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Appendix 11 Measuring Contact Resistance

A27

A

ppend

ix

(3) Resistance in the open state

Generally, contacts have a resistance value of at least 10 M

Ω

 when in the open state. The

initial insulation resistance varies greatly with the insulating properties of the enclosure and
tends to decline due to dirt on the contacts and nearby dust. To ascertain the resistance in
the open state, it is necessary to measure the resistance value with the maximum voltage
that could be applied to the open contacts. Consequently, insulation resistance testers that
are used to inspect power distribution equipment are designed so that they can apply high
voltages ranging from 25 V to 5 kV.

(4) Standards related to contact resistance

Below is a list of some representative standards relating to the measurement of resistance.
Please see individual standards for more information about their specific provisions.

JIS C 2525

Testing method for conductor-resistance and resistivity of metallic resistance
materials

JIS C 3001

Resistance of Copper Materials for Electrical Purposes

JIS C 3002

Testing methods of electrical copper and aluminium wires

JIS C 3005

Test methods for rubber or plastic insulated wires and cables

JIS C 3101

Hard-drawn copper wires for electrical purposes

JIS C 3102

Annealed Copper Wires for Electrical Purposes

JIS C 3152

Tin Coated Annealed Copper Wires

JIS C 4034

Rotating electrical machines

JIS C 5012

Test methods for printed wiring boards

JIS C 5402

Connectors for electronic equipment

JIS C 5442

Test methods of low power electromagnetic relays for industrial control circuits

JIS C 8306

Testing methods for wiring devices

JIS H 0505

Measuring Methods for Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity of Non-Ferrous
Materials

JIS K 7194

Testing method for resistivity of conductive plastics with a four-point probe
array

Reference URL http://www.jisc.go.jp/eng/

Содержание RM3545

Страница 1: ...RM3545 RM3545 01 RM3545 02 Instruction Manual RESISTANCE METER RM3545 01 RESISTANCE METER RM3545 July 2013 Edition 1 RM3545A981 00 13 07H Instruction Manual RM3545 02...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...ew p 19 Learn more about instrument functions Search for the function in question in the table of contents p i or the index p Index 1 Learn more about product specifications Specifications p 249 Troub...

Страница 4: ......

Страница 5: ...Checking the Measurement Target 48 3 2 Selecting the Measurement Range 49 3 3 Setting the Measurement Speed 50 3 4 Connecting Measurement Leads to the Measurement Target 51 3 5 Checking Measured Valu...

Страница 6: ...Settings 125 7 1 Disabling and Enabling Key Operations 126 Disabling Key Operations Key Lock Function 126 Re Enabling Key Operations Key Lock Cancel 127 7 2 Enabling or Disabling the Key Beeper 128 7...

Страница 7: ...d Features 219 Specifications 220 11 2 Preparations before Use Connections and Settings 221 Using the USB Interface 221 Using the RS 232C Interface 224 Using the GP IB Interface RM3545 01 only 228 11...

Страница 8: ...tment A 7 Appendix 7Unstable Measured Values A 12 Appendix 8Mitigating Noise A 19 Appendix 9Effect of Thermal EMF A 23 Appendix 10Detecting the Location of a Short on a Printed Circuit Board A 25 Appe...

Страница 9: ...nt please read this manual first and keep it handy for future reference Model RM3545 01 is the same as the RM3545 but with GP IB included Model RM3545 02 is the same as the RM3545 but Multiplexer Slot...

Страница 10: ...your authorized Hioki distributor or reseller Confirm that these contents are provided Model RM3545 or RM3545 01 with GP IB included or RM3545 02 with Multiplexer Slot included 1 Power Cord 2 line gro...

Страница 11: ...p Type Lead Model L2102 Pin Type Lead Model L2103 Pin Type Lead Model L2104 4 Terminal Lead Interface Cables Model 9637 RS 232C Cable 9pin 9pin 1 8 m crossover cable Model 9638 RS 232C Cable 9pin 25pi...

Страница 12: ...ectric shock heat generation fire and arc discharge due to short circuits If persons unfamiliar with electricity measuring instruments are to use the prod uct another person familiar with such instrum...

Страница 13: ...ibited action p Indicates the location of reference information Indicates that descriptive information is provided below Square brackets indicate instrument display labels such as setting item names S...

Страница 14: ...during storage or shipping If you find any damage contact your authorized Hioki distributor or reseller Operating Precautions Preliminary Checks Before using the instrument make sure that the insulat...

Страница 15: ...ol vents Exposed to high humidi ty or condensation Exposed to strong electro magnetic fields Near electromagnetic radia tors Exposed to high levels of particulate dust Near induction heating sys tems...

Страница 16: ...Be especially careful to avoid physical shock from dropping To avoid damage to the instrument do not apply voltage or current to mea surement terminals TEMP SENSOR jack TEMP ANALOG INPUT terminal bloc...

Страница 17: ...ysical shock and avoid sharp bends in the leads These may damage the probe or break a wire Use only the specified cords and leads Using a non specified cord or lead may result in incorrect measurement...

Страница 18: ...when unplugging it from the power outlet Before Connecting Measurement Leads To avoid shock and short circuits turn off all power before connecting measurement leads Before Connecting the LED Compara...

Страница 19: ...easured values to be displayed Before Connecting the Thermometer Note that thermometer circuit is grounded To avoid electric shock accidents or damage to the instrument do not connect an analog out pu...

Страница 20: ...instrument and the controller to a common earth ground Using different grounds could result in potential difference between the instrument and the controller Potential difference on the data cable can...

Страница 21: ...ws to secure the external connectors The ISO_5V pin of the EXT I O connector is a 5V NPN 5V PNP power output Do not apply external power to this pin External power cannot be supplied to the instrument...

Страница 22: ...plexer unit removed To use the instrument after removing a multiplexer unit install a blank panel over the opening of the removed unit When inserting in the unit hold the metal plate Directly touching...

Страница 23: ...hes that indicated on its power connector Connection to an improper supply voltage may damage the instrument and present an electrical hazard Avoid using an uninterruptible power supply UPS or DC AC i...

Страница 24: ...e motor is rotating inertially high electromotive power is generated in terminals When attempting to measure a transformer or motor immediately after voltage withstanding test induced voltage or resid...

Страница 25: ...n OVC See 4 8 Compensating for Thermal EMF Offset Offset Voltage Compensation OVC p 82 See Appendix 9 Effect of Thermal EMF p A23 The temperature sensor is not waterproof Do not submerse it in water o...

Страница 26: ...Operating Precautions 18...

Страница 27: ...used in a wide range of applications including in development work and on production lines The multiplexer can be used with the RM3545 02 Overview Chapter 1 1 1 Product Overview and Features Measurem...

Страница 28: ...to be easily moved to overseas production lines Judgment sounds with user select able patterns Keeps you from mistaking audio from a nearby operator s instrument as your own Easy to use functions in r...

Страница 29: ...ment based on measurement results for tested locations Comparator judgments based on measurement results Allows judgments to be based on comparisons with standard elements for measurement targets such...

Страница 30: ...play p 107 Connecting the LED Comparator Attachment PANEL key Saving and loading of panels p 120 COMP key Configuration of comparator settings p 98 AUTO RANGE key Range switching p 49 SPEED key Measur...

Страница 31: ...computer p 221 Sending and Receiving Data via USB EXT I O NPN PNP switch Left Current sink NPN Right Current source PNP Switching between NPN and PNP TEMP SENSOR jack TEMP ANALOG INPUT terminal block...

Страница 32: ...s all the way Do not extend partially Make sure to extend both legs of the stand Collapsing the stand Do not collapse the stand partway Be sure to collapse it all the way This instrument can be rack m...

Страница 33: ...nction or T 4 2 3 Make instrument settings 1 7 Connect measurement leads p 36 Check the measurement target p 48 8 Connect to the test sample p 51 9 Connect the power cord p 35 Connect the external int...

Страница 34: ...ction called Kelvin connection is difficult The residual resistance of the two terminal connection wires will be canceled See 4 3 Zero Adjustment p 68 Appendix 6 Zero Adjustment p 7 2 Accuracy specifi...

Страница 35: ...ts change the current fault output mode setting p 59 1 4 Screen Organization and Operation Overview Trigger source INT EXT Measurement range TC ON 0ADJ ON Auto range Key lock state or remote state Can...

Страница 36: ...easured value fault occurs is dis played Overview of screen operation Menu switching 4 To Settings screens 1 Measurement screen 2 Comparator Settings screen Upper limit value Lower limit value 3 Panel...

Страница 37: ...the key 3 Return to the Measurement screen with the key Move to the MEAS SYS I O IF BIN MUX1 or MUX2 tab MUX1 MUX2 is only displayed on the RM3545 02 1 2 Select a setting Move among settings Switch fu...

Страница 38: ...545 02 P 2 3 0 ADJ F2 Zero adjustment p 68 LOCK F3 Key lock p 126 SETTING F4 Switch to Settings screen Measurement screen P 3 3 2 FRONT F1 Use of the multiplexer p 151 MUX F2 Use the front measurement...

