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VeEX UX400, User Manual

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7.5.9 Round Trip Delay

The Round Trip Delay (Propagation Delay) measurement works by sending a test pattern with an error. The time it takes for the error to reach the receiver is the

propagation time through the network.

Select SDH as TX/RX standard.

View the Round Trip Delay of a looped back signal.

Set check box on Setup RX pattern to Out-of-Service.

Round Trip Delay Results

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7.4.10 One Way Delay

Available with Dual Port Testing Application.

One Way Delay

UX400 10G e-Manual D07-00-058P RevA00

Page 188 of 209

Summary of Contents for UX400

Page 1: ...UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 1 of 209 ...

Page 2: ...tection 4 4 Connectors and Panels 4 4 1 Test Modules 4 4 2 RJ 45 Interface 4 4 3 Bantam Interface 4 4 4 BNC Interface 4 4 5 XFP SFP Transceiver Interface 4 4 6 SMA Interface 4 4 7 Utility Ports 4 5 LEDs 4 6 Software Upgrade 5 0 Basic Set up and Common Tasks 5 1 Home Screen Tabs 5 2 Common Tasks 5 2 1 Assigning Test Modules 5 3 Platform Settings 5 3 1 Tools 5 3 2 Utilities 5 3 3 Files UX400 10G e M...

Page 3: ...lts 6 2 2 1 Summary 6 2 2 2 Signal 6 2 2 2 Errors 6 2 2 3 Alarms 6 2 2 5 Events 6 2 2 6 Traffic 6 2 2 7 Delay 6 2 2 8 Rates 6 2 3 Saving BERT Results 6 3 RFC2544 6 3 1 Setup 6 3 1 1 Header Settings 6 3 1 2 Frames Settings 6 3 1 3 Threshold Settings 6 3 1 4 Throughput Latency Frame Loss and Burst Settings 6 3 1 5 Starting Stopping a RFC 2544 Measurement 6 3 2 Results 6 3 2 1 Status 6 3 2 2 Summary ...

Page 4: ... Signal 6 4 2 4 Event Log 6 5 Throughput 6 5 1 Setup 6 5 1 1 General Throughput Settings 6 5 1 2 Header Settings 6 5 1 3 Traffic Settings 6 5 1 4 Error Injection Settings 6 5 1 5 Alarm Injection Settings 6 5 1 6 Summary 6 5 1 7 Starting Stopping a Throughput Test 6 5 2 Throughput Results 6 5 2 1 Global Results 6 5 2 2 Per Stream Results 6 5 3 Saving Throughput Results 6 6 Loopback 6 6 1 Setup 6 6 ...

Page 5: ...re 7 1 1 4 Payload 7 1 1 5 Pattern 7 1 2 Measurements Setup 7 1 2 1 Timer Setup 7 1 2 2 Performance Analysis 7 1 3 General Setup 7 2 Results 7 2 1 Summary 7 2 2 Errors and Alarms 7 2 3 Event Log 7 2 4 Signal 7 2 5 Histogram 7 2 6 Graph 7 2 7 Performance Analysis 7 2 7 1 Evaluation According to ITU T G 821 7 2 7 2 Evaluation According to ITU T G 826 7 2 7 3 Evaluation According to ITU T G 828 UX400...

Page 6: ... 7 3 2 2 SONET Alarms 7 3 2 3 OTN Alarms 7 3 3 Error Generation 7 3 3 1 SDH Errors 7 3 3 2 SONET Errors 7 3 3 3 OTN Errors 7 3 4 Error Flow 7 3 4 Pattern Error 7 4 SONET Tools 7 4 1 Overhead Analyzer 7 4 1 1 Section Overhead SOH 7 4 1 2 Path Overhead Layer POH 7 4 1 3 Summary 7 4 2 Overhead Generator 7 4 3 Pointer Tasks 7 4 3 1 Pointer Analysis 7 4 3 2 Pointer Generator 7 4 3 3 Pointer Sequences 7...

Page 7: ...ks 7 5 3 1 Pointer Analysis 7 5 3 2 Pointer Generation 7 5 3 3 Pointer Sequences 7 5 4 Trace Identifier 7 5 4 1 Transmitted Traces TX 7 5 4 2 Received Traces RX 7 5 5 Payload Labels 7 5 6 APS Tasks 7 5 6 1 APS Timing 7 5 7 Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM 7 5 8 Tributary Scan 7 5 9 Round Trip Delay 7 4 10 One Way Delay 7 6 OTN Tools 7 6 1 Overhead Analyzer Generator 7 6 1 1 OTN Frame Analysis 7 6 ...

Page 8: ...fier Trail Trace Identifier 7 6 4 TCM Tasks Tandem Connection Monitoring 7 7 PDH Tools 7 7 1 E1 APS Testing 7 7 2 E1 Frame Words 7 7 3 E1 RX Data 7 7 4 DS1 RX Data 7 8 Profiles 8 0 Warranty and Software 9 0 Product Specifications 10 0 Certification and Declarations 11 0 About VeEX Go back to top UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 8 of 209 ...

Page 9: ...spective companies No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted electronically or otherwise without written permission from VeEX Inc This device uses software either developed by VeEX Inc or licensed by VeEX Inc from third parties The software is confidential and proprietary of VeEX Inc The software is protected by copyright and contains trade secrets of VeEX Inc or VeEX s licensors T...

Page 10: ...change modules Large high resolution 10 4 color touch screen VGA monitor port microphone headset built in speaker Built in GPS timing and Atomic Rubidium clock Provide accurate and stable timing reference when an office clock is not available e g Mobile Station Verify the accuracy of a received network clock Intel Atom 1 6GHz Processor 2GB DDR 8GB SDD up to 32GB High capacity Li ion battery pack 1...

Page 11: ...ic discharge To minimize the risk of damage when replacing or handling test modules make sure to follow proper ESD procedures and dissipate any electrostatic charge from your body and tools and the use proper grounding gear Perform all work at a workplace that is protected against electrostatic discharging Inserting extracting or handling test modules Never touch any exposed contacts printed circu...

Page 12: ...m storage the battery pack should be stored at 20 C 68 F room temperature charged to about 30 to 50 of its capacity Spare battery packs should be charged and used at least once a year to prevent over discharge rotate them regularly It is recommended to charge and use battery packs at least every three months Battery packs shall not go without recharging reconditioning for more than six months Afte...

Page 13: ... the unit press the Power key for at least 2 seconds If the unit is not responding holding the Power key down for more than 10 seconds will force the unit to power down Note No results or configurations are saved during the emergency shut down Go back to top Go back to TOC 4 1 Keypad The keypad comprises the following keys UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 13 of 209 ...

Page 14: ...e unit s memory If the measurement is still running it will provide a snapshot the moment the key is pressed The Save function provides automatic storage with automatic naming and time stamping function To process a stored file please go to 7 0 Files in the V300 Common Functions manual Press the key again to cancel the save operation Lock key Can be configured to lock the keypad or capture the cur...

Page 15: ...ults may be lost Battery Safety precautions Refer to section 3 0 Safety Information Go back to top Go back to TOC 4 3 1 Using the Built in Battery Backup System An internal battery pack option is available for the UX400 system to provide uninterrupted operation during short power outages or as a time saving convenience when moving the test set from one point to another without having to cycle powe...

Page 16: ...the new module user is trying to activate 4 3 2 Battery Overdraw Protection On battery power when the capacity reaches 10 the UX400 notifies users with a pop up warning message and an intermittent audible alarm If the previous message is ignored and the total capacity falls under 5 the UX400 immediately initiates the emergency shutdown procedure for safety and to protect its battery from damage On...

Page 17: ...terface input and output Audio headset for VoIP application 2 5G Test Module Dual 2 5 G ports Single BERT Dual BERT Bi directional line payload through monitor Test rates supported STM 0e STM 0 STM 1 STM 1e STM 4 STM 16 VC 11 VC12 VC 3 VC 4 VC 4 4c VC 4 16c STS 1 OC 1 OC 3 OC 12 OC 48 VT 1 5 VT 2 STS 1 SPE STS 3c SPE STS 12c SPE STS 48c SPE PDH DSn E1 E2 E3 DS1 DS3 E4 Audio headset for ISDN PRI an...

Page 18: ...SONET testing Generation evaluation of STM 256 signal according to ITU T G 707 Generation evaluation of OC 768 signal according to ANSI T1 105 SDH Mapping VC 4 256c VC 4 64c VC 4 16c VC 4 4c VC 4 to VT1 5 VT2 0 PDH Analysis internal E3 E1 analysis Full ITU T performance monitoring APS testing Test pattern and Alarm generation Error Insertion Overhead display decode and generation Trace identifier ...

Page 19: ...tails The standard optical connector type used on SFP transceivers is LC Please use appropriate low reflectance patchcords Ultra Physical Contact UPC and note the damage level associated with each Transceiver Customers opting to use or provide their own SFPs should ensure that the transceivers are multi rate and that digital diagnostics are supported this enables the optical power and other measur...

