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Amplitude and Phase Tracking

The match between mixers is defined as the absolute difference in amplitude and/or phase

response over a specified frequency range. The tracking between mixers is essentially how well

the devices are matched over a specified interval. This interval may be a frequency interval or

a temperature interval, or a combination of both.
You can make tracking measurements by ratioing the responses of two mixer conversion loss

measurements Then any difference you view in response is due to the mixers and not the

measurement system.
Replace mixer A with the mixer that you want to compare it to. Mixer R should always remain

in place as the reference mixer.

NETWORK ANALYZER

I

Figure 6-96.

Connections for an Amplitude and

Phase

Tracking Measurement Between Two Mixers

Phase Linearity and Group Delay

Group delay is the rate of change of phase through a device with respect to frequency

Traditionally, group delay has been used to describe the propagation delay

and deviation

from linear phase through a linear device. However, this parameter also contains valuable

information about transmission delay and distortion through a non-linear device such as a

mixer or frequency converter. For example, flat group delay corresponds to low modulation

distortion (that is, carrier and sidebands propagate at the same rate).
Phase linearity and group delay are both measurements of the distortion of a transmitted

signal. Both measure the non-linearity of a device’s phase response with respect to frequency.

Application and Operation Conoepts

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Summary of Contents for 8719D

Page 1: ...er s Guide Agilent Technologies 8719D 20D 22D Network Analyzers Manufacturing Part Number 08720 90288 Printed in USA Print Date April 2012 Supersedes February 1999 Agilent Technologies Inc 1996 1999 2012 ...

Page 2: ...R FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN SHOULD AGILENT AND THE USER HAVE A SEPARATE WRITTEN AGREEMENT WITH WARRANTY TERMS COVERING THE MATERIAL IN THIS DOCUMENT THAT CONFLICT WITH THESE TERMS THE WAR RANTY TERMS IN THE SEPARATE AGREEMENT WILL CONTROL DFARS Restricted Rights Notice If softwar...

Page 3: ...tation from the Web download the PDF file from the Agilent web site Go to http www agilent com Enter the document s part number located on the title page in the Quick Search box Click GO Click on the hyperlink for the document Click the printer icon located in the tool bar ...

Page 4: ...87 44 22 Belgium tel 32 0 2 404 9340 alt 32 0 2 404 9000 fax 32 0 2 404 9395 Denmark tel 45 7013 1515 alt 45 7013 7313 fax 45 7013 1555 Finland tel 358 10 855 2100 fax 358 0 10 855 2923 France tel 0825 010 700 alt 33 0 1 6453 5623 fax 0825 010 701 Germany tel 01805 24 6333 alt 01805 24 6330 fax 01805 24 6336 Ireland tel 353 0 1 890 924 204 alt 353 0 1 890 924 206 fax 353 0 1 890 924 024 Israel tel...

Page 5: ...User s Guide HP 8719D 2OD 22D Network Analyzer HP Part No 08720 90288 Supersedes October 1998 Printed in USA February 1999 ...

Page 6: ...to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Hewlett Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this material Copyright 1996 1999 Hewlett Packard Company ...

Page 7: ... upon HP s prior agreement and Buyer shaIl pay HP s round trip travel expenses In all other areas products must be returned to a service facility designated by HP If the product is to be returned to Hewlett Packard for service or repair it must be returned to a service facility designated by Hewlett Packard Buyer shaIl prepay shipping charges to Hewlett Packard and Hewlett Packard shall pay shippi...

Page 8: ...abinet using a damp cloth only Assistance Product maintenance agreements and other customer assisturn agrm are available for Hewlett Rzckurd products I br any assistum contact gour nearest Hewlett m d Sales and semrice Om iv ...

Page 9: ...Z England 44 734 696622 INTERCON FIELD OPERATIONS HeadqMrters Hewlett Packard Company 3495 Deer Creek Road Palo Alto California USA 94304 1316 416 857 6027 AnstralIa Hewlett Packard Australia Ltd Hewlett Packard Canada Ltd 31 41 Joseph Street 17500 South Service Road Blackbum Victoria 3130 TrausCanada Highway 61 3 895 2896 Kirkland Quebec HQJ 2X Canada 614 697 4232 Japan China Hewlett Packard Comp...

Page 10: ...tention to a procedure which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met Instrument Markings A The instruction documentation symbol The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation YE The CE ma...

Page 11: ...oval of parts is likely to expose dangerous voltages Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is being opened Warning The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain live for 10 seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power supply Warning For continued protection against fire hazard replace line fuse only with same type and rating F 3A 250V The use of ot...

Page 12: ...ormation about many applications and analyzer operation n Chapter 7 Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties defines the performance capabilities of the analyzer n Chapter 8 Menu Maps m shows softkey menu relationships n Chapter 9 Key Definitions describes all the front panel keys softkeys and their corresponding HP IB commands n Chapter 10 Error Messages provides information for interpreting ...

Page 13: ...de shows how to make measurements explains commonly used features and tells you how to get the most performance from your analyzer The Quick Reference Guide provides a summary of selected user features The Progmmmer s Guide provides programming information including an HP IB programming and command reference as well as programming examples The Service Guide provides the information needed to adjus...

Page 14: ...PR 11 199O EN 55011 1991 Group 1 Class A IECEOl 2 1984 EN 50082 1 1992 4 kVCD 8 kVAD EC EOl 3 1984 EN 50082 1 1992 3 V m 27 500 MHz EC 801 4 1988IEN 50082 1 1992 0 5 kV Sig Lines 1 kV Power Lines EC 555 2 1982 A 1 1985 EN 60555 2 1987 IEC 555 3 1982 A1 1990 EN 60555 3 1987 Al 1991 Supplementary Information These products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 7U2ZYEEC a...

Page 15: ...d test equipment Step 2 Choose the measurement parameters Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Source Power Setting the Measurement Step 3 Perform and apply the appropriate error correction Step 4 Measure the device under test Step 5 Output the measurement results Using the Display Functions To View Both Primary Measurement Channels To Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory Ib View the Measure...

Page 16: ...nimum Amplitude 2 30 Searching for a Ihrget Amplitude 2 30 Searching for a Bandwidth 2 31 Tracking the Amplitude that You Are Searching 2 32 lb Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data 2 33 Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response 2 34 Measuring the Magnitude Response 2 34 Measuring Insertion Phase Response 2 35 Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion 2 37 Measuring Electr...

Page 17: ...e 2 77 Measuring a Device in the Time Domain Option 010 Only 2 79 Transmission Response in Time Domain 2 79 Reflection Response in Time Domain 2 83 Non coaxial Measurements 2 86 3 Making Mixer Measurements Option 089 Only Where to Look for More Information Measurement Considerations Mmumzmg Source and Load Mismatches Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage...

Page 18: ...e the HPGL initialization sequence 4 23 Step 2 Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence 4 24 Step 3 Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the printer 4 24 Step 4 Send the plot 6Ie to the printer 4 24 Step 5 Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer 4 24 OutputtingSiiePagePlotsUsingaPrinter 4 24 Outputting Multiple Plots to a Siie Page Using a Printer 4 25 Plotting Mul...

Page 19: ...Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements One Port Reflection Error Correction Full Two Port Error Correction TRL and TRM Error Correction TRL Error Correction TRM Error Correction Modifying Calibration Kit Standards Definitions Outline of Standard Modi...

Page 20: ...ower lb Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Changing System Bandwidth Changing Measurement Averaging Reducing Trace Noise To Activate Averaging To Change System Bandwidth Reducing Receiver CrosstaIk Reducing Recall Time 6 Application and Operation Concepts Where to Look for More Information System Operation The Built In Synthesized Source The Source Step Attenuator TheBuilt InTestSet The Receiver Bloc...

Page 21: ...ns Channel coupling Test port coupling Sweep Time Manual Sweep Time Mode Auto Sweep Time Mode Minimum Sweep Time Trigger Menu Source Attenuator Switch Protection Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator Channel Stimulus Coupling Sweep Type Menu Linear Frequency Sweep Hz Logarithmic Frequency Sweep Hz List Frequency Sweep Hz Segment Menu Power Sweep dBm CW Time Sweep Seconds Selecting Sweep ...

Page 22: ...isplay 6 44 Channel Position Softkey 6 44 4 Param Displays Softkey 6 45 Memory Math Functions 6 47 Adjusting the Colors of the Display 6 47 Setting Display Intensity 6 47 Setting Default Colors 6 48 Blanking the Display 6 48 Saving Modified Colors 6 48 Recalling Modified Colors 6 48 The Modify Colors Menu 6 48 Averaging Menu 6 50 Averaging 6 50 Smoothing 6 51 IF Bandwidth Reduction 6 51 Markers 6 ...

Page 23: ...ration 6 79 TRL LRM Two Port Calibration 6 80 Restarting a Calibration 6 81 CaIKitMenu 6 81 TheSelectCaIKitMenu 6 81 Modifying Calibration Kits 6 82 DeBnitions 6 82 Procedure 6 82 Modify Calibration Kit Menu 6 83 Define Standard Menus 6 84 Specify offset menu 6 86 Label standard menu 6 87 Specify Class Menu 6 87 Label Class Menu 6 89 Label Kit Menu 6 89 Verify performance 6 90 TRL LRM Calibration ...

Page 24: ... Edit Segment Menu Offset Limits Menu Knowing the Instrument Modes Network Analyzer Mode Tuned Receiver Mode Frequency Offset Menu Option 089 Primary Applications Typical Test Setup Frequency Offset In Depth Description The Receiver Frequency The Offset Frequency LO Frequency Hierarchy Frequency Ranges Compatible Instrument Modes and Sweep Types Receiver and Source Requirements Display Annotations...

Page 25: ...the test device using low pass impulse mode Time Domain Concepts Masking Windowing Range Resolution Response resolution Range resolution Gating Setting the gate Selecting gate shape Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain Forward Transform Measurements Interpreting the forward transform vertical axis Interpreting the forward transform horizontal axis Demodulating the results of...

Page 26: ...re Accuracy Considerations Attenuation at Mixer Ports Filtering Frequency Selection LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability Up Conversion and Down Conversion Definition Conversion Loss Isolation LOFeedthru LOtoRFLeakage RF Feedthru SWRlRetumLoss Conversion Compression Phase Measurements Amplitude and Phase Tracking Phase Linearity and Group Delay Connection Considerations Adapters Fixtures IfYouWantto...

Page 27: ...ith 3 5 mm Connectors 7 19 HP8722Dwith3 5mmConnectors 7 20 HP 8722D with Type N Connectors 7 21 HP 8722D with Type N Connectors 7 22 General Characteristics 7 23 Remote Programming 7 23 Interface 7 23 Transfer Formats 7 23 Interface Function Codes 7 23 Front Panel Connectors 7 23 Rear Panel Connectors 7 24 External Reference Frequency Input EXT REF INPUT 7 24 High Stability Frequency Reference Out...

Page 28: ...ompatible Mass Storage HP II3 Cables Interface Cables Keyboards Controller Sample Software External Monitors COMeCtingPeripheralS Connecting the Peripheral Device Configuring the Analyzer for the Peripheral IfthePeripheraIIsaPrinter If the Peripheral Is a Plotter If the Peripheral Is a Power Meter IfthePeripheraIIsanExtemaIDiskDrive If the Peripheral Is a Computer Controller Configuring the Interf...

Page 29: ...Conserving Memory Using Saved Calibration Sets Preset State A The CITIiUe Data Format and Keyword Reference The CITIfiIe Data Format Description and Overview Data Formats File and Cperating System Formats Definition of CITIfiIe Terms A CITIfiIe Package The CITIiiIe Header AnArrayofData CITI6Ie Keyword CITIfiIe Examples Example 2 An 8510 Display Memory File Example3 8510DatafiIe Example 4 8510 3 T ...

Page 30: ...e of Setting the Reference Value Using a Marker 2 23 Example of Setting the Electrical Delay Using a Marker 2 24 Example of Searching for the Maximum Amplitude Using a Marker 2 25 Example of Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Using a Marker 2 26 Example of Searching for a Ihrget Amplitude Using a Marker 2 27 Example of Searching for a Bandwidth Using Markers 2 28 Example Statistics of Measurement...

Page 31: ...Measurement Frequencies 3 8 Measurement Setup from Display 3 9 Conversion Loss Example Measurement 3 10 Connections for Broad Band Power Meter Calibration 3 l1 Connections for Receiver Calibration 3 12 Connections for a High Dynamic Range Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 13 Example of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 14 Connections for a Response Calibration 3 15 Connections for a Conv...

Page 32: ...ter Calibration 5 38 5 9 Continuous Correction Mode for Power Meter Calibration 5 39 5 10 Noninsertable Device 5 41 5 11 Adapters Needed 5 42 5 12 Two Port Cal Set 1 5 43 5 13 Two Port Cal Set 2 5 44 5 14 Calibrated Measurement 5 45 5 15 Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices 5 48 6 l Simplified Block Diagram of the Network Analyzer System 6 2 6 2 Data Processing Flow Diagram 6 4 6 3 Active Channel...

Page 33: ... Mode 6 58 Test Setup for Sample and Sweep Mode 6 59 Alternate and Chop Sweeps Overlaid 6 60 Instrument State Function Block 6 61 Typical Test Setup for a Frequency Offset Measurement 6 62 Device Frequency Domain and Time Domain Reflection Responses 6 63 A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables 6 64 Transmission Measurement in Time Domain Bandpass Mode 6 65 Time Domain Low Pass Measurements of an Un...

Page 34: ...version Loss versus Output Frequency With Correct IF Signal Path Filtering and Attenuation at alI Mixer Ports 6 90 Examples of Up Converters and Down Converters 6 91 Down Converter Port Connections 6 92 Up Converter Port Connections 6 93 Example Spectrum of RF LO and IF signaIs Present in a Conversion Loss Measurement 6 94 Main Isolation Terms 6 95 Conversion Loss and Output Power as a Function of...

Page 35: ...pected Phase Shift 6 5 Standard Definitions 6 6 Standard Class Assignments 6 7 Characteristic Power Meter Calibration Speed and Accuracy 6 8 Time Domain Reflection Formats 6 9 Minimum Frequency Ranges for Time Domain Low Pass 6 10 Impulse Width Sidelobe Level and Windowing Values 6 l1 Gate Characteristics 7 l HP 8719D 8720D Characteristics Without Error Correction 7 2 HP 8722D Characteristics With...

Page 36: ...lowing areas w Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions w Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements w Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement Results describes techniques and functions for ach...

Page 37: ...the given IF bandwidth number of points averaging mode frequency range and sweep type w Built in service diagnostics are available to simplify troubleshooting procedures w Performance improvement and flexibility through trace math data averaging trace smoothing electrical delay and accuracy enhancement n Accuracy enhancement methods that range from normalizing data to complete one or two port vect...

Page 38: ...o floppy disk drive w Internal automation using test sequencing to program analyzer measurements and control other devices without an external controller w A general purpose input output GPIO bus that can control eight output bits and read five input bits through test sequencing This can be useful for interfacing to material handlers or custom test sets HP 87 1 gD 200 22D Description and Options l...

Page 39: ...isk drive This 3 5 inch drive allows you to store and recall instrument states and measurement results for later analysis Softkeys These keys provide access to menus that are shown on the display STIMULUS function block The keys in this block allow you to control the analyzer source s frequency power and other stimulus functions RESPONSE function block The keys in this block allow you to control t...

Page 40: ... as the following n copying save recall and HP IB controller mode n limit testing n tuned receiver mode n frequency offset mode Option 089 n test sequence function w time domain transform Option 010 HP IB STATUS indicators are also included in this block w key This key returns the instrument to either a known factory preset state or a user preset state that can be defined Refer to the Preset State...

Page 41: ...g Measurements chapter In the split display mode the analyzer provides information labels for each half of the display Several display formats are available for different measurements as described under I in the Key Deli ions chapter 1 Stimulus start value This value could be any one of the following w The start frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements w The start time in CW mode 0...

Page 42: ...s chapter Full two port error correction is active and either the power range for each port A is different coupled or the i is a iv ed me mot on T i i s ii T i z occurs because the analyzer does not switch between the test ports every sweep under these conditions The measurement stays on the active port after an initial cycling between the ports The active port is determined by the selected measur...

Page 43: ...ation block when sweep time is less than 1 0 second When sweep time is greater than 1 0 second this symbol moves along the displayed trace Source parameters changed measured data in doubt until a complete fresh sweep has been taken Active Entry Area This displays the active function and its current value Message Area This displays prompts or error messages Title This is a descriptive alpha numeric...

Page 44: ...arker Stats Bandwidth These are statistical marker values that the analyzer calculates when you access the menus with the jMarkerj key Refer to Using Analyzer Display Markers in the Making Measurements chapter 14 Softkey Labels These menu labels redehne the function of the softkeys that are located to the right of the analyzer display 15 Pass l il During limit testing the result will be annunciate...

Page 45: ...Peripherals chapter for information on conllguring a peripheral Also refer to Application and Operation Concepts for information on GPIO 3 NJ 232 interface This connector allows the analyzer to output to a peripheral with an RS 232 serial input 4 KEYBOARD input DIN This connector allows you to connect an external keyboard This provides a more convenient means to enter a title for storage files as ...

Page 46: ...AL TRIGGER connector This allows connection of an external negative going ll L compatible signal that will trigger a measurement sweep The trigger can be set to external through softkey functions TEST SEQUENCE This outputs a TTL signal that can be programmed in a test sequence to be high or low or pulse 10 Iseconds high or low at the end of a sweep for robotic part handler interface LIMIT TEST Thi...

Page 47: ...tion can be configured to operate as a normal instrument with slightly degraded output power level and accuracy or as an instrument capable of making single connection multiple measurements Because of high output power Option 085 is only available with a mechanical transfer switch similar to Option 007 Option 089 Frequency Offset Mode This option adds the ability to offset the source and receiver ...

Page 48: ...out Handles Option 1CM is a rack mount kit containing a pair of flanges and the necessary hardware to mount the instrument with handles detached in an equipment rack with 482 6 mm 19 inches horizontal spacing Option lCP Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles Option 1CP is a rack mount kit containing a pair of flanges and the necessary hardware to mount the instrument with handles attached in an equipm...

Page 49: ...in q Transmission response in the time domain q Reflection response in the time domain w Non coaxial Measurements Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and print...

Page 50: ...ntact your local Hewlett Packard Sales and Service Office about course numbers HP 8505OA 24A and HP 8505OA 24D See the following table for quick reference tips about connector care lhble 2 1 Connector Care Quick Reference Extend sleeve or connector nut Use plastic endcaps during storage Set connectors contactend down Look for metal particles scratches and dents Get liquid into plastic support bead...

Page 51: ...rameters 3 Perform and apply the appropriate error correction 4 Measure the device under test 5 Output the measurement results Basic Measurement Example This example procedure shows you how to measure the transmission response of a bandpass flter Step 1 Connect the device under test and any required test equipment 1 Make the connections as shown in Figure 2 l Figure 2 1 Basic Measurement Setup Ste...

Page 52: ... tend apply the appropriate error correction 9 Refer to the Optimizing Measurement Results chapter for procedures on correcting measurement errors 10 To save the instrument state and error correction in the analyzer internal memory press Step 4 Measure the device under test 11 Replace any standard used for error correction with the device under test 12 Ib measure the insertion loss of the bandpass...

Page 53: ...s You can easily make such measurements using the dual channel display 1 To see channels 1 and 2 on two separate graticules press i5 iiJ XKUL I V set T A JZIH to ON and Z T Ff to 2X s The analyzer shows channel 1 on the upper half of the display and channel 2 on the lower half of the display The analyzer also defaults to measuring S11 on channel 1 and Sfl on channel 2 Figure 2 2 Example of Viewing...

Page 54: ...ress C 1 to store the current active measurement data in the memory of _ a L s w i the active channel The data trace is now also the memory trace You can use a memory trace for subsequent math manipulations lb View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace The analyzer default setting shows you the current measurement data for the active channel 1 lb view a data trace that you have already stored to t...

Page 55: ...ta i i The analyzer performs a vector subtraction on the complex data To Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 and 2 You may want to use this feature when making amplifier measurements to produce a trace that represents gain compression For example with the channels uncoupled you can increase the power for channel 2 while channel 1 remains unchanged This will allow you to observe the gain compression on...

Page 56: ...he title into the analyzer You can enter a title that has a maximum of 50 characters q If you do not have a DIN keyboard attached to the analyzer enter the title from the analyzer front panel a b C Turn the front panel knob to move the arrow pointer to the first character of the title Repeat the previous two steps to enter the rest of the characters in your title You can enter a title that has a m...

Page 57: ...ider frequency range Interpolation retains the calibration for the new stimulus parameters as long as they fall within the range of the original calibration Refer to Chapters 5 and 6 for a full description of error correction The status notation CA will appear on the display if interpolated error correction is on This is normal Refer to Status Notations in Chapter 2 A full two port calibration can...

Page 58: ...r half of the display 17 Sep 1 9 9 8 11 13 3 1 CHl LOG 5 dB REF 2 dB CH2 LOG Sll 1 0 dB REF 5 0 dB s21 CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45 000 MHz PRm Car START 111 500 MHz STOP 156 500 MHz CH3 CENTER 134 000 000 MHz SPAN 45000 000 MHz Figure 2 5 3 Channel Display OUAL CHAN ON off AUX CHhN ON off 4 PARAM DISPLAYS SPLIT OISP I X 2x 4x CHANNEL POSITION RETURN 2 10 Making Measurements ...

Page 59: ...ON RETURN Figure 2 6 4 Channel Display lb Activate and Gml3gure the AnxWary Channels This procedure continues from the previous procedure 10 Press than again Observe that the amber LED adjacent to the chanj hardkey is flashing This indicates that channel 4 is now active and can be configured 1 _ _ T r _ i 11 press m _ _ i i A AL i i Markers 1 and 2 appear on all four channel traces Rotating the fr...

Page 60: ... Operation Concepts n Characterizing a Duplexer The following example demonstrates how to characterize a S port device in this case a duplexer This measurement utihzes four parameter display mode A duplexer s three ports are n Transmit TX n Receive Rx w Antenna Ant There are two signal paths through a duplexer from TX to Ant and from Ant to Rx The two signal paths are offset in frequency from each...

Page 61: ... the test set I O independently for each channel 5 Set up control of the test adapter so that channel 1 is TX 6 Perform a full 2 port calibration on channel 1 Refer to chapter 5 if necessary Press Cal XLfBIkATE l NJ FTJLL 2 PORT and follow the instructions to complete the calibration Note Make sure you connect the standards to the TX port of the test adapter or a cable attached to it for the FORWA...

Page 62: ...e this state in the analyzer 13 Connect the DUT to the test adapter 14 Enable both auxiliary channels 3 and 4 i 16 Set the measurement parameters channel 1 should be active y a Press B g i This is the transmission of the Tx to Ant path b Press Chan to activate channel 3 press This is the reflection at the TX port C Press m This is the transmission of the Ant to Rx path d Press iGZ to activate chan...

Page 63: ...G IN A u x I n p u t CONVERSION COFFI INPUT PORTS Normally a 2 port calibration requires a forward and reverse sweep to finish before updating the displayed trace For faster timing it is possible to set the number of sweeps for the active display Sll and S21 for channel 1 in this case to update more often than the unused parameters In this example we choose 8 updates of the forward parameters to 1...

Page 64: ...te a memory math function data memory or data memory the marker values apply to the trace resulting from the memory math function The examples in this section are shown with Alter measurement results Ib Use Continuous and Discrete Markers The analyzer can either place markers on discrete measured points or move the markers continuously along a trace by interpolating the data value between measured...

Page 65: ...sing the front panel knob or numerical keypad All of the marker response and stimulus values are displayed in the upper right comer of the display Figure 2 8 Active Marker Control lb switch on the corresponding marker and make it the active marker press All of the markers other than the active marker become inactive and are represented on the analyzer display as A Figure 2 9 Active and Inactive Ma...

Page 66: ...en activate the channel m wish to K 2AL AAiers press iGiG then select the markers for that channel 3 Turn off the softkey menu and move the marker information off of the grids The display will be similar to Figure 2 10 Press CHl LO8 5 dB REF 2 dB Sll 4 1 4031 dB 1 5 1 5 0 9 5 0 0 MHz 2 Sep 1998 12 12 09 CH2 L O G 1 0 dB R E F 5 0 dB s21 4 69 132 dB 151 509 500 MHz PRI t CHl Markers I 0229 dB 88200...

Page 67: ... I I I I I I I I ICI3 Markers 6 88200 MHz MHz 97600 MHz CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45 000 MHz 2 S e p 1 9 9 8 12 09 4 3 CH2 LOG 10 dB REF 50 dB 521 4 69 313 dB 151 509 500 MHz PRm CA t 37 dB 0 MHz 36 dB 0 MHz CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45000 MHz E LDG4 2 114i5 dB dB REF151 509 2 5 500 dBMHz t CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45000 MHz MARKER 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I a l l OFF A MODE MENU MKR ZERO Figure 2 11 Marker Inform...

Page 68: ...front panel knob OR q enter the frequency value relative to the reference marker on the numeric keypad 2 Press I A and move marker 2 to any position that you want to measure in reference to marker 1 Figure 2 12 Marker 1 as the Reference Marker 4 lb change the reference marker to marker 2 press a T Y 21 L k h A To Activate a Fixed Marker When a reference marker is fixed it does not rely on a curren...

Page 69: ...is the y axis value In polar or Smith chart format with a magnitude phase marker a real imaginary marker an R jX marker or a G jB marker the setting applies to the first part of the complex data pair Fixed marker response values are always uncoupled in the two channels 3 To set the auxiliary response value of a fixed marker when you are viewing a polar or Smith format press FIXED MKR UX VALUE and ...

Page 70: ...ront panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad 2 lb measure values along the measurement data trace relative to the reference point that you set in the previous step press i 2Jj2 and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad 3 To move the reference position press amr xm m c TxaJJ ad turn the front panel knob z i I p i i d or enter a value from the front p...

Page 71: ... I I I I I I I I PRm lcsg MA6 10 de REF 29 92 dEi 3X 77 549 de log MA6 10 de REF 29 92 dB 3 22 23 dE _ PRK I I I y t b J V f CENTER IO 240 000 000 GHz SPAN 2 500 000 00 1 GHz TART GHz STUP 11 490 000 GHz pb677d Figure 2 15 Example of Coupled and Uncoupled Biarkers To Use Polar Format Markers The analyzer can display the marker value as magnitude and phase or as a real imaginary pair z zc _ EJ E gi...

Page 72: ...o the impedance of the device and the measuring system Each value of the reflection coefficient I uniquely defies a device impedance r 0 only occurs when the device and analyzer impedance are exactly the same The reflection coefficient for a short circuit is I 1 L 180 Every other value for I also corresponds uniquely to a complex device impedance according to the equation zL 1 t r 1 qxzo where ZL ...

Page 73: ... ohms Choose G jB MKR to show the complex admittance values of the active marker in rectangular form The active marker values are displayed in terms of conductance in Siemens susceptance and equivalent parallel circuit capacitance or inductance Siemens are the international unit of admittance and are equivalent to mhos the inverse of ohms To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers The analyzer al...

Page 74: ...active marker CHl S21 log MAG 10 de REF 30 dB l 1 74 426 de PRm CENTER 11 071 575 036 GHr SPAN 4 836 849 927 GHr CHl 521 log MA6 10 de REF 30 de I eo cio5 de PRm CENTER 10 319 928 457 6Hr SPAN 3 333 556 769 GHz pb679d Figure 2 19 Example of Setting the Stop Frequency Using a Marker Setting the Center Frequency 1 Press JGZZZJ and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypa...

Page 75: ...rn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the markers where you want the frequency span Iterate between maker 1 ad marker 2 by pressing a respedively ii i A i i A and turning the front panel knob or entering values from the front panel keypad to position the markers around the center frequency When finished positioning the markers make sure that marker 2 is s...

Page 76: ...l keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the analyzer display reference value 2 Press to change the reference value to the value of the active marker A i ii _ z CHl S21 CHl S21 Log Mkb Log Mkb 15 de REF 39 dE 15 de REF 39 dE l l 1 650 dB 1 650 dB PRm PRm CENTER CENTER 10 240 Oiir 000 GHz 10 240 Oiir 000 GHz SPAN SPAN 2 500 000 000 GHz 2 500 000 000 GHz PR Lbg MAG 15 dE REF 1 ...

Page 77: ... electrical delay adjustments are required on devices without constant group delay over the measured frequency span 21 Phase 90 I KEF 0 D 1 163 0f1 ea 11 100 300 OCO GHz M n MAF KER 1 10 1 GHz CENTER 10 240 000 000 6Hz SPAN 3 500 000 000 GHz CENTER 10 240 000 000 GHz LHl 521 phase 9Cl I KFF 0 D 1 173 57O m 10 240 000 000 GHr M PRm c2 MARKER 1 Del 10 1 2Hz 1 SPAN 7 500 000 000 GHz Figure 2 23 Examp...

