 pin shorting jacks in an RJ45 configuration are usually installed by t...

Страница 59: ...greater the length of wire used the greater the potential for damage rendering the alarm inoperative Alarm demarcation allows service to remain uninterrupted Dial tone is on the pair from the protecto...

Страница 60: ...f 8 20 cm wide x 13 33 cm The Tii ISB uses insulation displacement connectors When using an ISB the POTS splitter is placed in the suite The connections are 1 Input line Jumper to the CO Cable 2 Line...

Страница 61: ...s 2 RJ11 jacks used for xDSL Leviton jacks Leviton jacks are one of the termination types currently used The jacks are inserts that clip into the faceplates shown here They are considered flush mounte...

Страница 62: ...Service is primarily used for normal household domestic and family purposes This includes non profit group homes Home based business customers can also have Residential Service as long as the account...

Страница 63: ...customer plant and equipment information you require for each job assignment There are different types of service orders for installations moves adding jacks equipment changes and equipment deletions...

Страница 64: ...in place it is a non fielded order Only the CO software needs to be updated to provide service Only the CO software needs to be updated along with CO jumper work A Non fielded order will become fielde...

Страница 65: ...the channel impulse response Frequency domain equalization FEQ to compensate for magnitude and phase distortion The above equalizations are done before a bit allocation table is created The various AD...

Страница 66: ...litter ADSL uses Frequency division Multiplexing FDM and a Splitter is responsible for separating the frequency rates for data and telephone signals The ADSL functions at the central office are handle...

Страница 67: ...ess to the Telco s high speed network Where your data goes from there is determined by the SERVICE you subscribe to To achieve high speed though ADSL modems use all the available bandwidth inherent in...

Страница 68: ...Modulation ADSL uses Discrete Multi Tone modulation which divides the frequency range of copper and divides it into many bins channels DMT modems use QAM encoding One channel will be designated as a...

Страница 69: ...Mbps Figure 74 ADSL2 2 1 3 VDSL2 Very high bitrate Digital Subscriber Line operates from 25 kHz to 30 MHz More bins 3479 bins in total Each bin is 8 kHz wide VDSL2 max rate is 100 Mbps Figure 75 VDSL...

Страница 70: ...If you look in E fulfillment then you can find where it is located in the In Frame Out Frame AX3456 means the port is located in the Central Office ADSL2 VDSL2 can be located in the SAC box and these...

Страница 71: ...s incorrectly your DSL will not sync DSL doesn t require dial tone to work as it is transmitting a signal by itself Blue DSL Ports Voice Green DSL Ports data CO feeds Green goes to DSL Voice Blue DSL...

Страница 72: ...has the effect of inducing current into the new line Attenuation Reduction of signal strength during transmission measured in dB Factors that affect attenuation Distance of cable Temperature Wire gau...

Страница 73: ...mission the impedance Z to earth of each conductor must be as near to equal as possible This is called the longitudinal balance of the line Any imbalance will cause noise as the cancelling effect of a...

Страница 74: ...hanges Each can have an effect on the ADSL signal Bridge Taps and gauge changes may attenuate and or reflect ADSL signals and can reduce the rates of the DSL line Figure 82 Bridge Tap 2 7 Installation...

Страница 75: ...nts Works even if line performance is not identical Important to groom both lines for optimal performance Certain line impairments cannot be repaired equally Figure 83 CO to Customer premises Examples...

Страница 76: ...or more List the primary network requirements for loop bonded installs We will bond customers that qualify with 1HD to get them to 3HD Bonding Criteria Customers qualifying for 1HD 2SD will automatic...

Страница 77: ...a best practice Correctly label both telephone numbers at the POTS splitter Note The Actiontec V1000H is not compatible with bonded lines as it does not have the input for a second phone line Installa...

Страница 78: ...he Actiontec V1000H boxes other than the model number noted on the labels When stocking your truck make a notation on the outside of each box to help track your stock Always ensure that you are using...

Страница 79: ...net is working your connection is hard wired perform your speedtest then verify with the customer 4 Set up wireless for with your customer and ensure peripheral devices are connected 5 Run KIT ensure...

Страница 80: ...es IP Set Top Boxes IP STBs Multimedia Computers IP Television Sets Multimedia Mobile Telephones 3 1 TELUS Optik TV Service Is delivered to TELUS subscribers over xDSL Full rate ADSL 2 15Mbps 19 2Mbps...

Страница 81: ...ch circuit Additional TVs may be linked to each STB that would be able to view the same channel which is called multicasting 3 1 2 Optik TV Features IPTV solution using various access technologies ADS...