Page 20: ... are two methods of updating the test set software via USB port or ReVeal UX400 software Downloading UX400 Software from the VeEX website Enter Username and Password under Customers Login Click on the Customers tab at the top of the screen after successfully logging in Click on Software located in the Functions toolbar on the left side of the screen Search for and download the latest UX400 softwar...

Page 21: ...he USB Select the ones that apply A message will appear on screen stating the upgrade is in progress Installing the software will take a few minutes Note Do not remove the USB memory stick until upgrade is complete Doing so will interrupt the software upgrade and corrupt the upgrade progress Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 21 of 209 ...

Page 22: ...ation assigned to one of the tabs on the bottom of the screen Displays the power status of the unit on AC Power battery status Save to files Go back to top Go back to TOC 5 2 Common Tasks 5 2 1 Assigning Test Modules UX400 can simultaneously run up to six tests There are six test tabs on the bottom of the unit s screen A different test module can be assigned to each of these tabs Test Tabs 1 Click...

Page 23: ...ed for the selected test module Test Module Application Loading When the configuration is complete the home screen of that test module will be displayed on the screen The user will be ready to set up the parameters for different tests possible for that module Test Module Application Home Screen 40G UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 23 of 209 ...

Page 24: ...e button on the top panel of the screen To free up an already assigned tab 1 Click on the tab that needs to be made free 2 Return to the main modules screen 3 Click on the Release button on the right side of the module location illustration A pop up window will ask for confirmation of the action Releasing a Test Tab 4 Click Yes to confirm and release the tab The tab is now free to be assigned for ...

Page 25: ...ring Test Module Application Home Screen 100GE Note Depending on the type of test module single or dual port one or two test tabs can be assigned to a test module UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 25 of 209 ...

Page 26: ...f the screen Go back to top Go back to TOC 5 3 Platform Settings Test ports and network settings are required prior to performing any measurements or applications The platform settings screen can be entered by clicking the arrow button on the top left corner of the main screen The following options are available Tools Utilities Files Go back to top Go back to TOC 5 3 1 Tools Tap the Tools button t...

Page 27: ... at anytime during operation by pressing the Home key Go back to top Go back to TOC 5 3 2 Utilities The Utilities tab on the settings home screen offers the following options Settings Backlight Utilities Menu UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 27 of 209 ...

Page 28: ...bout Gives information about the unit the serial number the version of the software running on the unit customer care number Management MAC address options installed on the unit and also information about the different modules installed on the unit Utilities Settings About Page 1 Utilities Settings About Page 2 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 28 of 209 ...

Page 29: ...The Backlight tab which can also be accessed directly from the Utilities menu on the left side of the screen shows information about the Battery Power AC Power and Brightness adjustment tool Utilities Backlight Battery Power Utilities Backlight AC Power UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 29 of 209 ...

Page 30: ...lps in configuring the Lock button on the keypad to either lock the screen or take a screenshot Select Save Screen to configure the Lock button to take a screenshot Then the following settings can be configured Save Screen Compression Level The saved screen shot can be compressed to keep the size of the captured file small Save Screen Current Number The number of screen shots already captured Save...

Page 31: ...ilities Save Screen Go back to top Go back to TOC Date Time The date and time settings for the unit can be set through this tab Date Time Configuration UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 31 of 209 ...

Page 32: ...ack to TOC Power The Power tab displays the source of the power to the unit and status of the battery Power Source and Battery Status Go back to top Go back to TOC 5 3 3 Files The Files tab shows all the test results files saved on the unit UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 32 of 209 ...

Page 33: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 33 of 209 ...

Page 34: ...t Testing App Selection The module will be configured and the progress will be displayed on the unit s screen System Configuring The 10GE home page will be displayed with links to all possible tests The Test Tab in the bottom of the screen will be red in color and so will be the soft LEDs for Signal and Frame on the left side of the screen 10GE Test App Home Screen Single Port UX400 10G e Manual D...

Page 35: ...test feature combinations are allowed and completely independent Loopback BERT Throughput RFC2544 V SAM in dual port operation However some advanced tools like VoIP IPTV VLAN scan Packet Capture are only available in single port testing mode The User Interface will provide an error message when a feature is not available in dual port operation Start All The Start All button is located on the right...

Page 36: ...e test is started the test will run for the configured duration and stop automatically TX Start Separated and Coupled Configure how the measurements are started when in BERT and Multiple Streams test modes Separated Independent control Start Stop of the transmitter is enabled At the start of the test only the receiver is turned on the user must start the transmitter manually Coupled Transmitter an...

Page 37: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 37 of 209 ...

Page 38: ...anually starts and stops the measurements Timed mode User defines the duration of the test after the test is started the test will run for the configured duration and stop automatically TX Start Separated and Coupled Configure how the measurements are started when in BERT and Multiple Streams test modes Separated Independent control Start Stop of the transmitter is enabled At the start of the test...

Page 39: ...Measurement Mode Measurement TX Start Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 39 of 209 ...

Page 40: ...ield MAC Address A default or user configured Media Access Control MAC address is added to the frame BERT Setup Header Layer 2 Layer 3 Framed BERT MAC Address A default or user configured Media Access Control MAC address is added to the frame IP Address A default or user configured IP address is added to the frame BERT Setup Header Layer 3 Layer 4 Framed BERT same as Layer 2 3 Framed MAC Address A...

Page 41: ... to 3 MPLS tags Note MPLS tag configuration is only available when the MPLS option is purchased PROTOCOL Layer 4 only UDP or TCP The most common Ethernet Frame format Type II Go back to top Go back to TOC MAC VLAN MPLS IP and Test Pattern Configurations To configure the MAC addresses IP addresses VLAN tag s MPLS tag s and test pattern tap on the frame image displayed on the screen This brings up t...

Page 42: ...urations are therefore set to 4094 VLAN Priority Configurable in the range 0 to 6 Set by the Priority Code Point PCP a 3 bit field which refers to the IEEE 802 1p priority It indicates the frame priority level from 0 lowest to 7 highest which can be used to prioritize different classes of traffic voice video data etc Type The following selections are possible 8100 IEEE 802 1Q tagged frame 88a8 IEE...

Page 43: ...e default setting is 128 hops Note Used to decrement the time to live counter BERT Setup MPLS configuration Layer 3 4 Go back to top Go back to TOC IP Tab only for Layer 3 4 In the IP tab the user must configure the destination IP address and source address The user may also configure the following IP header fields IP Type IPv4 IP Source and IP Destination For IP Source if the IP connection is up ...

Page 44: ...sed for special measurement tasks e g delay measurements at higher bit rates 2E23 1 8 388 607 bit pattern primarily intended for error and jitter measurements at bit rates of 34 368 and 139 264 kbps 2E15 1 32 767 bit pattern primarily intended for error and jitter measurements at bit rates of 1544 2048 6312 8448 32 064 and 44 736 kbps 2E11 1 2047 bit pattern primarily intended for error and jitter...

Page 45: ...considered for these results MAC Destination address MAC Source address VLAN DSCP for Layer 3 4 Protocol Type for Layer 3 4 IP Destination for Layer 3 4 IP Source for Layer 3 4 Destination Port for Layer 4 Source Port for Layer 4 BERT Setup RX Filter Layer 2 BERT Setup RX Filter Layer 3 BERT Setup RX Filter Layer 4 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 45 of 209 ...

Page 46: ...nfigure the number of frames to be transmitted in the burst along with the bandwidth For example if 100000 frames are transmitted at 12 5 of bandwidth on a 1Gbps line 100000 frames will transmit at a rate of 125Mbps and then the burst will stop Frame Size Type Fixed or Uniform min and max frame length values Uniform traffic is traffic generated with a uniform distribution of frame lengths Frame Si...

Page 47: ...ksum Layer 3 4 only TCP UDP Checksum Layer 4 only Injection Flow The error injection flow determines how the selected errors will be injected Single Count Configures the error count via a numeric keypad Rate 1E 3 5E 4 2E 4 1E 4 5E 5 2E 5 1E 5 5E 6 2E 6 1E 6 5E 7 2E 7 1E 7 5E 8 2E 8 1E 8 5E 9 2E 9 1E 9 or User Defined The user may configure the desired rate using the on screen keypad BERT Setup Err...

Page 48: ...Alarm Injection tab Once the test is running alarm injection can be performed by pressing the Alarm Inject button on the right side of the screen Alarm Type Local Fault Remote Fault PCS HI BER PCS LOBL Alarm Flow The alarm flow determines how the selected alarms will be injected A specific Count or Conitnue continuous can be selected Alarm Length 1s 10s or 100s BERT Setup Alarm Injection Go back t...