Page 78: ...rching for the Maximum Amplitude 1 press Ij to access the marker search menu r 2 Press to move the active marker to the maximum point on the measurement trace Figure 2 24 Example of Searching for the Maximum Amplitude Using a Blarker Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Figure 2 25 Example of Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Using a Marker Searching for a Target Amplitude 2 30 Making Measursment...

Page 79: ...andwidth The analyzer can automatically calculate and display the 3 dB bandwidth BW center frequency CENT Q and loss of the device under test at the center frequency Q stands for quality factor dellned as the ratio of a circuit s resonant frequency to its bandwidth These values are shown in the marker data readout 1 Press GiZ and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keyp...

Page 80: ...ocedures in To Search for a Specific Amplitude n 2 Press FctnJ to track the spehfied mpfitude search T i ii ss i _ i i i with every new trace and put the active marker on that point When tracking is not activated the analyzer finds the specified amplitude on the current sweep and the marker remains at same stimulus value regardless of changes in the trace response value with subsequent sweeps 232 ...

Page 81: ...t you want to measure in reference to marker 1 4 Press l iXXG lT to calculate and view the mean standard deviation and peak to peak values of the section of the measurement data between the active marker and the delta reference marker An application for this feature is to Gnd the peak to peak value of passband ripple without searching separately for the maximum and minimum values If you are viewin...

Page 82: ... you how to measure the maximm amplitude of a SAW filter and then how to view the measurement data in the phase format which provides information about the phase response Measuring the Magnitude Response 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure 2 29 DEVICE UNDER TEST Figure 2 29 Device Connections for Measuring a Magnitude Response 2 Press B and choose the measurement settings For this exampl...

Page 83: ...The channel 2 portion of Figure 2 31 shows the insertion phase response of the device under test The analyzer measures and displays phase over the range of 180 O to 180 O As phase changes beyond these values a sharp 360 O transition occurs in the displayed data CENTER IU 240 000 c oo OH PAP4 2 50 noo 000 GHZ Figure 2 31 Example Insertion Phase Response Measurement The phase response shown in Figur...

Page 84: ...2 Phase Samples Undersampling may arise when measuring devices with long electrical length To correct this problem the frequency span should be reduced or the number of points increased until Ad is less than 180 per point Electrical delay may also be used to compensate for this effect as shown in the next example procedure 236 Making Measurements ...

Page 85: ...y of the phase shift through a device over a range of frequencies and the analyzers can express it in two different ways n deviation from linear phase n group delay Measuring Electrical Length 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure 2 33 NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TEST Figure 2 33 Device Connections for Measuring Electrical Length 2 Press 1Preset and choose the measurement settings For th...

Page 86: ...of phase shift The linearly changing phase is due to the device s electrical length You can measure this changing phase by adding electrical length electrical delay to compensate for it 6 To place a marker at the center of the band press j and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad 7 To activate the electrical delay function press _ cF q This function calculates and...

Page 87: ...rmittivity of the cable dielectric cp as v e l o c i t y f a c t o r 116 You could change the velocity factor to compensate for propagation velocity by pressing Ical I XiX FA IXJR enter the value XJ This will help the i i i analyzer to accurately calculate the equivalent distance that corresponds to the entered electrical delay Figure 2 35 Example Best Flat Line with Added Electrical Delay 9 lb di...

Page 88: ...chapter Figure 2 36 Deviation from Linear Phase Example Measurement Group Delay The phase linearity of many devices is specified in terms of group or envelope delay The analyzers can translate this information into a related parameter group delay Group delay is the transmission time through your device under test as a function of frequency Mathematically it is the derivative of the phase response ...

Page 89: ...s The phase shift between two adjacent frequency points must be less than 1800 otherwise incorrect group delay information may result 4 To vary the effective group delay aperture from minimum aperture no smoothing to approximately 1 of the frequency spa press v i ii When you increase the aperture the analyzer removes fine grain variations from the response It is critical that you specify the group...

Page 90: ...easurement points over which the analyzer calculates the group delay press As the aperture is increased the smoothness of the trace improves markedly but at the expense of measurement detail Group Delay Example Measurement with Smoothing Aperture Increased 242 Making Measurements ...

Page 91: ...of each other This example measurement shows you how to test a bandpass filter using the following procedures n creating flat limit lines n creating sloping limit lines n creating single point limit lines n editing limit segments n running a limit test Setting Up the Measurement Parameters 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure Z 40 DEVICE UNDER TEST pb69d Figure 2 40 Connections for SAW Fi...

Page 92: ...0 dB 1 2 3 lb access the limits menu and activate the Iimit lines press To create a new Iimitline press The analyzer generates a new segment that appears on the center of the display Ib aid in determining the value of the new segment marker 1 also appears on the display ib specify the stimuius value test limits upper and lower and the iimit type of the iimit line s starting point press I 4 4 Ixl i...

Page 93: ...e point limit press iFKm g 4 y L1D 37 ZJYj i i DOHE i i g ET g i y ggggff TJQg Figure 2 41 shows the flat limit lines that you have just created with the following parameters n stimulus from 10 11 GHz to 10 37 GHz w upper limit of 1 4 dB n lower limit of 7 4 dB ...

Page 94: ...ne This example procedure shows you how to make limits that test the shape factor of a SAW filter The following limits are set Frequency Range Power Range 9 7 GHz to 10 GHz 45dE3 to 4 dB 10 48 GHz to 10 8 GHz 4 dB to 45 dB lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines press 2 46 Making Measurements ...

Page 95: ... lines and create a sloping limit line press 4 To establish the start frequency and limits for a sloping limit line that tests the high side of the filter press Figure 2 43 Sloping Limit Lines M a k i n g M e a s u r e m ...

Page 96: ...GHz 1 To access the limits menu and activate the Iimit lines press 2 lb designate a single point Iimit line as shown in F igure 2 44 you must dellne two pointers w downward pointing indicating the upper test Iimit n upward pointing indicating the lower test Iimit Figure 2 44 Example Single Points Limit Line 2 4 8 Makiq M e a s u r e m e n t s ...

Page 97: ... number followed by Lxl i 3 To change the upper limit for example 20 of a limit line press g L 20 Lxl g T Deleting Limit Segments 1 To access the limits menu and activate the limit lines press 2 lb move the pointer symbol on the analyzer display to the segment you wish to delete press or repeate y OR fl J and enter the segment number followed by I i r 3 lb delete the segment that you have selected...

Page 98: ...or 6 J is optional and a add approximately 50 ms of sweep cycle time Because the limit test will still work if the me lines ue off selecting is alSo optional v z i m 2 The limit test results appear on the right side on the analyzer display The analyzer indicates whether the filter passes or fails the dellned limit test o The message FAIL will appear on the right side of the display if the limit te...

Page 99: ...set feature and the limit test failure indications that can appear on the analyzer display 1 To offset all of the segments in thelimit table by a llxed frequency for example 50 MHz press The analyzer beeps and a FAIL notation appears on the analyzer display as shown in Figure 2 45 Figure 2 45 Example Stimulus Offset of Limit Lines 2 lb return to 0 Hz offset press lxlJ c ii z 3 To offset all of the...

Page 100: ...various features of the analyzer to accomplish these measurements Input Power dBm Figure 2 46 Diagram of Gain Compression Note If the default output power of your analyzer is not high enough to force the amplifier under test into compression then the following procedure may have to be performed with the addition of Option 007 or Option 085 Refer to Hi Power Measurements for information on using Op...

Page 101: ... the ratio of channel 2 data to channel 1 data on the channel 2 display press This produces a trace that represents gain compression only 7 fiess E and position the marker at approximately M spa i iii i i i 8 messC O to change the SC to 1 Jper vision g Press Menu J 10 Increase the power until you observe approximately 1 dB of compression on channel 2 using the step keys or the front panel knob 11 ...

Page 102: ...r levels for the sweep Now channel 1 is displaying a gain compression curve Do not pay attention to channel 2 at this time 18 To maintain the calibration for the CW frequency press Now channel 2 displays absolute output power in dDm as a function of power input 22 Press ZZTZj Ilo Ixl to change the scale of channel 2 to 10 dB per division i u i L A 23 Press iii TJ Lxl to change the scale of channel...

Page 103: ... COWS i I 25 lb find the 1 dB compression point on channel 1 press Notice that the marker on channel 2 tracked the marker on channel 1 27 RI take the channel 2 marker out of the A mode so that it reads the absolute output power of the amplifier in mm press t START t5 0 dml 1o cl o 400 ocln GHZ STCP 5 0 dBrn Figure 2 49 Gain Compression Using Power Sweep 2 66 ...

Page 104: ...els allows you to have the same frequency range and calibration applied to channel 1 and channel 2 2 Ress A L i ii i Uncoupling the port power allows you to apply different power levels at each port In Pigure 2 50 the port 1 power is set to 25 dBm for the gain measurement S21 and the port 2 power is set to 0 dBm for the reverse isolation measurement S12 _ _ I 4 3 Press w IMeas J 1Menu V md set the...

Page 105: ...yzer compensates for nominal power changes you make during a measurement so that the error correction still remains approximately valid In these cases the Cor annunciator will change to CA tsH START 050 000 000 GH STOP 133 51fi Cl00 000 GHz Figure 2 50 Gain and Reverse Isolation Makins M e a s u r e m e n t s 2 67 ...

Page 106: ...escribes how to set up the analyzer to perform high power measurements Initial Setup 1 If the analyzer is in the bypass mode configuration remove the jumper between the RF OUT and RF IN connector on the rear panel 2 Connect the booster amplifier RF INPUT connector to the RF OUT connector on the rear panel of the analyzer 3 Connect a 20 dB coupler that operates within the frequency range of interes...

Page 107: ... to 20 dBm and the output power measured from the open end of the coupler was 5 dBm then the gain of the booster amplifier would be 15 dl3 8 Verify that the power measured in the previous steps is well within acceptable limits less than 10 dBm for the coupled arm less than 43 dBm for the open port 9 Estimate the maximum power level that will be needed to force the DUT into compression 10 At the ma...

Page 108: ...of the analyzer Make a connection between the coupled arm of the 20 dB coupler along with any added attenuation and the R CHANNEL IN connector on the front panel F F NETWORK ANALYZER T I FRONT PANEL 2 1 FF IIJ RF AMPLIFIER Figure 2 52 High Power l t Setup Step 2a NETWORK ANALYZER 10 d6 Figure 2 53 High Power lkst Setup Step 2b 2 60 Making M e a s u r e m e n t s ...

Page 109: ... PORT 2 when the DUT is in compression For example if a DUT with a maximum gain of 10 dB receives an input of 20 dBm then the maximum amount of power that could be received by TEST PORT 2 is 30 dBm RFout p d 1RFin R Sampler I uron1 Port 1 Jumper rorrz Port 2 Jumper 2 Pad I R Channe Input pbslO3d Figure 2 54 Internal Signal Paths of Analyzer 17 Calculate the amount of attenuation needed between the...

Page 110: ...ase in power may result in damage to the DUT or analyzer 20 To activate the external reference mode press ZZ Il S MODE EXT R CHAI ON 21 Measure the output power from test port 1 and verify that it is as expected 22 If you are measuring a highly reflective device high power isolators should be inserted in place of the jumpers located between the two sets of front panel SWITCH and COUPLER connectors...

Page 111: ... taken into consideration Note If you are increasing the power level from the level set at calibration to the I I maximum level of compression you must press Lcal to switch on z n w interpolation If no calibration has been performed or if the instrument is in an uncalibrated state the following must be taken into consideration when interpreting the measured data w The value of attenuation added to...

Page 112: ... s tuned receiver mode is useful for automated test applications where an external synthesized source is available and applications where speed is important Although the tuned receiver mode can function in all sweep types it is typically used in CW applications Typical test setup l Activate the tuned receiver mode by pressing CSystem IKYFRUHMFT NODE TuglED REL EIVEl 2 Connect the equipment as show...

Page 113: ...s can be controlled in a test sequence and the GPIO inputs can be tested in a sequence for conditional branching For in depth sequencing information refer to Test Sequencing in Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts n The test sequence function allows you to create title save and execute up to six independent sequencesinternaRy You can also save sequences to disk and transfer them between th...

Page 114: ...sequence pg647d Fiiure 2 57 l t Sequencing Help Instructions 2 To select a sequence position in which to store your sequence press This choice selects sequence position l The default title is SEQl for this sequence Refer to Changing the Sequence Title located later in this chapter for information on how to modify a sequence title 2 66 M a k i n g M e a s u r e m e n t s ...

Page 115: ...reation press Caution When you create a sequence the analyzer stores it in volatile memory where it will be lost if you switch off the instrument power except for sequence 6 which is stored in the analyzer non volatile memory However you may store sequences to a floppy disk Running a Sequence To run a stored test sequence press Preset and the softkey labeled with desired sequence number or press _...

Page 116: ...e key 5 mss m J j Q Z to ey the modify e t mode g i t g 2 To select the particular test sequence you wish to modify sequence 1 in this example press A i 3 To insert a command move the cursor to the line immediately above the line where you want to insert a new command by pressing n If you use the key to move the cursor through the list of commands the commands are actually performed when the curso...

Page 117: ...the command that you wish to modify press n If you use the key to move the cursor through the list of commands the commands are actuaIly performed when the cursor points to them This feature allows the sequence to be tested one command at a time n If you wish to scroll through the sequence without executing each line as you do so you can press the JQ key and scroll through the command list backwar...

Page 118: ...itling press i J T Naming Files Generated by a Sequence The analyzer can automatically increment the name of a llle that is generated by a sequence using a loop structure Refer to the section titled Generating Piles in a Loop Counter Example Sequence for an example To access the sequence filename menu press AVE RECALLJ This menu presents two choices _ suppfies a name for the saved state md or data...

Page 119: ...ave a sequence to the internal disk press lJlmE Em m I l and select the particular sequence softkey s i d z i The disk drive access light should turn on briefly When it goes out the sequence has been saved Caution The analyzer will overwrite a Gle on the disk that has the same title M a k i n g M e a s u r e m e n t s 2 7 1 ...

Page 120: ...control the sequence number of an imported titled sequence Purging a Sequence from Disk 1 lb view the contents of the disk six titles at a time press n If the desired sequence is not among the tlrst six flies press 2 Press the softkey next to the title of the desired sequence The disk access light should illuminate briefly Printing a Sequence I Configure a compatible printer to the analyzer refer ...

Page 121: ...es are identified by position not title the call operation will always go to the sequence loaded into the given position 1 To create the example multiple sequences press The following sequences will be created SEQUENCESEQl Start of Sequence CENTER 134 M u SPAN 50 M u DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE 2 SEQUENCESEQ2 Start of Sequence Tram FED s21 B R LOGMAG SCALE DIV AUTO SCALE You can extend this process of ca...

Page 122: ...counter and call the sequence that you want to repeat press This will create a displayed list as shown SEQUENCE LOOP 1 Start of Sequence LOOPCOUNTER 10x1 DOSEqUENCE SEQUENCE2 lb create a second sequence that will perform a desired measurement function decrement the loop counter and call itself until the loop counter value is equal to zero press B C i _ Iseel E i A Ai i This will create a displayed...

Page 123: ... in a Loop Counter Example Sequence This example shows how to increment the names of files that me generated by a sequence with a loop structure J bXti r SWWRX SE4 9 i j i A _ a M a k i n g M e a s u r e m e n t s 2 75 ...

Page 124: ...er and calls sequence 2 Sequence 2 repeats until the loop counter reaches 0 It takes a single sweep saves the data Gle and plots the display The data file names generated by this sequence will be dt00007 Dl throughdtOOOOO Dl The plot file names generated by this sequence will be p100007 FPthroughp100000 FP lb run the sequence press 2 76 M a k i n g M e a s u r e m e n t s ...

Page 125: ...lines n an active limit test 1 To create a sequence that will recall the desired instrument state perform a limit test and branch to another sequence position based on the outcome of that limit test press This will create a displayed list for sequence 1 as shown start of sequence RECALL KEG 1 IF LIMIT TEST PASS THEN DO SEQUENCE 2 IF LIMIT TEST FAIL THENDO SEQUENCE 3 2 To create a sequence that sto...

Page 126: ...device press Ises N E W SEQ MODIFY SEQ SEQUJZNCE 3 SE43 c 1 MORE TITLE TUNEDEVICEDONE Isecl SPECIAL FUNCTIONS PAUSE RETURN DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE I SEQl m DONE SEQ MODIFY This will create a displayed list for sequence 3 as shown Start of Sequence TITLE TUNE DEVICE SEQUENCE PAUSE DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE 1 2 78 Making Measurements ...

Page 127: ... through a surface acoustic wave SAW alter n reflection measurement that locates reflections along a terminated transmission line Transmission Response in Time Domain In this example measurement there are three components of the transmission response w RF leakage at near zero time n the main travel path through the device 1 6 ps travel time n the triple travel path 4 8 ps travel time This example ...

Page 128: ...ow pass step and low pass impulse are described in the Application and Operation Concepts chapter To better view the measurement trace press Z G REFERE EIc VALUE and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad 7 lb measure the peak response from the main path press The three responses shown in Figure 2 59 are the RF leakage near zero seconds the main travel path through ...

Page 129: ... shown in Figure 2 60 only response from the main path is displayed Note You may remove the displayed response from inside the gate markers by i pressing SJ and turning the front panel knob to exchange the flag marker positions Figure 2 60 pb674d Gating in a Time Domain Transmission Example Measurement i A I i _ _ _ 12 lb adjust the gate shape for the best possible time domain response press KBP B...

Page 130: ...me is the time between the stop time 6 dB on the filter skirt and the peak of the first sidelobe and is equal on the left and right side skirts of the filter Because the minimrm gate span has no passband it is just twice the cutoff time 13 To see the effect of the gating in the frequency domain press This places the gated response in memory F igure 2 61 shows the effect of removing the RF leakage ...

Page 131: ...zers allows you to choose the frequency range over which you would like to make the measurement 1 lb choose the measurement parameters press 2 Perform an SI1 l port correction on PORT 1 Refer to Chapter 3 Optimizing Measurement Results for a detailed procedure 3 Connect your device under test as shown in F igure 2 62 NETWORK ANALYZER ADAPTER ADAPTERS 5ofi TERMINATION CABLES pbfil Id Figure Z 62 De...

Page 132: ...e 2 63 Device Response in the Frequency Domain 5 To transform the data from the frequency domain to the time domain press 6 To view the time domain over the length 4 meters of the cable under test press The stop time corresponds to the length of the cable under test The energy travels about 1 foot per nanosecond or 0 3 meter Its in free space Most cables have a relative velocity of about 0 66 the ...

Page 133: ...mes a relative velocity of 1 velocity factor l A where Ed is the relative permittivity of the cable dielectric 8 lb position the marker on the reflection of interest press jJ and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad In this example the velocity factor was set to one half the actual value so the marker reads the time and distance to the reflection 9 lb position a m...

Page 134: ...vice contact pads The TRL calibration technique relies only on the characteristic impedance of a short transmission line From two sets of 2 port measurements that differ by this short length of transmission line and two reflection measurements the full 12 term error model can be determined For information on how to perform TRL calibrations refer to the section TRL and TRM Error Correction in Chapt...

Page 135: ...t Mode n Isolation Example Measurements q LO to RF isolation q RF feedthrough Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results...

Page 136: ...l input is less than 10 dBm and greater than 35 dBm Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses By choosing test frequencies frequency list mode you can reduce the effect of spurious responses on measurements by avoiding frequencies that produce IF signal path distortion Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals By placing filters between the mixer s IF port and the receiver s input port you c...

Page 137: ... or RF Et3 I JETWCrF I ANAL ZEF P IIJ pb698d Figure 3 1 Down Converter Port Connections n In mup convertermeasurementwherethe C softkeyisselected thenotation on the setup diagram indicates that the analyzer s source frequency is labeled IF connecting to the mixer IF port and the analyzer s receiver frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port Because the RF frequency can be greater or l...

Page 138: ... have been offset 16 dB higher As a result power measured d6mctl at the R Channel via the R CHANNEL IN port will appear to be 16 dEl higher than its actual value If power meter calibration is not used this offset in power must be accounted for with a receiver calibration before performing measurements The following steps can be performed to observe this offset in power 1 The default source output ...

Page 139: ...ust be 0 dBm or less 10 dDm typical to avoid receiver saturation effects The minimum signal level must be greater than 35 dDm to provide sufficient signal for operation of the phaselock loop 5 You cannot trust R channel power settings without knowing about the offset involved Perform a receiver calibration to remove any power offsets by pressing Once completed the R channel should display 0 dBm 10...

Page 140: ...ecified f 1 dB over any given source frequency This may give a maximum 2 dE3 error for a mixer transmission test setup f 1 dB for the source over the IF range during measurement and f 1 dB over the RF range during measurement Higher measurement accuracy may be obtained through the use of power meter calibration You can use power meter calibration to correct for power offsets losses and flatness va...

Page 141: ... mode of operation allows you to offset the analyzer s source by a fixed value above or below the analyzer s receiver That is this allows you to use a device input frequency range that is different from the receiver input frequency range The following procedure describes the swept IF frequency conversion loss measurement of a broadband component mixer 1 Set the Lo source to the desired CW frequenc...

Page 142: ... number 1250 1462 as a connector saver for R CHANNEL IN NETWORK ANALYZER POWER METER HP 18 r POWER SENSOR Figure 3 5 Connections for B Channel and Source Calibration 9 press Ical ad enter the A c s s r E _ ss s i s s A s s z i corre ion factors as listed on the power sensor men finished press j x a i Y L 3 g M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 089 Only ...

Page 143: ...umber of points to its original value and the analyzer wiU automatically interpolate this calibration 11 12 To calibrate the R channel over the IF range press Once completed the display should read 0 dBm 10 dBm HP 8722D Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 6 for the one sweep power meter calibration over the RF range NETWORK ANALYZER POWER SENSOR E TEPNAL L O WUPCE Figure 3 6 Connections for ...

Page 144: ...R R IN 0 01 02 stori 9 0 0 M H z start 1 0 0 M H z s t o p 6 5 0 M H z stop 3 5 0 M H Z I F I X E D L O I GHz L O POWER 1 3 dBm FPEO O F F O N o f f L O M E N U D O W N C O N V E R T E R I U P C O N V E R T E R RF LO RF LO v I E W M E A S U R E R E T U R N pt613d Figure 3 8 Measurement Setup from Display 15 To view the measurement trace press 16 To perform a one sweep power meter calibration over ...

Page 145: ...t power In this measurement you set the input power and measured the output power F igure 3 9 shows the absolute loss through the mixer versus mixer output frequency If the mixer under test contained built in amplification then the measurement results would have shown conversion gain M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 0 8 8 Only 3 l 1 ...

Page 146: ...ltering with greater than 35 dB dynamic range must be made on either the analyzer s A or B channel with a reference mixer providing input to the analyzer s R channel for phaselock This example describes the swept IF conversion loss measurement of a mixer and jilter The output filtering demonstrates the analyzer s ability to make high dynamic range measurements Note Since the default source output ...

Page 147: ...d Power Meter Calibration 4 Select the HP 8719D 20D 22D as the system controller 8 Perform a one sweep power meter calibration over the IF frequency range at 0 dBm 10 dBm HP 8722D xll Lxll HP 8722D i _ i M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 0 8 8 O n l y 3 13 ...

Page 148: ... shown in Figure 3 l 1 liETWV l ANAL ZEP P pb593d Figure3 11 ConnectionsforReceiverChlibration 10 Set the following analyzer parameters g J g 11 To calibrate the B channel over the IF range press Once completed the analyzer should display 0 dBm 10 dBm HP 8722D 12 Make the connections shown in Figure 3 12 13 Set the Lo source to the desired CW frequency and power level For this example the values a...

Page 149: ... The source frequency range can be determined from the following equation receiver frequency range 100 1000 MHz LO frequency 1500 MHz 1 6 2 5 GHz 16 To view the conversion loss in the best vertical resolution press Figure 3 13 shows the conversion loss of this low side LO mixer with output altering Notice that the dynamic range from the pass band to the noise floor is welI above the dynamic range ...

Page 150: ...I I I START 100 oclo 000 GHX STOP 1 000 000 000 GHI Figure 3 13 Exumple of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 l 6 Making M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 0 6 6 Only1 ...

Page 151: ...tup The following sequence initializes and calibrates the network analyzer It then initializes the two external sources prior to measurement This sequence includes n putting the network analyzer into tuned receiver mode n setting up a frequency list sweep of 26 points n performing a response calibration n prompting the user to connect a mixer to the test setup n inikdizing a loop counter value to ...

Page 152: ...nections for a Response Calibration 4 Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence 1 Note lb enter the following sequence commands that require titling an external keyboard may be used for convenience 3 16 M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 0 6 6 Only1 ...

Page 153: ...M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 089 Only1 3 19 ...

Page 154: ...TITLETOPERIPHERAL TITLE FREQ MODE CW CW 1OOMHZ TITLETOPERIPHERAL CALIBRATE RESPONSE CAL STANDARD DONE CAL CLASS TITLE CONNECT MIXER PAUSE LOOP COUNTER 26x1 SCALE DIV 2x1 REFERENCE POSITION 0 xl REFERENCE VALUE 20x1 MANUAL TRG ON POINT TITLE FREQ MODECW CW500MHZ FREQ CW STEPlOOMHZ TITLETOPERIPHERAL TITLE POW LEVl3DBM PERIPHERAL HPIB ADDR 21x1 TITLETOPERIPHERAL TITLE 3 20 M a k i n g M i x e r M e a...

Page 155: ...zero This sequence includes n taking data n incrementing the source frequencies n decrementing the loop counter n labeling the screen 1 Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence 2 Note To enter the following sequence commands that require titling an external keyboard may be used for convenience SEQUENCESEQZ Start of Sequence WAITx 1x1 M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s...

Page 156: ...s When the prompt CONNECT MIXER appears connect the equipment as shown in F igure 3 15 NETWORK ANALYZER EZT E X T R E F E R E N C E R E F E R E N C E 1 0 dB E X T E R N A L R F S O U R C E 6 dB 3 dB E X T E R N A L L O SDJRCE Figure 3 15 Connections for a Conversion Loss Using the Tuned Receiver Mode When the sequences are fh hed you should have a result as shown in Figure 3 16 3 22 M a k i n g M ...

Page 157: ...ed trace represents the conversion loss of the mixer at 26 points Each point corresponds to one of the 26 different sets of RF and LO frequencies that were used to create the same fixed IF frequency M a k i n g M i x e r Measuremente O p t i o n 088 Only 3 23 ...

Page 158: ... specifications of two example mixers for use in calibration Minicircuits ZFM 4 dc to 1250 MHz 6 ns 1 Set the LO source to the desired CW frequency and power level For this example the LO source is set to the following values CW frequency 1000 MHz power 13 dDm 2 Initialize the analyzer by pressing Preset 3 Connect the instruments as shown in Figure 3 17 placing a broadband calibration mixer ZFM 4 ...

Page 159: ...22D set the desired receiver frequency and source output power by pressing gip z LiiGi9 a ml Hp 8722 r 5 Ib set the frequency offset mode Lo frequency from the analyzer press 7 lb make a response error correction press 1Meas A A i TT h ii A _ _ _ Lcall g j f f ii i _ z i C U w ii _ M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 088 Only1 3 25 ...

Page 160: ...m q 6 CHl PRm Cor Del Smo Hld Ofs CENTER 300 000 000 GHz SPAN lOO 000 000 GHz 8102d Figure 3 18 Group Delay Measurement The displayed measurement trace shows the device under test delay relative to the calibration mixer This measurement is also useful when the device under test has built in llltering which requires 30 dEl range the maximum of R input PORT 1 to PORT 2 range is lOO dR 3 26 M a k i n...

Page 161: ...8 of the previous Group Delay Measurements section with the following exception In step 7 select F X PEA 2 Once the analyzer has displayed the measurement results press Display BAT 3 Replace the calibration mixer with the mixer under test 4 Press3X B i The resulting trace should represent the amplitude and phase tracking of the two mixers M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 0...

Page 162: ...the increasing RF signal until mixer compression begins and the mixer saturates The following example uses a ratio of mixer output to input power and a marker search function to locate a mixer s 1 dB compression point Note Because this procedure was performed with an HP 8719D 20D Option 007 the analyzer was able to produce an output power of 10 dBm If the default output power of your analyzer is n...

Page 163: ... Ib view the absolute input power to the analyzer s R channel press 6 To store a trace of the receiver power versus the source power into memory and view data memory press This removes the loss between the output of the mixer and the input to the receiver and provides a linear power sweep for use in subsequent measurements 7 Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 21 Caution lb prevent connector...

Page 164: ...ect a low side Lo measurement configuration press In this low side Lo up converter measurement the analyzer source frequency is offset lower than the receiver frequency The analyzer source frequency can be determined from the following equation receiver frequency 800 MHz Lo frequency 600 MHz 200 MHz The measurement s setup diagram is shown in Figure 3 22 3 30 M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m ...

