ABB Relion 670 series Applications Manual Download Page 104

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Rres

Rct

a) Through load situation

b) Through fault situation

c) Internal faults

Protected Object

IEC05000427-2-en.vsd

IEC05000427 V2 EN-US

Figure 33: The high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer

inputs

Section 6

1MRK 505 343-UEN B

Differential protection

Application manual

Summary of Contents for Relion 670 series

Page 1: ...RELION 670 SERIES Line differential protection RED670 Version 2 1 IEC Application manual...

Page 2: ......

Page 4: ...rms of such license This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit http www openssl org This product includes cryptographic software written developed b...

Page 5: ...roduct failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons including but not limited to personal injuries or death shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipme...

Page 6: ...d concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits Low voltage directive 2006 95 EC This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standa...

Page 7: ...ction 49 3 2 Description of configuration RED670 50 3 2 1 Introduction 50 3 2 1 1 Description of configuration A31 50 3 2 1 2 Description of configuration A32 51 3 2 1 3 Description of configuration B...

Page 8: ...4 2 Parameter management 91 5 4 3 Front communication 91 Section 6 Differential protection 93 6 1 High impedance differential protection single phase HZPDIF 93 6 1 1 Identification 93 6 1 2 Applicatio...

Page 9: ...3 3 6 Settings examples 133 6 4 Additional security logic for differential protection LDRGFC 141 6 4 1 Identification 141 6 4 2 Application 141 6 4 3 Setting guidelines 142 Section 7 Impedance protec...

Page 10: ...7 3 2 2 Fault infeed from remote end 200 7 3 2 3 Load encroachment 201 7 3 2 4 Short line application 202 7 3 2 5 Long transmission line application 202 7 3 2 6 Parallel line application with mutual...

Page 11: ...42 7 5 2 1 Introduction 242 7 5 2 2 System earthing 242 7 5 2 3 Fault infeed from remote end 245 7 5 2 4 Load encroachment 246 7 5 2 5 Short line application 247 7 5 2 6 Long transmission line applica...

Page 12: ...ch in resistive direction 282 7 9 3 7 Load impedance limitation without load encroachment function 282 7 9 3 8 Load impedance limitation with Phase selection with load encroachment quadrilateral chara...

Page 13: ...tings 321 7 13 High speed distance protection for series compensated lines ZMFCPDIS 324 7 13 1 Identification 324 7 13 2 Application 324 7 13 2 1 System earthing 324 7 13 2 2 Fault infeed from remote...

Page 14: ...n 378 7 16 2 Application 378 7 16 3 Setting guidelines 381 7 16 3 1 Setting example for line application 382 7 16 3 2 Setting example for generator application 385 7 17 Out of step protection OOSPPAM...

Page 15: ...1 Identification 428 8 5 2 Application 428 8 5 3 Setting guidelines 430 8 5 3 1 Settings for each step 430 8 5 3 2 Common settings for all steps 432 8 6 Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and...

Page 16: ...rvoltage protection UV2PTUV 467 9 1 1 Identification 467 9 1 2 Application 467 9 1 3 Setting guidelines 467 9 1 3 1 Equipment protection such as for motors and generators 468 9 1 3 2 Disconnected equi...

Page 17: ...guidelines 484 9 6 Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV 485 9 6 1 Identification 485 9 6 2 Application 485 9 6 3 Setting guidelines 485 9 6 3 1 Advanced users settings 486 9 7 Radial feeder protection PAPGA...

Page 18: ...ltipurpose filter SMAIHPAC 507 12 1 1 Identification 507 12 1 2 Application 507 12 1 3 Setting guidelines 508 12 1 3 1 Setting example 508 Section 13 Secondary system supervision 511 13 1 Current circ...

Page 19: ...RMode 1 2 3ph 537 14 2 2 10 ARMode 1 2ph 1 phase or 2 phase reclosing in the first shot 538 14 2 2 11 ARMode 1ph 1 2ph 1 phase or 2 phase reclosing in the first shot 538 14 2 2 12 ARMode 1 2ph 1 3ph 1...

Page 20: ...ection breaker A1A2_BS 573 14 4 5 1 Application 573 14 4 5 2 Signals from all feeders 573 14 4 5 3 Configuration setting 576 14 4 6 Interlocking for bus section disconnector A1A2_DC 576 14 4 6 1 Appli...

Page 21: ...15 1 Scheme communication logic for distance or overcurrent protection ZCPSCH 599 15 1 1 Identification 599 15 1 2 Application 599 15 1 2 1 Blocking schemes 599 15 1 2 2 Delta blocking scheme 600 15 1...

Page 22: ...n 616 15 6 2 Application 616 15 6 3 Setting guidelines 617 15 7 Current reversal and weak end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection ECRWPSCH 618 15 7 1 Identification 618 15 7 2 Application...

Page 23: ...0 15 8 10 3 Setting guidelines 630 15 8 11 Three phase overcurrent LCP3PTOC 631 15 8 11 1 Identification 631 15 8 11 2 Application 631 15 8 11 3 Setting guidelines 631 15 8 12 Three phase undercurrent...

Page 24: ...node representation 16 bit BTIGAPC 643 16 9 1 Identification 643 16 9 2 Application 643 16 10 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16 644 16 10 1 Identification 644 16 10 2 Application 644 16 11 Integer...

Page 25: ...PRDRE 666 17 6 1 Identification 666 17 6 2 Application 667 17 6 3 Setting guidelines 667 17 6 3 1 Recording times 669 17 6 3 2 Binary input signals 670 17 6 3 3 Analog input signals 670 17 6 3 4 Sub f...

Page 26: ...MVGAPC 683 19 2 5 1 Application 683 19 2 5 2 Setting guidelines 683 19 2 6 IEC 61850 8 1 redundant station bus communication 684 19 2 6 1 Identification 684 19 2 6 2 Application 684 19 2 6 3 Setting...

Page 27: ...ation 717 22 2 1 Application 717 22 2 2 Factory defined settings 717 22 3 Measured value expander block RANGE_XP 718 22 3 1 Identification 718 22 3 2 Application 718 22 3 3 Setting guidelines 718 22 4...

Page 28: ...23 1 3 Fault current 734 23 1 4 Secondary wire resistance and additional load 734 23 1 5 General current transformer requirements 735 23 1 6 Rated equivalent secondary e m f requirements 735 23 1 6 1...

Page 29: ...manual can also provide assistance for calculating settings 1 2 Intended audience GUID C9B8127F 5748 4BEA 9E4F CC762FE28A3A v10 This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible fo...

Page 30: ...IED The manual provides procedures for mechanical and electrical installation The chapters are organized in the chronological order in which the IED should be installed The commissioning manual conta...

Page 31: ...ring for cyber security related events are described and sorted by function The guideline can be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase installation and commissioning phase and dur...

Page 32: ...eyes and do not view directly with optical instruments The caution icon indicates important information or warning related to the concept discussed in the text It might indicate the presence of a haza...

Page 33: ...cter after an input signal name indicates that the signal must be connected to another function block in the application configuration to achieve a valid application configuration Dimensions are provi...