Page 49: ...u The status of each selected test can be seen in the Results tab Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 3 2 BERT Results 6 3 2 1 Summary Summary tab The following results including the Start ST and Elapsed ET times are displayed Line Rate Mbps Negotiated rate of the interface 10M 100M or 1000M This value is always fixed since it depends on the maximum capacity of the link under test hence the test inter...

Page 50: ...alid code group in the transmission code is detected FCS CRC Number of received frames with an invalid FCS IP Checksum Layer 3 4 only IP Checksum Rate Layer 3 4 only TCP UDP Checksum Layer 4 only TCP UDP Checksum Rate Layer 4 only Jabber frames Number of received frames larger than 1518 bytes containing an invalid FCS Runt frames Number of received frames smaller than 64 bytes containing an invali...

Page 51: ...on of the service disruptions Last Min Max Minimum and maximum duration of the service disruption events No of Occurrences Counter of service disruption events Local Fault Remote Fault PCS HI BER High bit error rate of sync header PCS LOBL Loss of block lock BERT Results Alarms Page 1 BERT Results Alarms Page 2 Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 2 2 5 Events Events tab A time stamped record or log of...

Page 52: ...Traffic Go back to top Go back to TOC Frames The following Frame distribution statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage Received RX frames Total frames Test frames VLAN tagged frames VLAN stacked frames MPLS Layer 3 and 4 only MPLS Stack Layer 3 and 4 only Non test frames Transmitted TX frames Total frame Total frames transmitted Pause frames Total number of transmitted and received Etherne...

Page 53: ...ticast frames Number of Multicast frames received without FCS errors Layer 3 Unicast For Layer 3 4 Layer 3 Broadcast For Layer 3 4 Layer 3 Multicast For Layer 3 4 BERT Results Traffic Type Go back to top Go back to TOC Frame Size The following Frame distribution statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage 64 bytes frames 64 127 byte frames 128 255 byte frames 256 511 byte frames 512 1023 byte...

Page 54: ...C 6 2 2 8 Rates Rate statistics are displayed in a graph format Tap on either gauge to see rate details in table form The table shows transmitted Tx and received Rx current minimum maximum and average frame rates FPS and Data Rates Mbps Frame Rate in Frames per second FPS Number of received frames including bad frames Broadcast frames and Multicast frames Data Rate Efficiency in Mbps Received data...

Page 55: ...s been stopped the results can be saved by pressing the Save key on the platform s keypad A window will open giving the option of naming the results file Enter the desired name for the file and tap apply The results will be saved BERT Results Save UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 55 of 209 ...

Page 56: ...ults are saved they can be viewed or renamed by going to Tools System Settings screen Files Please see Chapter 5 3 3 Files section Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 56 of 209 ...

Page 57: ...tion A summary of the RFC 2544 setup options are outlined below Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 3 1 1 Header Settings Profile Load a previously configured test profile or create a new profile from existing settings Currently its set to Default Test Layer Select the test layer to perform the test Options are Layer 2 Layer 3 or Layer 4 Frame Type Select the Ethernet frame type for Layer 2 or Layer 3...

Page 58: ...creen shot below MAC Destination Configure the destination MAC address of the far end partner test set See MAC address editing screen shot below Ethernet Type Can be configured for Layer 2 RFC2544 Setup MAC Layer 2 RFC2544 MAC Editing Data No payload selection is possible for Layer 2 The payload area is populated with a VeEX signature field and other proprietary data RFC2544 Data Layer 2 UX400 10G...

Page 59: ...n the setup main screen for Layer 2 then the VLAN Frame will be visible on the Frames figure Tap on the VLAN frame to configure the following VLAN ID Priority Tag Type Ethernet Type 8100 88a8 or User Defined Drop Eligible If enabled drop eligibility flag will be set RFC2544 Setup VLAN Layer 2 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 59 of 209 ...

Page 60: ...Type 8847 MPLS unicast or 8848 MPLS multicast RFC2544 Setup MAC Layer 3 IP Configure the source and destination IP addresses The following IP header fields can be configured IP Type IPv4 Source IP Address Destination IP Address IP TOS for quality of service testing Legacy TOS DSCP If Legacy TOS is selected then the parameters that can be configured are Precedence and TOS Values If DSCP is selected...

Page 61: ...MAC Source address VLAN DSCP Protocol Type IP Destination IP Source RFC2544 RX Filter Layer 3 MPLS If MPLS tag was selected on the setup main screen for Layer 3 then the MPLS Frame will be visible on the Frames figure Tap on the MPLS frame to configure the flollowing MPLS label CoS priority settings TTL S bit RFC2544 Setup MPLS Layer 3 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 61 of 209 ...

Page 62: ...ing VLAN ID Priority Tag Type Ethernet Type RFC2544 VLAN Setup Layer 3 Note Please refer to the BERT application for more details Layer 4 Same as Layer 3 except for following possible configurations UDP TCS Source Port Destination Port RX Filter has filters for Destination Port and Source Port RFC2544 UDP TCS Layer 4 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 62 of 209 ...

Page 63: ...024 1280 and 1518 bytes The default selected frame is 1518 bytes To select deselect any of the recommended test frames check the box to the right of the desired frame Add frame Two additional user configurable test frames of any size ranging from 64 bytes to 9000 bytes can be added To add additional test frames tap the Add Frame button Enter the frame size using the numeric keypad and click apply ...

Page 64: ...m by checking unchecking a selection box in the respective tab for each test By default all four tests are enabled Throughput test can not be disabled The following parameters must be configured before running the RFC 2544 conformance test suite Throughput Max Rate Up to 100 of the negotiated line rate The default value is 100 This is the maximum transmit rate to perform the throughput test for ea...

Page 65: ... value is 100 This is the maximum transmit rate to perform the frame loss test for each test frame size The user may configure this rate as a of the total line rate or in Mbps For example if the user configures the Max Rate to be 90 and the negotiated line rate of the link is 100Mbps then the maximum transmit rate will be 90Mbps or 90 of the line rate Step Size 1 to 10 The default value is 10 The ...

Page 66: ...100 The default value is 1 This is the amount of times that the burst test will be repeated for each test frame size RFC2544 Burst Settings Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 3 1 5 Starting Stopping a RFC 2544 Measurement Once all configurations have been made tap the Start button on the right section of the screen to start the measurements Note If testing on the fiber ports make sure the LASER is tu...

Page 67: ...tiated rate of the interface 10M 100M or 1000M This value is always fixed since it depends on the maximum capacity of the link under test hence the test interface that is configured Utilization of Line Rate For example if we transmit 100Mbps on a 1Gbps interface then the utilization value is 10 or 100Mbps of the total link capacity or Line Rate Utilization bps Framed Rate Payload MAC IP Header VLA...

Page 68: ...RFC2544 Results Signal Page 2 RFC2544 Results Signal Page 3 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 68 of 209 ...

Page 69: ...le formats Use the drop down menu to change the display format Graphical Throughput results are displayed in a bar graph form Summary table and test log table display byte size Tx Percentage of test frames transmitted by the unit Rx Percentage of test frames received by the unit P F Pass Fail test status determined by test criteria set in the Threshold tab RFC2544 Results Throughput Summary RFC254...

Page 70: ...RFC2544 Results Throughput Rx Graphical RFC2544 Results Throughput Test Log UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 70 of 209 ...

Page 71: ... form Latency us vs Frame size bytes Summary and Test Log tables display byte size Latency us Round trip delay latency Rate Percentage of frames transmitted Data rate used for latency test Pass Fail test status Use the drop down menu to select the Latency format RFC2544 Latency Results Graphical RFC2544 Latency Results Summary RFC2544 Latency Results Test Log UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 ...

Page 72: ...RFC2544 Jitter Results Graphical RFC2544 Jitter Results Summary UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 72 of 209 ...

Page 73: ...he Frame Loss format Summary and Test log tables display test frame length byte size frame loss from received traffic and rate transmitted Graphical Frame Loss displayed in line graph form Frame size bytes vs Rate Tap on the Graphical Tab to see the legend RFC2544 Results Frame Loss Graphical RFC2544 Results Graph Legend UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 73 of 209 ...

Page 74: ...RFC2544 Results Frame Loss Summary RFC2544 Results Frame Loss Test Log UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 74 of 209 ...

Page 75: ...e Frame Count and Duration seconds for each test frame length RFC2544 Results Burst Summary RFC2544 Results Burst Test Log Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 3 3 Saving RFC 2544 Results Once the test has been stopped the results can be saved by pressing the Save key on the platform s keypad A window will open giving the option of naming the results file Enter the desired name for the file and tap app...

Page 76: ...ults are saved they can be viewed or renamed by going to Tools System Settings screen Files Please see Chapter 5 3 3 Files section Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 76 of 209 ...

Page 77: ...re tested simultaneously over an extended period of time to verify network robustness Test Application Phase 1 Service Configuration Test The service configuration test is broken down into three steps The steps are tested individually for all the services delivered on the same line Step 1 Committed Information Rate CIR Test Traffic is transmitted at the CIR for a short period of time and the recei...