Page 165: ...t power press 12 To set up an active marker to search for the1 dB compression point of the mixer press 13 Press The measurement results show the mixer s 1 dB compression point By changing the target value you can easily locate other compression points for example 0 5 dB 3 dB See Figure 3 23 14 Read the compressed power on by turning marker A off M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t ...

Page 166: ...Figure 3 23 Example Swept Power Conversion Compression Measurement 3 32 M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 089 Only ...

Page 167: ...feedthrough signals may appear at the mixer IF output together with the desired IF signal The Lo to RF isolation and the Lo feedthrough are typically measured with the third port terminated in 50 ohms Measurement of the RF feedthrough is made as the Lo signal is being applied to the mixer LO to RF Isolation 1 Initialize the analyzer by pressing B 2 Ib select the analyzer frequency range and source...

Page 168: ...se the accuracy of isolation measurements Refer to Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement Results n 6 Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 26 NETWORK ANALYZER Figure 3 26 Connections for a Mixer Isolation Measurement 7 lb adjust the display scale press The measurement results show the mixer s LO to RF isolation 3 3 4 M8kingYix8rM88sur8m8nt8 O p t i o n 0 8 9 Only1 ...

Page 169: ...o frequency and source power from the front panel of the external source CW frequency 300 MHz Power 10 dRm 2 Initialize the analyzer by pressing m 3 lb select the analyzer s frequency range and source power press This signal stimulates the mixer s RF port 4 To select a ratio measurement press Note Isolation is dependent on Lo power level and frequency To ensure good test results you should choose ...

Page 170: ...ANALYZER RF pb6 1 d Figure 3 29 Connections for a Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement 8 Connect the external LO source to the mixer s LO port 9 The measurement results show the mixer s RF feedthrough Note You may see spurious responses on the analyzer trace due to interference caused by LO to IF leakage in the mixer This can be reduced with averaging or by reducing the IF bandwidth ...

Page 171: ...ou can measure the IF to RF isolation in a similar manner but with the following modifications n Use the analyzer source as the IF signal drive n View the leakage signal at the RF port M a k i n g M i x e r M e a s u r e m e n t s O p t i o n 088 Only 3 37 ...

Page 172: ...from a PC to an HPGL compatible printer 0 Outputting single page plots using a printer 0 Outputting multiple plots to a single page using a printer q Plotting Multiple Measurements per page from disk q Titling the displayed measurement q Configwing the analyzer to produce a time stamp q Aborting a print or plot process q Printing or plotting the list values or operating parameters q Solving proble...

Page 173: ...articular functions n Chapter 8 Menu Maps shows softkey menu relationships n Chapter 9 Key Definitions describes all the front panel keys softkeys and their corresponding HP IB commands n Chapter 11 Compatible Peripherals lists measurement and system accessories and other applicable equipment compatible with the analyzers An HP IB programming overview is also included 4 2 Printing Plsttin a n d S ...

Page 174: ...ith HP IB interfaces n plotters with parallel interfaces n plotters with serial interfaces Refer to the Compatible Peripherals chapter for a list of recommended peripherals Configuring a Print Function All copy configuration settings are stored in non volatile memory Therefore they are not affected if you press 1Preset or switch off the analyzer power 1 Connect the printer to the interface port Pr...

Page 175: ... i s _ A HP IB bus _ _ A n Choose if your printer has a parallel centronics interface and then confIgure A A L z the print function as follows _ y i r l 0 fieaLLocal ad then s s the pm s poflhterface fun on by pressing _ i A i until the correct function appears n If you choose the parallel port is dedicated for normal copy i ss A device use printers or plotters _ x _ I n If you c oose the parael p...

Page 176: ...he print definition by saving the instrument state Note Laser printers and some DeskJet printers do not begin to print until a full page or a partial page and a form feed have been received If You Are Using a Color Printer 2 If you want to modify the print colors select the print element and then choose an available color Note You can set all the print elements to black to create a hardcopy in bla...

Page 177: ...m tel4 Data I Blue I Channel a Channel 4 Memory Graticule Warning lkxt Ref Line Red cy Bhk Black Black Printing One Measurement Per Page Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page 3 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy F igure 4 2 shows an example of a hardcopy where two measurements appear Note l his feature will not work for all printers due to differences in printer reso...

Page 178: ...Figure 4 2 Printing Two Measurements Printing P l o t t i n g a n d S a v i n g M e a s u r e m e n t Results 4 7 ...

Page 179: ...o the interface port IPeripheral Interface Recommended Cables I I IParallel HP 922s4A I IHP IB HP 10833A 33B 33D 1 serial HP2464ZG K E I BOAPD HP 16 P A R A L L E L RS 252 PORT SEP I A L PORl pbC24d Figure 4 3 Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer q printers that conform to the ESUP2 printer control language 4 8 P r i n t i n g P l o t t i n g a n d S a v i n g M e a s u r e m e n t R e s u l t s...

Page 180: ...parallel port is dedicated for general purpose A v I O and cannot be used for printing or plotting i n Choose j AWI if your printer has a serial RS 232 interface and then configure the print i function as follows _ _ _ _ a Press and enter the printer s baud rate followed by Ixl b Ib select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printer press i_ _ ___ I transmit control handsh...

Page 181: ...vice use printers or plotters n If you choose i the parallel poti is de ed for general purpose I O and cannot be used for printing or plotting n Choose f g if yaw printer ha a serial RS232 interface ad then con e the pat F i A ii function as follows _ _ _i a press ad enter the pa r s rate followed by _ b To select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printer press _ _ _ __ ...

Page 182: ...r Then conilgure the disk drive as follows y i s a press 1 Dx jf and enter the HP IB ad es to the disk A iii Y i 1 drive default is 00 foll yed by b press ILocal ad enter the drive where your disk is located i i i followed by xl i i p C If your storage disk is partitioned press M W E and enter the volume number z where you want to store the instrument state lile P r i n t i n g P l o t t i n g a n...

Page 183: ...ed text to appear on your plot This i i A i does not include the marker values or softkey labels 0 Choose if you witnt the displayed markers and marker values to appear on P your plot MARYER Ot4 GFATICULE PEFEREIKELINE TIME DATE TEZT pqE 15Ck Figure4 4 PlotComponentsAvailablethroughDeGnition 3 press mtfl the correct choice is h p d 0 Choose if you want a page eject sentto the plotter or HPGL compa...

Page 184: ...onding Colors lbble 4 3 Default Pen Numbers for Plot Elements Measurement Data lhce 2 Displayed Memory Trace 6 Graticule and Reference Line 1 Displayed lkxt 7 Displayed Markers and Values 7 GhanlIe channel4 Pen Nmnbers 7 Note You can set ah the pen numbers to black for a plot in black and white The pen numbers for each measurement channel channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 and channel 4 can be set inde...

Page 185: ...nter the i A s i new line type see Figure 4 5 followed by TIItble 4 4 Default Line Types for Plot Elements Plot Elements r ChaDnell channel2 12 channel4 LineTypeNnmbers LineTypeNnmbers O ipmf es dots only at the pm thot a r e p l o t t e d I z q 5 _ c 7 pg6135d Note Figure 4 5 Line Types Available You must defme the line types for each measurement channel channel 1 and channel 2 4 14 P r i n t i n...

Page 186: ... the exact same aspect ratio as the display 0 Choose B l I j if you want the outer limits of the graticule to correspond to I 2 A the de red Pl and P2 scaling point on the plotter Intended for plotting on preprinted rectangular or polar forms Pl P2 P2 I I I I I v I I J Ill il I L __ I s _ _ _ i I x j I 7 Press until the plot speed appe sthatyou want i i i T i 0 Choose for plotting directly on tran...

Page 187: ...fault Values Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter 1 Define the plot as explained in Defining the Plot F unction located earlier in this chapter 2 Press m jij y Z i __ 7 a 0 If you defied the press I after the message COPY z i Li 1 i z b OUTPUT COMPLETED appears 4 16 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Page 188: ...re available q d J i 0 J gp gJJJJg 0 g q j jg i i I7 RxGHT I ig8 i 1 T T ii The selected quadrant will appear in the brackets under Z QEX pg6139 2 Figure 4 7 Plot Quadrants 4 press j 5 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy _ 6 Press and choose mot r qua atwhere youw tto place the splayed i i i i measurement 7 Repeat the previous three steps until you have captured the res...

Page 189: ... 4 18 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Page 190: ... number is incremented by one each time a file with a default name is added to the directory OUTPUT FOPWT ODE THAT INDICATES THE PLO1 QUADEAIIT PtXlTlOl OF FULL FAGE PLOT FILES XOIJENCE FJIJMBEF 00 TO 31 POOT OF FILENAME ph642c Figure 4 S Automatic File Naming Convention for LIF Format To Output the Plot Files n You can plot the files to a plotter from a personal computer w You can output your plo...

Page 191: ...ional use only Other applications or other versions of the same application may function differently When viewed in such programs the color and font size of the plot may vary from the output of an HPGIJ2 compatible color printer The following table shows the differences between the color assignments of HPGU2 compatible printers and Lotus applications Also refer to Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors ...

Page 192: ...elect paper type rotation landscape or portrait and pen colors You will probably need to change pen colors Note The network analyzer uses pen 7 for text The default color in Ami Pro for pen 7 is aqua which is not very readable against the typical white background You may want to change pen 7 to black 5 After all selections have been made the llle is imported and rendered in a small graphics frame ...

Page 193: ...he TEXT pull down menu select FONT b Select the type face and size Fourteen point text is a good place to start c Click OK to resize the font n If you wish to modify the color of the displayed text perform the following steps a From the ARRANGE pull down menu select UNGROUR b HighIight a piece of text c From the STYLE pull down menu select ATTRIBUTES d Select the desired text color and click OK e ...

Page 194: ...Most editors allow the inclusion of escape sequences For example in the MS DOS editor DOS 5 0 or greater press CNTRL P hold down the CTRL key and press P followed by the ESCape key to create the escape character 2 Name the file hpglinit able 4 6 ElPGL Initialization hnmamis Command Remark esoE conditional page eject eso 12A page size 8 5 x 11 eso llO landscape orientation lower case 1 one capital ...

Page 195: ... plot file to the printer Step 6 Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer You can output plot ties to an HPGL compatible printer using the DOS command line and the files created in the previous steps This example assumes that the escape sequence f3les and the plot files are in the current directory and the selected printer port is P...

Page 196: ...nd all the requested plot files to the spooler rem append the formfeed sequence to the spooler rem copy the file to the printer rem rem this routine uses COPY instead of PRINT because COPY rem will not return until the action is completed PRINT rem will queue the file so the subsequent DEL will likely rem generate an error COPY avoids this rem echo off type hpglinit spooler for i in l do type i sp...

Page 197: ...ot is requested The two digit sequence number is incremented by one each time a lile with a default name is added to the directory PLOT6 JLi 30 FPX uu OPTIONAL CHARACTEK THAT INDICATES THE FILE 12 PART CIF A MULTIPLE FILE PLOT ON THE 7 rUSEH GENECATEU SAME GRATCCIILE J OUTPUT FOPMAT CGGE THAT INDICATES THE PLGT OLIADRANT WSITIOId OR FIJLL PAGE PLOT FILES SEOUENCE NUMBER 00 TO 31 ROOT OF FILENAME F...

Page 198: ... the front panel knob to high light the name of the file that you just saved 11 Continue de ring plots and renaming the saved file until you have saved all the data that you want to put on the same page Renaming the files as shown below allows you to use the provided program that organizes and plots the flies according to the file naming convention Fourth F ile Saved 1 PL0TOOFF D The figure below ...

Page 199: ...s pq6lJBd 4 Press The analyzer assigns the first available default Rlename for the selected quadrant For example the analyzer would assign PLOTOlLU if there were no other left upper quadrant plots on the disk 5 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy 6 Repeat this procedure for the remaining plot files that you want to see as quadrants on a page If you want to see what quad...

Page 200: ...teps to enter the rest of the characters in your title You can enter a title that has a maximum of 50 characters Press BMK 2 WX if you enter an incorrect i character 6 Press I K to complete the title entry Note Titles may also be entered using the optional external keyboard Caution _ _ _ _ me ffZ md J keys itre not intended for creating display i l titles Those keys are for creating commands to se...

Page 201: ... Values or Operating Parameters Press m j and select the information that you want to appear on your hardcopy 0 Choose if you want a hbdm listing of the mesued data points ad their current values to appear on your hardcopy This list will also include the limit test information if you have the limits function activated _ _ _ q Choose I if you wmt a tabular listing of the parameters for both measure...

Page 202: ...s determined by the number of measurement points that you have selected under the Menu key If You Want the Entire List of Values i Choose BT l L to print all pages of the listed values Note If you are printing the list of operating parameters only the hrst four pages are printed The fifth page system parameters is printed by displaying that page and then pressing HER Printing Plotting and Saving M...

Page 203: ...d the peripheral to ac power q switched on the power q switched the peripheral on line q selected the correct printer or plotter type w If you are using a laser printer for plotting and the printer is outputting partial plots the printer may require more memory and or the page protection activated Note Consult your printer manual for information on upgrading memory and how to activate page protect...

Page 204: ...ower is switched off the internal non volatile memory is retained by a battery The data retention time with the 3 V 1 2 Ah battery is as follows Temperature at 70 OC 250 days 0 68 year characteristically Temperature at 40 OC 1244 days 3 4 years characteristically Temperature at 25 OC 10 years characteristically What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk You can save an instrument state and or measurement ...

Page 205: ...analyzer settings that can be saved refer to the output commands located in the Command Reference chapter of the HP 8719D 2OD 22D Network Analyzer Programmer s Guide For an example program refer to Saving and Recalling Instruments States in the Programming Examples chapter of the HP 87190 2OD 22D Network Anulgzer Programmer s Gui e 4 34 Printing Platting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Page 206: ...the computer controller to be involved h _ A 1 ii peripheral access operations n Choose to allow yourself to control the analyzer over HP IB and also allows the analyzer to take or pass control _ 2 __ _ Press j j i The analyzer saves the state in the next available register if you are saving to internal memory or saves the state to disk Although one file is shown to represent an instrument state o...

Page 207: ...ying the recalled measurement including the ability to view all four S parameters This is because the raw data array has the least amount of processing associated with it Conversely if you choose to save the format array your modification of the recalled measurement will be limited by all the processes that are associated with that measurement result However the format array is appropriate if you ...

Page 208: ...d earlier in this chapter i c Fii i 2 p _ i Resfj jj 3 Choose one of the following disk drives a Connect an external disk drive to the analyzer s HP IB connector and configure as follows i T b Press 1Local and enter the drive where your disk is located followed by x1 _ i i c If your storage disk is partitioned press and enter the volume number i i where you want to store the instrument state fle e...

Page 209: ...ata to disk in the S2P ASCII data format _ A i i ii See ASCII Data Formats If you select t the uSer graphics area is saved Refer to the HP 8719DL2OD 22D Progrummer s Guide for information on using display graphics The measurement display is not saved with this selection Refer to the information located earlier in this chapter for a procedure that shows you how to plot measurement displays to disk ...

Page 210: ...a format as well as a list of CITIFile keywords refer to Appendix A The CITIFile Data Format and Keyword Reference S2P Data Format This format creates component data flies that describe frequency dependent linear network parameters for 2 port components These files are assigned a filename with the suiiix S and are only outputted that is they cannot be read in by the analyzers Up to two S2P iIles a...

Page 211: ...61 65 356 0142 0137 0042 1043 64 085 83 573 205OOOOOO0 64 108 41 723 0253 0068 0147 1675 61 954 173 75 305OOOOOO0 60 125 119 38 0358 0 0 0279 1455 60 338 56 346 405OOOOOO0 61 224 32 686 0474 0137 0384 1249 61 743 169 73 505OOOOOO0 59 429 38 486 0596 0494 0448 0700 55 876 156 44 60500OOOOO 56 035 70 648 0681 0975 0553 0315 63 449 39 47 7050000000 54 229 88 746 0749 1139 0633 9068 55 804 30 247 805O...

Page 212: ...ght the name of the ille that you want to re save i g I s j b 3 press m _ SS i I Deleting a File l I3 y Press EjiGZi A 2 Choose from the following storage devices lb Delete an Instrument State File q Press the keys or the front panel knob to high light the name of the file that you want to delete _ _ _ q Press fgf to delete all of e yes at m e up the _ i 1 selected instrument state lb Delete all F...

Page 213: ...the new Rlename pressing when the how points to each character Press if you enter an incorrect character After you have selected all the characters in the new filename press j Note Renaming files may also be done by using the optional external keyboard Recalling a File 1 press m _ i z i s 2 Choose from the following storage devices q d y i _ 0 B s z z cjz z m 0 k it 3 Press the keys or the front p...

Page 214: ...analyzer does not support this format If You Are Using an External Disk Drive w Make sure that the analyzer is in system controller mode by pressing m w A n Make sure that you have connected the disk drive to ac power switched on the power and COMeCted an HP IB cable between the disk drive and the analyzer w Make sure that the analyzer recognizes the disk drive s HP IB address as explained earlier...

Page 215: ...rence plane and port extensions q Measurement error correction n F requency Response Error Correction n Frequency Response and Isolation Error Correction n One Port Reflection Error Correction n Pull Two Port Error Correction n TRL and TRM Error Correction n Modifying Calibration Kit Standards n Power Meter Measurement Calibration n Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace n Making ...

Page 216: ... Interconnecting Cables Cables connecting the device under test to the analyzer can contribute random errors to your measurement You should frequently do the following w Inspect for lossy cables n Inspect for damaged cable connectors H Practice good connector care techniques l Minimize cable position changes between error correction and measurements l Inspect for cables which change magnitude or p...

Page 217: ...or when there is no active correction Using port extensions is similar to using electrical delay However using port extensions is the preferred method of compensating for test fixture phase shift Iable 5 1 explains the difference between port extensions and electrical delay Ihble 5 1 Differences between PORT EXTENSIONS and ELECTRICAL DELAY Main Effect i Tii p g _ _ Ai i i i m i I The end of a cabl...

Page 218: ...cs can be affected by the following factors n Adapting to a different connector type or impedance n Connecting a cable between the test device and an analyzer test port n Connecting any attenuator or other such device on the input or output of the test device If your test setup meets any of the conditions above the following system characteristics may be affected n amplitude at device input n freq...

Page 219: ...ct y isolation source Thru reflect line or line the same level of error correction match load match reflect match or thru as full 2 port is required frequency response reflect match forward and reverse lXL LlZM Transmission or reflection when Directivity isolation Thru reflect line or line highest z3ccumq is not required frequency response reflect mat or thru forward end reverse reflect match Erro...

Page 220: ...band load calibration can be omitted For measurements below 3 GHz in 3 5 mm the lowband load alone is sufficient If you try to use only a sliding load or only a lowband load beyond these frequency cutoff points the message CAUTION ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED will be displayed to indicate that both loads are required See Ihble 5 3 for the frequency cutoff points of different connector types lhble 5...

Page 221: ...ant to use interpolated error correction when you choose a subset of a frequency range that you already corrected when you change the number of points or when you change to CW This feature also allows you to change the parameters in a 2 port correction such as IF bandwidth power or sweep time The analyzer calculates the systematic errors from the errors of the original correction The quality of th...

Page 222: ...lation correction n one port reflection correction m full two port correction n True TRL LRM correction with Option 400 TRL LRM with standard instruments n modifying calibration kit standards l power meter measurement calibration procedure Note If you are making measurements on uncoupled measurement channels you must make a correction for each channel 54 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Page 223: ...ant for the device measurement power sweep type number of points or IF bandwidth 4 To access the measurement error correction menus press 5 If your calibration kit is not the 3 5 mm 2 4 mm HP 8722D default press _ 7 c _ _ _ __ e e you type of kit 6 A w v m ii iii ss If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the YModifying Calibration Standards procedure located l...

Page 224: ...underlines the softkey that you selected after it llnishes the measurement and computes the error coefficients Note This calibration allows only one standard to be measured If you press the wrong key for a standard start over with step 6 Lk not use a thru standard for a reflection response correction Note You can save or store the measurement correction to use for later measurements that use the s...

Page 225: ...e a thru connection between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters or cables that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device where you will connect your device under test NETWORK ANALYZER I TECT Pi CABLES F CISSIBLE ADAPTERS 3RT Figure 5 2 Standard Connections for Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements 6 ...

Page 226: ...eter calibration See Power Meter Measurement Calibration n located later in this chapter 2 lb set the analyzer test port power to 0 dBm 10 dBm HP 8722D press 3 Make a thru connection between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters or cables that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device where you will connect your device ...

Page 227: ...esults chapter for procedures 7 This completes the receiver calibration for transmission measurements You can connect and measure your device under test Note The accuracy of the receiver calibration will be nearly the same as the test port power accuracy and the test port power accuracy can be significantly improved by performing a power meter source calibration as described later in this chapter ...

Page 228: ...he forward direction Sll leave the instrument default setting q If you want to make a reflection measurement on PORT 2 in the reverse direction S press lMeas hL s s d 1 L 3 Set any other measurement parameters that you want for the device measurement power sweep type number of points IF bandwidth 4 lb access the measurement correction menus press 5 If your calibration kit is not the 3 5 mm 2 4 mm ...

Page 229: ...fficients 9 Connect the load calibration standard to the test port 10 lb measure the standard for the isolation portion of the correction press 11 To compute the response and directivity error coefficients The analyzer displays the corrected Sll or 2 data The analyzer also shows the notation Cor to the left of the screen indicating that the correction is switched on for this channel Note You can s...

Page 230: ...e displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibration Kit Standards procedure located later in this chapter 6 To select a response and isolation correction press 7 Make a thru connection between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device to the particular connector where you will ...

Page 231: ...h s i i 11 To measure the calibration standard press 12 Return the averaging to the original state of the measurement For example reduce the averaging factor by at least four times or turn averaging off 13 To compute the isolation error coefficients press The analyzer displays the corrected data trace The analyzer also shows the notation Cor at the left of the screen indicating that the correction...

Page 232: ...easurement parameters that you want for the device measurement power number of points IF bandwidth 4 To access the measurement correction menus press EiJ 5 If your calibration kit is not the 3 5 mm 2 4 mm HP 8722D default press z _ s e you type of kit vv ii T T i 3 gg glp _ _i iii If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibration Kit Standards p...

Page 233: ...sure the standard when the displayed trace has settled press The analyzer measures the short circuit and underlines the J I T softkey 11 Disconnect the short and connect an impedance matched load to the test port Refer to Choosing Calibration Load Standards located earlier in this chapter __ _ 1 Press E D to access the Loads menu When the displayed trace settles press the softkey _ _c _ _ correspo...

Page 234: ...ote The open short and load could be measured in any order and need not follow the order in this example Note You can save or store the error correction to use for later measurements Refer to the Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results chapter for procedures 15 This completes the one port correction for reflection measurements You can connect and measure your device under test 6 20 Optimi...

Page 235: ...rement parameters that you want for the device measurement power format number of points IF bandwidth 2 To access the measurement correction menus press Ical 3 If your calibration kit is not the 3 5 mm 2 4 mm HP 8722D default press If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibration Kit Standards procedure located later in this chapter 4 lb select...

Page 236: ...osition the de and press j me sliding lOad must be St and measured five times before a be pressed a T _ Otherwise the message CAUTION MORE SLIDES NEEDED will be displayed 11 men a the appropriate lOad measurements me complete press me lOad data is meawed a the i softkey l xl is Mderljned A 12 Repeat the open short load measurements described above but connect the devices in turn to poRT 2 md use t...

Page 237: ...devices with a dynamic range greater than 90 dB follow these steps a Connect impedance matched loads to PORT 1 and PORT 2 Include the adapters that you would include for your device measurement Note If you will be measuring highly reflective devices such as filters use the test device connected to the reference plane and terminated with a load for the isolation standard b Activate at least four ti...

Page 238: ...mance calibration method over TRL when making infIxture measurements because all significant error terms are systematically reduced With TRL the source and load match terms are not corrected and are essentially that of the raw uncorrectedn performance of the hardware Note For further information on comparing these two techniques refer to TRL LRM Calibration in Chapter 6 The following procedures ap...

Page 239: ...n of this procedure Note If loads can be connected to both port 1 and port 2 simultaneously then the V _ f wing measurement can be performed using the i l _ softkey 11 12 13 y yg y y _ I i I _ _ _ jg w A _ _ _ J B i I i _ _ You may repeat any of the steps above There is no requirement to go in the order of steps When the analyzer detects that you have made all the necessary measurements the p y _ ...

Page 240: ...sing the p c e softkey 7 lb measure the TRM LOAD disconnect the short and connect the TRM load to PORTl Refer to Choosing Calibration Load Standards 8 Press to aCCeSS the Loads menu men the aplayed trace settles press the softkey corresponding to the load used If a sliding load is y p used press i to access the Sliding Load menu Position the slide and press u s e 9 When all the appropriate load me...

Page 241: ...ts the message he d show PRESS DONE IF FINISHED WITH CAL press u I Z ii i The message COMPUTING CAL COEFFICIENTS will appear indicating that the analyzer is performing the numerical calculations of error coefficients Note You can save or store the measurement correction to use for later measurements Refer to the Trinting Plotting and Saving Measurement Results chapter for procedures 15 Connect the...

Page 242: ... calibration kit n A standard type is one of five basic types that dehne the form or structure of the model to be used with that standard short open load delayithru and arbitrary impedance standard 1 is of the type short in the 3 5 mm calibration kit n Standard coefficients are numerical characteristics of the standards used in the model selected For example the offset delay of the short is 32 ps ...

Page 243: ...e Standard Number short m 1 open m 2 broadband load 3 delay thru I 4 I sliding load I 5 I lowband load I 6 I short f I 7 I open Q 1 8 5 Press the underlined softkey For example if you selected iJ xl in the previous step i i i i l IB W should be the underlined softkey _ 1 T Note Do not press a softkey that is not underlined unless you want to change the type of standard 6 This step applies only to ...

Page 244: ... order to use the TRL technique the calibration standards characteristics must be entered into the analyzer s user defined calibration kit This example procedure shows you how to define a calibration kit to utilize a set of TRL THRU REFLECT LINE standards This example TRL kit contains the following w zero length THRU n flush short for the REFLECT standard 0 second offset n 50 ohm transmission line...

Page 245: ...he standard by pressing B _ i i and modifying the name to LINE 7 When the title area shows the new label press Assign the Standards to the Various TBL Classes 8 To assign the calibration standards to the various TRL calibration classes press 9 Since you previously designated standard l for the REFLECT standard press 063 10 since you previously designated standard 6 for the LINE MATCH standard pres...

Page 246: ...tion kit This example procedure shows you how to define a calibration kit to utilize a set of TRM THRU REFLECT MATCH standards This example TRM kit contains the following w zero length THRU n flush short for the REFLECT standard 0 second offset n 50 ohm termination for the MATCH infinite length line Note Hewlett Packard strongly recommends that you read product note 8510 8A before you attempt to m...

Page 247: ...ATCH 7 When the title area shows the new label press p y I g j g J y gg j fief i A r i i Assign the Stamiards to the Various TRM Classes 8 lb assign the calibration standards to the various TRL calibration classes press _ _ g g gff J a 9 Since you previously designated standard l for the REFLECT standard press Optimizing Measurement Results S 33 ...

Page 248: ...ss to TRMSHORT 15 Change the label of the TRL LINE OR MATCH class to TRMLOAD 16 Change the label of the TRL THRU class to TRMTHRU Iabel the Wibration Kit 18 Press K XT and create a label up to 8 characters long For this example enter TRM i T I w MT1 n j 19 RI save the newly defined kit into nonvolatile memory press 534 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Page 249: ...97 f0 2 3 145 f0 2 1 1 15 15 2 2 3 3 1 1 30 30 2 2 3 3 hlibration Speed and Accuracy M 1 Sweep speed applies to every sweep in continuous correction mode end to the first sweep in sample and weep mode Subsequent sweepa iu sample and sweep mode will be much faster 2 The txcmmcy values were derived by combining the accuracy of the power meter and linearity of the analyzer s internal source as well a...

Page 250: ...any order because the analyzer automatically sorts them and lists them on the display by frequency value The analyzer also automatically interpolates the values between correction factor data points If you only enter one frequency segment the analyzer assumes that the single value is valid over the entire frequency range of the correction After you have entered all the frequency segments press IN ...

Page 251: ... values at several frequencies using up to 55 segments enhancing power accuracy The analyzer shows the notation EMPTY if you have not entered any segment information 2 To create the first segment press X3 and enter a frequency of a correction s m i LA factor data point followed by the appropriate key ZJJ X TJ Ck m 3 em ad enter the power 10 s that co espon to the attenuation of the e iond A ii CP ...

Page 252: ...ero the power meter 2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5 8 3 Select the HP 8719D ZOD ZZD as the system controller cizzl i I y s 4 Set the power meter s address _ _ Lxll k 5 lea the appropfiate power meter by pressing Mtd the corre model number is displayed HP 436A or HP438A 437 i z z i i 6 Set test port power to the approximate desired corrected power I 7 PressLcal ad enter the t port powe...