Page 34: ...BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B23 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B24 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUTPTRC_B1 BUTPTRC BBTPLLN0 BUTPTRC BUTPTRC_B2 BUTPTRC BUTPTRC BUTPTRC_B3 BUTPTRC BUTPTRC BUTPTRC_B4 BUTPTRC BUTPTRC BUTPTRC_B5...

Page 35: ...2MMXN GF2PHAR GF2PTOV GF2PTUC GF2PTUV GF2PVOC PH1PTRC CVMMXN CVMMXN CVMMXN D2PTOC D2LLN0 D2PTOC PH1PTRC D2PTOC PH1PTRC DPGAPC DPGGIO DPGAPC DRPRDRE DRPRDRE DRPRDRE ECPSCH ECPSCH ECPSCH ECRWPSCH ECRWPS...

Page 36: ...3CPDIF L3CPDIF L3CGAPC L3CPDIF L3CPHAR L3CPTRC L4UFCNT L4UFCNT L4UFCNT L6CPDIF L6CPDIF L6CGAPC L6CPDIF L6CPHAR L6CPTRC LAPPGAPC LAPPLLN0 LAPPPDUP LAPPPUPF LAPPPDUP LAPPPUPF LCCRPTRC LCCRPTRC LCCRPTRC...

Page 37: ...3PTOC PH3PTRC GEN4PHAR PH3PTOC PH3PTRC OEXPVPH OEXPVPH OEXPVPH OOSPPAM OOSPPAM OOSPPAM OOSPTRC OV2PTOV GEN2LLN0 OV2PTOV PH1PTRC OV2PTOV PH1PTRC PAPGAPC PAPGAPC PAPGAPC PCFCNT PCGGIO PCFCNT PH4SPTOC GE...

Page 38: ...SPC8GAPC SPGAPC SPGGIO SPGAPC SSCBR SSCBR SSCBR SSIMG SSIMG SSIMG SSIML SSIML SSIML STBPTOC STBPTOC BBPMSS STBPTOC STEFPHIZ STEFPHIZ STEFPHIZ STTIPHIZ STTIPHIZ STTIPHIZ SXCBR SXCBR SXCBR SXSWI SXSWI...

Page 39: ...CLCPSCH ZCPSCH ZCPSCH ZCPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCRWPSCH ZCVPSOF ZCVPSOF ZCVPSOF ZGVPDIS ZGVLLN0 PH1PTRC ZGVPDIS ZGVPTUV PH1PTRC ZGVPDIS ZGVPTUV ZMCAPDIS ZMCAPDIS ZMCAPDIS ZMCPDIS ZMCPDIS ZMCPDIS ZMFCP...

Page 40: ...34...

Page 41: ...provide a fully redundant scheme of protection that is a second main protection scheme Eight channels for intertrip and other binary signals are available in the communication between the IEDs A high...

Page 42: ...customers system and standard solution The logic is prepared with a graphical tool The advanced logic capability allows special applications such as automatic opening of disconnectors in multi breake...

Page 43: ...B11 1 B16 1 B11 1 B16 1 B11 1 B16 1 B11 1 B16 ZMHPDIS 21 Fullscheme distance protection mho characteristic 0 5 4 B17 4 B17 4 B17 4 B17 ZMMPDIS ZMMAPDIS 21 Fullscheme distance protection quadrilateral...

Page 44: ...tial RED670 Customized RED670 A31 RED670 B31 RED670 A32 RED670 B32 Current protection PHPIOC 50 Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 0 3 1 1 1 1 OC4PTOC 51_671 Four step phase overcurrent protec...

Page 45: ...step overvoltage protection 0 2 1 1 1 1 ROV2PTOV 59N Two step residual overvoltage protection 0 2 1 1 1 1 OEXPVPH 24 Overexcitation protection 0 1 1 D03 1 D03 1 D03 1 D03 VDCPTOV 60 Voltage different...

Page 46: ...s 1 1 1 1 1 LOCREMCTRL LHMI control of PSTO 1 1 1 1 1 SLGAPC Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation 15 15 15 15 15 VSGAPC Selector mini switch 20 20 20 20 20 DPGAPC Generic...

Page 47: ...WRNCALH Logic for group warning 5 5 5 5 5 INDCALH Logic for group indication 5 5 5 5 5 AND GATE INV LLD OR PULSETIMER RSMEMORY SRMEMORY TIMERSET XOR Basic configurable logic blocks see Table 3 40 280...

Page 48: ...vent function 20 20 20 20 20 DRPRDRE A1RADR A4RADR B1RBDR B8RBDR Disturbance report 1 1 1 1 1 SPGAPC Generic communication function for Single Point indication 64 64 64 64 64 SP16GAPC Generic communic...

Page 49: ...L4UFCNT Event counter with limit supervision 30 30 30 30 30 TEILGAPC Running hour meter 9 9 9 9 9 Metering PCFCNT Pulse counter logic 16 16 16 16 16 ETPMMTR Function for energy calculation and demand...

Page 50: ...9 2 5 Communication GUID 5F144B53 B9A7 4173 80CF CD4C84579CB5 v12 IEC 61850 ANSI Function description Line Differential RED670 Customized RED670 A31 RED670 B31 RED670 A32 RED670 B32 Station communicat...

Page 51: ...ng function for IEC 61850 1 1 1 1 1 GOOSEINTLKRCV Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking 59 59 59 59 59 GOOSEBINRCV GOOSE binary receive 16 16 16 16 16 GOOSEDPRCV GOOSE function block to...

Page 52: ...g parameters 1 1 1 1 1 ALTRK Service Tracking 1 1 1 1 1 SINGLELCCH Single ethernet port link status 1 1 1 1 1 PRPSTATUS Dual ethernet port link status 1 1 1 1 1 Process bus communication IEC 61850 9 2...

Page 53: ...ect transfer trip 0 1 1 Only included for 9 2LE products 2 6 Basic IED functions GUID C8F0E5D2 E305 4184 9627 F6B5864216CA v9 Table 6 Basic IED functions IEC 61850 or function name Description INTERRS...

Page 54: ...ion ALTIM Time management MSTSER DNP3 0 for serial communication protocol PRODINF Product information RUNTIME IED Runtime Comp CAMCONFIG Central account management configuration CAMSTATUS Central acco...

Page 55: ...cations and special logic can be developed such as logic for automatic opening of disconnectors and closing of ring bays automatic load transfer from one busbar to the other and so on On request ABB i...

Page 56: ...ailability of additional analog inputs allows connection of separate metering cores and a calibration parameter on the measurement function allows calibration at site to very high accuracy Optional fu...

Page 57: ...P PDUP 37 P ZMM PDIS 21 Z ZMH PDIS 21 Z ZMQ PDIS 21 Z ZM RPSB 68 Zpsb PSP PPAM 78 Ucos ZSM GAPC OEX PVPH 24 U f ZC PSCH 85 ZCRW PSCH 85 ZCLC PSCH S CILO 3 Control VN MMXU MET UN VN MMXU MET UN SMB RRE...

Page 58: ...ordered and include functions such as full control local and remote directional earth fault out of step protection frequency protection and so on These optional functions must be added to the configu...