Page 78: ...ation Test Enable or Disable the configuration test Service Performance Test Enable or Disable the performance test Service Configuration and Performance Tests can be enabled independently CIR Test Config Tap on the box to configure the Committed Information Rate Test on another screen Duration Select the Service Performance Test duration Options are 15min 30min 1hr 2hr 24hr or user defined If use...

Page 79: ...9 sec Tap on the table to modify the CIR value percentage for each step CIR Test Config Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 4 1 1 Header Settings Service Select a service to configure Service Name Assign a name to the service if desired Frame Type 802 3 Raw or Ethernet II DIX Frame Size Type A fixed frame size is chosen as default Frame Size Input a fixed frame size within the range of 64 10000 bytes ...

Page 80: ...the overhead and ending at the CRC V SAM Services Header Excess Information Rate EIR Maximum rate above the CIR at which the customer can send frames that will be forwarded on a best effort basis but may be dropped in the event of congestion within the network The combined CIR and EIR must not exceed the line bandwidth Traffic beyond CIR EIR will be dropped when it enters the carrier s network Tap...

Page 81: ...9 and 1 us 999sec The user can also choose to Disable the FTD threshold evaluation FTD will be measured anyway but the value will not contribute toward passing or failing the service IFDV Maximum frame jitter allowed to still be compliant with the SLA FDV is only guaranteed for traffic conforming to the CIR Values are measured in us ms or sec Input a value within the digital range of 001 999 and 1...

Page 82: ...splay min mean and max values for IR Mbps FTD FDV Frame Loss Count and Frame Loss Ratio If Step Load was selected for the CIR Test these values will be displayed for each step If any measured values do not meet the service test parameters set in the Bandwidth and Threshold tabs the test fails IR Mbps Information Rate Measures the average Ethernet frame rate starting at the MAC address field and en...

Page 83: ...n allowed by the FLR and CIR EIR CIR EIR Test Service 1 Policing test The test passes if the received traffic rate is at least at the CIR minus the margin allowed by the FLR but does not exceed the allowed CIR EIR Policing Test Service 1 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 83 of 209 ...

Page 84: ...tion Availability Minimum percentage of service availability allowed to still be compliant with the SLA The service becomes unavailable if more than 50 of the frames are errored or missing in a one second interval Availability is only guaranteed for traffic conforming to the CIR Total RX Frames Total number of frames received Errored Frame Count Number of frames with CRC or IP Checksum errors Meas...

Page 85: ...o top Go back to TOC 6 4 2 3 Signal The Signal tab displays the optical level measured by the SFP or XFP transceiver Signal Page 1 Signal Page 2 Signal Page 3 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 85 of 209 ...

Page 86: ...ck to top Go back to TOC 6 4 2 4 Event Log A time stamped record or log of test types and test statuses start stop Event Log Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 86 of 209 ...

Page 87: ...e Header and related setups are the same as the ones described in section 6 3 RFC 2544 and 6 2 BERT The following parameters must be configured prior to performing a Throughput test Number of streams See General Settings below Bandwidth per stream See General Settings below Test layer Frame Type VLAN tag s MPLS tag s Frame header per stream if applicable Traffic profile per stream if applicable Er...

Page 88: ...tup If all of the streams are going to the same far end unit then the MAC IP destination addresses must be the same on all of the streams If any of the traffic streams are going to more than one far end unit then ensure the correct MAC IP destination addresses are configured for the respective streams Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 5 1 3 Traffic Settings Per Stream Configuration In the Traffic ta...

Page 89: ... performed during test The type of errors and error injection are configured in the Error Injection tab Once the test is running error injection can be performed by pressing the Error Inject button on the right side of the screen Stream Select the stream to configure Error type Select from CRC or PCS Errored Block Injection Flow The error injection flow determines how the selected errors will be i...

Page 90: ...n of each stream Tap on the appropriate box of each tab to reconfigure the source or destination information if desired Throughput Setup Summary MAC List Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 5 1 7 Starting Stopping a Throughput Test Once all configurations have been made tap the Start button on the right section of the screen to start the measurements Note If testing on the fiber ports make sure the LA...

Page 91: ...l Stream Summary QoS QoS values are based on packet statistic thresholds for roundtrip delay jitter frame loss and IP checksum from the ITU T Y 1541 standard Below is a list of IP network QoS class definitions and network performance objectives from Y 1541 U denotes unspecified or unbounded and signifies that no objective was established for this parameter and default Y 1541 objectives do not appl...

Page 92: ...he utilization value is 10 or 100Mbps of the total link capacity or Line Rate Utilization bps Framed Rate Payload MAC IP Header VLAN Tag Type Length CRC Payload Total Overhead Line Rate in Mbps Data Rate Payload Payload Total Overhead Line Rate Total of frames Bad frames Throughput Results Global Aggregate Go back to top Go back to TOC The Global Signal screen fiber ports only displays the optical...

Page 93: ...PCS Errored Block FCS CRC Number of received frames with an invalid Frame Check Sequence FCS Jabber frames Number of received frames larger than 1518 bytes containing an invalid FCS Runt frames Number of received frames smaller than 64 bytes containing an invalid FCS Throughtput Results Global Errors UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 93 of 209 ...

Page 94: ...n of the service disruptions Min Max Minimum and maximum duration of the service disruption events No of Occurrences Counter of service disruption events Local Fault Remote Fault PCS HI BER PCS LOBL Throughtput Results Global Alarms Page 1 Throughtput Results Global Alarms Page 2 Go back to top Go back to TOC The Global Events screen displays the Time Event Type Number of Events and Test Type Thro...

Page 95: ... Frames The following Frame distribution statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage Received RX frames Total frames Test frames VLAN tagged frames VLAN stacked frames MPLS Layer 3 and 4 only MPLS Stack Layer 3 and 4 only Non test frames Transmitted TX frames Total frame Total frames transmitted Pause frames Total number of transmitted and received Ethernet pause flow control frames Throughpu...

Page 96: ... frames Number of Multicast frames received without FCS errors Layer 3 Unicast For Layer 3 4 Layer 3 Broadcast For Layer 3 4 Layer 3 Multicast For Layer 3 4 Throughput Results Traffic Type Go back to top Go back to TOC Frame Size The following Frame distribution statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage 64 bytes frames 64 127 byte frames 128 255 byte frames 256 511 byte frames 512 1023 byte...

Page 97: ...the parameters in each tab with the exception of Rates please refer back to the corresponding section in 6 5 2 1 Global Aggregate Results Summary Framed rate data rate of bytes total of frames associated with each stream Errors Errors associated with each stream Events Events associated with each stream Traffic Traffic statistics associated with each stream Delay Delay associated with each stream ...

Page 98: ...P Checksum Layer 4 only Jabber frames Number of received frames larger than 1518 bytes containing an invalid FCS Runt frames Number of received frames smaller than 64 bytes containing an invalid FCS Frame Loss Frame Loss OOS Throughtput Results Per Stream Errors Page 1 Throughtput Results Per Stream Errors Page 2 Go back to top Go back to TOC The Per Stream Events screen displays a Date and Time s...

Page 99: ...tribution pertaining to each stream Throughtput Results Per Stream Traffic Tap on the graph to see details for Frames RX and TX and Frame Size distribution Throughtput Results Per Stream Traffic Frames Throughtput Results Per Stream Traffic Frame Size UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 99 of 209 ...

Page 100: ...ughtput Results Per Stream Delay Go back to top Go back to TOC The Per Stream Rates screen displays the frame rate and data rate pertaining to each stream Throughtput Results Per Stream Rates Tap on the graph to see Rate Details Throughtput Results Per Stream Rate Details UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 100 of 209 ...

Page 101: ...ill open giving the option of naming the results file Enter the desired name for the file and tap apply The results will be saved Throughput Results Save Once the results are saved they can be viewed or renamed by going to Tools System Settings screen Files Please see Chapter 5 3 3 Files section Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 101 of 209 ...

Page 102: ...ill be looped back The loopback function will swap the MAC destination and MAC Source addresses for Layer 2 or MAC and IP destination and source addresses for Layer 3 All incoming frames with CRC errors will be dropped similar to what an Ethernet switch does All broadcast and multicast frames will be dropped including any incoming unicast frames that have the MAC Source address equal to the MAC De...

Page 103: ...ured Framed Rate Payload MAC IP Header VLAN Tag Type Length CRC Payload Total Overhead Line Rate in Mbps Data Rate Payload Payload Total Overhead Line Rate Utilization of Line Rate For example if we transmit 100Mbps on a 1Gbps interface then the utilization value is 10 or 100Mbps of the total link capacity or Line Rate Number of bytes Pause Frames Total number of transmitted and received ethernet ...

Page 104: ...of received frames with an invalid FCS IP Checksum Layer 3 4 only TCP UDP Checks Layer 4 only Jabber frames Number of received frames larger than 1518 bytes containing an invalid FCS Runt frames Number of received frames smaller than 64 bytes containing an invalid FCS Results Errors UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 104 of 209 ...