Страница 39: ...D Hold measured value p 60 SCALING A R B Scaling p 77 A B UNIT OVC Offset voltage compensa tion function OVC p 82 LOW POWER Low power resistance mea surement LP p 64 MEAS CURRENT Switching measurement...

Страница 40: ...2 only p 105 IN Lo PASS FAIL PANEL LOAD 0ADJ Load zero adjustment values p 122 CONTRAST Set the contrast p 131 BACK LIGHT Set the contrast brightness p 132 POWER FREQ Set the power frequency p 129 CLO...

Страница 41: ...igger mea surement cannot be performed using the delay setting preset Either make the delay ade quately long or measure using the internal trigger p 84 1 5 Checking the Measurement Target Measurement...

Страница 42: ...1 5 Checking the Measurement Target 34...

Страница 43: ...the Power Cord Rear Panel 1 Confirm that the instrument s Main power switch rear panel is OFF 2 Confirm that the mains supply voltage matches the instrument and connect the power cord to the power inl...

Страница 44: ...black plugs to the SOURCE B and SENSE B terminals and the guard plug to the GUARD terminal When clipping a small gauge wire Clip with the tip of the alligator clips When clipping a large gauge wire Cl...

Страница 45: ...ture Sensor 1 Confirm that the instrument s Main power switch rear panel is OFF 2 Connect the Z2001 Temperature Sensor into the TEMP SENSOR jack on the rear panel 3 Place the tip of the temperature se...

Страница 46: ...are correct Change if necessary 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen 3 Select TEMP INPUT and press SENSOR 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch...

Страница 47: ...ment s Main power switch rear panel is OFF 2 Connect the thermometer s analog output connector to the TEMP ANALOG INPUT ter minal block on the rear panel using a cable 3 Configure temperature measurem...

Страница 48: ...her the temperature measurement settings are correct Change if necessary 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen 3 Select TEMP INPUT and press ANLG V The Settings screen appears Sw...

Страница 49: ...nt screen Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right cursor keys Change the value...

Страница 50: ...d screwdriver Installing a Multiplexer Unit Rear panel Blank panel UNIT 1 UNIT 2 1 Turn off the instrument s main power switch and disconnect the cords and leads 2 Remove the two screws with a Phillip...

Страница 51: ...ower switch on the rear of the instrument If the main power switch was turned off while the instrument was not in the standby state the standby state will be automatically canceled when the main power...

Страница 52: ...d Disconnect the power cord from the outlet to extinguish the standby key light When power is turned on again operation resumes with the same state as when last turned off If a power outage e g breake...

Страница 53: ...surement lead torn or is any metal exposed No Metal Exposed If there is any damage measured values may be unstable and measurement errors may occur Replace the cable with an un damaged one Metal Expos...

Страница 54: ...2 6 Pre Operation Inspection 46...

Страница 55: ...t To customize measurement conditions see Chapter 4 Customizing Measurement Condi tions p 63 Basic Measurements Chapter 3 3 1 Checking the Measurement Target p 48 3 2 Selecting the Measurement Range p...

Страница 56: ...gger mea surement cannot be performed using the delay setting preset Either make the delay ade quately long or measure using the internal trigger p 84 3 1 Checking the Measurement Target Measurement t...

Страница 57: ...wer ranges that result in a measurement current of 1 A Check the measurement range and current switching before connecting the measurement target See 4 2 Switching Measurement Currents 100 m to 100 p...

Страница 58: ...is on OVC is fixed to on When using the SLOW2 measurement speed with low power resistance measurement on the in strument will performing averaging with two iterations internally even if the averaging...

Страница 59: ...ad Operating Precautions p 6 carefully Example with L2101 Example with L2102 Example with L2104 3 4 Connecting Measurement Leads to the Mea surement Target Place leads in contact with target SOURCE A...

Страница 60: ...pre calculation measured values 3 5 Checking Measured Values The resistance value will be displayed If the display does not indicate the mea sured value see Confirming Measure ment Faults p 55 To conv...

Страница 61: ...Resistance measured value before scaling Value before REF calculation With REF comparator setting and scaling OFF Value before REF calculation With REF comparator setting and scaling ON Value before...

Страница 62: ...measurement conditions and set tings cannot be displayed 1 Display the measurement conditions 2 Check the measurement conditions 3 Return to the Measurement screen INFO Display measurement conditions...

Страница 63: ...use When the resistance value between the SENSE and SOURCE is high for example when the measurement target is conductive paint or con ductive rubber you will not be able to perform measurement due to...

Страница 64: ...er range Contact Check Results Normal No error Display COMP indicator No judgment EXT I O ERR signal output Display OvrRng COMP indicator Hi EXT I O No ERR signal output HI signal output Fault Error D...

Страница 65: ...to measure 13 k with the 10 k range selected The relative tolerance display of the measured value exceeds the display range 999 999 Measuring 500 2400 with a reference value of 20 The zero adjusted v...

Страница 66: ...e Multiplexer Unit Self test p 166 Range 100 M range high precision mode Current switching Measurement Current SOURCE B SOURCE A Other than measurement target 10 m 1 A 1 5 100 m High 1 A 1 5 100 m Low...

Страница 67: ...ment lead or other open state is determined to be an over range event and a compar ator judgment of Hi results Choose the setting that best suits your application The current fault mode setting applie...

Страница 68: ...channels RM3545 02 only Holding Measured Values 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Measurement Setting Screen 3 Enable the auto hold function 4 Return to the Measurement screen 5 While the measured...

Страница 69: ...canceled when the measurement leads are removed from the measurement target and then brought into contact with the measurement target again You can also cancel hold operation by pressing or changing...

Страница 70: ...3 5 Checking Measured Values 62...

Страница 71: ...ent Offset Voltage Compensation Function OVC p 68 p 82 When you wish to correct mea sured values Scaling Function p 77 When you wish to stabilize measurement Averaging Function Delay Function p 73 p 8...

Страница 72: ...ly effective in this situation Shield the measurement cable connect the shielding to the instrument s GUARD termi nal Twist the measurement cables together Shield the measurement target connect the sh...

Страница 73: ...elect the low power mode as needed 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the MEAS tab with the left and right cursor k...

Страница 74: ...address the noise referring to Appendix 7 Unstable Measured Values p A12 The fol lowing four steps are particularly effective in this situation Shield the measurement cable connect the shielding to t...

Страница 75: ...he target for exam ple measuring a pure resistance in the 1 A measurement current range will result in a maximum current of 5 A with a convergence time of 0 5 ms When measuring easily damaged elements...

Страница 76: ...en switch to the pin type lead to perform measurement Zero adjustment should be executed in each range to be used Perform zero adjustment for the current range only when setting the range manually or...

Страница 77: ...llow the instrument to warm up for 60 minutes before performing zero adjustment Performing zero adjustment 1 Short the measurement leads together Red SOURCE SOURCE SOURCE SENSE SENSE SENSE Red Black B...

Страница 78: ...no measured value is displayed verify whether the measurement leads have been wired properly 3 Perform zero adjustment 4 A confirmation message will be displayed Confirm and return to the Mea surement...

Страница 79: ...t leads connections are correct See 2 Current Fault Detection Function p 57 If zero adjustment fails for auto ranging zero adjustment will be canceled for all ranges If zero adjustment fails for a man...

Страница 80: ...displayed Confirm and return to the Mea surement screen 5 Return to the Measurement screen 2 Cancel zero adjustment Selection 1 Clear zero adjustment and return to the Settings screen Cancel the oper...

Страница 81: ...Samples set to 2 When using the SLOW2 measurement speed with low power resistance measurement on the instrument will performing averaging with two iterations internally even if the averaging function...

Страница 82: ...averaging function default go to step 5 Selection 2 1 Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the...

Страница 83: ...the rear of the instrument See 2 3 Connecting Z2001 Temperature Sensor or Thermometer with Analog Output When using the TC or T p 37 See 3 1 Checking the Measurement Target p 48 Setting T to on cause...

Страница 84: ...easurement screen Setting range reference temperature 10 0 to 99 9 C default 20 C temperature coefficient 99999 to 99999ppm C default 3930ppm C Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Mak...

Страница 85: ...000 to 1 9999 103 10 m 00 000 000 000 0000 000 00 000 00 m 000 000 0 m 0000 000 m 00 000 00 100 m 000 000 0000 000 00 000 00 m 000 000 0 m 0000 000 m 00 000 00 000 000 0 1000 m 0000 000 00 000 00 m 00...

Страница 86: ...gs Screen 2 Open the Measurement Setting Screen 3 Enable the scaling function The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the MEAS tab with the left and right...

Страница 87: ...ght cursor keys Change the value with the up and down cursor keys Change values 1 Move among digits 3 Accept Cancel Multiply by 10 Multiply by 1 10 Clear value It is not possible to set the expo nent...

Страница 88: ...s negative the displayed value will be negative Example If you set an offset of 50 m for the 100 m range If you measure 30 m 20 m will be displayed 6 Set the units for the displayed measured values 7...

Страница 89: ...r of measurement digits 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the MEAS tab with the left and right cursor keys 2 7digi...