Page 59: ...IS 21 Z ZM RPSB 68 Zpsb PSP PPAM 78 Ucos ZSM GAPC OEX PVPH 24 U f ZC PSCH 85 ZCRW PSCH 85 ZCLC PSCH S CILO 3 Control VN MMXU MET UN VN MMXU MET UN SMB RREC 79 5 0 1 SMP PTRC 94 1 0 25 SC VC SES RSYN F...

Page 60: ...e to very high accuracy Optional functions can be ordered and include functions such as full control local and remote directional earth fault out of step protection frequency protection and so on Thes...

Page 61: ...87 Id NS4 PTOC 46I2 4 I2 ZSM GAPC ZCV PSOF OOS PPAM 78 Ucos PSL PSCH Zpsl GUP PDUP 37 P LT6C PDIF 87LT 3Id I EF PIOC 50N IN ZMQ PDIS 21 Z ZM RPSB 68 Zpsb ZMF PDIS 21 Z PSP PPAM 78 Ucos ZMM PDIS 21 Z S...

Page 62: ...site to very high accuracy Optional functions can be ordered and include functions such as full control local and remote directional earth fault out of step protection frequency protection and so on...

Page 63: ...STB CCS SPVC 87 INd I Q CBAY 3 Control FDPS PDIS 21 FMPS PDIS 21 EF4 PTOC 51N_67N 4 IN CV GAPC 2 I U VD SPVC 60 Ud ZD RDIR 21 Z _ SDE PSDE 67N IN ZMH PDIS 21 Z HZ PDIF 87 Id NS4 PTOC 46I2 4 I2 ZSM GA...

Page 64: ...58...

Page 65: ...mmissioning of the IED the reference channel can be changed to facilitate testing and service values reading The IED has the ability to receive analog values from primary equipment that are sampled by...

Page 66: ...efined as Forward and the direction out from the object is defined as Reverse See figure 6 A positive value of current power and so on forward means that the quantity has a direction towards the objec...

Page 67: ...t setting is FromObject IEC05000753 IEC05 000753 1 en Origin al 1 vsd Is Is Ip Ip Ip IED IED IEC05000753 V2 EN US Figure 7 Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED The figure 7 shows the n...

Page 68: ...ect IED IED IEC05000460 V2 EN US Figure 8 Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED This example is similar to example 1 but here the transformer is feeding just one line and the line prote...

Page 69: ...must be set to Reverse The direction Forward Reverse is related to the reference object that is the transformer in this case When a function is set to Reverse and shall protect an object in reverse di...

Page 70: ...nal line functions Setting of current input for transformer functions Set parameter CTStarPoint with Transformer as reference object Correct setting is ToObject Setting of current input for line funct...

Page 71: ...mObject The second solution will be to use all connected bays as reference objects In that case for all CT inputs marked with 1 in figure 11 set CTStarPoint FromObject and for all CT inputs marked wit...

Page 72: ...erminals marked with a square indicates the primary and secondary winding terminals with the same that is positive polarity b and c are equivalent symbols and terminal marking used by IEC ANSI standar...

Page 73: ...IN 5 IN IEC13000002 V4 EN US Figure 13 Star connected three phase CT set with star point towards the protected object Where 1 The drawing shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a st...

Page 74: ...es information on adaptive frequency tracking for the signal matrix for analogue inputs SMAI 5 AI3P in the SMAI function block is a grouped signal which contains all the data about the phases L1 L2 L3...

Page 75: ...IL3 L2 L3 Protected Object CT 800 1 Star Connected IL1 IL2 IL3 IN IED 1 3 4 2 5 IEC06000644 4 en vsdx 6 SMAI2 BLOCK REVROT GRP2L1 GRP2L2 GRP2L3 GRP2N AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN IEC06000644 V4 EN US Fig...

Page 76: ...ee individual phase currents 6 is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmon...

Page 77: ...ons which need this current information more then one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three CT inputs 4 is a Preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the c...

Page 78: ...s shall be entered CTprim 800A CTsec 1A CTStarPoint ToObject ConnectionType Ph Ph It is important to notice the references in SMAI As inputs at Ph Ph are expected to be L1L2 L2L3 respectively L3L1 we...

Page 79: ...that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate values The calculated values are then available for all built in protection and control functions within the IED which...

Page 80: ...y recommended that the minimum pickup of any instantaneous protection function e g differential restricted earth fault distance instantaneous overcurrent etc shall under no circumstances be less than...

Page 81: ...for phase to phase connected VTs It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices the rated secondary voltage of a VT has typically one of the following values 100 V 110 V...

Page 82: ...ges to three VT inputs on the IED 2 is the TRM where these three voltage inputs are located For these three voltage inputs the following setting values shall be entered VTprim 66 kV VTsec 110 V Inside...

Page 83: ...ental frequency phasors for the first three input channels channel one taken as reference for sequence quantities These calculated values are then available for all built in protection and control fun...

Page 84: ...is residual input channel of the preprocessing block is not connected in SMT Note If the parameters UL1 UL2 UL3 UN should be used the open delta must be connected here 5 Preprocessing block has a task...

Page 85: ...ndary windings gives a secondary voltage equal to three times the individual VT secondary winding rating Thus the secondary windings of open delta VTs quite often have a secondary rated voltage equal...

Page 86: ...our input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive negative and zero sequence quantities by using the fundamental frequency phasors for the first three input channels channel one...

Page 87: ...dary voltage that is 115V or 115 3V as in this particular example Figure 23 gives an overview of the actions which are needed to make this measurement available to the built in protection and control...

Page 88: ...lter the connected analog inputs and calculate fundamental frequency phasors for all four input channels harmonic content for all four input channels positive negative and zero sequence quantities by...

Page 89: ...by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built in protection and control functions within the IED as well L1 L2 L3 IED 6 6 3 100 kV V R Uo IEC06000603 4 en vsdx Not Used Not Used...

Page 90: ...nput channel of the preprocessing function block 5 5 is a preprocessing block that has the task to digitally filter the connected analog inputs and calculate fundamental frequency phasors for all four...

Page 91: ...S Figure 25 Local human machine interface The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements Keypad Display LCD LED indicators Communication port for PCM600 The LHMI is used for setting monitoring an...

Page 92: ...splay view is divided into four basic areas IEC15000270 1 en vsdx IEC15000270 V1 EN US Figure 26 Display layout 1 Path 2 Content 3 Status 4 Scroll bar appears when needed The function key button panel...

Page 93: ...utton Pressing the ESC button clears the panel from the display Both panels have a dynamic width that depends on the label string length 5 2 LEDs AMU0600427 v12 The LHMI includes three status LEDs abo...

Page 94: ...as well as from the LED panel as such The Multipage button has a LED This LED is lit whenever any LED on any panel is lit If there are un acknowledged indication LEDs then the Multipage LED blinks To...

Page 95: ...vigation and command push buttons and RJ 45 communication port 1 5 Function button 6 Close 7 Open 8 Escape 9 Left 10 Down 11 Up 12 Right 13 Key 14 Enter 15 Remote Local 16 Uplink LED 17 Not in use 18...

Page 96: ...ion message is displayed The start indication is latching and must be reset via communication LHMI or binary input on the LEDGEN component To open the reset menu on the LHMI press Flashing The IED is...