Page 253: ...n table at each sweep as in a leveling application using the continuous sample mode When the analyzer is in this mode it continuously checks power at every point in each sweep You must keep the power meter connected as shown in Figure 5 9 This mode is also known as power meter leveling and the speed is limited by the power meter Note You may level at the input of a device under test using a Z resi...

Page 254: ... analyzer test port power to the desired level m LMenu_l JMI enter power level Lxl 2 Connect the power sensor to the analyzer test port 1 3 Ib apply the one sweep mode press Note Because power meter calibration requires a longer sweep time you may want i y I to reduce the number of pohts before pressing After the i A i 7 T i A i w power meter calibration is finished return the number of points to ...

Page 255: ...into a transmission test configuration Therefore the device is considered to be noninsertable and one of the following calibration methods must be performed w adapter removal w matched adapters n modify the cal kit thru definition PEFEPENCE FOPT 1 I REFERENCE PORT 2 pb613 d Figure 5 10 Noninsertable Device Optimizing Measurement Results 641 ...

Page 256: ...ch connector type n Specified electrical length of adapter A3 within f l 4 wavelength for the measurement frequency range For each port a separate 2 port error correction needs to be performed to create two calibration sets The adapter removal algorithm uses the resultant data from the two calibration sets and the nominal electrical length of the adapter to compute the adapter s actual S parameter...

Page 257: ...rt error correction using calibration standards appropriate for the connector type at port 1 Note When using adapter removal calibration you must save calibration sets to the internal disk not to internal memory 3 Save the results to disk Name the file PORTI 4 Connect adapter A3 to adapter Al on port 1 See Figure 5 13 Optimizing Measurement Results 643 ...

Page 258: ...disk Name the file PORT2 7 Determine the electrical delay of adapter A3 by performing steps 1 through 7 of Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition Remove the Adapter When the two sets of error correction files have been created now referred to as Cal sets the adapter may be removed I z 8 Pres LCar g This brinss up the following menu _ A A _ m 6 4 4 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Page 259: ...es 10 From the diskdirectory choose the hle associated with the port 1 error correction then I i c c press p pg c c 11 When this is complete choose the file for the port 2 error correction and press i c v 12 When complete press j 13 Enter the value of the electrical delay of adapter A3 Press and enter the value NETWORK AldAL r ZER 4 1 A2 BUT REFERENCE _ PORT 1 REFERENCE POPT 2 pt6136d Figure 5 14 ...

Page 260: ...d the technique removes its effects measurement of the adapter itself should show the S parameters If unexpected phase variations are observed this indicates that the electrical delay of the adapter was not specified within a quarter wavelength over the frequency range of interest lb correct this recaIl both caj sets smce the data was previously stored to disk change the adapter lay ad press i 546...

Page 261: ... performed for Port l s connector 130 140 ODTPDT 8Na TITFl FlODCALl 150 160 Recall the cal set for Port 1 170 180 OUTPUT 6Na CALSPORTl 190 200 Assign file 2 to the filename that has a 2 port 210 cal previously performed for Port 2 s connector 220 230 OUTPUT ONa INTD TITFZ F20DCAL2 240 250 Recall the cal set for Port 2 260 270 OUTPUT 6Na CALSPORT2 280 290 Set the adapter electrical delay 300 310 OD...

Page 262: ...5 Gdibrating for Noninsertable Devices lb use this method refer to F igure 5 15 and perform the following steps 1 Perform a transmission calibration using the first adapter 2 Remove adapter A and place adapter B on port 2 Adapter B becomes the effective test port 3 Perform a reflection calibration 4 Measure the test device with adapter B in place The errors remaining after calibration with this me...

Page 263: ...pen end of the B adapter 4 Measure the delay of the adapter by pressing G G E LAY I 5 Divide the resulting delay measurement by 2 6 Determine the offset delay of the calibration short by examming the define standard menu see Deflne Standard Menus 7 Subtract the short offset delay from the value calculated in step 5 This corresponds to the delay of adapter B 8 Modify the calibration kit thru defini...

Page 264: ...e To activate this feature press The analyzer now maintains test port output power during sweep retrace Note On the HP 87221 only retrace power will be lost at the point when the sweep crosses the frequency boundary of 20 GHz Note The frequency sweep of the network analyzer is such that when it reaches 2 55 GHz it momentarily jumps to 6 35 GHz before returning to 2 55 GHz and continuing the rest o...

Page 265: ... sweep rate the larger AP becomes and the larger the error in the test channel The HP 8719D 20D 22D network analyzers do not sweep at a constant rate The frequency range is covered in several bands and the sweep rate may be different in each band So if an operator sets up a broadband sweep with the minimum sweep time the error in measuring a long device will be different in each band and the data ...

Page 266: ...an be decreased is the difference in delay times between the paths to the R sampler and the B sampler These times can be equalized by adding a length of cable to the R channel which has approximately the same delay as the device under test This length of cable can be inserted between the R CHANNEL IN and OUT connectors on the front panel of the analyzer The delay of this cable must be less than 5 ...

Page 267: ...frequency range in separate bands where switching from band to band takes time Modify the frequency span to eliminate as many band switches as possible while maintaining measurement integrity Refer to the following table to identify the analyzer s band switch points lhble 5 6 Band Switch Points Band Frequency Span 1 50 MHz to 110 MHz 2 110 MHz to 230 MHz 3 230 MHz to 470 MHz 4 470 MHz to 698 MHz 5...

Page 268: ...row span To Reduce the Averaging Flwtor By reducing the averaging factor number of sweeps or switching off averaging you can increase the analyzer s measurement speed The time needed to compute averages can also slow the sweep time slightly in narrow spans 2 Enter an averaging factor that is less than the value displayed on the analyzer screen and press xl 3 If you want to sdtc off averaging press...

Page 269: ... most appropriate for your application 2 Select the sweep type _ q led for the f es sweep for a given number of tied points J _ 0 f led for the f e sweep when specific non bea spaced frequency points _ A 2 ii ii are of interest _ i q Select for the fastest sweep when the frequency points of interest are in the lower part of the frequency span selected lb View a Single Measurement Channel Viewing a...

Page 270: ...red per s i A frequency sweep You can alternate between sweep modes by going into the ETJ menu Press Ical fffj then j f j or A 1 i For more information refer to Alternate and Chop Sweep Modes in Chapter 6 To Use External Calibration Offloading the error correction process to an external PC increases throughput on the network analyzer This can be accomplished with remote only commands Refer to the ...

Page 271: ...tch and cycle between the ports n Continuous In this mode the analyzer will switch between the test ports on every sweep Although this type of test set switching provides the greatest measurement accuracy it also takes the longest amount of time n Number of Sweeps In this mode there is an initial cycling between the test ports and then the measurement stays on the active port for a user defined nu...

Page 272: ... INPUT DAMAGE LEVEL 30 dBm To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Since the dynamic range is the difference between the analyzer s input level and its noise floor using the following techniques to lower the noise floor will increase the analyzer s dynamic range Changing System Bandwidth Each tenfold reduction in IF receiver bandwidth lowers the noise floor by 10 dD For example changing the IF bandwidt...

Page 273: ...ter the IF bandwidth value that you want followed by Narrower system bandwidths cause longer sweep times When in auto sweep time mode the analyzer uses the fastest sweep time possible for any selected system bandwidth Auto sweep time mode is the default preset analyzer setting Reducing Receiver Crosstalk To reduce receiver crosstalk you can do the following n Perform a response and isolation measu...

Page 274: ...nly Dual Chan 1001 n a 0 7 no recall ho RecalD Recall and Sweep Dual Chan 201 on RecaU and Sweep Dual Chan 201 Off Sweep only Dual Chan 201 n a no F call RecaIl and Sweep SingIe Ghan 1601 on Reed and sweep single C an 1601 Off Instrument State CF lGHz Span 2MHz Error Correction OFF HP IB commands sent for timing are Reca OPC SING oq for sweep only OPC SING 0 96 740 0 74 519 0 22 no recall 2 2 1 42...

Page 275: ...onsiderations n Reference Documents Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 3 Mixer Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements of mixers n Ch...

Page 276: ...719D 20D 22D Description and Options Figure 6 l is a simplified block diagram of the network analyzer system A detailed block diagram of the analyzer is provided in the HP 8719o 2oo Z Network Analyzer service Guide together with a theory of system operation PHASELOCK 50 MHz 50 MHz tr I3 5 0 40 GHi 13 5 40 GHr Rb SYNTHESIZED TEST SET RECEIVER DISPLAY SOURCE A 6 I I I 1 b J pb640d Figure 6 1 Simplif...

Page 277: ... The Receiver Block The receiver block contains three sampler mixers for the R A and B inputs Instruments equipped with Option 400 contain an additional R sampler mixer The signals are sampled and mixed to produce a 4 kHz IF intermediate frequency A multiplexer sequentially directs each of the three signals to the ADC analog to digital converter where it is converted from an analog to a digital si...

Page 278: ...rays as the information flows from the ADC to the display They provide a good foundation for understanding most of the response functions and the order in which they are performed Figure 6 2 is a data processing flow diagram that represents the flow of numerical data from IF detection to display The data passes through several math operations denoted in the figure by single line boxes Most of thes...

Page 279: ...nverted nearly simultaneously IF Detection This detection occurs in the digital filter which performs the discrete Fourier transform DFT on the digital words The samples are converted into complex number pairs real plus imaginary R jX The complex numbers represent both the magnitude and phase of the IF signal If the AUX INPUT is selected the imaginary part of the pair is set to zero The DFI lllter...

Page 280: ...ver correction is on and are accessible via HP IB If the data to memory operation is performed the data arrays are copied into the memory arrays Trace Math Operation This operation selects either the data array memory array or both to continue flowing through the data processing path In addition the complex ratio of the two data memory or the difference data memory can also be selected If memory i...

Page 281: ...y measurements When smoothing is on each point in a sweep is replaced by the moving average value of several acijacent formatted points The number of points included depends on the smoothing aperture which can be selected by the user The effect is similar to video filtering If data and memory are displayed smoothing is performed on the memory trace only if smoothing was on when data was stored int...

Page 282: ... hardkeys and softkeys are used to configure a channel while it is active All of the channel specific functions that you select apply to the active channel Primary channels 1 and 2 can be made active anytime by pressing than or lchan respectively However before you can activate auxiliary channel 3 or 4 through these keys you must do two things 1 Perform or recall a full two port calibration 2 Enab...

Page 283: ...criptions of the different display capabilities Uncoupling Stimulus Values Between Channels either overlaid or illustrations and You can uncouple the stimulus values between the two primary channels by pressing JJ allows you to asign different stimulus v es for each channel it s almost like having the use of a second analyzer The coupling and uncoupling of the stimulus values for the two primary c...

Page 284: ... terminator If no other functions are activated the knob moves the active marker Figure 6 4 Entry Block Units llwminator The units terminator keys are the four keys in the right column of the keypad You must use these keys to specify units of numerical entries from the keypad A numerical entry is incomplete until a terminator is supplied The analyzer indicates that an input is incomplete by a data...

Page 285: ... the numeric keypad You can also use this key in one of two ways for modifying a test sequence _ _ _ _ _ _ __ n while jn the 6 menu you m delete a single key coma w deleting the last digit in a series of digits that you may have input as long as you haven t yet pressed a terminator for example if you pressed m L12 but did not press ZJJ etc Turning off the Softkey Menu The J key can also be used to...

Page 286: ...OlO or power sweep range The range can be expressed as either start stop or center span When one of these keys is pressed its function becomes the active function The value is displayed in the active entry area and can be changed with the knob step keys or numeric keypad Current stimulus values for the active channel are also displayed along the bottom of the graticule The preset stimulus mode is ...

Page 287: ...consists of softkeys that activate stimulus functions or provide access to additional menus These softkeys are used to define and control all stimulus functions other than start stop center and span The following softkeys are located within the stimulus menu Y IiZR provides access to the power menu I _ _ i n wsyou to specify sweep time 1 _ n proedes acceSS to the trigger menu i A L c 3 lows you to...

Page 288: ...el w itb the tot operating rilllge of the instrument and the source attenuator will automatically switch to the corresponding range Each range overlaps its adjacent ranges by 15 dB 10 dB HP 8722D therefore certain power levels are designated to cause the attenuator to switch to the next range so that optimum leveled performance is maintained These transition points exist at 10 dB 5 dB HP 8722D fro...

Page 289: ...ression or noise floor If you decide to switch power ranges the calibration is no longer valid and accuracy is no longer specified However the analyzer leaves the correction on even though it s invalid The annotation C will be displayed whenever you change the power after calibration TEST POW POWER dBm 0 5 15 20 30 35 w 45 50 55 60 65 70 KM UPPER RANGE LIMIT OPT IMUM PANGE LOWER RANGE LIMIT E EL F...

Page 290: ...WILL SET kANGE 4 ADJ AK FOF TW LEVEL pb612 d Figure 6 7 Power Range Transitions in the Automatic Mode HP 8722D Standard Note The power ranges for instruments equipped with Option 007 will be shifted 5 dB higher 6 l 6 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Page 291: ...evels for each channel For the channel power to be uncoupled the other channel stimulus functions must also be uncoupled j g yW i i A i i z I i i Test port coupling y r i _ I i _ _ i i _ toggles between coupled ad uncoupled test ports W h the test ports coupled the power level is the same at each port With the ports uncoupled you can set a different power level at each port This can be useful for ...

Page 292: ...s mode is active the softkey label reads This mode is engaged whenever you enter a sweep time greater than zero This mode allows you to select a fixed sweep time If you change the measurement parameters such that the current sweep time is no longer possible the analyzer will automaticahy increase to the next fastest sweep time possible If the measurement parameters are changed such that a faster s...

Page 293: ... 101 201 401 801 1601 37ooHz 0 0041s QoooHz 0 0055s lOOOH 0 012 s 0 037 8 0 108 8 0 359s 0 172 s 0 604 8 1 660s 0 341s O QQ8s 3 300s 0 679 s l QQOs 6 600s 1 355 s 3 960 s 13 10s 2 701s 7 910 s 26 10s 5 411 8 15 80 8 62 20s 0 0191s 0 0255 s 0 060 s 0 0379 s 0 0505 8 0 120 8 0 0754s 0 1005 s 0 239 s 0 1504s 0 2005s 0 476 8 0 3004 8 0 4005s 0 951 s 0 6004 8 0 8005 8 1 901 s lOO I 3oHz 1 14s 5 30s 10 ...

Page 294: ...low measurement of a fully averaged trace Entering a number of groups resets the averaging counter to 1 w 6 the st d sweepmo J sweep istriggeredautomaticallyand A x continuously and the trace is updated with each sweep o i fr sMtches o f edemd trigger mode e if i i s si ii i h i y y y z z 7 S j is used when the sweep is triggered on an externally generated signal that is connected to the rear pane...

Page 295: ...ls once The active channel continues to be updated each sweep while the inactive channel is placed in the hold mode The status annotation tsH appears on the left side of the display If averaging is on the test set hold mode does not engage until the specified number of sweeps is completed The mm m ad 6 see Trigger Menu softkeys cm override this h i s i i ii i protection feature Allowing Repetitive...

Page 296: ...upled w frequency n number of points n source power n number of groups n IF bandwidth l sweep time n trigger type w gating parameters n sweep type w power meter calibration q Coupling of stylus v es for the two m is independent of h A ii w L e display menu and h the marker mode menu ii Ai wi 7 i uL w s T ss i s A activates an alternate sweep function when dual channel display is on In this mode th...

Page 297: ...Sweep Hz me softkey activates a hear frequenw sweep that is displayed on a standard ii__ _ i 7 _i A i graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions This is the preset default sweep type For a linear sweep sweep time is combined with the channel s frequency span to compute a source sweep rate sweep rate frequency span sweep time Since the sweep time may be affected by various factors the equation p...

Page 298: ... 1 I _ segments into CW points in order of increasing frequency It then measures each point and displays a single trace that is a composite of all data taken If duplicate frequencies exist the analyzer makes multiple measurements on identical points to maintain the specided number of points for each subsweep Since the frequency points may not be distributed evenly across the display the display re...

Page 299: ... set to a single frequency and the data is displayed versus time The frequency of the CW time sweep is set with t FREQ in the stimulus menu In this sweep mode the data is continuously sampled at precise uniform time intervals determined by the sweep time and the number of points minus 1 The entered sweep time may be automatically changed if it is less than the minimum required for the current inst...

Page 300: ...s For example the sweep could include 100 points in a narrow passband 100 points across a broad stop band and 50 points across the third harmonic response The total sweep is deiined with a list of subsweeps The frequency subsweeps or segments can be deihted in any of the following terms n start stop number of points n start stop step n center span number of points n center span step n CW frequency...

Page 301: ... n GiZj LMarkerj display markers The current values for the major response functions of the active channel are displayed in specitic locations along the top of the display In addition certain functions accessed through the keys in this block are annotated in the status notations area at the left side of the display An illustration of the analyzer s display showing the locations of these informatio...

Page 302: ...e numbering convention s out in where the first number out refers to the test device port where the signal is emerging and the second number in is the test device port where the signal is incident For example the S parameter I identifies the measurement as the complex ratio of the signal emerging at the test device s port 2 to the signal incident at the test device s port 1 Figure 6 9 is a represe...

Page 303: ...efl FWD Sll A R Tram FWD S21 B R Ys REV s12 A R n Refl REV S22 B R n AMALDG IM Aux Input CflNVERSION 1 provides access to the conversion menu n INPUT PORTS provides access to the input ports menu Analog In Menu This menu allows you to monitor voltage and frequency nodes using the analog bus and internal counter For more information refer to Chapter 10 Service Key Menus and Error Messages in the HP...

Page 304: ...and Admittance Conversions Note Avoid the use of Smith chart SWR and delay formats for display of Z and Y conversions as these formats are not easily interpreted Input Ports Menu This menu is allow you to deilne the input ports for power ratio measurements or a single input for magnitude only measurements of absolute power You cannot use single inputs for phase or group delay measurements or any m...

Page 305: ... format of a particular S parameter or input is assigned to that parameter Thus if different S parameters are measured even if only one channel is used each parameter is shown in its selected format each time it is displayed The illustrations below show a reflection measurement of a bandpass hlter displayed in each of the available formats Log Magnitude Format me F 4 softkey displays the log magni...

Page 306: ...s the phase shift versus frequency Figure 6 13 illustrates the phase response of the same lllter in a phase only format Figure 6 13 Phase Format Group Delay Format _ _ The mp softkey selects the group delay format with marker values given in seconds Figure 6 14 shows the bandpass filter response formatted as group delay Group delay principles are described in the next few pages ...

Page 307: ... Q to measure resistance and reactance R jX Additional marker types are available in the Smith marker menu The Smith chart is most easily understood with a full scale value of 1 0 If the scale per division is less than 0 2 the format switches automatically to polar If the characteristic impedance of the system is not 50 ohms modify the impedance value i recognized by the analyzer by pressing Icar ...

Page 308: ...s displacement from the center which has zero value and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from the positive x axis Magnitude is scaled in a linear fashion with the value of the outer circle usually set to a ratio value of 1 Since there is no frequency axis frequency information is read from the markers The default marker readout for the polar format is in linear magnitude and phase A log mag...

Page 309: ... parameters and time domain transform data Figure 6 17 Linear Magnitude Format SWR Format iiii _ __ _ The Zm softkey reformats a reflection measurement into its equivalent SWR standing wave i A ratio value see Figure 6 18 SWR is equivalent to 1 p l p where p is the reflection coefficient Note that the results are valid only for reflection measurements If the SWR format is used for measurements of ...

Page 310: ...sed for analyzing responses in the time domain and also to display an auxiliary input voltage signal for service purposes pgs173mc Figure 6 19 Real Format Imaginary Format The IWXBFBRY softkey displays only the imaginary reactive portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format This format is similar to the real format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of impedance dat...

Page 311: ...f phase with respect to frequency a perfectly linear phase shift results in a constant slope and therefore a constant group delay see Figure 6 20 A Phase 0 pg6182 c Figure 6 20 Constant Group Delay Note however that the phase characteristic typically consists of both linear and higher order deviations from linear components The linear component can be attributed to the electrical length of the tes...

Page 312: ...g the number of points or narrowing the frequency span or both until the group delay data no longer changes fw61 WC Figure 6 22 Rate of Phase Change Versus Frequency When deviations from linear phase are present changing the frequency step can result in different values for group delay Note that in this case the computed slope varies as the aperture Af is increased see Figure 6 23 A wider aperture...

Page 313: ...isplay Ib set the aperture to a different value turn on smoothing in the average menu and vary the smoothing aperture The aperture can be varied up to 20 of the span swept Group delay measurements can be made on linear frequency log frequency or list frequency sweep types not in CW or power sweep Group delay aperture varies depending on the frequency spacing and point density therefore the apertur...

Page 314: ...anical or analog line stretchers of other network analyzers Delay is annotated in units of time with secondary labeling in distance for the current velocity factor wi this feature and wi see using M kers illl equivalent lenBth of _ air iilled lossless transmission line is added or subtracted according to the following formula Length meters Freq MH x 1 20083 Once the linear portion of the test devi...

Page 315: ...s if they include a large amount of calibration data The calibration data contributes considerably to the size of the instrument state file and therefore the available memory may be full prior to Wing all 31 registers ApplicationandOperationConcepts 6 4 1 ...

Page 316: ...s functions of the two primary channels can also be controlled independently __ _ _ ____ _ _ _ using i h the stimulus menu In Qt on the makers be connoted _ dependently for each channel using inthe m ermode menu _ If one Or both amw c mels channel 3 or 4 are en led 9 m intera 1 1 with other softkeys in the Display menu to produce different displays See Customizing the Display later in this chapter...

Page 317: ...e attenuator is used for both testports this would cause the attenuator to continuously switch power ranges 2 With Option 007 mechanical transfer switch channel 1 is driving one test port and channel 2 is driving the other test port This would cause the test port transfer switch to continually cycle The instrument will not allow the transfer switch or attenuator to continuously switch ranges in or...

Page 318: ...he auxiliary channels by setting _ _ _ to _ i T I _ For example if channel 1 is adive pressing ii A C i enables channel 3 and its trace appears on the display Channel 4 is similarly enabled and viewed when channel 2 is active An important point to remember about the auxiliary channels is that they always have the same stimulus parameters as their primary channels See Channel Stimulus Coupling earl...

Page 319: ... except i ii s i s that channel 1 and channel 2 are overlaid on the upper grid and channel 3 and channel i _ _ 4 are overlaid on the lower grid Pressing PQ mediately produces a four grid _ four parameter display The other setup softkeys operate similarly Notice that setups D and F produce displays which include Smith charts _ Pressing opens a screen which lists the order of keystrokes you would ha...

Page 320: ... l Ch2 C h l Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 matrix SETUP D C h l Ch3 Ch2 Ch4 Ismi th logI Ch3 Ch4 refl trans Ch3 Ch4 overlay SETUP E SETUP F C h l Ch2 C h l Ch3 pzq pJm p l pq Ch3 Ch4 Ch2 f o r w a r d r e v e r s e 3 channel Figure 6 25 4 Furam Displays Menu SETUP A SETUP B SETUP C SETUP D SETUP E SETUP F TUTORIAL RETURN 646 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Page 321: ...nly display mode The actual memory for storing a memory trace is allocated only as needed The memory trace is cleared on instrument preset power on or instrument state recall If sweep mode or sweep range is different between the data and memory traces trace math is allowed and no warning message is displayed If the number of points in the two traces is different the memory trace is not displayed n...

Page 322: ... i _ 0 Modified colors are not part of a saved instrument state and are lost unless saved using these softkeys Bealling Modified Colors A yF recall the previously saved color set press i Ai i A A The Modify Colors Menu The modify colors menu allows you to adjust the colors on your analyzer s display The default colors in this instrument have been scientifically chosen to maximize your ability to d...

Page 323: ...00 White 100 0 Color is comprised of three parameters Tint The continuum of hues on the color wheel ranging from red through green and blue and back to red Brightness A measure of the brightness of the color Color The degree of whiteness of the color A scale from white to pure color The most frequently occurring color deficiency is the inability to distinguish red yellow and green from one another...

Page 324: ... the trace until the total number of sweeps is equal to the averaging factor for a fully averaged trace Each point on the trace is the vector sum of the current trace data and the data from the previous sweep A high averaging factor gives the best signal to noise ratio but slows the trace update time Doubling the averaging factor reduces the noise by 3 dB Averaging is used for ratioed measurements...

Page 325: ...ude since a vector average is being computed Figure 6 27 illustrates the effect of smoothing on a log magnitude format trace rn I t i i I i i i I I 1 I I Vi i W t M pb653d Figure 6 27 Effect of Smoothing on a Trace IF Bandwidth Reduction IF bandwidth reduction lowers the noise floor by digitally reducing the receiver input bandwidth It works in all ratio and non ratio modes It has an advantage ove...

Page 326: ...the marker statistics function which computes the average value of part or all of the formatted trace If your instrument is equipped with Option 085 High Power System another way of increasing dynamic range is to increase the input power to the test device using a booster amplifier 6 62 ApplioationandOpsrationConoepts ...

Page 327: ... the active entry area and can be controlled with the knob the step keys or the numeric keypad The active marker can be moved to any point on the trace and its response and stimulus values are displayed at the top right comer of the graticule for each displayed channel in units appropriate to the display format The displayed marker response values are valid even when the measured data is above or ...

Page 328: ...rker triangles If one of the markers is the reference the triangle appears next to the marker number on the trace The marker values displayed in this mode are the stimulus and response values of the active marker minus the reference marker If the active marker is also designated as the reference marker the marker values are zero i i F d Bfa sr Menu me softkey thin the delta mode menu pro access to...

Page 329: ...t The capability of searching for a specified bandwidth is also provided Tracking is available for a continuous sweep to sweep search If there is no occurrence of a specified value or bandwidth the message TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND is displayed _ Ihrget Menu The softkey within the marker search menu provides access to the target menu This menu lets you place the marker at a specified target response ...

Page 330: ...y enhancement also known as measurement calibration or error correction provides the means to simulate a nearly perfect measurement system For example crosstalk due to the channel isolation characteristics of the analyzer can contribute an error equal to the transmission signal of a high loss test device For reflection measurements the primary limitation of dynamic range is the directivity of the ...

Page 331: ...sstalk and frequency response tracking Each of these systematic errors is described below Random and drift errors cannot be precisely quantified so they must be treated as producing a cumulative uncertainty in the measured data Normally a device that can separate the reverse from the forward traveling waves a directional bridge or coupler is used to detect the signal reflected from the test device...

Page 332: ...n both transmission and reflection measurements Source match is a particular problem in measurements where there is a large impedance mismatch at the measurement plane For example reflection devices such as filters with stop bands Load Match Load match error results from an imperfect match at the output of the test device It is caused by impedance mismatches between the test device output port and...

Page 333: ...surements However analyzer system isolation is more than sufficient for most measurements and correction for it may be unnecessary For measuring devices with high dynamic range accuracy enhancement can provide improvements in isolation that are limited only by the noise floor Generally the isolation falls below the noise floor therefore when performing an isolation calibration you should use a noi...

Page 334: ...a ll of the incident signal does not always reach the unknown see Figure 6 35 Some of I may appear at the measurement system input due to leakage through the test set or through a signal separation device Also some of I may be reflected by imperfect adapters between a signal separation device and the measurement plane The vector sum of the leakage and the miscellaneous reflections is the effective...

Page 335: ...ce the source cannot be exactly leveled at the test device input leveling cannot eliminate all power variations This re reflection effect and the resultant incident power variation are caused by the source match error Esr see Figure 6 36 Figure 6 36 Source Match F kequency response tracking error is caused by variations in magnitude and phase flatness versus frequency between the test and referenc...

Page 336: ...e 6 38 Perfect load implies a reflectionless termination at the measurement plane All incident energy is absorbed With A 0 the equation can be solved for Env the directivity term In practice of course the perfect load is difficult to achieve although very good broadband loads are available in the HP 8719D ZOD 22D compatible calibration kits 0 1 0 i3 5011 S1 A 0 Oi ERF 1lM EDF I ESF D pgC5Sd Figure...

Page 337: ... the third independent condition In order to accurately model the phase variation with frequency due to fringing capacitance from the open connector a specially designed shielded open circuit is used for this step The open circuit capacitance is different with each connector type Now the values for Env directivity Esr source match and Em reflection frequency response are computed and stored see F ...

Page 338: ... Figure 6 41 Open Circuit Rmnination 6 64 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Page 339: ... must be terminated in the system characteristic impedance This termination should have as low a reflection coefficient as the load used to determine directivity The additional reflection error caused by an improper termination at the test device s output port is not incorporated into the one port error model Two Port Error Model The error model for measurement of the transmission coefficients mag...