Page 105: ... current service disruption Total Total accumulated duration of the service disruptions Last Min Max Minimum and maximum duration of the service disruption events No of Occurances Counter of service disruption events Results Alarms Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 6 2 5 Events The Events tab gives a time stamped record or log of anomalies alarms test status start stop and test application Results E...

Page 106: ...following Traffic distribution statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage Layer 2 Unicast frames Number of Unicast frames received without FCS errors Layer 2 Broadcast frames Number of Broadcast frames received without FCS errors Broadcast frames have a MAC address equal to FF FF FF FF FF FF Layer 2 Multicast frames Number of Multicast frames received without FCS errors Results Traffic Traff...

Page 107: ... statistics are displayed in Count and Percentage 64 bytes frames 64 127 byte frames 128 255 byte frames 256 511 byte frames 512 1023 byte frames 1024 1279 byte frames 1280 1518 byte frames 1518 byte frames Jumbo frames Go back to top Go back to TOC 6 6 2 7 Delay Delay measures the interpacket gap start of the frame and preamble duration Frame arrival statistics are displayed in tabular format Cur...

Page 108: ...ows received Rx current minimum maximum and average frame rates FPS and Data Rates Mbps Frame rate in Frames per second FPS Number of received frames including bad frames Broadcast frames and Multicast frames Data rate in Mbps Received data rate expressed in Mbps Results Rates Rate Details Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 108 of 209 ...

Page 109: ...4096 VLAN IDs for switch configuration and displays VLAN ID bandwidth rates useful for identifying top bandwidth users based on VLAN ID Monitor mode monitors up to eight live traffic streams in terminate mode and filters them based on VLAN ID configuration providing key traffic metrics such as frame type rates and errors and alarms VLAN Scan While traffic is being received press Scan The Results t...

Page 110: ...a Tap on a parameter box to configure it Place a check next to a parameter to only receive traffic that matches this criteria For descriptions of each parameter please see 6 5 1 Setup for Throughput Testing Multiple Streams Press Monitor to monitor selected traffic For a description of traffic parameters from Global and Per Stream Results tabs please see 6 5 2 Throughput Results Monitor Setup UX40...

Page 111: ...Monitor Global Results Aggregate Monitor Global Results Stream Summary Monitor Per Stream Results Summary Monitor Per Stream Results Errors UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 111 of 209 ...

Page 112: ...formation is displayed in the Per Stream tab return to the VLAN ID tab Results Scan VLAN ID and verify that the VLAN ID boxes are checked Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 112 of 209 ...

Page 113: ...2 STM 64 OC 192 Test App Selection The module will be configured and the progress will be displayed on the unit s screen System Configuring The OTU2 STM 64 OC 192 Testing home page will be displayed with links to Setup Results Alarm Error Profiles SONET SDH Tools PDH Tools and OTN Tools The Test Tab in the bottom of the screen will be red in color and so will be the soft LEDs for UX400 10G e Manua...

Page 114: ...me will start blinking indicating the historical LOS condition Tap the History button displayed below the soft LEDs The LEDs will now turn steady green and the test tab will also turn green indicating the module is ready to perform different tests Note For Dual Port testing the Laser On step needs to be performed for both ports The ports can be switched by tapping on the respective buttons on the ...

Page 115: ...the right side of the dual port operation mode screen Tapping this button will simultaneously start a test on both ports Stop All Once the test starts on both ports the Start All button will change to Stop All Tapping on this button will simultaneously stop the test on both ports OTU2 STM 64 OC 192 Testing Dual Port Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 115 of 20...

Page 116: ...he Transmitter transmits as soon as a valid configuration is entered The Receiver will check for a valid signal on its input so the measurement function is synchronized When a test is not running the LEDs will still indicate errors and alarms but any other results displayed will be the results of a previous test Coupling TX and RX When the TX and RX signal structures are required to be identical o...

Page 117: ...unit can monitor it It is comparable to Monitor mode with a 10 90 splitter In Transparent mode the unit regenerates the signal in amplitude The clock is recovered from the received signal Note Through modes are used to test network behavior under certain conditions such as alarms and APS To select Payload Through the payload has to be the same for the relevant ports Network Type SONET SDH or OTN N...

Page 118: ... derived from the received signal and the jitter of the incoming signal is suppressed Offset The clock for the transmitter is derived from internal clock generator It can change the offset while measurements are running Use the numeric key to increase and decrease the frequency shift up to 0 01ppm Frequency offset 50ppm with 1 0 1 0 01ppm resolution Interface Menu Interface External Clock Go back ...

Page 119: ... Note TUG A Tributary Unit Group is the structure generated by combining several lower level tributaries into the next higher level tributary TU 12 Each TU 12 frame consists of 36 bytes structured as 4 columns of 9 bytes At a frame rate of 8000Hz these bytes provide a transport capacity of 2 304Mbps and accommodate the mapping of a 2 048Mbps signal 63 x TU 12s may be multiplexed into a STM 1 VC 4 ...

Page 120: ...apping selected SDH In TU11 VC11 mapping mode the Low Rate options are 1 544M or Fractional DS1 Nx64 or Nx56 where 1 544M Configures the transmitter for full rate testing at 1 544Mbps Fractional DS1 Nx64 or Nx56 Configures the transmitter for fractional testing using N or M 64kbps timeslots contiguous or non contiguous timeslots In VC3 mapping mode Tributary set to DS3 the Low Rate options are 45M...

Page 121: ... Configures the transmitter for full rate testing at 2 048Mbps Fractional E1 Configures the transmitter for fractional testing using N or M 64kbps timeslots contiguous or non contiguous timeslots In STS 1 mapping mode Tributary set to E3 the Low Rate options are 34M or 2M Mux E3 E1 Mux or Fractional E1 Mux E3 E1 Mux w Nx64 where 34M Configures the transmitter for full rate testing at 34Mbps 2M Mux...

Page 122: ... or days After programming the start time and duration press the Start button and the test will be activated automatically when the programmed start time is reached Note The timed mode will be required when running a M 2100 or M 2101 performance objective Measurements Auto Mode Measurements Timed Mode Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 1 2 2 Performance Analysis The Analysis section selects the ITU T...

Page 123: ...lusively with SDH sections Error event definition Based on measuring block errors M 2100 Performance limits for bringing into service and maintenance of international multi operator PDH paths and connections Deals exclusively with PDH paths sections and systems Based on measuring bit errors and block errors BIS limits for OOS ISM Evaluation periods of 15 minutes 2 hours and 24 hours First step is ...

Page 124: ...ermines how the APS measurement will be made SDH SONET SDH or SONET modes are available options Result on start On or Off Provides an automatic move to Result screen when it starts Auto Save Tap Auto Save and set it to ON to automatically save the results file Measurement Clock Source Internal Clock External 2MHz 2Mbit s Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 124 ...

Page 125: ...Alarms applicable to the signal or network under test The color of the page tab is normally blue however it will turn red when an alarm error condition has been detected or recorded The soft LEDs on screen are arranged logically and will depend on signal hierarchy structure payload and framing selected The soft LEDs have a tricolor function Green No error or alarm is present Red An error or alarm ...

Page 126: ... since the start of the test is shown in the upper right hand corner The alarms associated with the Section and Line are displayed separately for ease of interpretation Page 4 lists the High Order Path in logical order that are associated with the signal under test All alarms are evaluated and stored Errors Alarms SDH Page 3 Errors Alarms SDH Page 4 Go back to top Go back to TOC For OTN Page 3 4 l...

Page 127: ...ed with the signal under test Errors Alarms BERT SDH SONET Page 5 For OTN Page 5 6 lists the ODU OPU errors and alarms in logical order that are associated with the signal under test All alarms are evaluated and stored Errors Alarms OTN Page 5 Errors Alarms OTN Page 6 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 127 of 209 ...

Page 128: ...ed during a test The events are presented in chronological sequence Number Event number events are numbered sequentially Type Indicates alarm or error type Start Indicates when the alarm or error was detected Dur Count Indicates for how long the alarm or error was detected and provides duration alarms and ratio count errors The duration format is day hour minute second Pages Scroll through the pag...

Page 129: ... 192 signals OTN Measurements for OTU 1 and OTU 2 signals Signal Page 1 Page 2 The received signal frequency and offset is measured and displayed Current Indicates the frequency of the input signal Offset Indicates the difference between the standard rate and the rate of the input signal Min ppm Indicates the difference between the standard rate and the minimum deviation detected in the input sign...

Page 130: ...it must be connected to a Protected Monitoring Point PMP The frequency of the signal is normally reported in Hz while the deviation is reported in ppm Tolerances for the various clock frequencies of SDH hierarchies are presented in the table below For OTN signals the measurement is performed on the optical interfaces SFP for OTU 1 or XFP for OTU 2 Go back to top Go back to TOC Signal Page 3 Optica...