Page 97: ...g Follow F sequence The activation signal is on LatchedAck F S sequence The activation signal is on or it is off but the indication has not been acknowledged LatchedAck S F sequence The indication has...

Page 98: ...rt is 10 1 150 3 and the corresponding subnetwork mask is 255 255 255 0 It can be set through the local HMI path Main menu Configuration Communication Ethernet configuration FRONT 1 Do not connect the...

Page 99: ...rential protection function HZPDIF can be used as Generator differential protection Reactor differential protection Busbar differential protection Autotransformer differential protection for common an...

Page 100: ...t is no operation for external faults even in the presence of heavy CT saturation The principle is based on the CT secondary current circulating between involved current transformers and not through t...

Page 101: ...For such a case a voltage will be developed across the measuring branch The calculations are made with the worst situations in mind and a minimum operating voltage UR is calculated according to equati...

Page 102: ...d to calculate the required value of current at the set U Trip and SeriesResitor values The CT inputs used for 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function shall be set to have ratio 1 1...

Page 103: ...EQUATION1747 V1 EN US Equation 15 where n is the CT ratio IP primary current at IED pickup IR IED pickup current U Trip SeriesResistor Ires is the current through the voltage limiter and Imag is the...

Page 104: ...ult situation UR UR c Internal faults UR Protected Object IEC05000427 2 en vsd IEC05000427 V2 EN US Figure 33 The high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer inputs Section 6 1...

Page 105: ...tial protection scheme are shown in figure 34 L1 A L2 B L3 C Protected Object CT 1200 1 Star Wye Connected L1 A L2 B L3 C CT 1200 1 Star Wye Connected 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 AI01 I AI02 I AI03...

Page 106: ...9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 AI01 I AI02 I AI03 I AI04 I AI05 I AI06 I 6 X1 R1 1 2 4 5 U R2 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 N 1 Ph Plate with Metrosil and Resistor 2 3 5 4 N L1 A L2 B L3 C CT 1500 5 1 IEC07000194_4_en vsd A...

Page 107: ...shall always be high impedance This means for example for 1A circuits say bigger than 400 ohms 400 VA and for 5 A circuits say bigger than 100 ohms 2500 VA This ensures that the current will circulat...

Page 108: ...ty minimize the secondary fault current thereby reducing the stability voltage limit Another factor is that during internal faults the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by the non l...

Page 109: ...which should be available The current value at U Trip is taken For the voltage dependent resistor current the peak value of voltage 200 2 is used Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing obtain...

Page 110: ...ction is used This helps in utilizing maximum CT capability minimize the secondary fault thereby reducing the stability voltage limit Another factor is that during internal faults the voltage develope...

Page 111: ...refer to equation 21 which gives an acceptable value A little lower sensitivity could be selected by using a lower resistance value IP approx A 100 5 100 0 5 0 2 100 60 10 5 3 EQUATION1218 V2 EN US Eq...

Page 112: ...cing the stability voltage limit Another factor is that during internal faults the voltage developed across the selected tap is limited by the non linear resistor but in the unused taps owing to auto...

Page 113: ...1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF function has a separate alarm level which can be used to give alarm for problems with an involved current transformer circuit The setting level is no...

Page 114: ...ransformer core A high gas pressure may develop damaging the transformer tank Fast and sensitive detection of earth faults in a power transformer winding can be obtained in solidly earthed or low impe...

Page 115: ...s overexcitation magnetizing currents load tap changer external and internal phase faults which do not involve earth symmetrical overload conditions Due to its features REFPDIF is often used as a main...

Page 116: ...2 Protected winding W2 Earthing transformer IEC09000110 4 EN vsd IEC09000110 4 EN V2 EN US Figure 41 Connection of the low impedance Restricted earth fault function REFPDIF for a zig zag earthing tra...

Page 117: ...impedance function REFPDIF for an autotransformer solidly earthed 6 2 2 4 Reactor winding solidly earthed M13048 18 v10 Reactors can be protected with restricted earth fault protection low impedance...

Page 118: ...ne and a half breaker double breaker and mesh corner arrangements have two sets of current transformers on the phase side The restricted earth fault protection low impedance function REFPDIF has input...

Page 119: ...The earthing can be freely selected for each of the involved current transformers 6 2 3 Setting guidelines IP14942 1 v1 6 2 3 1 Setting and configuration M13052 3 v3 Recommendation for analog inputs...

Page 120: ...ives the minimum operation value The setting is in percent of the IBase value of the chosen GlobalBaseSel The neutral current must always be larger than half of this value A normal setting is 30 of po...

Page 121: ...nsitivity can be made high which is especially important for the ability to detect high resistive earth faults It is not influenced by possible voltage and or current inversion associated with faults...

Page 122: ...e 46 Transformer situated in tap A current differential protection including power transformers must be compensated for transformer turns ratio and phase shift vector group In the line differential fu...

Page 123: ...V side of the transformer will be cleared instantaneously For faults on the LV side of the transformer the function will be time delayed with the delay characteristic selected thus providing selectivi...

Page 124: ...efore The consequence of freezing the pre fault values during fault conditions in this way will actually introduce a small error in the resulting calculated differential current under fault conditions...

Page 125: ...ization of sampled current values is a crucial matter in numerical line differential protections The synchronization is made with the so called echo method which can be complemented with GPS synchroni...

Page 126: ...ee phases When sending full information from both local CTs to the remote end this principle works but when the two local currents are added together before sending the single resulting current on the...

Page 127: ...while the received currents from the LDCMs are configured separately to the line differential protection function 6 3 2 7 Configuration of LDCM output signals M12022 93 v2 There are a number of signal...

Page 128: ...ts continue as before The Open CT at each end is enabled 60 seconds after the currents at that end are higher than 3 rated current of the protected line circuit An open CT can only be declared if in t...

Page 129: ...he maximum rated CT in any of the line terminals For example if all CTs used in a protected circuit are 1000A 1A that is the primary current rating is 1000 A then IBase 1000 A is a good choice NoOfUse...

Page 130: ...e Dy or Yd type and the three phases are related in a complicated way For example a single phase earth fault on the wye side of the power transformer is seen as a two phase fault on the delta side of...

Page 131: ...fferential protection is phase segregated where the operate current is the vector sum of all measured currents taken separately for each phase The restrain current on the other hand is considered as t...

Page 132: ...nt is more than 50 of IBase IdMinHigh is recommended to be set at 2 00 IBase otherwise it can be kept at 1 00 IBase Switching of a transformer inside the protected zone does not normally occur If the...

Page 133: ...rent at internal faults is limited by the source impedances on all sides of the transformer Observe that if the power transformer is energized via a power line even a short one the inrush phenomenon i...

Page 134: ...th harmonic and the default setting of 25 will be suitable in most cases to detect the phenomenon As CT saturation also causes 5th harmonics on the secondary side it is recommended to maintain this se...

Page 135: ...sed if no special considerations such as extremely week sources are taken into account Observe that internally whenever the bias current is higher than 1 5 times IBase the actual threshold is equal to...

Page 136: ...ng transformers in the protected zone An alternative with one three winding transformer in the protected zone is shown in figure 60 Observe that in this case the three winding power transformer is see...