Страница 82: ...0db in each of those locations Relocate the gateway or adding extender as required Wherever possible hardwire stationary devices desktop computers IPTV devices smart TVs etc Settings The default wirel...

Страница 83: ...he Modem Details section prior to connecting the extender WPS configuration with Actiontec Gateways Process Zero touch auto configuration with an Actiontec V1000H V2000H T1200 T2200 gateway 1 Before p...

Страница 84: ...button on the Extender will be illuminated with a green ring Note If unsuccessful the WPS button on the Extender will continue to flash with a red ring for two minutes then it will be illuminated with...

Страница 85: ...ter the Extender s IP address in the address box The Extender s Password screen appears See the Logging In to the WCB3000N section of this guide to determine the Extender s password 3 3 3 Logging into...

Страница 86: ...rd and new password in the appropriate textboxes and then click Apply 4 Make sure to write the new username and password down and keep it in a safe place They will be required when logging in to the E...

Страница 87: ...ay to ensure seamless roaming between the two 2 4GHz wireless access points 5 If applicable click in the 5GHz button next to Wireless Operating Frequency and enter the SSID name of the gateway s wirel...

Страница 88: ...nd using inSSider to ensure it s on highest power band Reboot Access Point to switch bands if applicable 3 5 Coax and IPTV Coax especially HPNA on coax can be very susceptible to interference and is a...

Страница 89: ...It should be approx 1 8 1 4 past the end of the connector Figure 94 COAX examples Coax Ends Ensure the ends are fully compressed If the connector isn t compressed enough the coax cable is free to mov...

Страница 90: ...mers indicates they want to move STB locations ensure the runs are cat5 or the customer is charged for wireless STB 3 6 BLAST Test Broadband Loop and Service Testing BLAST testing will test the copper...

Страница 91: ...Page 91 of 130 Figure 96 logging into Synopsis Figure 97 Inventory Screen...

Страница 92: ...2 Downstream SNR Margin 13 5 Downstream Actual Data Rate 51024 Downstream INP 2 0 Downstream Actual Interleaving Delay 8 3577c_profiles_8ms_INP_2_8B_12DB data DSLAM Port test passed DHCP authenticatio...

Страница 93: ...of 15 3 is less than or equal to the threshold of 26db IPMax to Subscriber Modem sync rate passed Metallic Loop Test Step 4 of 4 DC Voltage TG 0 0 Volts DC Voltage RG 0 0 Volts DC Voltage RT 0 3 Volt...

Страница 94: ...by these impairments via Insight Figure 99 Blast test Architechture Blast SA Dialogs Provides automation to Spirent Test System via InSight FieldLink Sync Test Dialog Broadband Tests Non Sync Dialog...

Страница 95: ...Detection AC DC Voltage R T T G R G Resistance R T T G R G Capacitance Loop Length Balance R T T G R G Load Coil Detection 3 7 Technician Responsibilities Basic Phase before reaching premise If exist...

Страница 96: ...se with the customer Write off the order in Fieldlink enter work done in comments field Test all services before departure POTS DSL TV call display Wireless connectivity Enterphone etc Perform Blast i...

Страница 97: ...Page 97 of 130 Figure 101 Insight Screen Session Progress...

Страница 98: ...Page 98 of 130 Figure 102 Insight session with all details...

Страница 99: ...nk to the core The CSP which serves on the order of thousands of subscribers contains the electronics that form the provider side of the access network The feeder cable originates in the CSP and conne...

Страница 100: ...Page 100 of 130 Figure 104 Architecture 4 1 CO OLT Optical Line Termination Figure 105 Optical Line Termination Local Convergence Point Splitter Cabinet...

Страница 101: ...s Point A Terminal Distribution System often referred to as Pre Term or FITS in its copper life is a fiber optic distribution cable with network access point s pre connectorized at customer specified...

Страница 102: ...le mode SC UPC drop cable assemblies Available with one or both ends that can be connected Cable design for aerial direct buried or duct installation Standard lengths available in 15 feet increments f...

Страница 103: ...remise with a single fibre SC connector running back to the passive splitter cabinet in the field The ONT s Ethernet port will provide HSIA and TTV service while the POTS port will provide DV service...

Страница 104: ...olored end for identification in the NAP and remove the need for running an additional fiber drop Figure 112 Single drop and dual strand drop for multiplex Jonard Stripper is used strip the entire shi...

Страница 105: ...crews on all Falcon Drops In Mass Market areas Calgary Edmonton etc an outside Transition Box or NIB is not required when using a Clear Curve fibre drop but all drops must be stripped and have 1m of s...