Page 340: ... as a function of test device A Also since the test setup transmission return port is never exactly the characteristic impedance some of the transmitted signal is reflected from the test set port 2 and from other mismatches between the test device output and the receiver input to return to the test device A portion of this signal may be re reflected at port 2 thus affecting M or part may be transm...

Page 341: ...onse is then measured with the thru connected The data is corrected for source and load match effects then stored as transmission frequency response Fe Note It is very important that the exact electrical length of the thru be known Most calibration Kits assume a zero length thru For some connection types such as Type N this implies one male and one female port If the test system requires a non zer...

Page 342: ...tch ELF and ELR w Transmission Tracking Err and E rR w Reflection Tracking Em and ERR The analyzer s test set can measure both the forward and reverse characteristics of the test device without you having to manually remove and physically reverse the device The full two port error model illustrated in F igure 6 47 depicts how the analyzer effectively removes both the forward and reverse error term...

Page 343: ...Error Model F igure 6 48 shows the full two port error model equations for all four S parameters of a two port device Note that the mathematics for this comprehensive model use all forward and reverse error terms and measured values Thus to perform full error correction for any one parameter aJl four S parameters must be measured Applications of these error models are provided in the calibration p...

Page 344: ...ement other systematic errors exist due to limitations of dynamic accuracy test set switch repeatability and test cable stability These combined with random errors also contribute to total system measurement uncertainty Therefore after accuracy enhancement procedures are performed residual measurement uncertainties remain ...

Page 345: ...ace during r i measurement of a standard is normal Response and response and isolation calibrations require measurement of only one standard device If more than one device is measured only the data for the last device is retained Omitting Isolation Calibration Isolation calibration can be omitted for most measurements except where high dynamic range is a consideration Use the following guidelines ...

Page 346: ...ation Standards In order for the response of a reference standard to show as a dot on the smith chart display format it must have no phase shift with respect to frequency Standards that exhibit such perfect response are the following n 7 mm short with no offset n type N male short with no offset There are two reasons why other types of reference standards show phase shift after calibration n The r...

Page 347: ...erminations exhibit a phase shift over frequency due to fringe capacitance Offset open circuits have increased phase shift because the offset acts as a small length of transmission line Refer to Ihble 6 4 able 6 4 Calibration Standard Types and Expected Phase Shift l St Port ConnectorType 7 mm Type N male 3 5 mm male 3 5 mm female 2 4mm male 2 4mm female pe N female 75Q Type N female 7 mm Type N m...

Page 348: ...rt No O et 3 5 mm Male or Female O et Short 7 mm or Type N Ma e Open fNo W4 Type N Female 3 5 mm Mole or Female Q et Open pb558d Figure 6 49 Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Vibration 6 74 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Page 349: ...ing a more complete calibration routine Figure 6 50a shows a measurement in log magnitude format with a response calibration only Figure 6 50b shows the improvement in the same measurement using an SII one port calibration Figure 6 51a shows the measurement on a Smith chart with response calibration only and Figure 6 51b shows the same measurement with an SII one port calibration pb655d Figure 6 5...

Page 350: ...6 52 shows the response of a device in a log magnitude format using a response calibration in as shown on the left and a full two port calibration as shown on the right 6 76 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Page 351: ...on measurement calibrations are valid only for a specific stimulus state which must be set before a calibration has begun The stimuhrs state consists of the selected frequency range number of points sweep time output power and sweep type Changing the frequency range number of points or sweep type with correction on invalidates the calibration and turns it off Changing the sweep time or output powe...

Page 352: ...s The accuracy of interpolated error correction improves as the phase shift and amplitude change between adjacent points decrease When you use the analyzer in linear frequency sweep perform the original calibration with at least 67 points per 1 GHz of frequency span for greatest accuracy with interpolated error correction Interpolated error correction is available in three sweep modes linear frequ...

Page 353: ...s a normalization for frequency response and crosstalk errors in transmission measurements or frequency response and directivity errors in reflection measurements This procedure may be adequate for measurement of well matched high loss devices Sll and 522 One Port Calibration me Sll md one pofi c bration procedures a jvated by pressing the y _ p or lZX F softkey within the calibrate menu provide d...

Page 354: ...n the calibrate menu provides the ability to make calibrations using the TRL or LRM method True TRL LRM calibration is available on instruments equipped with Option 400 Four Sampler Test Set For more information refer to TRL LRM Calibration located later in this section 6 60 ApplicationandOperationConcqts ...

Page 355: ... softkey within the Cal kit menu protides acceSS to the select Cal kit menu This menu allows you to select from several default calibration kits that have different connector types These kits have predefined standards and are valid for most applications It is not possible to overwrite these standard definitions The numerical definitions for most Hewlett Packard calibration kits can be referenced i...

Page 356: ...member that the more closely the model describes the actual performance of the standard the better the calibration Example The 7 mm load is determined to be 50 4 ohms instead of 50 0 ohms Definitions The following are definitions of terms n A standard represented by a number 1 8 is a specific well defined physical device used to determine systematic errors For example standard 1 is a short in the ...

Page 357: ...as follows 1 short m 2 open m 3 broadband load 4 t h r u 5 sliding load 6 lowband load 7 short f 8 open 03 Note Although the numbering sequences are arbitrary confusion can be minimized by using consistency However standard 5 is always a sliding load z i i leads to the specify class menu After the standards are modified use this key to specify a class to group certain standards x leads to l e l al...

Page 358: ...calibration standard or from its actual measured response The parameters of the standards can be listed in TIkble 6 5 lhble 6 5 Standard Definitions systt mz Disk File Name CalibrationKitIsbel FIXED TBBMd SLIDING IMPED OF n OFFSET Ensure system J of network analyzer is set to this value bOpen short load delayjthru or arbitrary impedance Xoad or arbitrary impedance only dArbitrary impedance only de...

Page 359: ... chart indicates capacitive reactance These effects are impossible to eliminate but the calibration kit models include the open termination capacitance at all frequencies for compatible calibration kits The capacitance model is a cubic polynomial as a function of frequency where the polynomial coefficients are user definable The capacitance model equation is C CO Cl x F C2 x F C3 x P where F is th...

Page 360: ...s assumed to exist between the two reference planes in effect the offset is the thru Three characteristics of the offset can be dellned its delay length loss and impedance In addition the frequency range over which a particular standard is valid can be defined with a minimum and maximum frequency This is particularly important for a waveguide standard since its behavior changes rapidly beyond its ...

Page 361: ...ssume a dispersive delay see OFFSET DELAY above Label standard menu This menu allows you to label reference individual standards during the menu driven measurement calibration sequence The labels are user definable using a character set shown on the display that includes letters numbers and some symbols and they may be up to ten characters long The analyzer will prompt you to connect standards usi...

Page 362: ...must be measured during calibration Unless band limited standards are used only a single standard per class is required Note It is often simpler to keep the number of standards per class to the bare minimum needed often one to avoid confusion during calibration Each class can be given a user definable label as described under label class menus Standards are assigned to a class simply by entering t...

Page 363: ...rformed For default kits the standard is either the open or short for reflection measurements or the thru for transmission measurements RESPOIBE B ISflLYH allows you to enter the standard numbers for a response isolation calibration This calibration corrects for frequency response and directivity in reflection measurements or frequency response and isolation in transmission measurements TRL TIIlW ...

Page 364: ... merely a measure of repeatability To achieve more complete verification of a particular measurement calibration accurately known veri ation standards with a diverse magnitude and phase response should be used National standard traceable or HP standards are recommended to achieve verifiable measurement accuracy Note The published specifications for the HP 8719D 20D 22D network analyzer system incl...

Page 365: ...An in fixture calibration is preferable but high quality Short Open Load Thru SOIT standards are not readily available to allow a conventional Full 2 port calibration of the system at the desired measurement plane of the device In microstrip a short circuit is inductive an open circuit radiates energy and a high quality purely resistive load is diflicult to produce over a broad frequency range The...

Page 366: ...isolation error terms Assume the two transmission leakage terms EXF and EXR are measured using the conventional technique The eight TRL error terms are represented by the error adapters shown in Figure 6 52 Although this error model is slightly different from the traditional Full 2 port 12 term model the conventional error terms may be derived from it For example the forward reflection tracking Em...

Page 367: ...g Err and Em and reflection tracking Em and Em terms may be derived from the TRL error terms This leaves the isolation EXF and ExR source match Esr and Esn and load match ELF and ELR terms to discuss li3olation Two additional measurements are required to solve for the isolation terms EXF and ExR Isolation is characterized in the same manner as the Full 2 port calibration Forward and reverse isolat...

Page 368: ...n the characteristic impedance of transmission lines the mathematically equivalent method LRM for line reflect match may be substituted for TRL Since a well matched termination is in essence an infInitely long transmission line it is well suited for low RF frequency calibrations Achieving a long line standard for low frequencies is often times physically impossible How True TRL LEM Works Option 40...

Page 369: ...xed attenuators usually have a return loss that is better than that of the network analyzer Additionally the attenuators provide some isolation of reflected signals The attenuators also help to minimize the difference between the port source match and load match making the error terms more equivalent With the attenuators in place the effective port match of the system is improved so that the misma...

Page 370: ...igible This can be shown by the following approximation Reflection magnitude uncertainty En EaSll Es sl EL Transmission magnitude uncertainty Ex ErSzl EsS11 E 1 where ED effective directivity En effective reflection tracking Es effective source match EL effective load match Ex effective crosstalk ET effective transmission tracking S parameters of the device under test The TRL Calibration Procedure...

Page 371: ... relative to the thru at the middle of the desired frequency span q Usable bandwidth for a single thru Iine pair is 8 l frequency spamstart frequency q Multiple thru line pairs ZO assumed identical can be used to extend the bandwidth to the extent transmission lines are available q Attenuation of the line need not be known q Insertion phase must be known and specked within f l 4 wavelength or f 90...

Page 372: ...ty Factor 1 for this example Thus the length to initially check is 5 cm Next use the following to verify the insertion phase at fl and f2 Phase degrees 360x fx 1 V where f frequency 1 length of line v velocity speed of light x velocity factor which can be reduced to the following using frequencies in MHz and length in centimeters Phase degrees approx 0 012 x f MHz x l cm V F So for an air line vel...

Page 373: ...enient in some measurement situations Additionally because TRL requires a different physical length for the thru and the line standards its use becomes impractical for hxtures with contacts that are at a fixed physical distance from each other For information on how to modify calibration constants for TRL LRM and how to perform a TRL or TRM calibration refer to Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement Res...

Page 374: ... reference plane instead of the thru provided the phase response offset delay reactance values and standard type of the reflect standard is known and is specified in the calibration kit definition Note Dispersion Effects Dispersion occurs when a transmission medium exhibits a variable propagation or phase velocity as a function of frequency The result of dispersion is a non linear phase shift vers...

Page 375: ...e very sensitive to actual input power for proper operation n When you require a reference for receiver power calibration Calibrated Power Level By setting the analyzer calibrated power to the desired value at the power meter this power level will be maintained at that port during the entire sweep First set the source power so that the power at the test device is approximately correct This reduces...

Page 376: ... sweep types the values in the power setting array are increased or decreased to reflect the new power level Some accuracy is lost when this occurs Power Meter Calibration Modes of Operation continnons Sample Mode Each Sweep You can set the analyzer to update the correction table at each point for sweep as in a _ _ __ _ _ leveling application using the I softkey In this mode the analyzer checks th...

Page 377: ... 6 58 The speed of the calibration will be slow while power meter readings are taken see lhble 6 7 However once the sample sweep is finished subsequent sweeps are power corrected using the data table and sweep speed increases significantly Once the initial sweep is taken sample and sweep correction is much faster than continuous sample correction If the calibrated power level is changed after the ...

Page 378: ...nd accuracy of a power meter calibration vary depending on the test setup and the measurement parameters For example number of points number of readings if the power is less than 20 dBm continuous versus sample and sweep mode Accuracy is improved if you set the source power such that it is approximately correct at the measurement port Power meter calibration should then be turned on With number of...

Page 379: ...e source power output at the measurement port at a single stimulus point and compares it to the calibrated power you selected If the two values are different power meter calibration changes the source output power by the difference This process is repeated at every stimulus point The accuracy of the result depends on the amount of correction required If the selected number of readings 1 the final ...

Page 380: ...de to make these measurements a h ii _ _ _ _ z zy I is the default measurement mode l l mode meames boa inputs A and B _ _ I Ai i during each sweep Thus if each channel is measuring a different parameter and both channels are displayed the chop mode offers the fastest measurement time This is the preferred measurement mode for full two port calibrations because both inputs remain active The disadv...

Page 381: ... length of the adapter to compute the adapters actual S parameters This data is then used to generate a separate third cal set in which the forward and reverse match and tracking terms are as if Port 1 and Port 2 could be connected This is possible because the actual S parameters of the adapter are measured with great accuracy thus allowing the effects of the adapter to be completely removed when ...

Page 382: ...T j Limit lines and limit testing time domain operation and instrument modes n m HP IB controller modes instrument addresses and the use of the parallel port n Test sequencing Information on the remaining instrument state keys can be found in the following chapters n m Chapter 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation n LCOWJ Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saying Measurement Results n JIGiT Chapter 4...

Page 383: ... remote command that disables the m key making it difllcult to interfere with the analyzer while it is under computer control In addition the m key provides access to the HP IB menu where you can set the controller mode and to the address menu where you can enter the HP IB addresses of peripheral devices and select plotter printer ports You can also set the mode of the parallel port here The HP IB...

Page 384: ...his remote operation mode except for control of the power line switch and some internal tests Pass Control Mode I s key a v es the third mode of HP IB operation the pi control T i mode In an automated system with a computer controller the controller can pass control of the bus to the analyzer on request from the analyzer The analyzer is then the controller of the peripherals and can direct them to...

Page 385: ... These addresses are stored in non volatile memory and are not affected by preset or by cycling the power Using the Parallel Port The Copy Mode The copy mode allows the parallel port to be connected to a printer or plotter for the outputting of test results Ib use the parallel port for printing or plotting you must do the following 3 select so that copy isunderlined The GPIO Mode The GPIO mode tur...

Page 386: ...L message on the screen with a beep by changing the color of the failing portions of a trace with an asterisk in tabular listings of data and with a bit in the HP IB event status register B The analyzer also has a BNC rear panel output that includes this status but is only valid for a single channel measurement Note The limit test output has three selectable modes For more information refer to Cha...

Page 387: ... lower limit and limit type The ending stimulus value is the start value of the next segment or a segment can be terminated with a single point segment You can enter limit values as upper and lower limits or delta limits and middle value As new limit segments are defined the tabular listing is updated If limit lines are switched on they are shown on the display If no limits have been defined the t...

Page 388: ...lue This is useful for changing the limits to correspond with a change in the test setup or for device specifications that differ in stimulus or amplitude It can also be used to move the limit lines away from the data trace temporarily for visual examination of trace detail 6 1 1 4 ApplicationandOperationConwpts ...

Page 389: ...S MDDE lQETftoRK AHJtLTZER returns the analyzer to the normal network analyzer operating mode This mode uses the analyzer s internal source Tuned Receiver Mode If you press j XEJSTRu 6EBIT MODE lYfJ JED RECEIVER the analyzer receiver operates independently of any signal source The following features and limitations apply to the tuned receiver mode n It is a fully synthesized receiver it does not p...

Page 390: ...k analyzer mode The two user defined variables in this mode are receiver frequency and offset frequency LO The analyzer automatically sets the source frequency equal to IF LO or IF LO Mixer measurements and frequency offset mode applications are explained in application note 87532 RF Component Measurements Mixer Measurements using the HP 8753B Network Analyzer HP part number 5956 4362 This applica...

Page 391: ...hich appear on the analyzer display will affect only the receiver The Of et Frequency LO This frequency value is the difference between the source and receiver frequencies Note The analyzer s source locks to the receiver f the Lo frequency regardless of the offset value you selected Once the source is phase locked and sweeping the analyzer s source frequency is not known precisely As the LO freque...

Page 392: ...his is most likely caused by the Lo frequency being outside the 1 to 5 MHz accuracy requirement Error Message If you connect your test device before you switch on the frequency offset function the error message PHASE LOCK CAL FAILED appears on the screen This is normal and i i y i wiIl disappear when you press the softkey i _ ii i A i Spurious Signal P s and Frequencies Unwanted mixing products or...

Page 393: ...to an oscilloscope In contrast the analyzer makes swept frequency response measurements and mathematically transforms the data into a TDR like display The Transform Menu IThe analyzer s transform menu a be accessed by pressing I IJlis i iii A i_ i menu consists of the following softkeys The analyzer has three frequency to time transform modes Time domain handpass mode is designed to measure band l...

Page 394: ...culate the inverse Fourier transform of the data to find the time domain response The analyzer s internal computer makes this calculation using the chirp Z Fourier transform technique The resulting measurement is the fully error corrected time domain reflection or transmission response of the test device displayed in near real time Figure 6 62 illustrates the frequency and time domain reflection r...

Page 395: ...ional TDR requires that the test device be able to operate down to dc Using bandpass mode there are no restrictions on the measurement frequency range Bandpass mode characterizes the test device impulse response Adjusting the Relative Velocity Ebctor A marker provides both the time x2 and the electrical length x2 to a discontinuity lb determine the physical length rather than the electrical length...

Page 396: ...dpass reflection response horizontal axis In bandpass reflection measurements the horizontal axis represents the time it takes for an impulse launched at the test port to reach a discontinuity and return to the test port the two way travel time In F igure 6 62 each connector is a discontinuity Interpreting the bandpass reflection response vertical axis The quantity displayed on the vertical axis d...

Page 397: ... Note that in time domain transmission measurements the value displayed is the actual delay not x2 The marker provides the propagation delay in both time and distance Marker 2 in Figure 6 64 a indicates the main path response through the test device which has a propagation delay of 655 6 ns or about 196 5 meters in electrical length Marker 4 in Figure 6 64 b indicates the triple travel path respon...

Page 398: ...et equal to stop n If the low end of the measurement frequency range is critical it is best to calculate _ i I approximate values for the ad stop frequencies before pressing and calibrating This avoids distortion of the measurement results lb see an example select the preset values of 201 points and a 50 MHz to 13 5 GHz frequency range Now press and observe e change in frequency values The stop fr...

Page 399: ... a real part the imaginary part is zero the most useful low pass step mode format in this application is the real format It displays the response in reflection coefficient units This mode is similar to the traditional TDR response which displays the reflected signal in a real format volts versus time or distance on the horizontal axis The real format can also be used in the low pass impulse mode b...

Page 400: ...I T I VE PEA1 RESI5TER R ZO NEGATIVE LEVEL SHIFT NECkAT I VE PEAk I NDIJC TDR A POSITIVE PEA1 POSITIVE THEN NEGATIVE PEAk CAPAC I TOR NEGAT I VE PEAk NEGATIVE THEN POSITIVE PEAtS Fiie 6 66 Simulated Low Pass Step and Impulse Response Waveforms Real Format Figwe 6 67 shows example cables with discontinuities faults using the low pass step mode with the real format 6 126 ApplicationandOpmtionConwpts...

Page 401: ...ange of this type of measurement to the maximum frequency of the analyzer The step input shown in Figure 6 68 is the inverse Fourier transform of the frequency domain response of a thru measured at calibration The step rise time is proportional to the highest frequency in the frequency domain sweep the higher the frequency the faster the rise time The frequency sweep in Figure 6 68 is from 50 MHz ...

Page 402: ... vertical axis In the real format the vertical axis displays the transmission response in real units for example volts For the amplifier example in F igure 6 68 if the amplifier input is a step of 1 volt the output 2 4 nanoseconds after the step indicated by marker l is 5 84 volts In the log magnitude format the amplifier gain is the steady state value displayed after the initial transients die ou...

Page 403: ...or the first discontinuity p 0 50 However the second discontinuity appears as a 25 reflection p 0 25 because only half the incident voltage reached the second discontinuity Note This example assumes a loss less transmission line Real transmission lines with non zero loss attenuate signals as a function of the distance from the reference plane As an example of masking due to line loss consider the ...

Page 404: ...t shape where k a frequency span and t time see F igure 6 71 This has two effects that limit the usefulness of the time domain measurement n Finite impulse width or rise time F inite impulse width limits the ability to resolve between two closely spaced responses The effects of the finite impulse width cannot be improved without increasing the frequency span of the measurement see lhble 6 10 4 WIN...

Page 405: ...1 4wreq span NOTE The bandpass mode simulates an impulse stimulw Bandpass impulse width is twice that of low pass impulse width The bandpass impulse sidelobe levels are the same as low pass impulse sidelobe levels Choose one of the three window shapes listed in Ihble 6 10 Or you can use the knob to select any windowing pulse width or rise time for a step stimulus between the softkey values The tim...

Page 406: ...quency data points Measurement range number of points 1 frequency span H2 example Measurement 201 points 1 MHz to 2 001 GHz Range or number of points 1 frequency span 201 1 10 106 Or 2 x 109 100 x lo seconds Electrical length range x the speed of light 3 x l m s 100 x lo 8 x 3 x 1Oa m s 30 meters In this example the range is 100 ns or 30 meters electrical length lb prevent the time domain response...

Page 407: ...pan two equal responses can be distinguished when they are separated by at least 2 94 cm Using the low pass mode the low pass frequencies are slightly different with a minimum windowing function you can distinguish two equal responses that are about 1 38 centimeters or more apart For reflection measurements which measure the two way time to the response divide the response resolution by 2 Using th...

Page 408: ...f band response You may with these limitations in mind choose to use a frequency span that is wider than the test device bandwidth to achieve better resolution Range resolution Time domain range resolution is defined as the ability to locate a single response in time If only one response is present range resolution is a measure of how closely you can pinpoint the peak of that response The range re...

Page 409: ...e want to remove the effect of the connector so that we can see the frequency response of just the airline and termination Figure 6 75 c shows the gate applied to the connector discontinuity Figure 6 75 d shows the frequency response of the airline and termination with the connector gated out n GATING OPERATION Figure 6 75 Sequence of Steps in Gating Operation Setting the gate Think of a gate as a...

Page 410: ...ate markers around the desired portion of the time domain trace Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain The analyzer can display the amplitude and phase of CW signals versus time For example use this mode for measurements such as amplifier gain as a function of warm up time i e drift The analyzer can display the measured parameter e g amplifier gain for periods of up to 24 hour...

Page 411: ...le with a center frequency of 0 Hz the CW frequency 250 MHz in the example is in the center of the display If the center frequency entered is a positive value the CW frequency shifts to the right half of the display a negative value shifts it to the left half of the display The span value entered with the transform on is the total frequency span shown on the display Alternatively the frequency dis...

Page 412: ...i A W displays only the amplitude modulation as illustrated in F igure 6 79 a displays only the phase modulation as shown in Figure 6 79 b a Amplitude Modulation Component b Phase Modulation Component Figure 6 79 pb66Qd Separating the Amplitude and Phase Components of l t Device Induced Modulation Forward transform range In the forward transform from CW time to the frequency domain range is dellne...

Page 413: ...ransform Measurement To increase the frequency domain measurement range increase the span The mazhnm range is inversely proportional to the sweep time therefore it may be necessary to increase the number of points or decrease the sweep time Because increasing the number of points increases the auto sweep time the maximum range is 2 kHz on either side of the selected CW time measurement center freq...

Page 414: ...IO bus to read five TI L input bits in a decision making function and send eight ITL output bits to control a peripheral Note Product note 8753 3 RF Component Measurements Applications of the Test Sequence Function provides practical applications examples for test sequencing This note was written for the HP 8753B but also applies to the HP 8719D 20D 22D In Depth Sequencing Information l ures That ...

Page 415: ...e ybu can append a sequentially increasing or decreasing numeric value to the title of stored data s a by placing a c 1 f i f m co d after the title ring you i c 7 w A z w A bm T must limit the title to three characters if you wilI use it as a disk file name The three character title and five digit loop counter number reach the eight character limit for disk lile names This feature is useful in da...

Page 416: ...rallel port By pressing a TTL f O you will access the softkeys listed below that control the individual output bits Refer to Figure 6 81 for output bus pin locations Pm QUT ALL lets you input a number 0 to 255 in base 10 and outputs it to the bus a s b i n a r y SET 3BfT lets you set a single bit 0 7 to high on the output bus CLEAR l T lets you set a single bit 0 7 to low on the output bus ITL Inp...

Page 417: ...fications for lTL high n volts H 2 7 volts V w current 20 microamps A Electrical specifications for TI L low w volts L 0 4 volts V n current 0 2 milliamps mA 4 3 2 I 0 PAFALLEL IH BITS 0 1 2 3 4 5 E 7 PARALLEL OlJT BITS pg612Yd Figure 6 81 parallel Port Input and Output Bus Piu Locations in GPIO mode Application and Operation Concepts 6 143 ...

Page 418: ...ion Making Functions Decision making functions jump to a softkey location not to a spectic sequence title Limit test loop counter and do sequence commands jump to any sequence residing in the specified sequence position 1 through 6 These commands do not jump to a specific sequence title Whatever sequence is in the selected softkey position will run when these commands are executed Having a sequenc...

Page 419: ...efer to the section in Chapter 2 titled Generating Piles in a Loop Counter Example Sequence for an example To access the sequence iilename menu press GAVE RECALL This menu presents two choices The above keys show the current 6Iename in the 2nd line of the softkey When titling a file for use in a loop function you are restricted to only 2 characters in the filename due to the 6 character length of ...

Page 420: ... print ASCII characters until the etx command is seen The etx is the ASCII value 3 not the ASCII character 3 The analyzer title function does not have the ASCII value 3 so the instrument allows the LB Entering Sequences Using HP IB You can create a sequence in a computer controller using HP II3 codes and enter it into the analyzer over HP IB This method replaces the keystrokes with HP IB conunanda...

Page 421: ...are commonly used to characterize amplifier gain compression versus frequency and power level This is essentially linear characterization since only the relative level of the input to the output is measured The narrowband receiver is tuned to a precise frequency and as a result is immune from harmonic distortion Gain compression occurs when the input power of an amplifier is increased to a level t...

Page 422: ...ment is typically less than 0 05 dB Also each input channel of the analyzer is calibrated to display absolute power Metering the Power Level When you are measuring a device that is very sensitive to absolute power level it is important that you accurately set the power level at either the device input or output The analyzer is capable of using an external HP IB power meter and controlling source p...

Page 423: ...power is 1 Watt 30 dBm CW but jumpers on the front panel allow the insertion of high power attenuators or isolators This allows test device output levels up to the power limits of the inserted components To protect the analyzer from high power levels this option allows the addition of isolators at both test ports and includes internally controlled step attenuators located between the couplers and ...

Page 424: ...hat is higher or lower in frequency than the LO The RF frequencies needed are calculated by the analyzer Tuned Receiver The analyzer s tuned receiver mode allows you to tune its receiver to an arbitrary frequency and measure signal power This is only possible if the signal you want to analyze is at an exact known frequency Therefore the RF and LO sources must be synthesized and synchronized with t...

Page 425: ...ve RF and Lo inputs and an IF output Also emanating from the IF port are several other mixing products of the RF and LO signals In mixer reflection measurements leakage signals from one mixer port propagate and appear at the other two mixer ports These unwanted mixing products or leakage signals can cause distortion by mixing with a harmonic of the analyzer s first down conversion stage Ib ensure ...

Page 426: ...l add to overall measurement uncertainty Ib reduce the measurement errors associated with the interaction between mixer port matches and system port matches you can place attenuators at all of the mixer s ports Figure 6 87 shows a plot of swept conversion loss where no attenuation at mixer ports was used The ripple versus frequency is due to source and load mismatches Figure 6 87 pb662d Conversion...

Page 427: ...liminate unwanted mixing and leakage signals from entering the analyzer s receiver Figure 6 88 shows a plot of mixer conversion loss when proper IF illtering was neglected pb66Od Figure 6 88 Example of Conversion Loss versus Output Frequency Without Correct IF Signal Fath Filtering F igure 6 89 shows the same mixer s conversion loss with the addition of a low pass filter at the mixer s IF port I 1...

Page 428: ...is inserted in this loop To ensure that the analyzer phaselocks correctly it is important that you use an Lo source that has frequency accuracy better than fl MHz and residual FM 20 kHz RMS Up Conversion and Down Conversion De ion i men you choo between and h the frequency offs menus the analyzer J determines which direction the internal source must sweep in order to achieve the requested IF frequ...

Page 429: ...t in the setup diagrams of the frequency offset mode the analyzer s source and receiver ports are labeled according to the mixer port that they are connected to n In a down converter measurement where the XIinsr EI softkey is selected the i i ii u 2 notation on the analyzer s setup diagram indicates that the analyzer s source frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port and the analyzer...

Page 430: ...onnecting to the mixer IF port and the analyzer s receiver frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port Because the RF frequency can be greater or less than the set LO frequency in this type of measurement you can select either RF 5 LO or I 0 I IETWORI AllAL I ZEF pb693d Figure 6 92 Up Converter Port Connections 6 166 Applicationand OperationConcepts ...