Page 137: ...RatVoltW2TraA M12541 282 v3 The rated voltage kV of the secondary side non line side low voltage side of the power transformer A ClockNumTransA M12541 285 v3 This is the phase shift from primary to se...

Page 138: ...otherwise not IMaxAddDelay M12541 313 v4 IMaxAddDelay is set as a multiple of IBase The current level under which a possible extra added time delay of the output trip command can be applied The possib...

Page 139: ...ansformers CT1 CT2 and CT3 The terminals are situated in two separate substations Substation 1 and Substation 2 The circuit is protected by two protection terminals Protection Terminal 1 and Protectio...

Page 140: ...e Global base 600 A 600 A Reference current of the protection in the primary system Amperes Remark 1 IBase is set in the Global base values function GBASVAL TransfAonInpCh 2 1 Input currents on these...

Page 141: ...tic as multiple of IBase SlopeSection2 40 40 Slope of the operate restrain characteristic in Section 2 in percent SlopeSection3 80 80 Slope of the operate restrain characteristic in Section 3 in perce...

Page 142: ...al end 3 The currents measured at current terminals current sources 2 and 3 are internally separately referred by the multi terminal differential algorithm to the high voltage side of the transformer...

Page 143: ...50 0 6 0 6 Through I kA kA Idunre Ibase kA kA EQUATION1424 V1 EN US Equation 33 7 The cross block logic shall always be active when there is a power transformer in the protected zone Setting example...

Page 144: ...g of the sources into impedances gives ZSA 138 1700 11 2 2 EQUATION14000034 V1 EN US Equation 34 ZSB 138 1200 15 9 2 EQUATION14000035 V1 EN US Equation 35 Calculating of the short circuit impedance of...

Page 145: ...etting will be ImaxAddDelay S U I n n Base 2 3 2 0 EQUATION14000041 V1 EN US Equation 41 Table 16 Backup protection example data Station Tap transformer 10 MVA Type of fault Three phase fault Object 1...

Page 146: ...tion at B and C are operating as Slaves differential function switched off and the currents are sent to the protection at A and received on channel 2 and 3 To inform the differential algorithm that th...

Page 147: ...ADC1EB55 v2 6 4 1 Identification GUID 3081E62B 3E96 4615 97B8 2CCA92752658 v2 Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Additional security l...

Page 148: ...nt Startup signal has a settable pulse time The Additional security logic for differential protection LDRGFC is connected as a local criterion to release the tripping from line differential protection...

Page 149: ...terion subfunction are described below OperationUV On Off is set On for detection of faults by means of low phase to earth or phase to phase voltage UPhN Level of low phase earth voltage detection giv...

Page 150: ...144...

Page 151: ...re complex consisting of a high number of multi circuit and or multi terminal lines of very different lengths These changes in the network will normally impose more stringent demands on the fault clea...

Page 152: ...impedance defined as Z0 Z1 3 The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140 of the nominal phase to earth voltage This corresponds to about 80 of the nominal phase to phase voltage The...

Page 153: ...transmission networks are operated meshed Typical for this type of network is that we will have fault infeed from remote end when fault occurs on the protected line The fault infeed may enlarge the fa...

Page 154: ...for the zone measurement can be expanded according to the right in figure 72 given higher fault resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load encroachment This is valid in both...

Page 155: ...000220 V1 EN US Figure 73 Characteristic for zone measurement for long line with load encroachment activated 7 1 2 6 Parallel line application with mutual coupling SEMOD168232 149 v2 General SEMOD1682...

Page 156: ...ways by using The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth return compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting parameters Different groups of sett...

Page 157: ...lent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double circuit parallel operating line with a single phase to earth fault at the remote busbar When mutual coupling is introduced the voltage at the IED poi...

Page 158: ...f the result into equation 51 gives that the voltage can be drawn as 0 0 3 p p 3 2 p 1 A L ph N Nm I V Z I K I K EQUATION1280 V2 EN US Equation 53 If we finally divide equation 53 with equation 48 we...

Page 159: ...parallel with Z0 Z0m Z0 Z0m Z0m which is equal to equation 55 2 2 0 0 om E Z Z Z Z EQUATION2002 V4 EN US Equation 55 The influence on the distance measurement can be a considerable overreach which mu...

Page 160: ...protection zone is reduced if due to operating conditions the equivalent zero sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out of operation and earthed at both en...

Page 161: ...dle of the protected circuit 7 1 2 7 Tapped line application SEMOD168232 266 v2 SEMOD168232 268 v2 A B Z Z Z C T IC IA IB IB en05000224 vsd DOCUMENT11524 IMG869 V1 EN US Figure 80 Example of tapped li...

Page 162: ...ection in B to T will measure wrong direction In three end application depending on the source impedance behind the IEDs the impedances of the protected object and the fault location it might be neces...

Page 163: ...ctive load sharing between parallel circuits and loss reduction Reduced costs of power transmission due to decreased investment costs for new power lines Steady state voltage regulation and increase o...

Page 164: ...the angle difference between the generator and the infinite bus increases during the fault At the time of fault clearing the angle difference has increased to C After reclosing of the system the trans...

Page 165: ...rence 0 corresponding to a certain power transfer and it also shifts the P curve upwards Improve reactive power balance SEMOD168320 43 v2 A series capacitor increases its output of reactive power inst...

Page 166: ...in practice IEC06000592 2 en vsd 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 3 5 Degree of series compensation Increase in power transfer Power transfer with constant angle difference Degree of compe...

Page 167: ...al upgrading of line protections on the compensated as well as adjacent lines should be considered The main advantages of series compensation against the new transmission line within the same corridor...

Page 168: ...ch phase is mounted on a platform providing full insulation towards earth The thyristor valve contains a string of series connected high power thyristors with a maximum total blocking voltage in the r...

Page 169: ...ertain operation and stability problems It is supposed that modern communication and state of the art computer technologies provides good basis for the required solution This applies also to protectio...

Page 170: ...line impedance leads the current by 90 degrees Voltage drop DUC on series capacitor lags the fault current by 90 degrees Note that line impedance XL1 could be divided into two parts one between the IE...

Page 171: ...for reverse faults in system with VTs located on the bus side of series capacitor The allocation of VTs to the line side does not eliminate the phenomenon because it appears again for faults on the b...

Page 172: ...ies compensated lines on location of series capacitors XL1 0 for faults just behind the capacitor when located at line IED and only the source impedance prevents current inversion Current inversion ha...

Page 173: ...L R i E t dt EQUATION1905 V1 EN US Equation 75 The solution over line current is presented by group of equations 76 0 2 2 sin sin w l j l j w w j L L R t L G G L L t L L L L E E i t I e Z Z Z R L L a...

Page 174: ...ation 79 The transient part has an angular frequency b and is damped out with the time constant The difference in performance of fault currents for a three phase short circuit at the end of a typical...

Page 175: ...or Bus side instrument transformers SEMOD168320 266 v2 CT1 and VT1 on figure 100 represent the case with bus side instrument transformers The protection devices are in this case exposed to possible vo...

Page 176: ...s recommended to use the VTs for each particular protection function to best suit its specific characteristics and expectations on dependability and security The line side VT can for example be used b...