Страница 90: ...the negative direction When low power resistance measurement is disabled From the 10 m range to the 1 000 range the offset voltage correction function can be turned on From the 10 k range to the 1 00...

Страница 91: ...delay than necessary then gradually shorten it while watching the measured value If using the zero adjustment function execute it after making any changes to Offset Volt age Compensation When Offset...

Страница 92: ...ctance component inductance or capacitance does not affect the measure ment The delay setting can be selected from a preset internal fixed value or user set value 1 Preset internal fixed value Value d...

Страница 93: ...with each mea surement range When using the EXT trigger source the measurement current will not be stopped for measurement ranges of 10 k and greater continuous application Contact Detected voltage M...

Страница 94: ...ay than necessary then gradually shorten it while watching the measured value 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Measurement Setting Screen 3 Select whether to use the preset default or a user set...

Страница 95: ...9999 ms Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right cursor keys Change the value w...

Страница 96: ...cause the contact check function to operate continuously When set to 2 wire with the multiplexer the contact check function will be turned off During low resistance measurement poor contact of the SO...

Страница 97: ...Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the MEAS tab with the left and right cursor keys Enables the contact check functio...

Страница 98: ...asurement completion to be lengthened by 0 2 ms Timing Chart Contact Improver Function 4 11 Improving Probe Contact Contact Improver Function The Contact Improver function applies voltage to the sampl...

Страница 99: ...t Setting Screen 3 Enable the Contact Improver function 4 Return to the Measurement screen Move the cursor to the MEAS tab with the left and right cursor keys Enables the contact improver function Dis...

Страница 100: ...er 0 5 ms If you are concerned about variation in measurement times please use the manual setting 4 12 Maintaining Measurement Precision Self Calibration Setting Calibration timing Measurement hold in...

Страница 101: ...guaranteed if self calibration is not performed Even if the temperature variation in the operating environment is less than 2 degrees self calibration should be performed at a 30 minute interval 2 Op...

Страница 102: ...eled and measurement will start after 0 5 ms During auto scan operation self calibration starts only after scanning completes Self cal ibration will not be performed after each channel is measured A 4...

Страница 103: ...ignal will be accepted the EOM signal will turn off and measurement will start after self calibration completes If the CAL signal is received during measurement the CAL signal will be accepted and sel...

Страница 104: ...ilize set a delay See 4 9 Setting Pre Measurement Delay p 84 4 13 Increasing the Precision of the 100 M Range 100 M High precision Mode 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Measurement Setting Screen...

Страница 105: ...and Conversion Functions Chapter 5 5 1 Judging Measured Values Comparator Function p 98 5 2 Classifying Measurement Results BIN Measurement Function p 108 5 3 Performing Statistical Calculations on Me...

Страница 106: ...l judgments p 156 The comparator judgment mode can be set as one of the following 5 1 Judging Measured Values Comparator Function Measured value Upper limit value Upper limit value Measured value Lowe...

Страница 107: ...ts OvrRng display and measurement faults CONTACT TERM display or dis play See Confirming Measurement Faults p 55 If power is turned off during comparator setting changes to settings are lost as they r...

Страница 108: ...To change the range do so with the and keys on the Comparator Settings screen To use auto rang ing turn OFF the comparator function Enabling and Disabling the Comparator Function 1 Open the Comparato...

Страница 109: ...shold setting screen 2 Set the range 3 Set the positive tolerance Upper threshold Lower threshold Switch to ABS mode Select the range you wish to use Change the decimal point position and unit changes...

Страница 110: ...5 1 Judging Measured Values Comparator Function 102 4 Set the negative tolerance in the same way 5 Accept the settings and return to the Measurement screen...

Страница 111: ...p when the key beeper is enabled Relative Value tolerance Reference Value Measured Value 1 100 Setting range 99 999 to 99 999 Reference value Allowable range up per and lower limit ranges relativeto t...

Страница 112: ...s and return to the Measurement screen Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right cursor keys Change the value with the up and down cursor keys Change values Move among digit...

Страница 113: ...an be set for PASS and FAIL judg ments when the scan function is set to auto or step Checking Judgments Using Sound Judgment Sound Setting Function 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting...

Страница 114: ...for Hi judgments 5 Repeat this process to configure settings for IN and Lo judgments 6 Return to the Measurement screen Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure To sound the beeper con tin...

Страница 115: ...hing the LED Comparator Attachment Position the LED Comparator Attachment where you wish Example Using a tie band and two of the spiral wrappers that came with the L2105 attach the LED Comparator Atta...

Страница 116: ...T or setting the measurement terminal to multiplexer automatically turns off the BIN measurement function The range cannot be changed while using the BIN measurement function To change the range do s...

Страница 117: ...and off Clears the setting for the high lighted parameter Sets the judgment mode to ABS UPP LOW Sets the judgment mode to REF Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right curs...

Страница 118: ...ou can also display a list of set BIN numbers 6 Return to the Measurement screen BIN setting list display Return to the Measurement screen Return to the Measurement screen The BIN number with the IN j...

Страница 119: ...ility index will not be calcu lated Minimum value Xmin MIN x1 xn Average Population standard deviation Standard deviation of sample Process capability index dispersion Process capability index bias n...

Страница 120: ...lculated using the held measured value Operation is the same in the following cases except when using auto hold when pressing the when a TRG remote control command is received When the EXT I O PRINT s...

Страница 121: ...function 4 Return to the Measurement screen 2 Enable statistical calculation Disable statistical calcula tion default Selection 1 Return to the Measurement screen When statistical calculation is ON F...

Страница 122: ...rd deviation or process capability indi ces are displayed Confirming Printing and Erasing Calculation Results 1 Open the Calculation Results screen Displays the Calculation Results screen if statisti...

Страница 123: ...r more information about printing see Chapter 12 Printing Using an RS 232C Printer p 237 To erase Output to the printer Example Printouts p 247 Erases the last measure ment and calculation result exec...

Страница 124: ...comparator function cannot be turned ON When TC the BIN measurement function or the statistical calculation function is set to on T is automatically set to off Example temperature rise test 1 After th...

Страница 125: ...sor to the MEAS tab with the left and right cursor keys Enables the function Disables the function default go to step 6 Selection 2 1 Setting range initial resistance 0 001 to 9000 000 M default 1 000...

Страница 126: ...al k of the temperature coefficient at 0 C 6 Return to the Measurement screen Setting range 999 9 to 999 9 default 235 0 Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable wi...

Страница 127: ...d with the Panel Save function Saving and Loading Panels Saving and Loading Measurement Conditions Chapter 6 Panel name Save time and date Resistance range 100 M high precision mode Low Power resistan...

Страница 128: ...f a previously saved panel a warning message will be displayed The Panel List Screen appears Save the conditions Selection 1 2 Enter a number from 0 to 9 Enter a letter from A to Z or an underbar char...

Страница 129: ...Panel Load Function 1 Open the Panel List Screen 2 Select a panel number 3 Verify that the confirmation message is shown and return to the Measurement screen The Panel List Screen appears 2 Selection...

Страница 130: ...th panel data The following procedure can be used to prevent loading of zero adjustment values Preventing Loading of Zero adjustment Values 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen...

Страница 131: ...Screen appears 2 Selection 1 Edit the panel name Enter a number from 0 to 9 Enter a letter from A to Z or an underbar character _ Delete 1 character 1 Move the cursor to the character you wish to set...

Страница 132: ...ber 3 Verify that the confirmation message is shown and return to the Measurement screen 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Panel List Screen appears 2 Selection 1 Delete the panel Delete the pane...

Страница 133: ...7 7 1 Disabling and Enabling Key Operations p 126 7 2 Enabling or Disabling the Key Beeper p 128 7 3 Power Line Frequency Manual Setting p 129 7 4 Adjusting Screen Contrast p 131 7 5 Adjusting the Bac...

Страница 134: ...l key operations are disabled All key operations except ENTER trigger and MENU UNLOCK key lock cancel are disabled To disable key operations select FULL F LOCK is displayed when returning to the measu...

Страница 135: ...e or disable key operations UNLOCK is displayed Key lock operation triggered by the EXT I O KEY_LOCK signal is not displayed Re Enabling Key Operations Key Lock Cancel Disable all except key lock canc...

Страница 136: ...1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen 3 Select whether to enable or disable the key beeper 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu...

Страница 137: ...ne frequency is automatically set to 50 or 60 Hz when the instrument is turned on or reset However automatic detection is not available when the line frequency changes after turn ing power on or reset...

Страница 138: ...130 3 Select the line frequency being used 4 Return to the Measurement screen 2 Automatically detect local line frequency default When the line frequency is 50 Hz When the line frequency is 60 Hz Sele...

Страница 139: ...he Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen 3 Adjust the contrast 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the SY...

Страница 140: ...htness is set too low near 0 7 5 Adjusting the Backlight 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the System Setting Screen 3 Adjust the backlight 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appea...

Страница 141: ...Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the SYS tab with the left and right cur sor keys Enter the last two digits of the year and the...

Страница 142: ...n be system reset by three methods System reset from the System setting screen Turn on the instrument while holding down and Reset by remote control command SYSTem RESet command Interface settings are...