Page 431: ...ain Isolation Ikrms Isolation is the amount of attenuation provided when a signal is applied to one port of a mixer and measured at another port Figure 6 94 shows the three main isolation terms LO Feedthru LO to RF Leakage LO feedthru or LO to IF isolation is the amount the LO signal that is attenuated when it reaches the IF port LO to RF isolation is the amount the LO power is attenuated when it ...

Page 432: ...ove accuracy SWR Return Loss Reflection coefficient I is defied as the ratio between the reflected voltage Vr and incident voltage Vi Standing wave ratio SWR is defined as the ratio of maximum standing wave voltage to the minimum standing wave voltage and can be derived from the reflection coelhcient r using the equation shown below Return loss can be derived from the reflection coefficient as wel...

Page 433: ...for a conversion compression measurement first measure the conversion loss of the mixer under test Set up for a CW measurement at the frequency of interest Sweeping the RF drive level over a 25 dB span soon shows the power level at which the conversion loss increases by 1 dB With power meter calibration controlling the RF drive level and the receiver calibrated to measure output power you can make...

Page 434: ...EfTERNAL LO SOURCE 10 dB pb638d Figure 6 96 Connections for an Amplitude and Phase Tracking Measurement Between Two Mixers Phase Linearity and Group Delay Group delay is the rate of change of phase through a device with respect to frequency d4 dw Traditionally group delay has been used to describe the propagation delay Tg and deviation from linear phase through a linear device However this paramet...

Page 435: ...n mixer with very smaIl group delay as the calibration standard An important characteristic to remember when selecting a calibration mixer is that the delay of the device should be kept as low as possible Ib do this select a mixer with very wide bandwidth wider bandwidth results in smaller delay Application and Operation Conoepts 6 l 61 ...

Page 436: ...ected signal from the device causing an error in the measured data Overall directivity is the limit to which a device s return loss or reflection can be measured Therefore it is important to have good directivity to measure low reflection devices For example a coupler has a 7 mm connector and 40 dB directivity which is equivalent to a reflection coefficient of p O 01 directivity in dR 20 log p Sup...

Page 437: ...loss or electrical length and a flat frequency response to prevent distortion of the actual signal A perfect match to both the instrument and the test device eliminates reflected test signals The signal should be effectively coupled into the test device rather than leaking around the device and resulting in crosstalk from input to output Repeatable connections are necessary to ensure consistent da...

Page 438: ...to a Network Analyzer from Microwaves and RF January 1991 Fixtures and Non Coaxial Measurements Hewlett Packard Company Applying the HP 8510 TRL Calibration for Non Coaxial Measurements Product Note 85198A HP publication number 5091 3645E February 1992 Hewlett Packard Company Measuring Chip Capacitors with the HP 8520C Network Analyzers and Inter Continental Microwave Test Fixtures Product Note 85...

Page 439: ...cements in On Wafer Probing Calibration Techniques n Hewlett Packard RF and Microwave Measurement Symposium paper 1991 Lautzenhiser S A Davidson D Jones Improve Accuracy of On Wafer Tests Via LRM Calibration Reprinting from Microwaves and RF HP publication number 5952 1286 January 1990 On Wafer Calibration Practical Considerations n HP 8510 8720 News HP publication number 5091 6837 February 1993 A...

Page 440: ...ts the performance of the HP 8719D 8720D 8722D network analyzers S l This performance parameter is verifiable using performance tests documented in the service manual S 2 Due to limitations on available industry standards the guaranteed performance of the instrument cannot be verified outside the factory Field procedures can verify performance with a confidence prescribed by available standards S ...

Page 441: ...ion 089 R input specifications apply and all other standard instrument specifications apply n For HP 8719DX 8720DX 8722DX preconfigured analyzers standard instrument specificatins apply except for frequency stability Option lD5 specifications apply 7 2 Specifmations and Measurement Uncertainties ...

Page 442: ... MHz 15 dB at 100 MHz and 20 dB at 50 MHz 1 Load Match Option 085 Reflection Tracking Transmission Tracking Crosstalk I to 20 GE 16 dB 8dB 10 dB 11 dB 8 dB 10 dB 10 dB 12 dB 10 dB f3 dB f3 dB 94 dB Frequency Range Ikble 7 2 HP 8722D Characteristics Without Error Correction Parameter Option Directivity Source Match Standard Option 400 Source Match Option 007 Option 086 Load Match Standard Option 40...

Page 443: ... 20 to 40 GHz Maximum Output Power HP 8719D 20D Std Opts 085 400 HP 8719DBOD Opt 007 HP 8722D Std Opts 085 400 0 05 to 20 GHz HP 8722D Std Opts 085 400 20 to 40 GHz HP 8722D Opt 007 0 05 to 20 GHz HP 8722D Opt 007 20 to 40 GHz Resolution Flatness 5 dB below maximum output power HP 8719D 20D HP 8722D Power Sweep Range HP 871OD HP 8720D HP 8722D 0 05 to 13 51 GHz S l 0 05 to 20 05 GHz S l 0 05 to 40...

Page 444: ...0 GBz 100dB B l BP 871OD 20D opt 007 0 0520 GBz 105cm S l HP 8722D Btd Opts 085 400 0 05 2 GBz 03dBQ S l 2 8 GHz 93dB Sl 8 20GHz 91dB 61 20 40 GBz 80dB0 B l HP 8722D opt 007 0 05 2 GBz 98dB B l 2 8 GBz 98dB S l 8 20GI Iz 96dB S l 20 40 GIlz 85dBO B 1 Does not apply to BP 8722D The dynamic range speciiications apply to transmksion measurements using 10 Hz IF BW and response and BoIation correction ...

Page 445: ...ak 0 05 13 5 GHz 13 5 20 GI lz 20 40 GBz Phase zero peak 0 05 13 5 GHz 13 5 20 GHz 20 40 GI Iz 20 dBm 16dE m 15dBm 8dBm 3dBm 30 dBm 7 dBm 12 dBm 34 dBm 03 ClB 04dB 15 dB 0 30 dB 0 40 cm 1 50 dB C C C c C C C C c Input power level that causes 0 1 dB compression in the receiver t l race noise is delbed as variation of a high signal level trace due to noise The value given represents a noise variatio...

Page 446: ...PTION 012 DIRECT SAMPLER ACCESS cHABAcTEB1STIcS Compression 0 05 0 5 GIIz 0 5 2 GBz 2 8 GHz 8 20GI Iz 20 40 GHz Average Noise Ploort 0 05 0 5 GBz 0 5 2 GHz 2 8 GIIz 8 20GBz 20 40 GHz Receiver Dynamic Range 0 05 0 5 GHz 0 5 2 GHz 2 8 GI Iz 8 20GI Iz 20 40 GHz 15 dBc 55 dBc 35 dBc 40 dBc C 45 dBc c 65 dBc C 2dBm 1dBm OdESm 7 dBm 12 dBm 125dBm 125dBm 125dBm 123 dBm 120dBm 127dBm 126dBm 125dBm 116dBm ...

Page 447: ...225 l124 3541 l 44 11161 4110 HP 8722D Full Sweep 0 0540 GBz Uncorrected 774 530 12721568 1910 610 5750 1186 l port calibration 750 s 4 12881588 1930 630 5870 1208 2 port calibration 1664 1216 2744 1398 4040 1759 11951 4280 i ime Domain Conversions 95 355 735 3255 IF IB Data Transfers Binary lntemal 28 47 72 223 IEEE754 KoatinS pointformat 32 bit 40 00 174 612 64 bit 50 126 238 856 ASCII 135 463 0...

Page 448: ...g Options Standard Calibration kit HP 85052D Cables HP 85131F Ihble 7 5 HP 85052D used with HP 8719D or EP 872OD Directivity Source match Load match Reflection tracking Transmission tracking 0 05 to 0 5 GHz 42 dB 37 dB 42 dB f0 006 dB f0 028 dB Frequency Range 0 5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 48 dB 38 dB 37 dB 31 dB 42 dB 33 dB f0 006 dB f0 006 dB 60 03 dB f0 096 dB 8to20GHz 36 dB 28 dB 36 dB fO 009 dB f0 ...

Page 449: ...Iz 48dB 4OdB 48 dB f0 006 dB 4 0 017 dB Frequency Range 0 5 t o 2 GEz 2 to 8 GHz 48 dB 44 dB 40 dB 33 dB 48 dB 44 dB f0 006 dB f0 006 dB f0 018 dB f0 066 dB 8 to 20 GBz 44 dB 31 dB 44 dB f0 008 dB f0 099 dB HP8720D With HP850526 Calibration Kit HP8720D Wiih HP850526 Calibration Kit 0 40 60 SO 100 0 20 60 so 100 S21 dB S dB HP8720D Wiih HP85052B Calibration Kit 0 05 c 0 04 I E t mGm 0 03 9 z 0 02 5...

Page 450: ... dB Frequency Range 0 6 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 48 dB 60 dB 40 dB 50 dB 48 dB 60 dB f0 006 dB f0 006 dB f0 026 dB f0 016 dB 8 to 20 GHz 50 dB 6OdB 60 dB f0 006 dB f0 019 dB HP8720D OPT 400 Wlth HP85052C Calibration Kit HP8720D OPT 400 Wiih HP85052C Calibration Kit 40 60 80 100 S21 dB HP8720D OPT 400 Wiih HP85052C Calibration Kit 0 05 i3 E e 0 03 fr 2 0 02 8 5 0 01 0 00 0 0 0 2 04 0 6 OS Sll Reflection...

Page 451: ...ange 0 5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GHz 62 dB i52 dB 48 dB 44 dB 51 dB 51 dB f0 006 dB f0 017 dB fO O1l dB f0 0 dB 1 8to2OGHz 52 dB 41 dB 61 dB f0 047 dB fO 034 dB 0 01 HP8720D Wlth HP850 5OB Calibration Kit HP8720D With HP8505OB Calibration Kit 1 II 0 20 40 60 80 100 S21 dB HP8720D With HP8505OB Calibration Kit TestPortPowr 5dBm 0 62 G n S21 S12 0 24Qkk I I I I I I I I I E s 0 03 a E g 0 02 8 5 0 01 0 2 0 4...

Page 452: ...2 GEz 2 to 8 GHz 52 dB 60 dB 48 dB 5 7 dB 51 dB 57 dB ho 006 dB f0 005 dB f0 012 dB f0 008 dB 8 to 20 GBz 60dB 57 dB 57 dB fO 005 dB fO 000 dB HP8720D OPT 400 Wlth HP8505OC Calibration Kit HP8720D OPT 400 Wiih HP8505OC Calibration Kit g 1 z E E 0 1 s nnl 0 20 40 60 80 100 S21 dB HP8720D OPT 400 With HP8505OC Calibration Kit E So 03 E E g 0 02 8 5 0 01 II Ml __ 0 0 02 0 4 0 6 0 8 Sll Reflection Coe...

Page 453: ...38 dB 40 dB f0 006 dB f0 031 dB Freauencl 0 5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GEz 8 to 20 GHz 40 dB 33 dB 40 dB f0 006 dB fO 033 dB HP8720D Wlth HP85054D Calibration Kit I I s11 s22 0 0 01 Y 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 S21 dB HP8720D With HP85054D Calibration Kit 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 Sl 1 Reflection Coefficient linear Lange 36 dB 34 dB 33 dB 27 dB 36 dB 34 dB f0 009 dB f0 027 dB f0 094 dB f0 168 dB HP8720D Wiih HP8505...

Page 454: ...ion tracking 0 05 to 0 5 GHz 43 dB 45 dB 48 dB f0 006 dB f0 014 dB Frequency Range 0 5 to 2 GHz 2 to 8 GEz 48 dB 42 dB 45 dB 36 dB 48 dB 42 dB f0 005 dB f0 006 dB f0 015 dB fO 056 dB 8 to 20 GHz 42 dB 32 dB 42 dB f0 015 dB f0 093 dB HP8720D Wlth HP85054B Calibration Kit HP8720D With HP85054B Calibration Kit TestPatPouer 5dBm I I j j S11 s22 0 0 01 I 0 20 ST1 60 80 1cuJ 0 20 40 60 so 100 dB S21 dB ...

Page 455: ...kit HP 85056A Ckbles HP 85133F lhble 7 12 HP 85056A used with HP 8722D Frequency Range 0 05 to 2 GHz 2to8GHz 8 to 20 GHz 20 to 40 GEz Directivity 42 dB 42 dB 4 dB 38 dB Source match 41 dB 38 dB 38 dB 33 dB Load match 42 dB 42 dB 42 dB 38 dB Reflection tracking f0 006 dB fO O1O dB fO O1O dB f0 021 dB Transmission tracking f0 020 dB f0 038 dB ho 048 dB fO l10 dB HP8722D With HP8505SA Calibration Kit...

Page 456: ...34 dB 26 dB Source match 40 dB 40 dB 30 dB 23 dB Load match 42 dB 42 dB 34 dB 26 dB Reflection tracking f0 006 dB f0 029 dB f0 029 dB fO 080 dB Transmission tracking f0 022 dB f0 034 dB fO 116 dB f0 372 dB HP8722D Wlth HP85066D Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP86066D Calibration Kit 30 50 S21 dB HP87220 With HP85056D Calibration Kit 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 Sll Reflection Coefficient linear 0 01 10 10 30 50 ...

Page 457: ...Hz 42 dB 38 dB 36 dB Source match 37 dB 31 dB 28 dB 26 dB Load match 42 dB 38 dB 36 dB 30 dB Reflection tracking fO 006 dB f0 006 dB f0 009 dB fO 012 dB Transmission tracking f0 026 dB f0 071 dB f0 12 dB f0 27 dB HP8722D Wlth HP850 52D Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP850 52D Calibration Kit S21 dB HP8722D With HP85052D Calibration Kit 7 0 080 e mG k 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 Sl 1 Reflection Coefficient linea...

Page 458: ...0 049 dB f0 077 dB 20 to 26 5 GHz 44 dB 31 dB 44 dB fO 008 dB fO 102 dB HP8722D Wlth HP85052B Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85052B Calibration Kit g 1 z s P 0 1 3 30 50 S21 dB 30 50 S21 dB HP8722D With HP85052B Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85052B Calibration Kit 0 05 m o ssaGm I d TeslPodPomr lOdEn c 0 04 2 8Gw s21 s12 0 1 HI II I I m I I I I I I I I Iti 2 5 0 03 E G 0 02 8 s 0 01 1 0 0 0 2 0 4...

Page 459: ... 60 dB 50 dB Source match 40 dB 50 dB 60 dB 50 dB Load match 48 dB 50 dB 50 dB 60 dB Reflection tracking f0 006 dB f0 006 dB f0 005 dB fO 005 dB Transmission tracking f0 017 dB f0 013 dB f0 016 dB f0 023 dB HP8722D OPT 400 Wlth HP85052C Calibration Kit HP8722D OPT 400 With HP85052C Calibration Kit 30 50 S21 dB HP8722D OPT 400 Wiih HP85052C Calibration Kit g 0 02 E 0 01 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 Sll Reflecti...

Page 460: ...B 40 dB f0 006 dB f0 026 dB Frequency Range 2 to 8 GHz 38 dB 33 dB 36 dB fO 009 dB ho 070 dB 8 to 18 GHz 34 dB 29 dB 34 dB fO 027 dB f0 128 dB HP8722D Wlth HP85054D Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85054D Calibration Kit I I I I I I 0 01 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 dB I I I 0 01 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 dB HP8722D With HP85054D Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85054D Calibration Kit 0 100 20 0 C 0 080 g 15 0 0...

Page 461: ...Transmission tracking Frequency Range 0 05 to 2 GE 2to8GHz 48 dB 42 dB 45 dB 36 dB 48 dB 42 dB f0 006 dB f0 006 dB f0 013 dB f0 041 dB 60 071 dB HP8722D Wlth HP85054B Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85054B Calibration Kit 30 50 S21 dB 0 01 I l FH j wG k 1 I 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 dB HP8722D Wiih HP85054B Calibration Kit HP8722D With HP85054B Calibration Kit 0 05 I I I I Power 10 dBm 02 0 4 0 6 0 8 S...

Page 462: ...ransfer Formats Binary internal 4 bit floating point complex format ASCII 32 64 bit IEEE 754 Floating Point Format Interface Function Codes SHl AHl T6 TEO L4 LEO SRl RLl PPO DCl DTl Cl C2 C3 ClO E2 Front Panel Connectors Connector Types HP 8719D 8720D 3 5 mm precision HP 8722D 2 4 mm precision Impedance 50 ohms nominal Specifications and Measurement Unorrtainties 7 23 ...

Page 463: ...pedance 50 External Amiliary Input AUX INPUT Input Voltage Limits 10 V to 10 V External AM Input EXT AM f 1 volt into a 5 kfl resistor 1 kHz maximum resulting in approximately 2 dB volt amplitude modulation External Trigger EXT TRIGGER Triggers on a negative lTL transition or contact closure to ground Figure 7 l External Trigger Circuit Test Sequence Output TEST SEQ This connector outputs a Tl L s...

Page 464: ... Bias Input BIAS CONNECI Maximum voltage 40 Vdc Maximumcurrent 500 DIN Keyboard This connector is used for the optional AT compatible keyboard for titles and remote front panel operation Line Power 4 8 to 66 Hz 115 V nominal 90 V to 132 V or 230 V nominal 198 V to 264 V 280 VA max Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties 7 26 ...

Page 465: ...d be as dust free as possible Operating Conditions OperatingTemperature O O to 55OC Calibration Temperature 23 Cf30C Error Corrected Temperature Range fl C of calibration temperature Humidity 5 to 95 at 40 OC non condensing Altitude 0 to 4500 meters 15 000 feet Non Operating Storage Conditions Temperature 40 C to 70 oc Humidity 0 to 90 relative at 65 OC non condensing Altitude 0 to 15 240 meters 5...

Page 466: ...protrusions Physical Dimensions Internal Memory Data Retention Time with 3 V 1 2 Ah Battery Temperature at 70 O C 250 days 0 68 year Temperature at 40 OC 1244 days 3 4 years Temperature at 25 OC 10 years Analyzer power is switched off All time values are characteristic 0 Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties 7 27 ...

Page 467: ......

Page 468: ...8 2 Menu M a p s ...

Page 469: ......

Page 470: ...84 Menu Maps ...

Page 471: ... IllTlF F IF H FELL LEFbl L 1 FL IT ETIJF PL lTTCk WI 1 F IELI F ETI IFll F ETIJFII I WHITE c 1 MC PE c l PETUPII F ETUPII L J H3 bATA c 1 H3 MEM c 1 CH4 bPTI I 1 CH4 MEM I 1 PEF L IllE c 1 WAPI I 1 11 I 1 Menu Maps 8 5 ...

Page 472: ...1 T i LTI E EIITF I ELEs T LETTEP 4 t HP IL IIE Fr PM FEEL1 EFISE TITLE El D IF Lr6EL Ml FE bC I4E w MClFE HELP PETUFll I FETIlFll Al Ml MI H4 MEM M C F LOLOF 4 DEFOIJLT CIJLOFS GRPT 11 lLE RECALL c 0 L rd P MI IPE FETUFII t FETIJFII I APPEAF J L WHEII COLI F S HAVE bEElI SAVEC 8 8 Menu Maps ...

Page 473: ...Menu Maps 8 7 ...

Page 474: ...i 4 ILli In Ill r fl Fl EF 9 IT FT Il Fl iF I II E F H II F1 EF FEFEF EII kE r Fr lm MI P Llll MI F L ii MI F ll PETUWI L FETUFI PEF I I A PEF _ A KEF I FEF I I L PEF 8 8 Menu Maps ...

Page 475: ...Menu Maps a 9 ...

Page 476: ...I 9 10 MenuYaps ...

Page 477: ...Menu Maps 9 11 ...

Page 478: ...MlFl EF FEFEFEII TE 9 l 2 Menu Maps ...

Page 479: ......

Page 480: ...8 14 Menu Maps ...

Page 481: ...r c 1 pb6le Menu Maps 8 l 6 ...

Page 482: ...is chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saying to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements n Chapter 5 Cptimizing Measurement Results describes ...

Page 483: ...iting a test sequence this key can be used to scroll through the displayed sequence has two independent functions n modifies entries and test sequences n moves marker information off of the graticules The backspace key will delete the last entry or the last digit entered from the numeric keypad The backspace key can also be used in two ways for modifying a test sequence n deleting a single key com...

Page 484: ... values are shown relative to this point The notation AREF A is displayed at the top right comer of the graticule Pressing this softkey turns on the tied marker Its stimulus and response values can then be changgl usin the ffxed marker menu wfich accessed dth the __ii softkey described below Alternatively the fixed marker can be __ set to the current active marker position using the softkey in the...

Page 485: ...he analyzer will use to communicate with the power meter used in service routines presents a menu for adjusting display intensity colors and accessing save and recall functions for modified LCD color sets leads to the beginning of the adjustment tests These tests generate correction constants that are used by the analyzer retrieves the full frequency list sweep measures only one input per frequenc...

Page 486: ... INPUT BNC connector on the rear panel makes averaging factor the active function Any value up to 999 can be used The algorithm used for averaging is A n S n F 1 l F x A n 1 where A n current average S n current measurement F average factor turns the averaging function on or off for the active channel Avg is displayed in the status notations area at the left of the display together with the sweep ...

Page 487: ...ator When the annunciator is on it sounds a warning when a cautionary message is displayed switches off the analyzer s display This feature may be helpful in prolonging the life of the LCD in applications where the analyzer is left unattended such as in an automated test system Pressing any front panel key will restore the default display operation adjusts the brightness of the color being modifie...

Page 488: ...6A D cal kit selects the HP 85056K Cal kit selects the 2 92 mm cal kit model selects the HP 85033C cal kit selects the HP 85033D and HP 85052B C D cal kit selects the HP 85052C TRL cal kit selects the HP 85031B and HP 8505OB C D cal kit selects the HP 85032B E and HP 85054B D cal kit selects the HP 85036B E cal kit selects a kit other than those offered by Hewlett Packard this default selection es...

Page 489: ...ay color modification selects channel 1 memory trace for display color modification brings up the printer color selection menu The channel 1 memory trace default color is green for color prints allows you to select channel 2 or channel 4 as the active channel The active channel is indicated by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key When the LED is constantly lit channel 2 is active...

Page 490: ...ll result in bit 7 being cleared and entering numbers lower than 0 wilI result in bit 0 being cleared deletes all segments in the list clears a sequence from memory The titles of cleared sequences will remain in load store and purge menus This is done as a convenience for those who often reuse the same titles defines the standard and the offset as coaxial This causes the analyzer to assume linear ...

Page 491: ...ith a I z A c r i ___ _ the pre con ion both channels have i the same stimulus values the inactive channel takes on the stimulus values of the active channel is used to set the frequency for power sweep and CW time sweep modes If the instrument is not in either of these two modes it is automatically switched into CW time mode turns on a sweep mode similar to an oscilloscope The analyzer is set to ...

Page 492: ... the loop counter by 1 returns all the display color settings back to the factory set default values that are stored in non volatile memory resets the plotting parameters to their default values resets the printing parameters to their default values leads to the define save menu Use this menu to specify the data to be stored on disk in addition to the instrument state leads to a sequence of three ...

Page 493: ...sk store or load routine This is used in conjunction with the HP IB address of the disk drive and the volume number to gain access to a specilIc area on a disk The access hierarchy is HP IB address disk unit number disk volume number displays response and stimulus values for ail markers that are turned on Available only if no marker functions are on provides access to a series of menus for instrum...

Page 494: ... sequence is straightforward Follow the prompts on the analyzer screen This command does not affect the original sequence Power meter calibration occurs on each sweep Each measurement point is measured by the power meter which provides the analyzer with the actual power reading The analyzer corrects the power level at that point The number of measurement correction iterations performed on each _ i...

Page 495: ...source selects the auto external source mode selects the manual external source mode is similar to the trigger on sweep but triggers each data point in a sweep is used when the sweep is triggered on an externally generated signal connected to the rear panel EXT TRIGGER input External trigger mode is allowed in every sweep mode Use this feature to add electrical delay in seconds to extend the refer...

Page 496: ... Cartesian format this is the y axis value In a polar or Smith chart format with a magnitude phase marker a real imaginary marker an R jX marker or a G jB marker this applies to the first part of the complex data pair Fixed marker response values are always uncoupled in the two channels lb read absolute active marker response values following a _ _ _ operation the response value can be reset to ze...

Page 497: ...lotter while maintaining the exact same aspect ratio as the analyzer display z JJ is tied with in the me plot menu _ _ _ measures the forward isolation of the calibration standard lets you enter a label for the forward match class The label appears during a calibration that uses this class specifies which standards are in the forward match class in the calibration kit is used to enter the standard...

Page 498: ...plotter This is convenient for plotting on preprinted rectangular or polar forms for example on a Smith chart brings up the print color dellnition menu The graticule trace default color is cyan selects the display graticule for color modification provides an on line quick reference guide to using the adapter removal technique freezes the data trace on the display and the analyzer stops sweeping an...

Page 499: ... __ II i uu prompts the user to select a destination sequence position SEQUENCE 1 through 6 When the value of the loop counter reaches zero the sequence in the specified position will run ___ _ _ __ i prompts the user to select a destination sequence position SEQUENCE 1 through 6 When the value of the loop counter is no longer zero the sequence in the specified position will run displays only the ...

Page 500: ...all classes are specified Be sure to save the kit _ _ _ with the jSDJI Jf E softkey if it is to be used later _ i i A i l i leads to the label class menu to give the class a meaningful label for future reference finishes the label class function and returns to the modify cal kit menu leads to a menu for constructing a label for the user modified cal kit If a label is supplied it will appear as one...

Page 501: ...rom the copy menu with limit lines on the upper limit and lower limit are listed together with the pass or fail margin as long as other listed data allows sufficient space leads to a series of menus used to define limits or specifications with which to compare a test device Refer to Limit Lines and Limit Testing B 20 Key Definitions ...

Page 502: ...he display title leads to the limit type menu where one of three segment types can be selected activates a linear frequency sweep displayed on a standard graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions This is the default preset sweep type displays the linear magnitude format This is a Cartesian format used for tmitless measurements such as reflection coefficient magnitude p or transmission coefllci...

Page 503: ...d detlnition initiates measurement of a calibration standard load without offset initiates measurement of a calibration standard load with offset presents the load sequence from disk menu Select the desired sequence and the analyzer will load it from disk This key is used to return the analyzer to local front panel operation from remote computer controlled operation This key will also abort a test...

Page 504: ...eter cal power loss list This value for example could be the difference in dB between the coupled arm and through arm of a directional coupler presents the power loss sensor lists menu This menu performs two functions n Corrects coupled arm power loss when a directional coupler is used to sample the RF output n Allows calibration factor data to be entered for one or two power sensors Each function...

Page 505: ...at value sets the CW frequency of the analyzer to the frequency of the active marker This feature is intended for use in automated compression measurements Test sequences allow the mment to au oma y d a m p or mini point on a response trace The command sets i i A _ i m the instrument to the CW frequency of the active marker When power sweep in engaged the CW frequency will already be selected adju...

Page 506: ...marker turned on and no other function is active the stimulus value of the active marker can be controlled with the knob the step keys or the numeric keypad The marker response and stimulus values are displayed in the upper right hand comer of the screen turns on marker 2 and makes it the active marker If another marker is present that marker becomes inactive and is represented on the display as A...

Page 507: ...ride the test set hold mode which inhibits continuous switching of either the test port transfer switch or step attenuator The measurement configurations which cause this are described in Test Set Attenuator Test Port Transfer Switch and Doubler Switch Protection at the beginning of this section This softkey will override the test set hold mode for one measurement If the analyzer is taking a numbe...

Page 508: ...a marker menu or turning _ __ all the markers off with the q softkey leads to the modify cal kit menu where a default cal kit can be user moditled present a menu for color modification of display elements Refer to Adjusting Color for information on modifying display elements sets the analyzer to network analyzer mode activates the sequence edit mode and presents the new modify sequence menu with a...

Page 509: ...uld initially set the source power so that it is approximately correct at the device under test If power uncertainty at the device under test is expected to be greater than a few dD it is recommended that the number of readings be greater than 1 selects the calibration standard load as being offset is used to specify the one way electrical delay from the measurement reference plane to the standard...

Page 510: ...dard type as an open used for calibrating reflection measurements Opens are assigned a terminal impedance of infinite ohms but delay and loss offsets may still be added Pressing this key also brings up a menu for defining the open including its capacitance gets data from an HP IB device set to the address at which the analyzer expects to llnd a power meter The data is stored in a title string The ...

Page 511: ...lects the number of the pen to plot the memory trace The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 5 and for channel 2 is pen number 6 selects the number of the pen to plot the text The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 7 and for channel 2 is pen number 7 sets the HP IB address the analyzer will use to communicate with a peripheral device such as a programmable power supply adds or subtracts a...