Page 131: ...lays the Errors associated with the SONET Errors For OTN OTU Errors Page 3 For SDH The Alarms and Errors associated with the Administrative Unit AU SDH The measured parameters are AU AIS AU Alarm Indication Signal AU LOP AU Loss of Pointer For SONET The Alarms and Errors associated with the STS PATH The measured parameters are AIS P STS Path AIS LOP P STS Path LOP For OTN ODU Alarms AIS OCI LCK BD...

Page 132: ... recorded during the measurement interval A dedicated page is available for each error type Scroll through the various pages to display the anomaly of interest The following error types are covered For SDH FAS B1 B2 MS REI B3 HP REI Bit For SONET FAS S BIP L BIP REI L P BIP REI P Bit For OTN OTU FAS OTU MFAS OTU BIP OTU BEI COR FEC UNCOR FE ODU BIP ODU BEI Bit Results Graph UX400 10G e Manual D07 ...

Page 133: ...s Bit errors TSE Test Sequence Error The following signals can be measured when performing G 821 evaluation of bit errors TSE Unframed patterns N x 64kbps Framed patterns and bulk signals Pass Fail result is in conjunction with path allocation between 0 1 and 100 Note ITU T G 821 evaluates bit errors therefore facilities for evaluating block errors are disabled G 821 relies on the evaluation of bi...

Page 134: ...ored Second SES A one second time interval in which more than 30 of the blocks are errored Block Error BE A block containing one or more errored bits Background Block Error BBE An errored block that is not a SES Unavailable Second UAS A circuit is considered to be unavailable from the first of at least ten consecutive SES The circuit is available from the first of at least ten consecutive seconds ...

Page 135: ... block errors G 828 Performance Analysis Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 2 7 4 Evaluation According to ITU T G 829 G 829 is based on the principle of monitoring block errors in service ES SES BBE and UAS are evaluated G 829 evaluation can be performed on the following events B1 B2 MS REI Bit errors TSE Evaluation of the near end and far end is possible however far end measurement can only be made ...

Page 136: ...S1 and S2 for ES and SES Settings for S1 and S2 Path allocation 0 1 to 100 BISO multiplication factor 0 1 to 100 The M 2100 evaluation can be performed on the following events FAS bit errors FAS2 FAS34 and FAS140 CRC 4 errors EBIT errors Bit errors TSE Evaluation is made at the Near End and at the Far End for PCM 30 31 signals with CRC Bit errors can be evaluated for Unframed patterns Framed patte...

Page 137: ...B3 HP REI LP BIP LP REI Bit errors TSE Evaluation of the near end and far end is possible but far end evaluations can only be made if REI is available Bit errors can be evaluated for Unframed patterns Framed patterns and bulk signals Overhead bytes E1 E2 order wire F1 F2 user D1 D3 and D4 D12 DCC in the SDH Overhead SOH and POH Note M 2101 measures block errors therefore bit error evaluation is di...

Page 138: ...or and Alarm defection criteria per ITU T G 707 and O 150 recommendations SDH Error and Alarm defection criteria per ITU T G 707 and O 150 recommendations UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 138 of 209 ...

Page 139: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 2 8 2 SONET SONET Error and Alarm definitions per Bellcore GR 253 and ANSI T1 105 recommendations UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 139 of 209 ...

Page 140: ...SONET Error and Alarm defection criteria per Bellcore GR 253 and ANSI T1 105 231 UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 140 of 209 ...

Page 141: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 2 8 3 OTN OTN Error and Alarm definitions per ITU T G 709 recommendations UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 141 of 209 ...

Page 142: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 142 of 209 ...

Page 143: ...top Go back to TOC 7 3 1 Setup Alarm and Error Injection The Alarm and Error screen will reflect the alarm and error types based on the test type settings selected in the Setup For instance the below screen shot is for SDH mode selected in Setup Setup Alarm and Error Injection Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 3 2 Alarm Generation Generation range of different anomalies into the transmit signal Alar...

Page 144: ...ure LOS LOF Line AIS Line RDI Section TIM Path LOP Path AIS Path UNEQ Path PLM Path RDI Path TIM SONET Alarm Type Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 3 2 3 OTN Alarms The following OTN alarms can be generated OTU 1 OTU 2 LOS LOF OOF OOM LOM AIS IAE BDI TIM ODU 1 OPU 2 AIS OCI LCK BDI TIM OPU 1 OTU 2 PLM SDH Payload alarms LOF MS AIS MS RDI RS TIM AU LOP AU AIS HP UNEQ HP PLM HP RDI HP TIM TU LOM TU LO...

Page 145: ...n OTN SDH and SONET errors can be generated Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 3 3 1 SDH Errors The following SDH errors can be generated STM 1 4 16 64 signals FAS B1 B2 MS REI B3 HP REI SDH Error Type UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 145 of 209 ...

Page 146: ...to TOC 7 3 3 2 SONET Errors The following SONET errors can be generated FAS Section BIP Line BIP Line REI Path BIP Path REI SONET Error Type Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 146 of 209 ...

Page 147: ...Error insertion flow modes include Single Inserts a single error every time the insertion button is tapped Count Specific count or number of errors when the insertion button is tapped Rate Specific rate between 1x10 3 and 5x10 6 The list of available error types depends on the type of framing being used and the SDH SONET or OTN hierarchies and line interfaces that have been selected Error Flow UX4...

Page 148: ...k to top Go back to TOC 7 3 4 Pattern Error Errors can also be inserted in Pattern mode Pattern Error Type BIT Pattern Mode Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 148 of 209 ...

Page 149: ... process tap the Error Injection or Alarm Generation buttons to inject errors or generate alarms Note Please refer to the tables in Chapter 7 2 8 for Alarm and Error Definitions Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 149 of 209 ...

Page 150: ...s Used to analyze or edit the sequence of Z5 and Z6 TCM bytes by generating alarms and errors in the Tandem connection sub layer Tributary Scan Used to scan individual or multiple tributaries to verify routing and error free operation Available in VT 1 5 or VT 2 mode Round Trip Delay Propagation Delay Measurement works by sending a test pattern Bit errors are transmitted in the pattern The time it...

Page 151: ...ed to transmit a 16 byte identifier trace 15 byte string and a CRC 7 byte repeatedly so that all regenerators can verify their connection 64 byte strings are also available It contains up to 62 characters plus carry return CR and line feed LF any unused characters are filled with blanks 00h Used for continuity testing between regenerators B1 Byte RS BIP An 8 bit even parity code used to check for ...

Page 152: ...h regenerator location Data Communications Channel Bytes D1 D2 D3 Data Communications Channel DCC D1 D2 and D3 together form a 192kbps message channel for OAM purposes It can generate internal or external messages It can also be used as a BER function D1 Byte Pointers H1 H2 H3 Bytes STS Pointers Enable transfer of STS 3 frames with STS N frames and are processed by the MS terminating equipment H1 ...

Page 153: ...a multiplexer section APS message type conforms to ITU T G 783 and Bellcore GR 253 for Linear network architectures Bits 1 4 G 783 Protocol 1111 Lockout of protection 1110 Forced switch 1101 Signal fail high priority 1 n only 1100 Signal fail low priority 1011 Signal degrade high priority 1 n only 1010 Signal degrade low priority 1000 Manual switch 0110 Wait to restore 0100 Exercise 0010 Reverse r...

Page 154: ...o 1110 Channels 1 thru 14 1111 Extra traffic channel K2 Byte APS Linear Conforms to ITU T G 783 Bellcore GR 253 Used to activate and deactivate the switching between the main and protection paths on a multiplexer section Used to communicate Alarm Indication Signal AIS and Remote Defect Indication RDI conditions Bits 1 4 selects bridged channel used Bit 5 determines APS architecture 1 1 1 N Bits 6 ...

Page 155: ...orm the remote Multiplexer of the clock quality used to generate signals Bits 1 4 carry synchronization messages Bits 5 8 0000 Synchronized Traceability Unknown 0001 Stratum 1 0100 Transit Node Clock 0111 Stratum 2 1010 Stratum 3 1100 SONET Minimum Clock 1101 Stratum 3e 1110 Provisionable by the Network Operator 1111 Not used for synchronization Other bytes are reserved S1 Byte Synchronization Sta...

Page 156: ...e repeatedly transmits a 15 byte string plus 1 CRC 7 byte so that a receiver can continually verify its connection with the transmitter A 64 byte free format string is also permitted It contains up to 62 characters plus carry return CR and line feed LF any unused characters are filled with blanks 00h The message is transmitted one byte per STS 3 frame J1 Byte B3 byte Even code parity which determi...