Страница 143: ...ct RESET 4 Select whether to initialize the instrument The Measurement screen is displayed when system reset finishes Selection 1 2 Perform a multiplexer channel reset Perform a reset Perform a system...

Страница 144: ...FRONT F1 FRONT p 151 MUX F2 SCANSET F3 OFF Setting screen SETTING Multiplexer Channel Settings screen MUX1 2 CH OFF p 153 TERM INST RM3545 0ALL ON p 163 0ADJ Multiplexer Basic Measurement screen MUX2...

Страница 145: ...EP Hi OFF p 105 IN OFF Lo OFF PASS OFF FAIL OFF PANEL LOAD 0ADJ ON p 122 CONTRAST 50 p 131 BACK LIGHT 80 p 132 POWER FREQ AUTO p 129 EXT I O Setting screen I O TRIG SOURCE p 206 TRIG EDGE OFF ON ON ED...

Страница 146: ...M3 10 Disabled 1 TERM10 TERM11 11 Disabled 2 TERM1 TERM2 12 Disabled 2 TERM2 TERM3 20 Disabled 2 TERM10 TERM11 21 Disabled 1 TERM1 TERM2 22 Disabled 1 TERM1 TERM2 42 Disabled 1 TERM1 TERM2 CH UNIT TER...

Страница 147: ...t service life reference value 4 wire 50 million cycles 2 wire 5 million cycles The self test function performs short and open tests Short test measures each pin s round trip wiring resistance in the...

Страница 148: ...nt can be performed for the desired channels See 8 5 Zero Adjustment When a Multiplexer Unit Has Been Installed p 163 Judgments can be made using measured values as references See Setting Basic Measur...

Страница 149: ...testing is not necessary for example for 3 phase motor windings or net work resistors Measurement screen Trigger source Internal INT External EXT External EXT only External EXT only Channel switching...

Страница 150: ...ntact check function will be disabled Relay hot switching prevention function Because back EMF remains when measuring a target such as a transformer the relay hot switching prevention function will op...

Страница 151: ...SE 9 SENSE 26 TERM7 SOURCE 42 10 TERM3 SOURCE 27 SENSE 43 GUARD 11 SENSE 28 TERM8 SOURCE 44 GUARD 12 TERM4 SOURCE 29 SENSE 45 EX SOURCE B EX Cur Hi 13 SENSE 30 TERM8 SOURCE 46 EX SENSE B EX Pot Hi 14...

Страница 152: ...20 5 TERM4 22 TERM11 38 TERM19 6 TERM3 23 TERM12 39 TERM20 7 TERM4 24 TERM13 40 TERM21 8 TERM5 25 TERM14 41 TERM22 9 TERM6 26 TERM13 42 TERM21 10 TERM5 27 TERM14 43 GUARD 11 TERM6 28 TERM15 44 GUARD 1...

Страница 153: ...the GUARD pin See Appendix 13 Making Your Own Measurement Leads Making Connections to the Multiplexer p A29 To allow separate measurement targets to be connected on a 1 to 1 basis multiple pins may ha...

Страница 154: ...less The Z3003 Multiplexer Unit stores the number of relay switching cycles This information can be accessed when performing a self test with key operation or using commands and it should be used to g...

Страница 155: ...ocations when using two Z3003 units 42 locations Measurement current Instrument with Z3003 1 A DC or less Externally connected device 1 A DC or less 100 mA AC or less Measurement frequency Externally...

Страница 156: ...e 7 7 Initializing Reset p 134 It is not possible to switch to the multiplexer if measurement leads are connected to the measurement terminals on the front of the instrument ERR 60 will be displayed T...

Страница 157: ...ng pins or performing zero adjustment 5 Set the scan function When the scan function is set to auto or step external trigger operation will be used regardless of the trigger source setting 2 Make meas...

Страница 158: ...is setting is valid only when the scan function is ON 7 Return to the Measurement screen 2 Stop scanning when any channel yields a FAIL judg ment Do not stop scanning even if a channel yields a FAIL j...

Страница 159: ...the scan function Switch the function menu to P 3 3 1 2 Make measurements using the front measurement ter minals do not use the multi plexer default Use the multiplexer Switch the function menu to P...

Страница 160: ...Channel Pin Allocation CH UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 ON 1 TERM1 TERM2 2 OFF 1 TERM2 TERM3 3 OFF 1 TERM3 TERM4 4 OFF 1 TERM4 TERM5 5 OFF 1 TERM5 TERM6 6 OFF 1 TERM6 TERM7 7 OFF 1 TERM7 TERM8 8 OFF 1 TERM8 T...

Страница 161: ...h to set Hint You can copy the settings for the selected channel to the next channel with the key Only the settings shown on the screen will be copied However unit and pin settings will not be copied...

Страница 162: ...ed on the Measurement screen Additionally since channels set to OFF are ignored in scanning they can not be measured 5 Select the unit to which the measurement target will be connected 1 Use the chann...

Страница 163: ...cted device will be ignored 8 Repeat Steps 3 through 7 above to configure other channels settings 9 Return to the Measurement screen Move to TERM A current de tection side selection 1 2 Set the termin...

Страница 164: ...e can be used as the reference value If you wish to initialize the multiplexer channel settings See 7 7 Initializing Reset p 134 Setting Basic Measurement Conditions and Total Judgment Conditions for...

Страница 165: ...set Hint You can copy the settings for the selected channel to the next channel with the key All settings shown on the screen as well as those on the MEAS tab will be copied You can return to the MUX1...

Страница 166: ...s cannot be set to on To use the comparator set the measurement range first 1 Set the measurement speed to FAST Set the measurement speed to MEDIUM Set the measurement speed to SLOW1 Set the measureme...

Страница 167: ...he judgment mode to ABS UPP LOW Set the judgment mode to REF Move to the UPP REF parameter 3 Make the value editable When using REF mode and a channel other than CH1 you can use the CH1 mea surement r...

Страница 168: ...Setting Screen 3 Select the channel for which to set measurement conditions 4 Set the measurement conditions Hint The channel can be changed for each setting with the and keys See p 63 Measurement con...

Страница 169: ...er Measuring While Switching Channels Manually 1 Turn off the scan function See Configuring Multiplexer Settings p 148 2 Change channels manually Measurement will be performed after applying the measu...

Страница 170: ...the scan function is set to step If there is a scan in progress it will return to the first channel When the scan function is set to step you will need to input the trigger for each channel When the s...

Страница 171: ...ing zero adjustment 1 Open the Settings Screen If you are already finished configuring settings proceed to Step 4 2 Open the Multiplexer Channel Settings screen 3 Set the channels for which you wish t...

Страница 172: ...ch you wish to cancel zero adjustment 4 Select to cancel zero adjustment When the confirmation message is displayed select OK 5 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the...

Страница 173: ...ng Screen 3 Select 0 ADJUST 4 When the confirmation message is displayed select OK 5 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor...

Страница 174: ...ettings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the SYS tab with the left and right cur sor keys Select SELF TEST SELF TEST is displayed only when TERMINAL is set to MU...

Страница 175: ...itches being toggled on and off between channels 8 7 Example Connections and Settings MUX settings CH INST UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 RM3545 UNIT1 1 2 2 RM3545 UNIT1 2 3 3 RM3545 UNIT1 1 3 MUX settings CH I...

Страница 176: ...channels 2 and 3 and between channels 6 and 7 Open resistance measurement is performed for channels 2 3 6 and 7 using the 1 000 M range MUX settings CH INST UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 RM3545 UNIT1 1 2 2 RM3...

Страница 177: ...cable assembly wire harness settings Example battery terminal weld settings MUX settings CH INST UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 RM3545 UNIT1 1 2 2 RM3545 UNIT1 2 3 3 RM3545 UNIT1 3 4 MUX settings CH INST UNIT T...

Страница 178: ...dence Using channel 1 thermistor measurement results as the comparator reference value MUX settings CH INST UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 RM3545 UNIT1 1 2 2 RM3545 UNIT1 2 3 3 RM3545 UNIT1 3 4 4 RM3545 UNIT1 4...

Страница 179: ...ions and Settings 171 8 Example motor settings MUX settings CH INST UNIT TERM A TERM B 1 RM3545 UNIT1 1 2 2 RM3545 UNIT1 2 3 3 RM3545 UNIT1 2 4 4 RM3545 UNIT1 3 4 5 RM3545 UNIT1 5 6 6 RM3545 UNIT1 6 7...

Страница 180: ...8 7 Example Connections and Settings 172 Connecting an external device You can switch channels via the front panel communications or EXT I O when using an external device too LCR Meter Battery Tester...

Страница 181: ...apter 9 9 1 Connecting D A Output Recommended wire type Single line AWG22 0 65 mm diameter Twisted wire AWG22 0 32 mm2 Diameter of search wire 0 12 mm or more Compatible wire types Single line AWG28 0...

Страница 182: ...witch on the rear of the instrument is turned on To maximize the D A output response time set the measurement speed to FAST and self calibration to manual See 3 3 Setting the Measurement Speed p 50 4...