Page 512: ...h the plotter conllgures the analyzer for a plotter that has a parallel centronics interface conligures the analyzer for a plotter that has a serial RS 232 interface selects a pen plotter such as the HP 744OA HP 747OA HP 7475A or HP 7550B as the plotter type selects a PCL5 compatible printer which supports HP GL 2 such as the LaserJet III or LaserJet 4 for a monochrome plotter type or the DeskJet ...

Page 513: ... i toggles between Z or j These power meters are HP IB compatible with the analyzer The model number in the softkey label must match the power meter to be used turns on a power sweep mode that is used to characterize power sensitive circuits In this mode power is swept at a single frequency from a start power value to a stop power value selected using the m and Istoe keys and the entry block This ...

Page 514: ...in memory to a compatible printer sets the serial port data transmission speed for prints sends a conditional form feed to the printer sets the HP IB address the analyzer will use to communicate with the printer sets the printer type to the DeskJet series sets the printer type to Epson compatible printers which support the Epson ESC PB printer control language sets the printer type to the LaserJet...

Page 515: ...power range HP 8719DI20D selects power range 5 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D selects power range 6 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D selects power range 7 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D selects power range 8 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D selects power range 9 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D selects power range 10 when in manual power range HP 8719D 20D se...

Page 516: ... 0 and the second value is the imaginary part M sin 8 where M magnitude i i j When in the polar marker menu displays the i _ A values of the active marker as a real and imaginary pair The complex data is separated into its real part and imaginary part The first marker value given is the real part M cos 0 and the second value is the imaginary part M sin 8 where M magnitude searches the directory of...

Page 517: ...ecalls the instrument state saved in register 4 recalls the instrument state saved in register 5 recalls the instrument state saved in register 6 recalls the instrument state saved in register 7 is used in conjunction with sequencing to return the instrument to the known preset state without turning off the sequencing function This is not the same as pressing the Lpreret key no preset tests are ru...

Page 518: ...curacy is not required It effectively removes the frequency response errors of the test setup for reflection or transmission measurements _ _ I _ mentithe specifyclmmore menu 9 is used to enter the standard numbers for a response and isolation calibration This calibration corrects for frequency response and directivity in reflection measurements or frequency response and isolation in transmission ...

Page 519: ...hin the limits of the analyzer adjusts the source frequency lower than the LO by the amount of the LO within the limits of the analyzer draws a quarter page plot in the lower right quadrant of the Page draws a quarter page plot in the upper right quadrant of the Page resets the seconds counter to zero in real time clock presents the S parameter menu which is used to define the input ports and test...

Page 520: ...l registers and external disk files to define the content of disk flies to initialize disks for storage and to clear data from the registers or purge files from disk stores the user modified or user defined kit into memory after it has been modified selects binary format for data storage changes the response value scale per division of the displayed trace In polar and Smith chart formats this refe...

Page 521: ...le of limits is desjnated EMPTY new segments can be added using the z i or X P softkey i i sets the center frequency of a subsweep in a list frequency sweep sets the frequency or power span of a subsweep about a specified center frequency sets the start frequency of a subsweep sets the stop frequency of a subsweep leads to the select quadrant menu which provides the capability of drawing quarter p...

Page 522: ...ng numbers larger than 3 will result in bit 3 being set and entering numbers lower than 0 will result in bit 0 being set allows you to set the analyzer s internal clock allows you to set the day in the analyzer s internal clock Option 010 only changes the frequency sweep to harmonic intervals to accommodate time domain low pass operation Option 010 If this mode is used the frequencies must be set ...

Page 523: ... can be used as a termination for a flat line or sloping line limit segment When a single point terminates a sloping line or when it terminates a flat line and has the same limit values as the flat line the single point is not displayed as 9 and S The indication for a sloping line segment in the displayed table of limits is SF enables a measurement of a single segment of the frequency list without...

Page 524: ...e b s key i Ai description inserts a space in the title is used along with the ICenterJ key to define the frequency range of the stimulus When the 3JGJ key is pressed it becomes the active function The value is displayed in the active entry area and can be changed with the knob step keys or numeric keypad sets the frequency or power span of a subsweep about a specified center frequency presents th...

Page 525: ...ing separately for the maximum and minimum values The statistics are absolute values the delta marker here serves to define the span For polar and Smith chart formats the statistics are calculated using the first value of the complex pair magnitude real part resistance or conductance After each standard is defined including offsets press _ w _ _ _ to a ate the m d d ion returns to the define stand...

Page 526: ... more than one segment can be defined over the same stimulus range adds or subtracts an offset in stimulus value This allows limits already defined to be used for testing in a different stimulus range Use the entry block controls to specify the offset required is used to define the stop frequency of a frequency range When the 3 TJ key is pressed it becomes the active function The value is displaye...

Page 527: ...ode normally used for remote programming of the analyzer In this mode the analyzer and all peripheral devices are controlled from the external controller The controller can command the analyzer to talk and the plotter or other device to listen The analyzer and peripheral devices cannot talk directly to each other unless the computer sets up a data path between them This mode allows the analyzer to...

Page 528: ...mode or to a number of sweeps mode when full 2 port correction is enabled Use for fast 2 port calibration presents the service test menu selects all the non data text for display color modification For example operating parameters brings up the color print definition menu The default color for text is black a calibration standard type measures all four S parameters in a TRLLRM calibration turns th...

Page 529: ...he address set with the analyzer 1secL commds This U i i i L vI v w iAw WA iL i 5 i softkey is generally used for two purposes w Sending a title to a printer when a CR F is not desired w Sending commands to an HP IB device outputs a title string to any device with an HP IB address that matches the address set with the analyzer m _ _ _ __ _ co lJ softkey _ i i L i iiil l is generally used for two p...

Page 530: ...ration menu Option 400 Only leads to the TIWLRM 2 port calibration menu selects the TRL LRM Option Menu is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL LINE or MATCH class is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL THRU class is used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL REFLECT ClaSS provides access to the ITL I O menu provides access to the ITL out menu that allows you to choose out...

Page 531: ... this time The pass control mode requires that the external controller is programmed to respond to a request for control and to issue a take control command When the peripheral operation is complete the analyzer passes control back to the computer Refer to the HP IB Programming Reference and HP IB Programming Examples chapters in the HP 8719D ID 22D Network Analyzer Progmmmer s Guide for more info...

Page 532: ...quence selects the warning annotation for color modification brings up the color definition menu The warning annotation default color is black dellnes the standard and the offset as rectangular waveguide Ihis causes the analyzer to assume a dispersive delay see i ii i ove applies a non linear phase shift for use with electrical delay which follows the standard dispersive phase equation for j y si ...

Page 533: ...If no delta reference marker is set the bandwidth values are absolute values Option 010 only is used to specify the parameters of the window in the transform menu Option 010 only sets the pulse width to the widest value allowed This mmimizes the sidelobes and provides the greatest dynamic range Option 010 only is used to set the window of a time domain measurement to the minimum value Provides ess...

Page 534: ...arker 1 Delta Reference Marker 2 Delta Reference Marker 3 Delta Reference Marker 4 Delta Reference Marker 5 Delta Reference Delta F ixed Marker Inverted S Parameters Channel Position Channel Position Channel Position Channel Position Measure Channel A Ratio of A to B Ratio of A to R Active Marker Magnitude Adapter Coax Adapter Delay Adapter Waveguide Add Address of Controller Address of Disk Addre...

Page 535: ...ng On Averaging Off Averaging Restart Average Measure Channel B Ratio of B to R Background Intensity Bandpass Beep Done On Beep Done Off BeepFailOn Beep Fail Off Beep Warn On Beep Warn Off Blank Display On Brightness Broadband co Term Cl Term c2 Term c3 Term ANAB ANAI STDTARBI SAVUASCI ASSS PUITRAUTFON PUPI RAUTFOFF PRNTRAUTFON PRNTRAUTOFF AUTO AUXC AVERFACT AVERON AVEROFF AVERREST MENUAVG MEASB B...

Page 536: ...eep Channel 1 Active Channel 3 Active Channel 1 Data Color Channel 1 Data Limit Line Channel 1 Memory Channel 1 Memory Color Channel 2 Active Channel 4 Active Channel 2 Data Color Channel 2 Data Limit Line Channel 2 Memory Color Channel 2 Memory Channel 3 Data Color MENUCAL CALFCALF CALPSENA CALFSENB CALK24MM cALK292s cALK292MM CALK35MCl CALK35MD CALKTRLK cALK7MM cALKN50 cALKN75 CALKUSED CALZINE C...

Page 537: ...6 66 Key Definitions ...

Page 538: ...Display Markers On Display Markers Off Display Display Data Do Both Forward and Reverse Do Sequence Done Done Done l Port Calibration Done 2 Port Calibration Done Response Done Response Isolation Cal Done Sequence Modify Done TRL LRM Down Converter Dual Channel On Dual Channel Off Duplicate Sequence DISPDMM DATI EXTMDATOON EXTMDATOOFF DECRLOOC DEFC DFLX DEFLPRINT DEFS DELA SDEL LIMD DEMOAMPL DEMOO...

Page 539: ...sions Off External Disk File Name File 0 File Name File 0 Fixed Load Fixed Marker Auxiliary Value Fixed Marker Position Fixed Marker Stimulus Fixed Marker Value Flat Line Format Format Array On Format Array Off Format DOS Format LIF Format External Disk Format Internal Disk Format Internal Memory PWMCEACS SEDI EDITLIML EDITLIST ELED EMIB TTLI IPUL 3 TILLPIlLS ENTO EXTRCHAN EX ITPOIN EX ITON PORTA ...

Page 540: ...Readout Gate Center Gate Span Gate Start Gate Stop Gate On Gate Off Gate Shape Maximum Gate Shape Minimum Gate Shape Normal Gate Shape Wide GOSUB Sequence Graphics On Graphics Off Print Color graticule Graticule Hold HP IB Diagnostics On FREQOFFSON FREQOFFSOFF CALFFREQ FREO CALIFUL2 FULP FWDI LABEFWDM IABElTFM SPECFWDM SPEClTFM FWDM IABEFWDT LABElTFI SPECFWDT SPEC lTFT FWDT SMIMGB GATECENT GATESPA...

Page 541: ... Isolation Done Isolation Standard Kit Done Label Kit Label Standard Left lower Left Upper LimitLineOn Limit Line Off Limit Test on Limit Test off Linear Frequency Linear Magnitude Linear Marker Line Match Line Type Data Line Type Memory List Frequency List Values Line Match 1 DEBUOFF IFBW IFITFAIL IFITPASS IFLCEQZE IFLCNEZE IMAG INCRLOOC INTE INTD INTM CORION CORIOFF ISOL ISOOP ISOD RAIISOL KITD ...

Page 542: ...r On Point Marker Marker to Center Marker to CW Marker to Delay Marker to Middle Marker to Reference Marker to Span Marker to Start Marker to StimuIus Marker to Stop Marker 1 Marker 2 Marker 3 Marker 4 Marker 5 AR Markers Off Marker Function TRL4L2 LOFREQ VOFF STDTLOAD LOAN LOAO LOADSEQn LOGFREQ LOGM SMIMLOG POWLLOSS STANC LOWPIMPU LOWPSTEP LIML MANTRIG MENUMARK MARKCENT MARKCW MARKDEIA MARKMIDD M...

Page 543: ... hbular LiStillg Number of Groups Number of Points Number of Readings Off Offset Offset Delay Offset Loads Done Offset Loss Offset Impedance Omit Isolation One Path 2 Port Calibrate One Sweep pdbular Listing of Operating Parameters Power Meter HPIB to Title Parallel in Bit Number Parallel in IF Bit H MARKCONT MARKCOUP MARKDISC MARKUNCO MENUMEAS REST DISPMEMO LIMM WINDMINI MINF SEAOFF MARKZERO MOD1...

Page 544: ...ry On Plot Memory Off Plot Marker ON Plot Marker Off Plot Name Plot Speed Fast Plot Speed Slow Plot Text On Plot Text off Plotter Baud Rate Plotter Form Feed Plotter Port Disk Plotter Port HPIB Plotter Port Parallel Plotter Port Serial Plot to a Plotter Plot to a HP GIJ2 Compatible IFBILOW PARALCPY PARALGPIO PARAOUT PAUS PTOS PENNDATA PENNGRAT PENNMARK PENNMEMO PENNTEXT PHAS PHAO PLOT PDATAON PDAT...

Page 545: ...r Selects Monochrome Printer Print Monochrome Print Sequence Printer Baud Rate Printer Form Feed Printer Port HPIB Printer Port Parallel Printer Port Serial DeskJet Printer EPSON ESC P2 Printer Central Language LaserJet Printer Pair Jet Printer ThinkJet Printer Power Loss On Power Loss Off POLA PORTPCPLD PORTPUNCPLD POWE POWM POWMON POWMOFF PWRR POWS PRES PRES PREP PRINTALL PRINTALL PRIG PRINALL P...

Page 546: ...er Range 4 Power Range 5 Power Range 6 Power Range 7 Power Range 8 Power Range 9 Power Range 10 Power Range 11 Raw Array On Raw Array Off Raw Offset Real Imaginary Markers Read File Titles PWRRPAUTO PWRRPMAN CALPOW PWRMMCALOFF MEASR SMlMRX PRANOl POWROO PRANQ POWROl PRAN03 POWRO2 PRAN04 POWRO3 PRANO5 PowRo4 PRANO6 PoWRo5 PRANO7 POWRO6 PRAN08 PoWRo7 PRANO9 POWROS PRANlO PowRo9 PRANll PoWRlO PRANl2 ...

Page 547: ... Reference Position Reference Value Reflection Forward Sll A R Reflection Reverse S22 B R Reflection Remove Adapter Reset Color Response Response Response Response and Isolation Response and Isolation Response and Isolation Restore Display Resume Calibration Sequence Retrace Power Reverse Isolation REAL CALSPORTl CALSPORT RECO RECAl RECAB RECA3 RECA4 RECA5 RECAG RECA7 REIC PCOLREFL COLOREF REFP RE...

Page 548: ...ted Forward Match IA Reflected Forward Match SllB Line Forward Match SllB Line Forward Match 1 C Line Forward Transmission SllC Line Forward Transmission f l Reflect Short f 2 l Port A Reflected Reverse Match S22A Reflected Reverse Match S22B Line Reverse Transmission SPECREVM SPECTIRM REVM LABEREVT LABETI RT SPECREVT SPEClTRT REVT RFGTLO RFIXLO RIGL RIGU CALISlll LABESllA LABETRFM SPECS1 1A SPECT...

Page 549: ... Graticule Scale Reference Search Left Search Right Search Maximum Search Minimum Search Off Second Harmonic Segment Center Segment Span Segment Start Segment Stop Select Sequence 1 Select Sequence 2 Select Sequence 3 Select Sequence 4 Select Sequence 5 LABETLRM SPECSSBB SPECTLRM LABES22C LABETLRT SPECSBBC SPECTLRT TRLRB svco SAVEUSEK SAVUBINA SCAL SCAPFULL SCAPGRAT MENUSCAL SEAL SEAR SEAMAX SEAMI...

Page 550: ... Pass Set Reference Reflect Set Reference Thru Set Time Set Impedance Show Menus Single Sie Point Siie Segment Sweep Sliding SliCliIlg Sloping Line Smith Chart Smoothing Aperture Smoothing On Smoothing Off Source Power On Source Power Off Span Specify Gate Split Display On TITSEQl TITSEQ2 TITSEQ3 TITSEQ4 TITSEQ5 TITSEQ6 SETBIT SETDATE SETP SETRREF L SETRTHRU SE ITIME SET2 SHOM SING LIMTSP SSEG SLI...

Page 551: ... Type Delay Thru Standard Type Load Standard Type Open Standard Type Short Step Size Stimulus Value Stimulus Offset stop stop Step Sweep Store Sequence to Disk Sweep Mode Sweep Time SWR System System Controller lhke Calibration Sweep h e Receiver Calibration Sweep lhlker Listener lhrget Terminal Impedance Testport 1 Testport 2 Testset I OForward STDTDELA STDTLOAD STDTOPEN STDTSHOR STPSIZE LIMS LIM...

Page 552: ... HP IB Printer Tracking On Tracking Off Transmission Done Transmission Forward S21 B R Transmission Reverse S12 A R Transform on Transform off Transmission External Trigger Off Thru Reflect Line Line Reflect Match Option 400 Only Thru Reflect Line Line Reflect Match Thru Reflect Line Line Reflect Match TSTIOREV TSSWI CSWI COLOTEXT PCOITEXT TRIX TIMESTAMON TIMESTAMOFF TINT TITL TITFl TITFB TITF3 TI...

Page 553: ...TRLL SPECTRIT LABETRIT SPECTRLR IABETRLR lTL0utHigl l T rL out Low Tuned Receiver ITLOH TTLOL INSMTUNR Uncoupled Up Converter Upper Limit Use Memory On Use Memory Off Use Pass Control Use Sensor A Use Sensor B Velocity Factor View Measure Volume Number Wait x Seconds Warning Print Color Warning Waveguide Waveguide Delay White Width Value Widths On UNCPLD UCONV LIMU WINDUSEMON WINDUSEMOFF USEPASC E...

Page 554: ...m WindowNormal Transmit Control printer Transmit Control printer Transmit Control plotter Transmit Control plotter Y Reflection Y Transmission Yellow Z Reflection Z Transmission WIDTOFF WINDOW WINDMAXI WINDMINI WINDNORM PRNHNDSHKXON PRNHNDSHKDTR PLTHNDSHKXON PILI HNDSHKDTR CONVYREF CONVYTRA YELLOW CONVZREF CONVZTRA Key Definitions D 73 ...

Page 555: ...he softkey functions alphabetically and the corresponding front panel access key This table is useful in determining which front panel key leads to a specific softkey Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations Softkey Front Panel Access Key 8 74 Key Definitions ...

Page 556: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 75 ...

Page 557: ...9 76 Key Definitions ...

Page 558: ...lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions D 77 ...

Page 559: ...Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Key Definitions ...

Page 560: ... Jhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions a 78 ...

Page 561: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued 8 80 Key Definitions ...

Page 562: ... able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey XP Lf tfT TEX P S IF ALOOF GOmm t 0 rF fLOOF c P 4 tiwm 0 x Bq rBaT Front Rmel Access Key Key Definitions 841 ...

Page 563: ... ble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued 842 Definitions ...

Page 564: ... able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey I iRmR sPM l4jgmR 7 w jg g i ipJ g b i i m gjj i g Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 8 83 ...

Page 565: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key 8 64 Key Definitions ...

Page 566: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions 8 85 ...

Page 567: ...Kay Definitions ...

Page 568: ... lbble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions 8 87 ...

Page 569: ...lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key 8 88 KeyDefinitions ...

Page 570: ... able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 8 88 ...

Page 571: ...840 Key Definitions Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key ...

Page 572: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Key Definitions 8 81 ...

Page 573: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key 842 Key Definitions ...

Page 574: ...rmation about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements n contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions w Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements w C...

Page 575: ...mple out of paper or paper jam ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED Error Number Error correction for the selected calibration class cannot be computed until you 68 have measured all the necessary standards ADDRESSED TO TALK WITH NOTHING TO SAY Error Number You have sent a read command to the analyzer such as ENTER 716 without 31 first requesting data with an appropriate output command such as OUTPDATA The...

Page 576: ...over the HP IB or via disk was not properly 194 organized The analyzer is unable to read the CITIFILE statement ASCII MISSING DATA STATEMENT Error Number The citillle you just downloaded over the HP IB or via disk was not properly 195 organized The analyzer is unable to read the DATA statement ASCII MISSING VAR STATEMENT Error Number The citifile you just downloaded over the HP IB or via disk was ...

Page 577: ... Save these states to a disk and refer to the HP 8719D 2OD 22D Network AnuZgzer Service Guide for battery replacement instructions See Chapter 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation n for more information about the CMOS memory BLOCK INPUT ERROR Error Number The analyzer did not receive a complete data transmission This is usually 34 caused by an interruption of the bus transaction Clear by pressing...

Page 578: ...te The factory preset state is permanently stored in CMOS memory and cannot be altered If your intent was to create a user preset state you must create a new instrument state save it and then rename it to UPRESET Refer to Chapter 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation for more detailed instructions CANNOTREAD WRITEHFS FILESYSTEM Error Number The disk is being accessed by the analyzer and is found t...

Page 579: ...e Guide for troubleshooting CHl CH2 TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND Error Number Your target value for the marker search function does not exist on the current 159 data trace CONTINUOUS SWITCHING NOT ALLOWED Error Number Your current measurement requires different power ranges on channel 1 and 10 channel 2 lb protect the attenuator from undue mechanical wear test set hold will be activated In instruments e...

Page 580: ...n of the jumper on the A9 CPU assembly Refer to the A9 CC Jumper Position Procedure in the Adjustments and Correction Constants chapter of the HP 8719D 2OD 22D Network Anulgzer Semrice Guide CORRECTION ON AUXCHANNEL S REESTORED Error Number This message is displayed when a calibration is restored and that calibration 214 previously had one or both auxiliary channels enabled CORRECTION TURNED OFF E...

Page 581: ...alyzer into CW time mode DEVICE noton notconnect urongaddrs Error Number The device at the selected address cannot be accessed by the analyzer Verify 119 that the device is switched on and check the HP IB connection between the anaiyzer and the device Ensure that the device address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the device itself DIRECTORY FULL Error Number There is no...

Page 582: ...etween the analyzer and the disk drive Ensure that the disk drive address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the disk drive itself DISKREAD WRITEERROR Error Number There may be a problem with your disk Try a new floppy disk If a new floppy 189 disk does not eliminate the error suspect hardware problems DISK WEAR REPLACE DISK SOON Error Number Cumulative use of the disk is ...

Page 583: ...LASS Error Number When modifying calibration kits you can define a maximum of seven standards 72 for any class EXTERNAL SOURCE MODE REQUIRES CW TIME Error Number An external source can only be phase locked and measured in the CW time 148 sweep mode EXTSOURCENOTREADYFORTRIGGER Error Number There is a hardware problem with the HP 8625A external source Verify the 191 connections between the analyzer ...

Page 584: ... alpha character FORMAT NOT VALID FOR MEASUREMENT Error Number Conversion measurements Z or Y reflection and transmission are not valid 75 with Smith chart and SWR formats FORMATTING DATA Information The list information is being processed for a list data output to a copy device Message and stored in the copy spool buffer During this time the analyzer s resources are dedicated to this task which t...

Page 585: ... MOD SEQUENCE Error Number You can only use the capability when you are buikiing a 164 sequence Attempting to use this softkey at any other time returns an error message and no action is taken HP 8720 SOURCE PARAMETERS CHANGED Error Number Some of the stimulus parameters of the instrument state have been changed 61 because you have turned correction on A calibration set for the current measurement...

Page 586: ...cause the disk is damaged 47 INSTRUMENT STATE MEMORY CLEARED Error Number All instrument state registers have been cleared from memory along with any 56 saved calibration data memory traces and calibration kit dehnitions Additionally all user settable selections such as HP IB addresses are set to their defaults INSUFFICIENT MEMORY Error Number Your last front panel or HP IB request could not be im...

Page 587: ...Error Number A logarithmic sweep is only valid if the stop frequency is greater than four 150 times the start frequency For frequency spans of less than two octaves the sweep type automatically reverts to linear sweep LOWPASS FREQ LIMITS CHANGED Information The frequency domain data points must be harmonically related from dc to the Message stop frequency That is stop n x start where n number of p...

Page 588: ...ument operates on an internal test Number 114 failure At this time no failure has been detected NO FILE S FOUND ONDISK Error Number No files of the type created by an analyzer store operation were found on the 45 disk or the disk drive is empty If you requested a specific iile title that file was not found on the disk NO IFFOUND CHECKR INPUT LEVEL Error Number The Rrst IF signal was not detected d...

Page 589: ...ister which may also delete an associated calibration set if ah the instrument states using the calibration kit have been deleted You can store the saved instrument state and calibration set to a disk before clearing them After deleting the instrument states press w to nm the memory packer NOT ALLOWED DURING POWER METER CAL Error Number When the analyzer is performing a power meter calibration the...

Page 590: ...ose I O GPIO set the selection to GPIO PARALLEL PORT NOT AVAILABLE FOR COPY Error Number You have defined the parallel port as general purpose I O GPIO for 167 sequencing The detlnition was made under the ILocal key menus lb access the i S par el pofi for copy set the sele ion to PHASE LOCK CAL FAILED Error Number An internal phase lock calibration routine is automatically executed at 4 power on p...

Page 591: ...k 26 the HP IB connection between the analyzer and the plotter Ensure that the plotter address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the plotter itself PLOTTER NOT READY PINCH WHEELS UP Error Number The plotter pinch wheels clamp the paper in place If you raise the pinch 28 wheels the plotter indicates a not ready status on the bus POSSIBLE FALSE LOCK Error Number Phase lock ...

Page 592: ...have been shut down 22 due to an over current over voltage or under voltage condition PRESS MENLJj SELECT CW IF FREQ THENSWEPTLO Error Number when you are sweeping the RF and Lo the IF must be ilxed 161 PRINT ABORTED Error Number when you press the ILocal key the analyzer aborts output to the printer 25 print colornot supportedwithEPSON Error Number You have defined the printer type as EPSON P2 Co...

Page 593: ...een the analyzer and the printer Ensure that the printer address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the printer itself PRINTER paper error Error Number There is a paper related problem with the parallel port printer such as a paper 171 jam or out of paper condition PRINTER power off Error Number The power to the printer at the parallel port is off 174 PRINT PLOTINPROGRESS ...

Page 594: ...equest error term arrays and no calibration is active SAVEFAILED INSUFFICIENTHEMORY Error Number You cannot store an instrument state in an internal register due to insufficient 151 memory Increase the available memory by clearing one or more save recall registers and pressing m or by storing files to a disk SELECTED SEQUENCE IS EMPTY Error Number The sequence you attempted to run does not contain...

Page 595: ... has been activated When this occurs reset the power and then press LMenu _ _ JQ to switch on the power STARTING COPY SPOOLER Information The analyzer is beginning to output data from the spool buffer to the copy Message device The analyzer resumes normal operation the data is being output to the copy device in the background SWEEP MODE CHANGED TO CW TIME SWEEP Error Number If you select external ...

Page 596: ...tax SYST CTRLORPASS CTRL IN LOCAL MENU Error Number The analyzer is in talker listener mode In this mode the analyzer cannot 36 control a peripheral device on the bus Use the local menu to change to system controller or pass control mode TEST ABORTED Error Number You have prematurely stopped a service test 113 TEST PORT OVERLOAD REDUCE POWER Error Number You have exceeded approximately 14 dBm at o...

Page 597: ...ER Service Error Your equipment setup for the adjustment procedure in progress is not correct Number 115 Check the setup diagram and instructions HP 8719D ZOD ZZD N work Anul zer Semrice Guide Start the procedure again WAITING FOR CLEAN SWEEP Information In single sweep mode the instrument ensures that all changes to the Message instrument state if any have been implemented before taking the sweep...

Page 598: ...INPUT TYPE Error Number You have sent the data header A to the analyzer with no preceding input 32 command such as INPUDATA The instrument recognized the header but did not know what type of data to receive Refer to the HP8719D ZOD ZZD Network Analyzer Programmer s Guide for command syntax information WRONG DISK FORMAT INITIALIZE DISK Error Number You have attempted to store load or read tile titl...

Page 599: ...ONTINUOUS SWITCHING NOT ALLOWED 11 SWEEP TIME INCREASED 12 SWEEP TIME TOO FAST 13 AVERAGING INVALID ON NON RATIO MEASURE 14 FUNCTION NOT VALID 15 NO MARKER DELIA SPAN NOT SET 16 TRANSFORM GATE NOT ALLOWED 17 DEMODULATION NOT VALID 18 not used 19 LIST TABLE EMPTY occurs if user selects LIST sweep type but there is no list freq table 20 AIR FLOW RESTRICTED CHECK FAN FIITER 21 POWER SUPPLY HOT 22 POW...

Page 600: ...DISK HARDWARE PROBLEM I I I 40 DISK MEDIUM NOT INITIALIZED I I I 41 NO DISK MEDIUM IN DRIVE I I 42 FIRST CHARACTER MUST BE A LETTER 43 t 44 1ONLY LETTERS AND NUMBERS ARE ALLOWED NOT ENOUGH SPACE ON DISK FOR STORE 1 45 NO FILE S FOUND ON DISK 1 46 i ILLEGAL UNIT OR VOLUME NUMBER 1 47 INITIALIZATIONFATLED 1 48 DISK IS WRITE PROTECTED I 49 DISK WEAR REPLACE DISK SOON 1 50 TOO MANY SEGMENTS OR POINTS ...

Page 601: ...WARE PROBLEM 40 DISK MEDIUM NOT INITIALIZED 41 NO DISK MEDIUM IN DRIVE 42 FIRST CHARACTER MUST BE A LETTER 43 ONLY LETTERS AND NUMBERS ARE ALLOWED 44 NOT ENOUGH SPACE ON DISK FOR STORE 45 NO FILE S FOUND ON DISK 46 ILLEGAL UNIT OR VOLUME NUMBER 47 INITIALIZATION FAILED 48 DISK IS WRITE PROTECTED 49 DISK WEAR REPLACE DISK SOON 50 TOO MANY SEGMENTS OR POINTS 51 INSUFFICIENT MEMORY 52 not used 54 NO ...