Page 157: ...4 Asynchronous mapping for DS3 12 Asynchronous mapping for 139 264Mbps 13 Mapping for ATM 14 Mapping for DQDB 15 Asynchronous mapping for FDDI 16 Mapping for HDLC over SONET E1 STS 1 payload with 1 VT x payload defect E2 STS 1 payload with 2 VT x payload defects E3 STS 1 payload with 3 VT x payload defects E4 STS 1 payload with 4 VT x payload defects E5 STS 1 payload with 5 VT x payload defects E6...

Page 158: ...d with 26 VT x payload defects FB STS 1 payload with 27 VT x payload defects FC STS 1 payload with 28 VT x payload defects or STS 1 STS 3C etc with a non VT payload defect DS3 FDDI etc G1 byte Path status High Order path status byte Used to convey the path terminating status back to the originating path thus allowing bidirectional monitoring of the complete path Bits 1 4 Remote Error Indication RE...

Page 159: ...nection TC API Frames 73 76 TC RDI indicating defects that have occurred in the tandem connection to the far end Frame 74 ODI indicating to the far end that AU TU AIS has been inserted into egressing STS n VTG n due to defects before or within the tandem connection Frames 73 76 Reserved capacity Z5 Byte Path TCM V5 byte VT path overhead The first byte of a VT SPE provides the functions of error ch...

Page 160: ...f the Tandem Connection TC API Frames 73 76 TC RDI indicating defects that have occurred in the tandem connection to the far end Frame 74 ODI indicating to the far end that AIS P V has been inserted into egressing STS 1n VT n due to defects before or within the tandem connection Frames 73 76 Reserved capacity Z7 byte VT path Extended Label If bits 5 7 of V5 byte are set to 101 value 5 then The sig...

Page 161: ...Binary values using simple on screen bit toggle or pop up keypad Convenient drop down selections In some instances the selections will be available over multiple pages Note While programming of most overhead bytes is possible using the OH Generator feature dedicated functions are available for Pointer Tasks Payload Labels Trace Identifier APS Testing TCM testing In some instances more advanced edi...

Page 162: ...er Tasks Payload Labels Trace Identifier APS Testing TCM testing In some instances more advanced editing is possible using the dedicated functions Summary displays the Path Trace Identifiers J0 J1 J2 APS K1 K2 Synchronization status S1 HP C2 and LP V5 Signal Label bytes The operation is the same as the Overhead Analyzer function Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 3 Pointer Tasks Tap the Pointer Tas...

Page 163: ...TV pointers Pointer value LOP Loss of Pointer PJE and NJE NDF or New Data Flags Difference and Sum Pointer Tasks Analysis STS Pointer Tasks Analysis VT Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 3 2 Pointer Generator The Pointer generator is able to generate individual pointer movements as follows For STS pointers SS bits Program bits 5 and 6 of the H1 byte to be either SONET 10 SONET 00 Unknown 01 or 11 P...

Page 164: ...eriodic changes in the pointer value 87 3 Generate an 87 3 pattern 87 consecutive pointer adjustments 3 consecutive pointer value with no adjustments 87 3 Add Generate an 87 3 pattern 87 consecutive pointer adjustments 3 consecutive pointer value with added to have an additional pointer value 87 3 Cancel Generate an 87 3 pattern 87 consecutive pointer adjustments 3 consecutive pointer value with r...

Page 165: ...s shown below There are dedicated tabs for Transmitted and Received expected path traces and setups Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 4 1 Transmitted Traces TX J0 Section Regenerator section trace Program a 1 or 16 byte identifier to check the connection between regenerators J1 STS Path High order path section trace Program a 16 or 64 byte identifier to check the high order transmission path The m...

Page 166: ...ismatch alarm Note To program or edit the received trace tap on the applicable trace box and this will launch the QWERTY keyboard RX JO S Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 5 Payload Labels This function is used to set the C2 and V5 Path Signal Labels that indicate the content of the High order and Low order VCs Tap the Payload Label icon to display the payload label screens There are dedicated tab...

Page 167: ...According to these recommendations the re routing of the signal has to occur within 50ms Protection switching is initiated as a result of one of the following conditions Hard Failure SF condition Loss of Signal LOS MS AIS BER 1 x 10 3 Soft Failure SD condition Signal degradation when BER exceeds a predetermined threshold Normally over a provisioned range of 1 x 10 5 to 1 x 10 9 Tap the APS Tasks i...

Page 168: ...t on the transmission system because this will impact the measurement The measurement will be triggered by an Alarm Indication Signal AIS The UX400 measures how long the AIS event remains present after the event is first recognized and will continue to measure the total disruption time in the event of multiple disruptions Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 7 Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM HP Setu...

Page 169: ...R test on each SDH SONET tributary C12 channel mapping can be either via AU 4 or AU 3 to assess the health of each channel The unit checks for error alarms or status indicators in each channel of the received signal the SDH structure and if a test pattern is found in the payload matching the unit s settings pattern sync is achieved and a quick BER test is performed for synchronization of the selec...

Page 170: ...e receiver is the propagation time through the network Select SONET as TX RX standard View the Round Trip Delay of a looped back signal Set check box on Setup RX pattern to Out of Service Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 10 One Way Delay Available with Dual Port Testing Application It measures the delay between two local ports in each direction One Way Delay Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10...

Page 171: ...Protection Switching limits Using selectable triggers the drop out times of tributary connections are measured and compared with preset values Tributary Scan Used to scan individual or multiple tributaries to verify routing and error free operation Only available in VC 12 or VC 11mode TCM Tasks Used to analyze or edit the sequence of N1 and N2 TCM bytes by generating alarms and errors in the Tande...

Page 172: ...composed of 3 x N A1 bytes followed by 3 x N A2 bytes A1 Framing Byte Path Trace Byte J0 Regenerator section trace Used to transmit a 16 byte identifier trace 15 byte string and a CRC 7 byte repeatedly so that all regenerators can verify their connection 64 byte strings are also available It contains up to 62 characters plus carry return CR and line feed LF any unused characters are filled with bl...

Page 173: ... errors have occurred over the Multiplexer Section Its calculated over all the bits of the STM 1 frame except those in the Regenerator Section overhead The computed checksum is placed in the MSOH of the following STM 1 frame K1 Byte APS Linear Used to activate and deactivate the switching between the main and protection paths on a multiplexer section APS message type conforms to ITU T G 783 and Be...

Page 174: ...1111 Extra traffic channel K2 Byte APS Linear Conforms to ITU T G 783 and Bellcore GR 253 Used to activate and deactivate the switching between the main and protection paths on a multiplexer section Used to communicate Alarm Indication Signal AIS and Remote Defect Indication RDI conditions Bits 1 4 selects bridged channel used Bit 5 determines APS architecture 1 1 1 N Bits 6 8 110 MS RDI 111 MS AI...

Page 175: ...e clock quality used to generate signals Bits 1 4 carry synchronization messages Bits 5 8 0000 Synchronized Traceability Unknown 0001 Stratum 1 0100 Transit Node Clock 0111 Stratum 2 1010 Stratum 3 1100 SDH Minimum Clock 1101 Stratum 3e 1110 Previsional by the Network Operator 1111 Not used for synchronization Other bytes are reserved S1 Byte Synchronization Status Order Wire Byte E2 A 64kbps voic...

Page 176: ...fy its connection with the transmitter A 64 byte free format string is also permitted It contains up to 62 characters plus carry return CR and line feed LF any unused characters are filled with blanks 00h The message is transmitted one byte per VC 4 frame J1 Byte HP Path Trace B3 byte Even code parity which determines if a transmission error has occurred over a path Its value is calculated over al...

Page 177: ...oad defects HP PLM connectivity defects HP TIM HP UNQ and server defects HP AIS LOP G1 Byte HP Status Go back to top Go back to TOC F2 byte HP user channel High Order Path user channel VC 4 path user channel used for communication between path elements H4 byte TU Indicator Position or Sequence Indicator Multiframe phase indicator used for tributary structured payloads F3 byte LP user channel Used ...

Page 178: ...n error condition AIS Go back to top Go back to TOC J2 byte LP Used to transmit a configurable 16 byte or 64 byte identifier that enables the receiving path to continuously verify its connection with the transmitter Uses the same byte structure as the J0 and J1 bytes N2 byte LP Provides LP VT tandem connection monitoring function LP TCM for the VC 11 and VC 12 levels Bits 1 2 even parity error che...

Page 179: ...s Column 1 Indicates the byte type Column 2 Provides the hexadecimal value of the byte if applicable Column 3 Provides a byte decode Please refer to the byte definitions for an explanation of the listed bytes Summary Path Traces SP indicates a space between the message characters The message is displayed in red when an alarm condition is detected Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 5 2 Overhead Genera...

Page 180: ...s possible using the OH Generator feature dedicated functions are available for Pointer Tasks Payload Labels Trace Identifier APS Testing TCM testing In some instances more advanced editing is possible using the dedicated functions S1 Byte from SOH POH TX which allows editing of select bytes associated with the Path Overhead Editing of J1 C2 H4 G1 Z5 and J2 V5 Z6 is permitted as follows Hexadecima...