Страница 183: ...ns are shared Input circuit can be switched to accommodate either current sink output NPN or current source output PNP Confirm input and output ratings understand the safety precautions for connecting...

Страница 184: ...ported The instrument ships with the switch set to the NPN position See 10 3 Internal Circuitry p 202 10 1 External Input Output Connector and Signals Switching between Current Sink NPN and Current S...

Страница 185: ...ction p 215 provides a convenient way to check external I O operation Connector Type and Signal Pinouts EXT I O Connector Instrument Side Connector Instrument Side 37 pin D sub female with 4 40 screws...

Страница 186: ...signal ground 28 EOM OUT End of measurement Level 10 ERR OUT Measurement fault Level 29 INDEX BCD4 0 RNG_OUT0 OUT Analog measure ment finished BCD Level 11 HI HILO OUT Comparator judgment Level 30 IN...

Страница 187: ...ggering INT is enabled The TRIG signal does not trigger measurement A wait is necessary to allow the measured value to stabilize after switching ranges or loading a panel The wait time varies with the...

Страница 188: ...channel number switch to the channel and perform measurement LOAD0 is the LSB while LOAD5 is the MSB For more information see 4 Signal correspondence chart p 183 If LOAD0 to LOAD5 are the same as the...

Страница 189: ...ERR These are the total judgment results They are valid only when the scan func tion is set to auto or step p 156 BCDm n When using BCD output this signal outputs n bits of digit m When BCD1 x is the...

Страница 190: ...OFF ON OFF ON 9 ISO_COM 28 EOM 10 ERR 29 BCD4 0 RNG_OUT0 11 HILO 30 IN 12 BCD4 1 RNG_OUT1 31 BCD4 2 RNG_OUT2 13 BCD4 3 RNG_OUT3 32 BCD5 0 BCD1 0 14 BCD5 1 BCD1 1 33 BCD5 2 BCD1 2 15 BCD5 3 BCD1 3 34...

Страница 191: ...21 OFF ON OFF ON ON OFF Panel 22 Channel 22 OFF ON OFF ON ON ON Panel 23 Channel 23 OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF Panel 24 Channel 24 OFF ON ON OFF OFF ON Panel 25 Channel 25 OFF ON ON OFF ON OFF Panel 26 Cha...

Страница 192: ...signal is ON RNG_OUT3 RNG_OUT2 RNG_OUT1 RNG_OUT0 Range OFF OFF OFF ON 10 m OFF OFF ON OFF 100 m OFF OFF ON ON 1000 m OFF ON OFF OFF 10 OFF ON OFF ON 100 OFF ON ON OFF 1000 OFF ON ON ON 10 k ON OFF OFF...

Страница 193: ...low voltage levels are reversed 1 External trigger EXT setting EOM output hold 10 2 Timing Chart From Start of Measurement to Acquisition of Judgment Results TRIG ON OFF t1 Stopped Delay t2 Check in p...

Страница 194: ...r the PRINT signal is valid on the Statistical Calculation Results screen The judgment result and BCD output are finalized before the EOM signal changes to ON However if the controller s input circuit...

Страница 195: ...trigger INT setting the EOM signal consists of pulse output with a width of 5 ms However EOM will be held at ON while ERR is ON The judgment result and ERR signals do not turn OFF at the start of mea...

Страница 196: ...al on the included application disc Measurement times may vary depending on the self calibration timing See Self calibration timing p 191 When using the MUX mesurement terminals the integration time i...

Страница 197: ...ce values LP OFF Range 100 M range high precision mode Measurement Current Time 10 m 40 100 m High 40 Low 1 8 1000 m High 1 5 Low 1 3 10 High 1 5 Low 1 3 100 High 2 1 Low 1 3 1000 2 3 10 k 12 100 k 20...

Страница 198: ...are updated at the completion of the next measurement When not using the multiplexer the zero adjustment time is approximately 600 ms when using a manually set range and approximately 4 s when using a...

Страница 199: ...the self calibration is canceled and measurement will start after 0 5 ms If you are concerned about variation in measurement times please use the manual setting Self calibration timing Setting Calibr...

Страница 200: ...bration will not be performed after each channel is measured A 400 ms self calibration is performed immediately after switching from MANUAL to AUTO Do not input the TRIG signal during that interval If...

Страница 201: ...ed the EOM signal will turn off and measurement will start after self calibration com pletes If the CAL signal is received during measurement the CAL signal will be accepted and self calibration will...

Страница 202: ...e contact improver function is set to off Using the con tact improver function causes the time until measurement completion to be lengthened by 2 ms Timing Chart Contact Improver Function Contact impr...

Страница 203: ...signal Processing time Panel Load Timing Panel 1 to 30 Approx 100 ms Panel 31 to 38 Approx 200 ms LOAD0 to LOAD5 Panel 1 TRIG ON State EOM Load processing Panel 2 Measurement OFF ON Panel 1 Panel 2 Wi...

Страница 204: ...t to switch to the multiplexer while measurement leads are connected to the measurement terminals on the front of the instrument the ERR signal will turn on and you will not be able to make the switch...

Страница 205: ...signals are ignored without being held SCN_STOP operation State Judgment result BCD Switching time Switching processing Channel 1 Measure ment Switching processing Switching processing Channel 20 Mea...

Страница 206: ...which an externally connected device is selected EOM will turn on after switching processing completes SCN_STOP operation State Judgment result BCD Judgment result BCD HI IN LO ERR PASS FAIL BCDm n R...

Страница 207: ...sition of Judgment Results p 185 for measurement time When transitioning from the Startup screen to the Measurement screen after turning on the instrument s power the EOM and INDEX signals will turn O...

Страница 208: ...troller s input circuit response is slow it may be necessary to insert wait processing after the EOM signal s changing to ON is detected until the judgment result is acquired Acquisition Process When...

Страница 209: ...e acquired first Instrument Controller Measurement start Judgment re sults OFF Measurement start Measurement Measurement complete Reception of measurement complete Acquisition of BCD upper digits Spec...

Страница 210: ...tput signal common wiring and input signal common wiring from a point lying close to the ISO_COM pin 10 3 Internal Circuitry Input Circuit NPN Setting Output Circuit NPN Setting PLC etc PLC etc Output...

Страница 211: ...ut and output signals Input Circuit PNP Setting Output Circuit PNP Setting Internally Isolated power PLC etc PLC etc Do not apply external power Output Input Zener Voltage 30 V Common Common Internall...

Страница 212: ...utput type Optocoupler isolated open drain output non polar Maximum load voltage 30 VMAX DC Maximum output current 50 mA ch Residual voltage 1 V or less load current 50 mA 0 5 V or less load current 1...

Страница 213: ...ut NPN Output Connections Input Circuit Connection Examples Output Circuit Connection Examples Output Relay Connections Output LED Connection Output Output Output Active Low Active Low Logic Output Wi...

Страница 214: ...ternal INT triggering To measure automatically Measurements are triggered by an external signal Manual measurement triggering is also available Apply a trigger signal at the EXT I O connector p 175 Se...

Страница 215: ...ed by sending the INITIATE CONTINUOUS OFF command via RS 232C USB or GP IB When continuous measurement is disabled trigger acceptance is controlled only by the controller computer or PLC See For trigg...

Страница 216: ...g the TRIG Signal Logic 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the EXT I O Setting Screen 3 Select the trigger conditions 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function...

Страница 217: ...OFF edge operation ON edge OFF edge Measurement TRIG EOM ON OFF OFF Measurement TRIG OFF OFF Measurement processing Measurement processing EOM Measurement times will be 0 2 ms longer when using the O...

Страница 218: ...e to the TRIG PRINT signal Eliminating TRIG PRINT Signal Chatter Filter Function 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the EXT I O Setting Screen 3 Select the filter function The Settings screen appears S...

Страница 219: ...ult 50 ms Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right cursor keys Change the value...

Страница 220: ...Screen 3 Select the EOM signal output type When using the internal trigger INT the EOM pulse width is fixed at 5 ms regardless of the settings The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P...

Страница 221: ...ms to 100 ms default 5 ms Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the digit you wish to set with the left and right cursor keys...

Страница 222: ...Open the EXT I O Setting Screen 3 Select the output mode 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the I O tab with the l...

Страница 223: ...reen 10 5 Checking External Control Performing an I O Test EXT I O Test Function 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the EXT I O Setting Screen 3 Open the EXT I O Test Screen The Settings screen appears...

Страница 224: ...to the Measurement screen Output signals Allows you to perform signal oper ations ON Reverse video OFF Normal display Select signal Turn signal ON Turn signal OFF Input signals Displays the signal sta...

Страница 225: ...1 B Screw 4 40UNC 16 9 mm overall length A Cover Identical halves Shielded Cable recommended D Screw 4 40UNC 15 0 mm overall length B Screw 4 40UNC 16 9 mm overall length E Nut 4 40UNC D Screw 4 40UNC...

Страница 226: ...10 6 Supplied Connector Assembly 218...

Страница 227: ...1 characters in length the transfer time for 1 piece of data is 11 T Example For a 9 600 bps connection 11 9 600 10 Approximately 11 ms For more information about command execution times see the Commu...