Page 177: ...ote end compensation has the same effect The voltage inversion occurs in cases when the capacitor reactance between the IED point and fault appears bigger than the corresponding line reactance Figure...

Page 178: ...s in series with resistance which corresponds to approximately 36 of capacitor reactance when the line current equals two times the protective current level I 2 kp INC This information has high import...

Page 179: ...the fault becomes equal to zero if the capacitor is installed near the bus and the fault appears just behind the capacitor This may cause the phenomenon of voltage inversion to be expanded very deep...

Page 180: ...ecreases the line reactance and introduction of permanent memory voltage in directional measurement Series compensated and adjacent lines are often the more important links in a transmission networks...

Page 181: ...e overreaching distance protection or some kind of directional or unit protection must be used The overreach must be of an order so it overreaches when the capacitor is bypassed or out of service Figu...

Page 182: ...by the negative impedance Normally the first zone of this protection must be delayed until the gap flashing has taken place If the delay is not acceptable some directional comparison must also be add...

Page 183: ...oss polarized quadrilateral characteristic en06000584_small vsd jX R X11 X12 XC ZS X FW X RV RFW RRV IEC06000584 SMALL V1 EN US Figure 111 Quadrilateral characteristic with separate impedance and dire...

Page 184: ...perating series compensated lines SEMOD168320 417 v2 Two parallel power lines running in electrically close vicinity to each other and ending at the same busbar at both ends as shown in figure 112 cau...

Page 185: ...nfluence this process since it increases the magnitude of fault current in healthy circuit after the opening of first circuit breaker The so called current reversal phenomenon may cause unwanted opera...

Page 186: ...fluence of the mutual coupling according to section Parallel line application with mutual coupling and select the case s that are valid in your application We recommend to compensate setting for the c...

Page 187: ...communication logic current reversal logic weak end infeed logic and so on The same applies to the back up protection of the bus bar or power transformers It is necessary to secure that it always cove...

Page 188: ...nternal fault voltage zero on faulty line as well as on the adjacent lines This artificial fault always have a resistive component this is however small and can mostly not be used to prevent tripping...

Page 189: ...ensation will occur at three phase fault and therefore the calculation need only to be performed for three phase faults The compensation degree in earth return path is different than in phases It is f...

Page 190: ...figure 116 1 2 is safety factor for fast operation of Zone 1 Compensated line with the series capacitor not into the reach of zone 1 The setting is thus X1 is set to XLine XC p 100 When the calculati...

Page 191: ...d when the capacitor is bridged short circuited It is supposed also in this case that the reactive reach for phase to phase and for phase to earth faults is the same The X1Fw for all lines affected by...

Page 192: ...eck the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling The reach is reduced for a factor 0 0 1 2 1 0 m f Z K Z Z R EQUATION1426 V1 EN US Equatio...

Page 193: ...hing zone1 must follow the following condition 4 5 1 RFPE X EQUATION569 V2 EN US Equation 106 The fault resistance for phase to phase faults is normally quite low compared to the fault resistance for...

Page 194: ...acteristics To avoid load encroachment for the phase to earth measuring elements the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 80 of the minimum load impedance RFPE 0 8 Zlo...

Page 195: ...he set value of the parameter IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE The default setting of IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE is 20 of IBase where IBase is the chosen base current for the analog input channels The value has been...

Page 196: ...in algorithm for load encroachment which gives the possibility to enlarge the resistive setting of both the Phase selection with load encroachment and the measuring zones without interfering with the...

Page 197: ...ome part of the zone characteristic The necessary increased setting of the fault resistance coverage can be derived from trigonometric evaluation of the basic characteristic for respectively fault typ...

Page 198: ...ine 2 ZMQPDIS Impedance protection zone 3 RFltRevPGPHS 4 X1PHS XN tan 60 5 RFltFwdPGPHS 6 RFPGZM 7 X1PHS XN 8 loop 9 X1ZM XN Reactive reach M13142 9 v4 The reactive reach in forward direction must as...

Page 199: ...void that FDPSPDIS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement characteristic Phase to earth fault in reverse direction M13142 151 v4 Reactive reach M13142 153 v2 The reactive reach...

Page 200: ...119 where RFPPZm is the setting of the longest reach of the overreaching zones that must be covered by FDPSPDIS Equation 119 modified is applicable also for the RFRvPP as follows min 1 25 zmRv RFRvPP...

Page 201: ...ce protection ZMQPDIS and FDPSPDIS characteristic for phase to phase fault for line 60 setting parameters in italic 1 FDPSPDIS phase selection red line 2 ZMQPDIS Impedance protection zone 3 0 5 RFRvPP...

Page 202: ...ng of RLdFw can be lesser than the calculated minimal resistive load The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw b...

Page 203: ...evel of the power system The distance protection function in the IED is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub transmission lines solid earthed systems although it...

Page 204: ...o Z1 Z0 is the zero sequence impedance phase Zf is the fault impedance often resistive ZN is the earth return impedance defined as Z0 Z1 3 The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140...

Page 205: ...possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with other protection function s that can carry out the fault clearance in this case High impedance earthed n...

Page 206: ...e preference logic PPLPHIZ is needed in medium and subtransmission network In this type of network it is mostly not possible to use distance protection for detection and clearance of earth faults The...

Page 207: ...of course not allowed and the way to handle this with conventional distance protection is to consider this with the settings that is to have a security margin between the distance zone and the minimu...

Page 208: ...ry short line 1 1 5 5 km 5 25 km Short line 5 5 11 km 25 50 km The IED s ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resista...

Page 209: ...Ld ARGLd RLdFw RLdRv ZL IEC05000220 V1 EN US Figure 126 Characteristic for zone measurement for a long line 7 3 2 6 Parallel line application with mutual coupling M17048 417 v2 General M17048 567 v3 I...

Page 210: ...nsate for the influence of a zero sequence mutual coupling on the measurement at single phase to earth faults in the following ways by using The possibility of different setting values that influence...

Page 211: ...cuit parallel operating line with a single phase to earth fault at the remote busbar When mutual coupling is introduced the voltage at the relay point A will be changed according to equation 131 0 0 0...

Page 212: ...3 gives that the voltage can be drawn as U p ZI I K I K I p p A L ph N Nm 3 3 2 0 0 IECEQUATION1280 V2 EN US Equation 135 If we finally divide equation 135 with equation 130 we can draw the impedance...

Page 213: ...with parallel of Z0 Z0m and Z0m which is equal to equation 137 2 2 0 0 om E Z Z Z Z EQUATION2002 V4 EN US Equation 137 The influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach which...

Page 214: ...to operating conditions the equivalent zero sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out of operation and earthed at both ends A B C IEC09000255_1_en vsd I0 I...

Page 215: ...line application M17048 243 v3 M17048 245 v4 C B BC IEC09000160 3 en vsd A IEC09000160 V3 EN US Figure 133 Example of tapped line with Auto transformer This application gives rise to similar problem...

Page 216: ...in B to T will measure wrong direction In three end application depending on the source impedance behind the IEDs the impedances of the protected object and the fault location it might be necessary to...

Page 217: ...r between the IEDs of the protected fault resistance is considerable the effect must be recognized The load transfer on the protected line should be considered for resistive phase to earth faults Zero...