Страница 106: ...ugh The other strands orange green brown can be used for additional services to the premise but must be prepared by Cable Repair Composite cable is not fire rated and an outside NIB is required with a...

Страница 107: ...nd the LB is high enough off the ground the conduit can be cut into and a transition box or second NIB installed below the LB Cable Repair will not extend the composite drop if there is enough space t...

Страница 108: ...lled tube requires a sleeve for termination like composite fiber AFL supplies a 900um protective tube for their own techs Unlike Composite fiber it is more durable and more resistant to breaking or sh...

Страница 109: ...g from copper to fiber and includes procedures for SMB customers that have also requested a static ip Additional information is provided below on registering the device and obtaining a static ip NOTE...

Страница 110: ...turns green If this step fails engage Tier 2 for assistance 310 3344 option 4 3 3 to resolve any provisioning issues STEP 3 Always factory reset gateways during GPON installations to prevent gateways...

Страница 111: ...nformation for Static IP Plan Subscribers Static IP addresses are assigned by TELUS you cannot hard code the information in the TCP IP settings Static IP addresses are location dependent and are subje...

Страница 112: ...the Quality Button 3 The return loss in dB will be displayed in the bottom right hand corner of the screen 4 A low return loss number could indicate a splitter damaged cable bad barrel connector etc T...

Страница 113: ...splitters etc 4 Place 75 ohm terminators on all coax runs being used for TV service 5 Use the Quality Test mode at NID etc to check the quality of all the runs being used 6 Replace any poor quality ru...

Страница 114: ...r perform some tests before reaching the premises 5 1 Field Link It is an application which let a technician know which jobs he she has been assigned for the day When is a job mine Tentative jobs are...

Страница 115: ...ed to do so by a dispatcher Figure 121 Pinned Designation En Route and On Site En Route and On Site are job statuses that help the Click system determine where you are in your day The colors in the fi...

Страница 116: ...w the technician has accepted all work If he she was to go on site for the last job in the day it would move to where the time bar currently is current time This would open up 2 15 pm to 4 00 pm for a...

Страница 117: ...on for more work by stacking the job on top Remarks sections are now limited to 1000 characters Any time you see a remarks screen you may enter information about the job Start all remarks with your X...

Страница 118: ...into the Job Details screen you will see the Reject button appear While the ability to reject jobs exists in FieldLink NEVER reject jobs without the approval of your Manager or Dispatcher This is the...

Страница 119: ...Field Billing if you selected Customer Billable 8 Select Save or Continue button Note In some cases scroll bars do NOT appear in the forms that load which may prevent you from seeing the Save or cont...

Страница 120: ...these are other technicians appointments 5 Use the Customer Request field to force an appointment to a day off If you do not see appointments for days it means you are either scheduled off or the amo...

Страница 121: ...t Telephone number inquiry Order number inquiry CRIS or Netcracker Orders Terminal Info Cable Pair Capacity totals details for cable pair ranges Line Equipment details Telephone Number Inquiry TN Look...

Страница 122: ...ty totals for that range This includes the percentage of pairs used damaged and available Enter the COID the cable number start and end pair for the range and province Figure 134 Cable Pair Enquiry In...

Страница 123: ...ode FITS will return up to 3 spares if they are available Figure 137 Finding Spares Cable Change in FITS Click on Cut Release Spares Select a pair you want to cut to Select a disposition code For the...

Страница 124: ...le while processing your request FITS will warn you if it encountered a trouble In these cases contact the NFS Assignment queue to have your order run 5 3 DSL Expresse A testing tool that reads past a...

Страница 125: ...sing DSLe does not replace the requirement to run Insight BLAST or KIT on any job but will limit the drive time by identifying possible areas for repair outside the customer s home Any time you need t...

Страница 126: ...ng the repair and afterwards to ensure the fault is resolved Be proactive Do the right thing to troubleshoot and resolve the problems on the first visit Spending time to diagnose the problem will incr...

Страница 127: ...r the port column see top of picture to compare the health and status of both lines Some indicators of bonded instability are Loop Length Should be relatively the same for both pairs Bridge Tap s Imba...

Страница 128: ...e on different devices Age type of devices can have a huge impact on download speeds and network utilization 5GHz networks are not even visible to older devices like the iPhone 4S testing must be done...

Страница 129: ...rinters running a print server Devices that use the network laptops phones etc or that communicate on non Wi Fi wireless frequency baby monitors cordless phones etc do not show up on InSSIDer without...

Страница 130: ...f the customer s home Using the recommended channel from InSSIDer move the modem broadcast channel accordingly and re test the download speeds i e www speedtest net You can also see a direct result on...

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