Страница 228: ...age levels 5 to 15 V ON 15 to 5 V OFF Output voltage levels 5 to 9 V ON 9 to 5 V OFF Connector Interface Connector Pinout Male 9 pin D sub with 4 40 attachment screws The I O connector is a DTE Data T...

Страница 229: ...Preparations before Use Connections and Settings Using the USB Interface 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Select the interface type The Settings screen...

Страница 230: ...Class method you will need a dedicated USB driver The following procedure need not be fol lowed if the driver has already been installed for example in the course of using another Hioki product The US...

Страница 231: ...ue Anyway Procedure to uninstall the driver uninstall the driver once it is no longer needed Delete the Hioki USB CDC Driver using Control Panel Add or Remove Programs 3 Connect the USB cable Connect...

Страница 232: ...nstrument settings Using the RS 232C Interface 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Select the interface type The Settings screen appears Switch the function...

Страница 233: ...Be sure to make set up the controller as shown below Asynchronous communication Transfer rate 9600bps 19200bps 38400bps 115200bps set to match the instrument setting Stop bit 1 Data length 8 Parity c...

Страница 234: ...Terminal Ready Active ON level is 5 to 9 V constant 5 GND AB SG Signal Ground 6 DSR CC DR Data Set Ready Not used 7 RTS CA RS Request to Send Active ON level is 5 to 9 V constant 8 CTS CB CS Clear to...

Страница 235: ...ther connector Recommended cable HIOKI Model 9637 RS 232C Cable 1 8 m Crossover Wiring Female 9 pin D sub RM3545 end Female 9 pin D sub PC AT end Pin No Pin No DCD 1 1 DCD RxD 2 2 RxD TxD 3 3 TxD DTR...

Страница 236: ...ng the GP IB Interface RM3545 01 only 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Select the interface type The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to...

Страница 237: ...sage terminator 6 Return to the Measurement screen Setting range 0 to 30 default 1 Move the cursor to the setting you wish to configure Make the value editable with the key 2 Move the cursor to the di...

Страница 238: ...terface setting is set to the printer proper command operation is not guaran teed Do not send commands 1 ANSI IEEE Standard 488 1 1987 IEEE Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation...

Страница 239: ...ommunications Commands Communications Monitor Function 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Set the communications monitor to either ON or OFF 4 Return to th...

Страница 240: ...n in hexadecimal notation enclosed in angle brackets For example the character 0xFF would be dis played as FF and 0x00 would be displayed as 00 If all you see is hexadecimal characters like this when...

Страница 241: ...g is not available from the front panel key operation Stored memory data cannot be viewed on the instrument s screen Use communications commands to export stored data Once 50 measured values have been...

Страница 242: ...verification software or to a receiving program created by the user 2 USB keyboard mode available only with the USB interface Data is written to a text editor or spreadsheet application as if it were...

Страница 243: ...put is ON Doing so may cause measured values to be sent twice or other issues Resistance value Absolute value display unit Low power Measurement Range Measured Value OvrRng Measurement Fault OFF 10 m...

Страница 244: ...y state When outputting data with a virtual keyboard Launch the application and position the cursor where you wish to enter the text 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Sett...

Страница 245: ...32C Characters per line At least 48 Communication speed 9600 bps default 19 200bps 38 400bps 115 200bps Data bits 8 Parity none Stop bits 1 Flow control none Control codes Capable of directly printing...

Страница 246: ...r Example AC Adapter RS 232C Cable 25 14 Printer 25 pin Connector Example RM3545 9 pin Connector Pin Signal Name Circuit name 2 TxD Transmit Data 3 RxD Receive Data 7 GND Signal or Common Ground 4 RTS...

Страница 247: ...Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Select PRINT as the interface type 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to th...

Страница 248: ...nector s PRINT signal is turned ON by shorting it with the EXT I O connector s ISO_GND pin you can print measured values and judgment results To print continuously for each measurement connect the EOM...

Страница 249: ...umns printed per row Normally a row consists of one column but you can also print three columns per row When printing three columns per row the temperature and interval time are not printed Printing L...

Страница 250: ...12 2 Printing 242 3 Select the number of print columns 4 Return to the Measurement screen 2 1 column default 3 columns Selection 1 Return to the Measurement screen...

Страница 251: ...ixed time interval 1 Open the Settings Screen 2 Open the Communications Interface Setting Screen 3 Turn ON the interval function The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move...

Страница 252: ...reen 1 Interval printing starts with PRINT key or EXT I O PRINT signal input 2 Every time the set interval elapses the elapsed time in hours minutes sec onds format 1 and measured value are printed No...

Страница 253: ...INT signal short it with the ISO_GND pin To enable statistical calculation See 5 3 Performing Statistical Calculations on Measured Values p 111 If no valid data exists only the data count is printed W...

Страница 254: ...ng Screen 3 Turn ON the statistical calculation clear function 4 Return to the Measurement screen The Settings screen appears Switch the function menu to P 2 3 1 2 Move the cursor to the IF tab with t...

Страница 255: ...relative value and temperature measured value printing one column per row Resistance measured value and temperature measured value 2013 07 31 14 24 02 99 9758mOhm 2013 07 31 14 25 54 9 9756mOhm 2013 0...

Страница 256: ...0 200mOhm No 9 MIN 1200 130mOhm No 1 Sn 0 00020mOhm Sn 1 0 00028mOhm Cp 0 19 Cpk 0 03 COMP Hi 4 COMP IN 6 COMP Lo 0 BIN0 10 000mOhm 0 000mOhm 3 BIN1 20 000mOhm 10 000mOhm 1 BIN2 30 000mOhm 20 000mOhm...

Страница 257: ...r range f s 1 000 000dgt 100 M or greater range f s 10 000dgt 12 ON 0 000 00 m 10 m range to 120 000 0 M 100 M range f s 1 000 000dgt 11 ON 0 00 m 1000 m range to 1200 00 1000 range f s 100 000dgt 4 M...

Страница 258: ...alue indicated in the accuracy table Temperature and hu midity range for guar anteed accuracy 23 5 C 80 RH or less Accuracy specifica tions conditions Self calibration function set to AUTO Self calibr...

Страница 259: ...005 0 007 0 002 0 007 0 001 High 10 mA 0 007 0 005 0 007 0 001 0 007 0 001 0 008 0 010 0 008 0 010 Low 1 mA 0 002 0 008 0 003 0 008 0 001 1000 1200 000 0 007 0 005 0 006 0 002 0 006 0 001 1 mA 0 007...

Страница 260: ...he measurement current is only applied from the start of measurement TRIG ON to the end of mea surement INDEX ON The measurement current is stopped at all other times When using the internal trigger s...

Страница 261: ...e before and after integration measurement LP OFF LP ON LP Range FAST MEDIUM SLOW1 SLOW2 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz OFF 1000 k or less 0 3 20 0 16 7 100 200 10 M or more 20 0 16 7 20 0 16 7 100 200 ON Al...

Страница 262: ...FF Scaling OFF Measured value display switching None When using the MUX mesurement terminals the shortest measurement time is 1 7 ms only in the 10 m range Setting Time Statistical calculation OFF Sca...

Страница 263: ...t FAST MEDIUM SLOW1 SLOW2 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 10 m 41 61 58 141 241 82 121 115 281 481 100 m High 41 61 58 141 241 82 121 115 281 481 Low 2 5 23 19 103 203 4 6 44 38 204 404 1000 m High 2 2 22 19...

Страница 264: ...uracy with Model Z2001 Temperature Sensor Guaranteed accuracy range 0 to 2 V Maximum allowable voltage 2 5 V Resolution 1 mV Display range 99 9 to 999 9 C Measurement period speed 50 5 ms no moving av...

Страница 265: ...ent accuracy 0 55 0 012 t 30 Temperature correction additional accuracy Measurement conditions Temperature coefficient of 3 930 ppm C standard temperature of 20 C measurement temperature of 35 C About...

Страница 266: ...wire measurement method the 10 and lower ranges cannot be used Default setting Mode AUTO Measurement Range 1000 M Setting ON OFF Default setting OFF Number of measure ment digits selection 7digits 6d...

Страница 267: ...e used at 100 M or above it is forcibly turned off Default setting Zero adjustment OFF Scan zero adjustment ON Operation A moving average is used when using the internal trigger source with continu ou...

Страница 268: ...User set Integration starts after the specified time elapses for all ranges Setting Preset internal fixed value user set set value Delay setting range 0 ms to 9999 ms Default setting Preset 0 ms Pres...

Страница 269: ...V V T V T v V V T T t Operation Temperature correction converts resistance values to resistance values at standard temperature and displays the result When T is on TC is automat ically turned off For...

Страница 270: ...0 000 0 0000 000 10 00 00 000 m 000 000 0 m 0000 000 m 00 000 00 000 000 0 0000 000 00 000 00 k 100 000 000 0 m 0000 000 m 00 000 00 000 000 0 0000 000 00 000 00 k 000 000 0 k 1000 0000 000 m 00 000 0...