Page 218: ...ault occurs at point F see figure 134 the IED at point A senses the impedance Z V I Z I I I Z I I I I R Z I I Z AF A A AC A C A CF A C B A F AC C A C 1 F F C B A F I I I R 1 EQUATION302 V5 EN US Equat...

Page 219: ...omponents of the zero sequence impedance for the overreaching zones must be equal to at least R0E R0 Rm0 EQUATION553 V1 EN US Equation 150 X0E X0 Xm0 EQUATION554 V1 EN US Equation 151 Check the reduct...

Page 220: ...ne 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching RFPE 4 5 X1 IECEQUATION2305 V1 EN US Equation 159 The fault resistance for phase to phase faults is normally quite low compared t...

Page 221: ...hase to earth fault operating characteristics To avoid load encroachment for the phase to earth measuring elements the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 80 of the m...

Page 222: ...c ZMQPDIS can be blocked if the magnitude of the currents is below the set value of the parameter IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE The default setting of IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE is 20 of IBase where IBase is the c...

Page 223: ...1 1 2 1L L U is voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 L2 lagging L1 1 2 1L L M U is memorized voltage difference between phase L1 and L2 L2 lagging L1 1 2 L L I is current difference between phas...

Page 224: ...nt IBase the condition seals in If the fault has caused tripping the trip endures If the fault was detected in the reverse direction the measuring element in the reverse direction remains in operation...

Page 225: ...to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub transmission lines solid earthed systems although it also can be used on distribution levels 7 4 2 2 System earthing SEMOD154453 11 v...

Page 226: ...ce protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with other protection function s that can carry out the fault clearance in those ca...

Page 227: ...ng meshed networks What is typical for this type of network is that the magnitude of the earth fault current is very low compared to the short circuit current The voltage on the healthy phases will ge...

Page 228: ...or acceptance For this reason a separate high sensitive earth fault protection is necessary to carry out the fault clearance for single phase to earth fault 7 4 2 3 Fault infeed from remote end SEMOD1...

Page 229: ...he drawback that it will reduce the sensitivity of the protection that is the ability to detect resistive faults jX R Load Load Load Load jX R Load Load Load Load No operation en06000403 vsd IEC060004...

Page 230: ...ent for mho function FMPSPDIS The operation of load encroachment function is always activated To deactivate the function setting LoadEnchMode should be set off or the setting of RLdFw and RLdRv must b...

Page 231: ...ong lines Line category Un Un 110 kV 500 kV Long lines 77 km 99 km 350 km 450 km Very long lines 99 km 450 km The possibility to use the binary information from the load encroachment algorithm improve...

Page 232: ...er than 3 for transposed lines The zero sequence currents are equal and in phase in all the three conductors of the three phase line In this case the three phase conductors can be replaced by a repres...

Page 233: ...mon nodes at both ends For each type of network class we can have three different topologies the parallel line can be in service out of service out of service and earthed in both ends The reach of the...

Page 234: ...compensation factor 0 1 1 3 N Z Z K Z for single circuit and 0 1 3 m Nm Z K Z impedance measured by distance relay can be written as 1 1 Nm Ep ph N E Z Z K I I K I IECEQUATION14010 V1 EN US Equation...

Page 235: ...rent depending on the operation condition of the parallel line Compensation of the mutual zero sequence impedance of parallel circuit can be achieved by appropriate selection of zero sequence compensa...

Page 236: ...e C station for fault between T and B U2 U1 Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at U1 side of the transformer to the measuring side U2 it is assumed that current and voltage distance...

Page 237: ...s Errors introduced by current and voltage instrument transformers particularly under transient conditions Inaccuracies in the line zero sequence impedance data and their effect on the calculated valu...

Page 238: ...2 should overreach all terminals of the protected circuit by an acceptable margin typically 20 of highest impedance seen for all fault conditions and for all intended modes of system operation As far...

Page 239: ...ine must be covered under all conditions The requirement that the zone 2 shall not reach more than 80 of the shortest adjacent line at remote end is highlighted in the example below If a fault occurs...

Page 240: ...rresponding formulas for the reach calculation are given for the most important cases In these equations x stands for ratio of distance to fault and length of the line and Z stands for the impedance s...

Page 241: ...Z Z IEC13000256 1 en vsd x Ph G IEC13000256 V1 EN US Figure 146 Parallel line is out of service and not earthed 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 N Z x Z K Z Z Z IECEQUATION14012 V1 EN US Equation 194 Case 3 Both lines i...

Page 242: ...n the measurement at single phase to earth faults in the following ways by using Alternative 1 The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth return compensation for different di...

Page 243: ...overreaching zone GUID 1C500D3E 12A2 4F0F A5A8 A8054677DF4D v1 Zone 1 is not allowed to overreach under any condition Overreaching zones 2 and 3 are not allowed to underreach the whole line under any...

Page 244: ...ee cases Parallel line switched off and earthed at both ends Parallel line switched off and not earthed or earthed at only one end Both lines in service With this method of setting the zero sequence c...

Page 245: ...nimum operation voltage and the maximum load current Zload Umin 3 Imax EQUATION574 V1 EN US Equation 204 Minimum voltage Umin and maximum current Imax are related to the same operating conditions Mini...

Page 246: ...f the power swing detection function 7 4 3 8 Load impedance limitation with load encroachment function activated SEMOD154469 129 v3 The parameters for load encroachment shaping of the characteristic a...

Page 247: ...ristic The setting is by default set to Non Directional 7 4 3 12 Setting of timers for distance protection zones SEMOD154469 138 v7 The required time delays for different distance protection zones are...

Page 248: ...n order to maintain an unchanged or increased security level of the power system The distance protection function in IED is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub...

Page 249: ...id earthed networks makes it possible to use impedance measuring technique to detect earth fault However distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should there...

Page 250: ...of network is that the magnitude of the earth fault current is very low compared to the short circuit current The voltage on the healthy phases will get a magnitude of 3 times the phase voltage durin...

Page 251: ...be too low for acceptance For this reason a separate high sensitive earth fault protection is necessary to carry out the fault clearance for single phase to earth fault 7 5 2 3 Fault infeed from remot...

Page 252: ...D has a built in function which shapes the characteristic according to the right figure 4 The load encroachment algorithm will increase the possibility to detect high fault resistances especially for...

Page 253: ...phase and phase to earth fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high resistive faults without conflict with the load impedance see figure 152 For very short...

Page 254: ...From an application point of view there exists three types of network configurations classes that must be considered when making the settings for the protection function Those are 1 Parallel line with...

Page 255: ...e out of service and not earthed Parallel line in service SEMOD154680 175 v2 This type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub transmission and transmission networks A simplified s...

Page 256: ...th approximately 20 The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation The reduction of the reach is m...

Page 257: ...duce the reach considerable when the line is in operation All expressions below are proposed for practical use They assume the value of zero sequence mutual resistance R0m equals to zero They consider...

Page 258: ...d at both ends Z Z0 0 m Z Z0 0 m Z0m A B C 99000040 vsd I0 I0 IEC99000040 V1 EN US Figure 158 Equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit for a double circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not...