Page 602: ...S PER CLASS I I 73 SLIDES ABORTED MEMORY REALLOCATION I 74 1 CALIBRATION ABORTED I I 75 FORMAT NOT VALID FOR MEASUREMENT I 77 I WRONG DISK FORMAT INITIALIZE DISK I 111 IDEADLOCK I IiELF TEST nFAILED I El iSTABORTED I 1 FAILFOUND I riG 1TROUBLE CHECK SETUP AND START OVER I 1 116 1 POWER METER INVALID I 117 PWR MTR NOT ON CONNECTED OR WRONG ADDRS 118 POWER METER NOT SETTLED 119 DEVICE not on not con...

Page 603: ...PTS DIFFERENT 1 153 1 SEQUENCE MAY HAVE CHANGED CAN T CONTINUE 1 154 1 INSUFFICIENT MEMORY PWR MTR CAL OFF 1 157 1 SEQUENCE ABORTED I 159 1 CHl CH2 TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND 1 161 1 PRESS MENU SELECT CW IF FREQ THEN SWEPT LO 1 162 1 EXT SRC NOT ON CONNECTED OR WRONG ADDR 1 163 1 FUNCTION ONLY VALID DURING MOD SEQUENCE 1 164 1 TOO MANY NESTED SEQUENCES SEQ ABORTED 1 165 1 PARALLEL PORT NOT AVAILABLE F...

Page 604: ... 187 1 SWEEP MODE CHANGED TO CW TIME SWEEP 1 188 1 DIRECTORY FULL 1 189 1 DISK READ WRITE ERROR I 190 1 DISK MESSAGE LENGTH ERROR 1 191 1 EXT SOURCE NOT READY FOR TRIGGER 1 192 IFILE NOT FOUND 193 ASCII MISSING BEGIN statement 194 ASCII MISSING CITIFILE statement 195 ASCII MISSING DATA statement 196 ASCII MISSING VAR statement 1 197 1 FILE NOT FOUND OR WRONG TYPE 1 198 1 NOT ALLOWED DURING POWER M...

Page 605: ...r Error Number 214 CORRECTION ON AUX CHANNEL S RESTORED 215 CORRECTION OFF AUX CHANNEL S DISABLED 216 AUX CHANNELS MEASURE S PARAMETERS ONLY 217 2 PORT CAL REQUIRED FOR AUX CHANNEL USE Error Messages 1O 31 ...

Page 606: ... style information about many applications and analyzer operation Measurement Accessories Available Calibration Kits The following calibration kits contain precision standards and required adapters of the indicated connector type The standards known devices facilitate measurement calibration also called vector error correction Refer to the data sheet and ordering guide for additional information P...

Page 607: ...Semrice Guide n HP85057B 2 4 mm Verification Kit n HP 85053B 3 5 mm Verification Kit n HP 85051B 7 mm Verification Kit n HP 85055A 50 Ohm Type N Verification Kit Test Port Return Cables The following RF cables are used to connect a two port device between the test ports These cables provide shielding for high dynamic range measurements n HP 85133C 2 4 mm Semi Flexible Single Cable n HP 85133D 2 4 ...

Page 608: ...connector interface male or female n HP 851306 Special Adapter Set This set consists of 2 4 mm to 2 4 mm male and female adapters and is recommended for applications which require many direct connections to the HP 87221 test ports The adapters protect the test set ports from damage and wear due to heavy use n HP 85130B Special 3 5 mm to 7 mm Adapter Set This set converts the 3 5 mm test ports of t...

Page 609: ...tor packages and is capable of making measurements from dc to 18 GHz Short and through verification devices are included The appropriate 7 mm adapter set cables and calibration kit wiII have be ordered to allow the analyzer to interface with the HP 85041A s precision 7mm connectors lb be useful this fixture kit must also be used with the HP 85014C active device measurement software Bias Supplies a...

Page 610: ...ximum current of 0 5 A from 100 MHz to 12 4 GHz n HP 1159OB Option 001 This option increases the frequency range to 18 GHz and changes the connector type to 7 mm n HP 11612A This bias network uses 3 5 mm connectors and can supply a maximum current of 0 5 A from 45 MHz to 26 5 GHz n HP 11612A Option 001 This option increases the maximum current to 2 A n HP 11612B This bias network uses 2 4 mm conne...

Page 611: ...peripherals Most Hewlett Packard desktop printers and plotters are compatible with the analyzer Some common compatible peripherals are listed here some are no longer available for purchase but are listed here for your reference These plotters are compatible n HP 7440A ColorPro Eight Pen Color Graphics Plotter n HP 7470A Two Pen Graphics Plotter n HP 7475A Six Pen Graphics Plotter n HP 755OA B Hi S...

Page 612: ...neration HP 8719 20 22 network analyzers to use external disk drives still exists with the HP 8719D 20D 22D Most external disks using CS80 protocol are compatible Note The analyzer does not support the LIF 1 hierarchy file system directory format Caution Do not use the older single sided disks in the analyzer s internal drive HP IB Cables An HP IB cable is required for interfacing the analyzer wit...

Page 613: ...rs call your nearest Hewlett Packard Sales and Service office Sample Software A set of sample measurement programs is provided with the HP 8719D ZOD ZZD N work An uZgw Progrummer s Guide on a 3 5 inch disk The programs include typical measurements to be used as an introductory example for programming the analyzer over HP IB It is designed to be easily modified for use in developing programs for sp...

Page 614: ... q 59 83 Hz vertical refresh rate q 16 716 mS vertical time 17 31 41 kHz horizontal refresh rate q 31 840 PS horizontal time q 75 ohm video input impedance q video analog amplitude 0 7 Vp p q negative true TI L logic for vertical and horizontal synchronization Compatible Peripherals 1l 9 ...

Page 615: ...ace port Printer Interface Recommended Cable Parallel HP 922s4A serial HP 245420 HP IB HP 10833AMD HP 16 PAPALLEL ES 2 3 POPT SERIAL PORT pbEZld Figure 1 l l Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer Note The keyboard can be connected to the analyzer while the power is on or off 1 l l 0 Compatible Peripherals ...

Page 616: ...s 0 L 0 p q Z printers that conform to the ESCIPB printer control language 0 For use with the HP DeskJet 540 and 850C i i Note Selecting converts 100 dpi raster information to 300 dpi raster format If your deskjet printer does not support the 100 dpi raster format and your printing results seem to be less than normal size select XT G If the Peripheral Is a Plotter 2 Press until the correct s ion a...

Page 617: ...eral Is an External Disk Drive l Press LLocal Dr K GXr W lSR and enter the drive where your disk is located followed by 2 If your storage disk is partitioned press WLTD lWFE and enter the volume number where you want to store the instrument state file If the Peripheral Is a Computer Controller Analyzer configuration is not necessary 11 12 Compatible Peripherals ...

Page 618: ...ble 11 l Default Addresses for HP IB Peripherals Peripheral Default HP IB Address Printer 01 Plotter 05 Power Meter 13 Disk Drive 00 Computer Controller 21 3 Press Local and select one of the following yzvpI n Choo to allow the computer controller to be involved h d peripheral access operations n Choose when a efiemd controller is coMe ed and the analyzer needs to cont ectly This mode causes the a...

Page 619: ...takes place in the hardware rather than the firmware or software If there is enough room in the peripheral s buffer to accept and store another block of data the peripheral sets the Data Mminal Ready DTR line to a high state If the Peripheral Interface Is Parallel _ 1 Select P R P RT P for a printer or P jP jRTY P j for a plotter cc i i 1 P peripheral 2 Press 1Local and select the parallel port in...

Page 620: ...current year followed by a 3 Press S T WXE and enter the current month of the year followed 4 Press SET JUT and enter the current day of the month followed by T 5 Press SE H R and enter the current hour of the day O 23 followed by 7 Press when the current time is exactly as you have set it 8 Press l l M until E STm OH appears on the softkey label i Compatible Peripherals 1l 15 ...

Page 621: ...esults directly to a compatible printer or plotter and to store data to an external disk drive It can also control a power meter for power calibration and through a subset of HP GL Hewlett Packard Graphics Language user graphics can be plotted on the analyzer display w For more complete information on programming the analyzer remotely over HP IB refer to the HP 87190 2Oo xD N work Anulgwr Programm...

Page 622: ...ounters n tape readers The network analyzer is a talker when it sends trace data or marker information over the bus Listener A listener is a device capable of receiving device dependent data over the interface when addressed to listen There can be as many as 14 listeners connected to the interface at any given time Examples of this type of device include n printers n power supplies n signal genera...

Page 623: ...sure valid data Handshake Lines A three line handshake scheme coordinates the transfer of data between talkers and listeners To insure data integrity in multiple listener transfers this technique forces data transfers to occur at the transfer rate of the slowest device connected to the interface With most computing controllers and instruments the handshake is performed automatically making it tran...

Page 624: ...d all of the connected devices return to local operation This line is used by a talker to indicate the last data byte in a multiple byte transmission or by an active controller to initiate a parallel poll sequence The analyzer recognizes the EOI line as a terminator and it pulls the EOI line with the last byte of a message output data markers plots prints error messages The analyzer does not respo...

Page 625: ...ssued No listen only mode Complete service request SRQ capabilities Complete remote local capability including local lockout Does not respond to parallel poll Complete device clear Responds to a Group Execute Trigger GET in the hold trigger mode System controller capabilities in system controller mode Pass control capabilities in pass control mode T state drivers No extended listener capabilities ...

Page 626: ...mode S Service request SRQ asserted by the analyzer Bus Device Modes The analyzer uses a single bus architecture The single bus allows both the analyzer and the host controller to have complete access to the peripherals in the system Three different controller modes are possible in and HP IB system 8 system controller mode 8 talker listener mode 8 pass control mode GRAPHICS PLOTTER THINKJET PRINTE...

Page 627: ... between them This mode allows the analyzer to act as either a talker or a listener as required by the controlling computer for the particular operation in progress Pass Control Mode This mode allows the computer to control the analyzer via HP IB as with the talker listener mode but also allows the analyzer to take control of the interface in order to plot print or access a disk During an analyzer...

Page 628: ...word and the fourth mnemonic letter is the first letter of the second word For example ELED is derived from electrical delay If there are many commands grouped together in a category as in markers or plotting pen numbers the command is increased to 8 letters The first 4 letters are the category label derived using rule 1 The last 4 letters are the function specifier again derived using rule 1 As a...

Page 629: ...e appendages ON OFT 1 2 etc Codes that do not have a front panel equivalent are HP IB only commands They use a similar convention based on the common narne of the function Valid Characters The analyzer accepts the following ASCII characters n letters w numbers n decimal points n semicolons n quotation marks n carriage returns CR n linefeeds LF Both upper and lower case letters are acceptable Carri...

Page 630: ... Nanoseconds GHZ Gigahertz P S Picoseconds FS Femtoseconds HP IB Debug Mode An HP IB diagnostic feature debug mode is available in the HP IB menu Activating the debug mode causes the analyzer to scroll incoming HP IB commands across the display Nonprintable characters are represented with a r Any time the analyzer receives a syntax error the commands halt and a pointer indicates the misunderstood ...

Page 631: ...asurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements Types of Memory and Data Storage The analyzer utilizes two types of memory and can also utilize the internal disk drive or be connected to an external disk drive Volatile Memory This is dynamic read write memory of approximately 2 Mbytes that contains all of t...

Page 632: ...py configuration printer and plotter type port baud rate handshake n power meter type HP 436 438 n display colors n sequence titles n sixth sequence n power sensor calibration factors and loss tables n user defined calibration kits n system ZO n factory preset n HP IB configuration n display intensity default The maximum number of instrument states calibrations and memory traces that can reside in...

Page 633: ...es There is sufficient memory to store 29 calibrations of this type However the same calibration performed with 1601 points and 2 channels uncoupled would require 255 k bytes l a full 2 port calibration with 1601 points two channels uncoupled 230 k n the memory trace array 19 k n the instrument state approximately 6 k Only 2 of these calibrations could reside in memory before the available memory ...

Page 634: ...d with a particular saved state The maximum number of flies that you can store on a disk depends on the directory size You can define the directory size when you format a disk See Iable 12 3 for the default directory size for floppy disks and hard disks The maximum number of instrument states and calibrations that can reside on a disk is limited by the available disk space lb see the available dis...

Page 635: ...nnel 4 Channel 1 Channel 2 1 These are two channel instrument states readable by previous ware versions 2 Files Rl through R8 will be saved if a full two port calibration is active If a fuIl two port calibration is not active only Rl will be saved for Channel 1 and 3 and R5 for Channel 2 and 4 3 These files are written only when a 2 port error correction full 2 port or TRL has been applied If corr...

Page 636: ...ollowing hints will help you avoid potential problems n If a measurement is saved with calibration and interpolated calibration on it will be restored with interpolated calibration on n A calibration stored from one instrument and recalled by a different one will be invalid lb ensure maximum accuracy always recalibrate in these circumstances w No record is kept in memory of the temperature when a ...

Page 637: ...lhble 12 3 The same conditions are true following a PRES n or RST command over HP IB although the self test routines are not executed You also can conhgure an instrument state and define it as your user preset state 1 Set the instrument state to your desired preset conditions 2 Save the state save recall menu 3 Rename that register to UPRESET The m key is now toggled to the VSJ selection and your ...

Page 638: ... Opt 400 kst Port Power 10 dBm lP 8722D lkst Port Power 5 dBm BP 8722D Opt 007 Start Power 15 0 dBm HP 8719D 20D Preset Conditions Start Power HP 8719D 20D Opt 007 Start Power HP 8719D 20D Opt 400 Start Power HP 8722D Start Power HP 8722D Opt 007 Start Power BP 8722D Opt 400 Power Span HP 8719DI20D Power Spau HP 8722D Coupled Power Source Power Coupled Channels Coupled Port Power Power Range Power...

Page 639: ...nel 2 Empty 3OOOIiZ 16 off 1 SPAN Off 0 Degrees OIW 10dB Division Off None 3 5 mm 2 4 mm 60 ohms 1 Off OS OS OS OS on Off 1 Preset Conditions Preset V he Power Loss Correction Off Sensor A B A Interpolated Error on Correction Markers coupled Markers 1 2 3 4 5 1 GHz AII Markers Off Last Active Marker 1 Reference Marker None Marker Mode Continuous Display Markers on Delta Marker Mode Ofp til lpIing ...

Page 640: ...st Active State Last Active state Last Active State last Active State Last Active State Last Active State Last Active State Last Active State Preset Conditions Disk Save Conflgnration Define Store Data Array Raw Data Array Formatted Data Array Graphics Data Only Directory Size Save Using Select Disk Disk Format Sequencing Loop Counter lTLOUT Service Modes HP IB Diagncetic Source Phase Lock Aux Inp...

Page 641: ...t Value Print Printer Mode Auto Feed Last Active State on Printer Colors CHllCM Data CHl Ch3 Mem CH2 Ch4 Data CH2Kh4 Mem Graticule Warning Text Reference Line Magenta Green Blue Red cyan Black Black Black able 12 3 Preset Conditions 5 of 5 Fomaat lhble Scale Log Etude G W 10 0 Phase degree 90 0 Group Delay ns 10 0 Smith Chart 1 00 Reference Position Value 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 Polar I 1 00 1...

Page 642: ... Non Volatile Memory HP IB ADDRESSES are set to the following defaults HP 8719D 20D 22D 1E USER DISPLAY 17 PLOTTER 5 PRINTER 1 POWER METER 13 DISK O DISK UNIT NUMBER C DISK VOLUME NUMBER 0 POWER METER TYPE is set to HP 438A 437 INTERNAL REGISTER TITLES1 are set to defaults REGl through REG32 EXTERNAL REGISTER TITLES1 store sles are set to defaults PILE1 through FILE 5 PRINT TYPE is set to default ...

Page 643: ...plementation of the standard instruments and software packages using CITIfile are able to load and work with data created on another instrument or computer It is possible for example for a network analyzer to directly load and display data measured on a scalar analyzer or for a software package running on a computer to read data measured on the network analyzer Data Formats There are two main type...

Page 644: ...s held in the instrument This results in a single file which contains eight CITIlile packages The ClTIfUe Header The header section contains information about the data that will follow It may also include information about the setup of the instrument that measured the data The CITIflle header shown in Example 1 has just the bare minimum of information necessary no instrument setup information was ...

Page 645: ...Keyword Reference n When reading a CITIfile unrecognized keywords should be ignored This allows new keywords to be added without affecting an older program or instrument that might not use the new keywords The older instrument or program can still use the rest of the data in the CITIGle as it did before Ignoring unknown keywords allows backwards compatibility to be maintained The ClTlfile Data For...

Page 646: ...89E 3 1 47980E 3 3 67867E 3 0 67782E 3 3 43990E 3 0 58746E 3 2 70664E 4 9 76175E 4 0 65892E 4 9 61571E 4 END Example 3 861O Data file Example 3 shows a CITIflle package created from the data register of an 8510 Network Analyzer In this case 10 points of real and imaginary data was stored and frequency information was recorded in a segment list table Example CITIFILE A O1 OO NA VERSION HP8510B 05 0...

Page 647: ...TIfiie implementations should strive to handle data arrays that are arranged in any order Example CITIFILE A O1 OO NA VERSION HP8510B 05 00 NAME CAL SET NA REGISTER 1 VAR FREQ MAG 4 DATA EC11 RI DATA EC21 RI DATA EC31 RI NASWEEP TIME9 999987E 2 NA POWER1 l OEl NA POWER2 l OEl NA PARAMS 2 tNA CAL TYPE 3 NA POWER SLOPE O OEO NA SLOPE MODE 0 NA TRIM SWEEP 0 NA SWEEP MODE 4 NA LOWPASS FLAG 1 NA FREQJN...

Page 648: ... is used as it was in Example 4 a list of frequencies is stored in the hle after the VAFLLIST BEGIN statement The unsorted frequency list segments used by this instrument to create the VAR LIST BEGIN data are defined in the NA ARB SEG statements Conclusion The descriptions and examples shown here demonstrate how CITIllle may be used to store and transfer both measurement information and data The u...

Page 649: ... Description of the standards used DELAY TABLE Delay coefficients for calibration VAR FREQ MAG 201 dellnes the name of the independent variable FREQ the format of values in a VARLISTBEGIN table MAG if used and the number of data points 201 Typical names for the independent variable are FREQ in Hz TIME in seconds and POWER in dBm For the VAR LIST BEGIN table only the MAG format is supported at this...

Page 650: ... don t change when the independent variable changes CONSTAN are part of the main CITIhie detlnition Users must not define their own CONSTAN Use the KEYWORD device speciEcation to create your own KEYWORD instead The NA device specification is an example of this No constants were defined for revision A O1 OO of CITIfiIe CITIfiIe revision A O1 O1 dehned the following constant CONSTANT TIME year month...

Page 651: ... sweep mode 6 25 6 106 altitude conditions 7 26 amplifier testing 6 147 149 high power 6 149 parameters 6 147 power level metering 6 148 Amplitude and Phase Tracking 3 27 amplitude search using markers 2 30 amplitude tracking 2 32 analog in menu 6 29 analog to digital converter 6 5 analyzer capabilities and features l 2 analyzer command syntax 11 23 analyzer control of peripherals 11 22 analyzer d...

Page 652: ... measurement data 2 33 calibrate menu 6 79 calibrating noninsertable devices 5 48 calibration concepts 6 56 107 considerations 6 71 data lost 12 2 device measurements 6 71 fast 2 port 5 57 for non insertable devices 6 107 for noninsertable devices 5 41 fuii two port 6 79 in memory 12 2 interpolated error correction 6 78 measurement parameters 6 71 modifying kits 6 82 omitting isolation 6 71 one po...

Page 653: ...setting default 6 48 command to key cross reference 9 54 command syntax 11 23 compatible plotters 1 l 6 compatible printers 1 l 6 compensating for directional coupler response 5 37 compensating for electrical delay of calibration standards 5 6 complete service request capabilities SRI 11 20 completion time for measurements 7 8 compression measurement 2 52 computer controllers 11 17 computers 11 8 ...

Page 654: ...9 coupling channel power 6 17 channel stimulus 6 22 port power 6 17 power 6 17 creating a sequence 2 66 crosstalk 6 59 reducing 5 59 CA status notation l 7 CW time sweep 6 25 CW time to frequency domain 6 136 D data and memory viewing 2 6 data arrays flexibility 4 36 data bus 11 18 data divided by memory 2 7 data formats ASCII 4 39 data loss of power calibration 5 35 data point definition of 6 5 d...

Page 655: ...trace math 2 7 divide measurement data by the memory trace 2 7 documents reference 6 164 does not respond to parallel poII PPO 11 20 DOS format 11 7 drift frequency 5 3 temperature 5 2 DTl responds to a group execute trigger 1 1 2 0 DT I R use 11 14 dual channel mode 2 5 642 problems with 6 43 duration of measurements 7 8 dynamic range 7 l increasing 5 58 limitations 7 l E E2 tri state drivers 11 ...

Page 656: ... reference frequency input EXT REF INPUT 7 24 external trigger circuit 7 24 external trigger connector location l 11 external trigger EXT TRIGGER 7 24 external video monitor 7 25 Ext Mon connector l 11 ext status notation l 7 F fan location l 10 fast 2 port calibration 5 57 faster sweep speed 5 53 fault location measurements using low pass mode 6 125 features rear panel l 10 features added to the ...

Page 657: ...6 6 time domain 6 135 dating effects in frequency domain 2 82 gating procedure 2 81 Gat status notation l 7 G jB MKR 2 25 GPIO interface l 10 GPIO mode 6 111 6 141 group delay 6 37 group delay format 6 32 group delay measurement 2 40 group delay mixer measurements 3 24 group delay or phase mixer measurements 3 24 group execute trigger response DTl 1 l 20 gSWR format 6 35 guidelines for code naming...

Page 658: ...make accurate measurements of electrically long devices 5 51 make high power measurements 2 58 measure conversion loss using tuned receiver mode 3 17 measure deviation from linear phase 2 40 measure devices using the time domain 2 79 measure electrical length and phase distortion 2 37 measure fixed IF mixers 3 17 measure gain compression 2 52 measure group delay 2 40 measure group delay or phase f...

Page 659: ...ctive channel display 2 8 title the displayed measurement 4 29 track amplitude 2 32 use analyzer display markers 2 16 use continuous and discrete markers 2 16 use delta A markers 2 20 use frequency offset mode 3 7 use limit lines 243 use MKR ZERO to activate a 6xed reference marker 2 22 use polar format markers 2 23 use receiver calibration 5 12 use Smith chart markers 2 24 use the tuned receiver ...

Page 660: ...error correction 5 7 6 78 interpolated error correction 2 9 isolation 6 59 isolation calibration 6 79 isolation measurements for mixers 3 33 isolation reverse and gain measurement 2 56 K keyboard connector l 10 keyboard DIN 7 25 keyboards 1 l 8 key definitions 9 l key menu maps 8 l keys active channel 6 8 jDisplay 6 4 1 entry 6 10 11 Entry 6 1 1 GiGi 6 31 instrument state 6 108 114 ILocal 6 109 B ...

Page 661: ...terface l 10 serial number plate l 11 serial RS 232 interface l 10 softkey labels l 9 softkeys l 4 stimulus function block 14 test sequence connector l 11 test set interconnect l 11 logarithmic frequency sweep 6 24 log mag format 6 31 LOG MKR 2 24 2 25 loop counter sequence 2 74 loss of power meter calibration data 5 35 Lo to RF isolation for mixers 3 33 low pass mode reflection measurements 6 125...

Page 662: ...equency drift 5 3 increasing 5 2 interconnecting cables 5 2 performance verification 5 3 reference plane and port extensions 5 3 temperature drift 5 2 measurement averaging changing 5 58 measurement calibration concepts 6 56 107 measurement channel how to view a single 5 55 measurement channel viewing 2 5 measurement data points setting 2 4 measurement data statistics 2 33 measurement error correc...

Page 663: ...crowave connector care 2 2 minimum amplitude search 2 30 a key 6 11 mixer measurements 3 1 mixers Amplitude and Phase Tracking 3 27 attenuation at ports 3 2 conversion compression 3 28 conversion loss using frequency offset 3 7 conversion loss using tuned receiver mode 3 17 eliminating unwanted signals 3 2 fihering 3 2 fixed IF 3 17 frequency offset mode operation 3 4 frequency selection 3 2 group...

Page 664: ...51 smoothing 6 51 Non coaxial Measurements 2 86 non insertable devices calibrating for 6 107 noninsertable devices calibrating for 5 41 non operating storage conditions 7 26 non volatile memory 12 2 available 12 2 notations of display l 7 number of HP IB devices allowed 11 17 number of Iisteners allowed 11 17 number of points how to reduce 5 54 number of sweeps test set switch 5 57 0 offset 6 7 R ...

Page 665: ...ol capabilities ClO 11 20 pass control mode 1 l 22 pass control mode 6 110 pass fail display location l 9 pass fail indicators in limit testing 2 51 pass fail indicators on display l 9 PC status notation l 8 P1 status notation l 8 pen number settings 4 13 FEV ti DATA 4 13 Pll B Trn E 4 13 FEIV f l ld itk 4 13 F 9 J 13 FEN rn rnT 4 13 i f pen plotter configuring to plot 4 10 pen plotter using to pl...

Page 666: ...meters 6 104 power meter calibration for mixer measurements 3 6 power output characteristics 7 4 power ranges 6 14 auto 6 14 manual 6 14 power sensor calibration factor list 6 104 power sensor calibration data 5 36 power sweep 6 25 power sweep range defining 6 12 PPO does not respond to parallel poll 1 l 20 precautions electrostatic 7 26 preset key location l 5 m menu map 8 12 preset state 12 7 pr...

Page 667: ...smission response in time domain 2 79 mixer group delay or phase 3 24 modifying a sequence command 2 69 modifying calibration standards 5 29 modifying TRL calibration standards 5 30 modifying TRMM calibration standards 5 32 offsetting limit lines 2 51 outputting a single page of values 4 30 outputting multiple plots to a single page using a printer 4 25 outputting plot files 4 19 outputting plot f...

Page 668: ...t data and memory trace 2 6 procedures error correcting measurements 5 8 Lo to RF isolation for mixers 3 33 mixer conversion compression 3 28 mixer RF feedthrough 3 35 power meter calibration for mixer measurements 3 6 processing details 6 5 programming 11 16 programming interface 11 16 programming specifications 7 23 programs example 1 l 8 P status notation l 8 purging a sequence from disk 2 72 Q...

Page 669: ...nterface l 10 rules for code naming 11 23 running a Iimit test 2 50 running a sequence 2 67 S S2P ASCII data format 4 39 sample and sweep correction mode 5 38 sampler IF correction 6 5 save a data trace to the display memory 2 6 Save Recall menu map 8 11 saving a fiIe 4 33 saving a user kit 5 30 saving measurement results including calibration 4 36 saving places where you can 4 33 saving printing ...

Page 670: ...th or polar format markers 2 21 smoothing 6 7 6 51 Smo status notation l 8 softkey definitions 9 1 softkey label location l 9 softkey labels of display l 9 softkey location l 4 softkey locations 9 75 softkey menu hiding 2 18 softkey menu maps 8 l software sample 1 l 8 solutions for printing or plotting problems 4 32 solving disk storage problems 4 43 source 6 2 source attenuator switch protection ...

Page 671: ...pt power conversion compression measurement 3 32 swept RF IF mixer measurement 3 7 switch protection 6 21 syntax for commands 11 23 synthesized source 6 2 system accessories 1 l 6 systematic errors 5 4 characterizing 6 59 system bandwidth how to widen 5 54 system bandwidth how to change 5 58 system cabinet 11 6 system characterization 5 8 system controller capabilities Cl C2 C3 11 20 system contro...

Page 672: ...n response 2 83 relative velocity factor 6 121 resolution 6 133 transmission response measurement 2 79 velocity factor 2 85 windowing 6 130 time domain measurements 2 79 time domain option 1 13 time domain transform 6 7 time for measurements 7 8 time stamp 4 30 11 15 time to frequency domain 6 120 title area of display l 8 title of sequence 2 70 title the active channel display 2 8 titling the dis...

Page 673: ...ibration standard sex 5 7 type of sweep how to set 5 55 U _ _ _ 2 21 i L s w 8 I 9 units 11 25 units terminator 6 10 1 status notation l 8 user kit modified 5 30 modifying 5 30 saving 5 30 user kit saved to disk 5 30 using AmiPro 4 21 Freelance 4 22 V valid calibration enswring 6 77 valid characters 11 24 values list 4 30 vector error correction 6 6 velocity factor for time domain measurements 2 8...

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