Страница 271: ...to flow for 0 2 ms Setting OFF ON When LP is on the contact improvement function is fixed to off Default setting OFF Applied voltage Max 5 V Contact improvement current Max 10 mA flowing to the measu...

Страница 272: ...eck Normal No error Current fault display ERR signal output Over range display HI signal output Fault Error Contact error display ERR signal output LP OFF LP ON Range 100 M range high precision mode C...

Страница 273: ...or each channel and a to tal judgment is determined PASS FAIL judgment for each scan channel PASS When the comparator judgment satisfies the PASS conditions FAIL When the comparator judgment does not...

Страница 274: ...Lower limit value measured value ABS Mode Upper Lower limit ranges 0 000 0 m to 9000 00 M Default setting 0 000 0 m REF Mode Reference value range 0 000 1 m to 9000 00 M Upper Lower limit ranges 0 00...

Страница 275: ...coefficient of conductor material at 0 C Setting range 999 9 to 999 9 When set using the instrument s keys the input range will reflect the range and scaling coefficient with a maximum resolution of 1...

Страница 276: ...plexer setting including channels Loading of zero adjust ment values ON OFF Default setting ON Auto calendar auto leap year 24 hour clock Accuracy Approx 4 minutes month Default setting 01 01 2013 00...

Страница 277: ...easured values the following are displayed No display temperature pre calculation resistance value TC scaling REF T COMP PANEL MENU F1 F2 F3 F4 ESC ENTER AUTO RANGE Standby SPEED Key Lock Functions Op...

Страница 278: ...2 0 Full Speed Class mode CDC Class COM mode HID Class USB keyboard mode Default setting COM mode Printer Operation Prints data when the PRINT signal is input or when the print key is pressed Compatib...

Страница 279: ...pported C0 No Controller functions are supported Communications functionality Remote function During remote operation by USB RS 232C or GP IB all front panel key oper ations are disabled Remote operat...

Страница 280: ...When BCD_LOW is ON BCD1 to BCD3 4 digits RNG_OUT0 to RNG_OUT3 When BCD_LOW is OFF BCD4 to BCD7 4 digits Optocoupler isolated open drain output non polar Maximum load voltage 30 V DC Residual voltage...

Страница 281: ...o pulse output with a width of 5 ms when using auto self calibration or no EOM output is gener ated when using manual self calibration regardless of the EOM output timing setting Pulse width 1 ms to 1...

Страница 282: ...gned to user specified terminals The measurement current will flow from the B terminal to the A terminal Channel Enable disable A terminal 11 terminals 4 wire or 22 terminals 2 wire per unit as specif...

Страница 283: ...M3 to TERM22 22 to 42 Disabled 2 TERM1 to TERM21 TERM2 to TERM22 Output Resistance measured value display value after zero adjustment and temper ature correction but before scaling and T calculation O...

Страница 284: ...voltage 100 to 240 VAC Voltage fluctuations of 10 from the rated supply voltage are taken into account Rated supply frequency 50 60 Hz Anticipated transient overvoltage 2 500 V Maximum rated power 40...

Страница 285: ...rminal to TERM22 terminal EX A EX B External device connection terminal Shielding terminal GUARD Guard terminal EARTH Function ground terminal EX GUARD External device guard terminal Connector D SUB 5...

Страница 286: ...ntact service life 4 wire 50 million cycles 2 wire 5 million cycles reference value No Pin name No Pin name No Pin name 1 TERM2 18 TERM9 34 TERM17 2 TERM1 19 TERM10 35 TERM18 3 TERM2 20 TERM11 36 TERM...

Страница 287: ...acy C Effects of leak current Add a reading error as follows depending on the measurement current when using guarding With humidity of less than 70 RH If the humidity is greater than or equal to 70 RH...

Страница 288: ...If the integration time is not a whole number multiple of the power supply cycle the effects of commercial power noise will be more pronounced Additional error 0 005 0 5 0 0025 f s Effect of offset v...

Страница 289: ...Specifications Operating environment Indoors Pollution degree 2 up to 2000 m 6562 ft ASL Storage temperature and humidity 10 C to 50 C 14 to 122 F 80 RH or less non condensating Operating temperature...

Страница 290: ...Chapter 13 Specifications 282...

Страница 291: ...transporting the instrument if possible Pack the instrument so that it will not sustain damage during shipping and include a description of existing damage We do not take any responsibility for damage...

Страница 292: ...ff The instrument is not receiving power Check the continuity of the power cord Verify that a circuit breaker has not been tripped Turn on the main power switch on the back of the instrument p 43 The...

Страница 293: ...is OFF Turn ON the function p 105 1 6 You wish to change the beeper volume The instrument s beeper volume cannot be changed No Issue Items to check Possible causes Solutions See 2 1 Measured val ues...

Страница 294: ...o the tempera ture for example because the room temperature has not stabilized Turn ON temperature correction TC p 75 OVC OFF The measurement is affected by ther mal EMF Turn ON the OVC function p 82...

Страница 295: ...oming into contact with the measurement target Place the probe in proper contact with the target The resistance value between the SENSE and SOURCE is high because the measurement target is conductive...

Страница 296: ...ange for measurement targets that have high inductance Use a fixed range p 49 Noise may be affecting measure ment See Appendix 7 1 2 p A19 2 5 It is impossible to perform zero adjustment Measured valu...

Страница 297: ...s The TRIG OFF time is shorter than 1 ms The TRIG OFF time is too short Ensure that the OFF time is at least 1 ms The TRIG PRINT signal filter function is ON A longer signal control time is required I...

Страница 298: ...de the result of a logical OR operation applied to Hi and Lo is output from one signal line p 214 3 8 T_PASS T_FAIL and T_ERR sig nals are not being output The scan function is off Measurement of all...

Страница 299: ...are not queries RS 232C Use the same communications speed for the instrument and the control device The input buffer 256 bytes is full Insert a dummy query after sending several lines of commands Exam...

Страница 300: ...even though no measurement leads are connected turn off the instrument and remove the Z3003 If ERR 60 is no longer displayed after removing the Z3003 the Z3003 may be bro ken Have it repaired p 148 6...

Страница 301: ...tru ment when using the multiplexer p 142 6 6 No measured value is dis played The wrong channel is being mea sured Check the current channel and the channel setting p 152 Display NO UNIT The set unit...

Страница 302: ...o adjustment cannot be per formed Measured values before zero adjust ment exceed 1 to 50 of each range full scale or a measurement fault has occurred The wiring resistance is too high Zero adjustment...

Страница 303: ...sults are held during measure ment What situations cause measure ment faults to occur An error is displayed in the following cases A probe is not connected A contact is unstable A probe or measurement...

Страница 304: ...e lower limit value is larger than the upper limit value Set an upper limit value that is larger than the lower limit value p 101 ERR 002 REF setting is zero Cannot set because the refer ence value se...

Страница 305: ...RAM error CPU RAM error The instrument is malfunction ing Request repairs ERR 092 Memory access failed Main power off restart after 10s A communications error occurred while attempting to access the m...

Страница 306: ...Continue INFO 021 Clear 0 adjustment data OK Zero adjustment values will be cleared Continue INFO 022 Cleared 0 adjustment data Zero adjustment data was cleared INFO 023 0 ADJ warning Adjust within 1...

Страница 307: ...nter the password for adjust ment mode The Adjustment screen is used in repairs and adjustment car ried out by HIOKI It is not avail able for use by end users INFO 080 Self calibration is set to manua...

Страница 308: ...with higher rated current or do not short circuit and use the fuse holder Doing so may damage the instrument and result in personal injury Fuse type F1 6AH 250V non arcing 20 mm 5 mm dia To avoid elec...

Страница 309: ...he following recommended replacement period of each part 14 3 Inspection and Repair Do not attempt to modify disassemble or repair the instrument as fire electric shock and injury could result Parts N...

Страница 310: ...ols One Phillips screwdriver No 1 One wire cutter to remove the lithium battery 1 Remove the six screws from the sides and one screw from the rear 2 Remove the cover Insert the tweezers between the ba...

Страница 311: ...that the power is off and remove the Multiplexer Unit connection cables and power cord 5 Overhead View Take care not to short the and Doing so may cause sparks CALIFORNIA USA ONLY This product contai...

Страница 312: ...14 4 Disposing of the Instrument 304...

Страница 313: ...ent monitor D are activated to monitor for fault conditions while measuring The instrument incorporates a built in temperature measurement circuit that can be used to correct resistance measured value...

Страница 314: ...tion terminals SENSE A SENSE B to detect voltage drop Little current flows to the voltage detection terminal lead lines that are connected to the measurement target due to the voltmeter s high input i...

Страница 315: ...AC power supply and an AC voltmeter it is not affected by DC electromotive force On the other hand caution is necessary since results differ from those obtained using DC measurement for example due to...

Страница 316: ...llowing for temperature correction settings and execution method See 4 5 Correcting for the Effects of Temperature Temperature Correction TC p 75 See 5 4 Performing Temperature Rise Test Temperature C...