Page 181: ...s are allowed to move up or down every three frames however the actual rate should be slower The Administrative Unit AU and the Tributary Unit TU each has its own pointer and the unit has two tabs for displaying the values and measurements For AU pointers SS bits Displays bits 5 and 6 of the H1 byte to indicate SDH 10 SONET 00 Unknown 01 and 11 signal type Pointer value Displays the H1 and H2 valu...

Page 182: ...nter value Transmits a new pointer address or value with or without a new data flag NDF Configurable in a range of 0 to 782 pointers Increment INC or Decrement DEC pointers with identical polarity by 1 byte in single steps Generator AU For TU pointers TU Pointer value Set value in a range of 0 to 784 TU 3 and 0 to 139 TU 12 TU 11 Pointer value Set value in a range of 0 to 109 TU 11 Increment INC o...

Page 183: ...ts 3 consecutive pointer value reduced the number of adjustments by one Unit Select the type of unit to count Frames N Specify the number of pointer adjustments in a row 1 9999 default 6 T Specify the average pointer spacing in time T is known as T1 to T5 in G 783 default 4 T1 T4 0 25ms to 600s or 2 to 4 800 000 frames multiframes T2 T3 0 25ms to 10s or 2 to 80 000 frames multiframes T5 0ms to 600...

Page 184: ... TOC 7 5 4 2 Received Traces RX J0 RS Regenerator section trace Program a 1 16 byte or 64 byte identifier to set and check the expected trace Enable or disable the TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch alarm J1 HP Path High order path section trace Program a 16 or 64 byte identifier to set and check the expected trace Enable or disable the TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch alarm J2 LP Path Low order path sect...

Page 185: ...m is coordinated by the K1 and K2 bytes in the Multiplexer Section Overhead APS Standards The principles and protocols of APS in SDH networks are defined in ITU T G 783 and G 841 and Bellcore GR 253 recommendations for Linear and Ring network architectures respectively According to recommendations the re routing of the signal has to occur within 50ms Protection switching is initiated as a result o...

Page 186: ...he transmission system because this will impact the measurement The measurement will be triggered depending on the condition configured The UX400 unit measures how long the AIS event remains present after the event is first recognized and will continue to measure the total disruption time in the event of multiple disruptions Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 5 7 Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM HP S...

Page 187: ...ms a sequential BER test on each SDH SONET tributary C12 channel mapping can be either via AU 4 or AU 3 to assess the health of each channel The unit checks for error alarms or status indicators in each channel of the received signal the SDH structure and if a test pattern is found in the payload matching the unit s settings pattern sync is achieved and a quick BER test is performed for synchroniz...

Page 188: ...o reach the receiver is the propagation time through the network Select SDH as TX RX standard View the Round Trip Delay of a looped back signal Set check box on Setup RX pattern to Out of Service Round Trip Delay Results Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 4 10 One Way Delay Available with Dual Port Testing Application One Way Delay UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 188 of 209 ...

Page 189: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 189 of 209 ...

Page 190: ... SAPI and Destination Access Point Identifier DAPI The APIs contain information regarding the country of origin network operator and administrative details Payload Labels Payload Structure Identifier PSI field transports a 256 byte message aligned with the ODU multiframe PSI0 contains the Payload Type PT identifying the payload being transported The OPU Payload Type PT is a single byte defined wit...

Page 191: ...ignal FAS Uses the first six bytes and similar to SONET SDH it is used to provide framing for the entire signal In order to provide enough 1 0 transitions for synchronization scrambling is used over the entire OTU frame except for the FAS bytes MultiFrame Alignment Signal MFAS Byte is used to extend command and management functions over several frames The MFAS counts from 0 to 255 providing a 256 ...

Page 192: ...nd is 64 bytes in length It is repeated four times over the multiframe SM BIP8 General Communication Channel 0 GCC0 Clear channel used for transmission of information between OTU termination points GCCO Type Reserved RES bytes are currently undefined in the standard Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 6 1 3 Optical Data Unit ODU Analysis The ODU overhead is divided into several fields RES PM TCMi TCM ...

Page 193: ...back to top Go back to TOC TCMi There are six Tandem Connection Monitoring TCMi fields that define the ODU TCM sub layer each containing TTI BIP 8 BEI BIAE BDI and STAT subfields associated to each TCM level i 1 to 6 The STAT subfield is used in the PM and TCMi fields to provide an indication of the presence or absence of maintenance signals TCM1 BEI Type UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page...

Page 194: ...te a message spread over a 256 byte multiframe Provides the ability to send forward and backward path level fault indications Go back to top Go back to TOC Experimental EXP Field not subject to standards and is available for network operator applications EXP Type UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 194 of 209 ...

Page 195: ...vailable in the ODU GCC1 Type Go back to top Go back to TOC Automatic Protection Switching and Protection Communication Channel APS PCC Supports up to eight levels of nested APS PCC signals associated to a dedicated connection monitoring level depending on the value of the multiframe APS PCC Type UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 195 of 209 ...

Page 196: ...SI Type The other fields in the OPU overhead are dependent on the mapping capabilities associated to the OPU For an asynchronous mapping the client signal and OPU clock are different Justification Control JC bytes are available to compensate for clock rate differences For a purely synchronous mapping client source and OPU clock are the same the JC bytes become reserved Further details on mapping a...

Page 197: ...fier Tap the Payload Label icon to display the screen shown below Tabs for Tx and Rx label settings are provided Payload Label PSI 0 contains a one byte Payload type PSI 1 to PSI 255 are mapping and concatenation specific UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 197 of 209 ...

Page 198: ...t the expected string and the TIM alarm would not be raised If set to ON a TIM alarm will be declared if the expected and received strings don t match Trace Identifier Trail Trace Identifier TX RX Trail Trace Identifier TTI similar to the J0 byte in SONET SDH is used to identify the signal from the source to the destination within the network The TTI contains the so called Access Point Identifiers...

Page 199: ... while ITU G 709 allows six levels of tandem connection monitoring to be configured The assignment of monitored connections is currently a manual process that involves an understanding between the different parties There are various types of monitored connection topologies cascaded nested and overlapping LTC Loss of Tandem Connection Signal OCI Open Connection Indication AIS TC Alarm Indication Si...

Page 200: ...nnected to a transmission system to ensure that the switching time is measured for the service transported by the E1 links Ensure that no errors or alarms are present on the transmission system because this will impact the measurement The measurement will be triggered by an Alarm Indication Signal AIS The UX400 measures how long the AIS event remains present after the event is first recognized and...

Page 201: ... CRC multiframe signal in PCM30C and PCM31C Bit 2 Set to 1 to prevent simulation of FAS Bit 3 A shows the remote alarm indication Bits 4 to 8 Sa4 to Sa8 are spare bits TX Bits Sa4 to Sa8 are used to send optional network messages The Sa bits should be set to 1 when they are not used or when links cross International borders RX Bit Sa4 can be used as a message based data link for operations mainten...

Page 202: ...o back to TOC 7 7 3 E1 RX Data The PDH E1 RX data shows received data and captures the current timeslots E1 RX Data Go back to top Go back to TOC 7 7 4 DS1 RX Data UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 202 of 209 ...

Page 203: ...DS1 RX Data Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 203 of 209 ...

Page 204: ...re Accessing and Configuring Profiles To access the Profiles menu from the OTN SDH SONET Testing main menu tap on Profiles To save a new profile select the Save as drop down option This will bring up an alphanumeric keypad to name the profile When the profile is saved all of the test configurations that apply to the particular application are saved This allows for fast access to preconfigured test...

Page 205: ...Go back to top Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 205 of 209 ...

Page 206: ...y the customer along with proof of purchase within thirty 30 days of the request by the customer freight prepaid Additionally during the warranty period VeEX Inc will provide without charge to the customer all fixes patches and enhancements to the purchased software firmware and software options VeEX Inc does not warrant that all software or firmware defects will be corrected New enhancements atta...

Page 207: ...le for download in PDF format on the VeEX customer website Please note that Adobe Reader version 9 0 or higher is needed to open and view the file To get the latest free version of Adobe Reader click here Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 207 of 209 ...

Page 208: ... and European Free Trade Association EFTA EN61010 1 For a copy of the CE Declaration of Conformity relating to VeEX products please contact VeEX customer service What is RoHS RoHS is the acronym for Restriction of Hazardous Substances Also known as Directive 2002 95 EC it originated in the European Union and restricts the use of specific hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic produ...

Page 209: ... a worldwide distribution channel provides uncompromised product support Visit us online at www veexinc com for latest updates and additional documentation VeEX Incorporated 2827 Lakeview Court Fremont CA 94538 USA Tel 1 510 651 0500 Fax 1 510 651 0505 Customer Care Tel 1 510 651 0500 Email customercare veexinc com Go back to TOC UX400 10G e Manual D07 00 058P RevA00 Page 209 of 209 ...

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