Страница 317: ...lectronics Information and Communi cation Engineers Material Content Density x103 kg m3 Conductivity Temp Coeff 20 C ppm C Annealed copper wire Cu 99 9 8 89 1 00 to 1 02 3810 to 3970 Hard drawn copper...

Страница 318: ...target that is not copper or aluminum with a temperature coefficient of t0 the constant k can be calculated using the formula shown for the temperature correc tion function and the above formula as fo...

Страница 319: ...SE A and SENSE B to set the voltage between SENSE A and SENSE B to 0 V If lead resistances RSEA and RSEB of the cable are less than few there will be no problem Because the SENSE terminal is a voltage...

Страница 320: ...b on the other hand if you connect SENSE A and SOURCE A as well as SENSE B and SOURCE B respectively and use one path to make connection between A and B I RShort voltage occurs between SENSE A and SE...

Страница 321: ...he connection explanation Table 2 shows the connection state of the tip of the lead and equivalent circuit in the respective cor rect and wrong connections Table 1 a indicates the correct connection m...

Страница 322: ...its of the two connection meth ods connecting Pin Type Lead to zero adjustment board and connecting that to a metal board or similar object Table 1 a indicates the connection using zero adjustment boa...

Страница 323: ...ead to make the connection shown in Table 1 a and performing zero adjustment you can replace it with a self made measurement lead to measure with offset removed from the measurement instrument If AC r...

Страница 324: ...istance on the order of a k is not unusual To maximize the opportunity for accurate measurement separate the four probes so that they make contact with the measurement target as shown in Fig 2 2 Effec...

Страница 325: ...tact area Additionally as shown in Fig 5 when measuring the resistance of a 100 mm length of wire the length between the nearest edges of the clips is 100 mm but the length between the farthest edges...

Страница 326: ...ent applying points This phenomenon is caused by high current density while current expands on the metal board Due to this phenomenon measured values should be rather different even if the connected p...

Страница 327: ...l to ensure that only the same metals are used in connections For more information about how to deal with errors caused by thermal EMF see Appendix 9 Effect of Thermal EMF p A23 Low power OFF Range Hi...

Страница 328: ...nt current flow through the measurement target To obtain stability in a constant current source with a large inductance response time is sacrificed If you find that resistance values are scattered whe...

Страница 329: ...ase the delay setting Doing so will delay the start of measurement until the eddy current has dissipated 5 Reduce the measurement speed Averaging data from the start of measurement when the effects of...

Страница 330: ...nd inside the current sensing resistor from the point of application SOURCE B and flow back again to the probe point SOURCE A see Fig 13 Current density is high at the current applica tion points SOUR...

Страница 331: ...just 0 4 ppm and can be safely ignored However when measuring 1 M with 10 A the effect increases to 0 38 In this way capacitive coupling from high voltage lines requires caution during high resistance...

Страница 332: ...power lines and power outlets but also from fluorescent lights and household electronics Noise caused by commercial power supplies occurs at frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz depending on the frequency...

Страница 333: ...suring instruments Similarly noise may be introduced from the controller s control lines Noise from the con troller s power supply and noise from sources such as DC DC converters in the controller may...

Страница 334: ...MI choke to the noise path Choose common mode filters with as high an impedance as possible and use multiple fil ters for increased effectiveness Isolating lines It is highly effective to optically is...

Страница 335: ...RX When the detected voltage is low the measure ment will be affected by thermal EMF that is gen erated between the measurement target and probes and between the cables and the instru ment as well as...

Страница 336: ...ntal solution Both the thermal EMF and voltmeter offset voltage can be treated as stable DC voltages as they are viewed for a short period of time in seconds This allows frequency domain separation by...

Страница 337: ...es the short can be inferred to be near 3 Appendix 10 Detecting the Location of a Short on a Printed Circuit Board 1 Connect SOURCE A and SOURCE B to their respective patterns 2 Connect SENSE A to a p...

Страница 338: ...ng a current of about 1 A However if there are local areas of high contact resistance it is necessary to observe heat generation at the contact while using a current that approaches the conditions und...

Страница 339: ...s for more information about their specific provisions JIS C 2525 Testing method for conductor resistance and resistivity of metallic resistance materials JIS C 3001 Resistance of Copper Materials for...

Страница 340: ...ermined as shown in Formula 4 Formula 3 Formula 4 For example if the reference temperature is 20 C set the temperature coefficient for the instrument as follows Appendix 12 JEC 2137 Induction Machine...

Страница 341: ...e measurement current is set to 1 A Variations in lead position or shape may cause measured values to vary Exercise care to prevent positions and shapes from changing Additionally measurement leads an...

Страница 342: ...nce including relays is included The self test function can be used to verify that the unit s internal wir ing resistance is 1 or below See 8 6 Performing the Multiplexer Unit Self test p 166 Range 10...

Страница 343: ...sistance Example that would result in error Four terminal wiring from the instrument to the relay but two terminal wiring from the relay After extending measurement leads confirm operation and accurac...

Страница 344: ...ch the lead with another lead or jiggle the wiring and check the resistance value Appendix 14 Checking Measurement Faults 1 Disconnect the measurement lead plugs from the instrument while keeping the...

Страница 345: ...RL 101 50PC 5 kV DC between contacts LRL 101 100PC 10 kV DC between contacts Sanyu Switch USM 11524 5 kV DC between contacts USM 13624SB 10 kV DC between contacts 2 During withstanding voltage testing...

Страница 346: ...prox 70 g Total compression pressure approx 100 g Stroke approx 2 mm Model L2103 Pin Type Lead Model L2104 4 Terminal Lead The tips have a four terminal design developed for floating foot testing of I...

Страница 347: ...utions regarding the mounting screws to avoid instrument damage and electric shock accidents When installing the Rack Mounting Plate the screws must not intrude more than 3 5 mm into either side of th...

Страница 348: ...feed from the bot tom of the instrument and the screws from the sides four near the front 2 Installing the spacers on both sides of the instrument affix the Rack Mounting Plate with the M4 10 mm scre...

Страница 349: ...Appendix 18 Outline Drawing A37 Appendix Appendix 18 Outline Drawing...

Страница 350: ...ibration point Manufacturer Standard model Standard resistor 1 G JAPAN FINECHEM RH1 2HV 1 G Standard resistor 10 to 100 M Fluke Equivalent to 5700A Standard resistor 1 Alpha Electronics Equivalent to...

Страница 351: ...F 10 m 0 10 m ON OFF With or without 1 100 m 0 100 m ON OFF High Low With or without 1 1 0 1 ON OFF High Low With or without 1 10 0 10 ON OFF High Low With or without 1 100 0 100 ON OFF High Low With...

Страница 352: ...onnection with standard resistor Shielded wiring 2 m or less Connection with FLUKE 5700A 100 M range 0 calibration Connection with FLUKE 5700A 10 range to 100 M range See Appendix 6 Zero Adjustment p...

Страница 353: ...act and no measured value may be displayed Connect the metal exterior of standard resistors and dial resistors to the instrument s GUARD potential See Appendix 7 Unstable Measured Values p A12 Do not...

Страница 354: ...ix 19 Calibration A42 When using the YOKOGAWA 2792 to calibration Use the 4 terminal Lead from Hioki Note that connection cannot be made with the Clip Type Lead Correct 4 terminal Lead Clip Type Lead...

Страница 355: ...43 Appendix The System Settings screen includes an adjustment screen The Adjustment screen is used in repairs and adjustment carried out by Hioki It is not avail able for use by end users Appendix 20...

Страница 356: ...ication software The sample application can be downloaded from the Hioki website http www hioki com Appendix 21 Instrument Settings Memo Screen Setting and Key Setting Measurement screen COMP PANEL AU...

Страница 357: ...ELAY AVERAGE AUTO HOLD SCALING A R B OVC LOW POWER MEAS CURRENT DIGITS CURR ERROR MODE CONTACT CHECK CONTACT IMPRV 100M PRECISION System Setting screen SYS TERMINAL 2 STATISTICS TEMP INPUT CALIBRATION...

Страница 358: ...reen SETTING EXT I O Setting screen I O TRIG SOURCE TRIG EDGE TRIG PRINT FILT EOM MODE JUDGE BCD MODE Communications Interface Setting screen IF INTERFACE SPEED GP IB 1 DATA OUT CMD MONITOR PRINT INTR...

Страница 359: ...Clock 133 COMP 22 100 COMP OUT Terminal 22 Comparator Does not light up 284 Comparator decision beeper 105 Comparator Function 98 Conductive paint 33 Conductive rubber 33 Connectors 33 Contact Poor or...

Страница 360: ...g in memory 233 Unstable 285 A 12 Unstable and errors A 29 Measurement Conditions 63 119 Loading 121 Saving 120 Measurement Current 33 66 Measurement faults 55 181 295 A 32 Measurement Leads Connectin...

Страница 361: ...Shunt resistor A 18 Signal pinouts 177 Solenoids 33 SPEED 22 50 Standard deviation of sample 111 STAT 113 Statistical calculation results 114 Printing 245 Statistical calculations 111 112 SW ERR 55 Sw...

Страница 362: ...Index Index 4...

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