Page 259: ...Figure 159 Example of tapped line with Auto transformer This application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section Fault infeed from remote end that is increased measured impedance...

Page 260: ...might be necessary to accept zone2 trip in one end or sequential trip in one end Generally for this type of application it is difficult to select settings of zone1 that both gives overlapping of the...

Page 261: ...der the influence of the mutual coupling according tosection Parallel line application with mutual coupling and select the case s that are valid in your application We recommend to compensate setting...

Page 262: ...infeed logic and so on The same applies to the back up protection of the bus bar or power transformers It is necessary to secure that it always covers the overreaching zone used at the remote line IED...

Page 263: ...eduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling The reach is reduced for a factor 0 0 1 2 1 0 m f Z K Z Z R EQUATION1426 V1 EN US Equation 231 If...

Page 264: ...underreaching zone1 should follow the condition 4 5 1 RFPE X EQUATION569 V2 EN US Equation 238 7 5 3 7 Load impedance limitation without load encroachment function SEMOD154704 91 v2 The following ins...

Page 265: ...s All this is applicable for all measuring zones when no power swing detection element is in the protection scheme Use an additional safety margin of approximately 20 in cases when a power swing detec...

Page 266: ...onal distance protection directional function for earth faults ZDARDIR SEMOD175630 1 v3 7 6 1 Identification GUID 39299546 12A2 4D9D 86D0 A33F423944E4 v2 Function description IEC 61850 identification...

Page 267: ...and equals 0 degrees Care must be taken to ensure that neutral current direction remains unchanged during all network configurations and faults and therefore all transformer configurations constructi...

Page 268: ...ady state condition such as a blown fuse or an open voltage transformer winding or connection This will block all trips by the distance protection since they are based on voltage measurement In the pi...

Page 269: ...r applications with CVT to avoid transient overreach due to the CVT dynamics If magnetic voltage transformers are used set SIRLevel to 15 the highest level IMinOp The minimum operate current for the S...

Page 270: ...ockPPto give priority to open phase to earth loop INRelPE must be above the normal un balance current 3I0 that might exist due to un transposed lines The setting must also be set higher than the 3I0 t...

Page 271: ...sector see figure 161 R X RLdFw RLdRv ARGLd ARGLd ARGLd ARGLd en05000226 vsd IEC05000226 V1 EN US Figure 161 Load encroachment characteristic The calculation of the apparent load impedance Zload and...

Page 272: ...C37 2 device number Distance protection zone quadrilateral characteristic separate settings zone 1 ZMRPDIS S00346 V1 EN US 21 Distance protection zone quadrilateral characteristic separate settings zo...

Page 273: ...some marginal influence on the earth fault current in networks with long transmission lines The earth fault current at single phase to earth in phase L1 can be calculated as equation L1 L1 0 1 2 0 f 1...

Page 274: ...thed networks is high enough for impedance measuring element to detect earth fault However in the same way as for solid earthed networks distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high re...

Page 275: ...na a separate function called Phase preference logic PPLPHIZ is needed which is not common to be used in transmission applications In this type of network it is mostly not possible to use distance pro...

Page 276: ...s called load encroachment and it might occur when an external fault is cleared and high emergency load is transferred on the protected line The effect of load encroachment is illustrated to the left...

Page 277: ...UID 504F03E4 37CA 4CCF 9DBB 82B8F1C3B3DD v1 In short line applications the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance coverage Load encroachment is not so common The line length that can be r...

Page 278: ...ulties to get necessary area for new lines Parallel lines introduce an error in the measurement due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines The lines need not be of the same voltage in order...

Page 279: ...e defined as those networks where the parallel transmission lines terminate at common nodes at both ends The three most common operation modes are 1 parallel line in service 2 parallel line out of ser...

Page 280: ...ide as 3 0 1 1 3 0 L I KNm Z Z I ph I KN EQUATION1277 V3 EN US Equation 261 Where KNm Z0m 3 Z1L The second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the line impedance If t...

Page 281: ...approximately 20 The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation The reduction of the reach is mos...

Page 282: ...ance R0m equals to zero They consider only the zero sequence mutual reactance X0m Calculate the equivalent X0E and R0E zero sequence parameters according to equation 267 and equation 268 for each part...

Page 283: ...ted and not earthed 7 9 2 7 Tapped line application GUID 1230B60C 8C3C 4405 8209 E089CAF07847 v1 C B BC IEC09000160 3 en vsd A IEC09000160 V3 EN US Figure 172 Example of tapped line with Auto transfor...

Page 284: ...on the source impedance behind the IEDs the impedances of the protected object and the fault location it might be necessary to accept zone 2 trip in one end or sequential trip in one end Generally fo...

Page 285: ...UID 36A888E8 F209 478E B8C4 76370B644386 v1 The different errors mentioned earlier usually require a limitation of the underreaching zone normally zone 1 to 75 90 of the protected line In case of para...

Page 286: ...6 2 en vsd F IA IB IEC09000256 V2 EN US Figure 173 Setting of overreaching zone 7 9 3 4 Setting of reverse zone GUID 0EDCDC8F A2C9 4625 A6BD 0E7D2B4B1F04 v1 The reverse zone is applicable for purposes...

Page 287: ...to at least R0E R0 Rm0 EQUATION553 V1 EN US Equation 274 X0E X0 Xm0 EQUATION554 V1 EN US Equation 275 Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence...

Page 288: ...1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching RFPE 4 5 X1 IECEQUATION2305 V1 EN US Equation 283 The fault resistance for phase to phase faults is normally quite low compared to t...

Page 289: ...phase and phase to earth fault operating characteristics To avoid load encroachment for the phase to earth measuring elements the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than...

Page 290: ...below the set value of the parameter IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE The default setting of IMinOpPP and IMinOpPE is 20 of IBase where IBase is the chosen current for the analogue input channels The value has b...

Page 291: ...g on the fault type The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some cases be in opposite to the wanted fault resistance coverage Therefore the function has a built in...

Page 292: ...d by the load encroachment characteristic as shown in figure 175 R X STCNDZ STCNDLE R X IEC10000099 1 en vsd IEC10000099 V1 EN US Figure 175 Operating characteristic when load encroachment is activate...

Page 293: ...is transformed according to figure 177 Notice in particular what happens with the resistive blinders of the phase selection quadrilateral zone Due to the 30 degree rotation the angle of the blinder in...

Page 294: ...ic at a fault between two phases is presented in fig 178 Since the load characteristic is based on the same measurement as the quadrilateral characteristic it will rotate with the quadrilateral charac...

Page 295: ...r faults on the entire line It is not necessary to cover all distance protection zones A safety margin of at least 10 is recommended In order to get operation from distance zones the phase selection o...

Page 296: ...forward direction GUID 47B1D249 60C8 4F71 A4FF D57594219952 v1 With reference to figure 179 the following equations for the setting calculations can be obtained Index PHS in images and equations refe...

Page 297: ...hing zone to be covered mostly zone 2 Consider the longest overreaching zone if correct fault selection is important in the application Equation 294 and 295 gives the minimum recommended resistive rea...

Page 298: ...reaches in forward direction RFFwPP must cover RFPPZm with at least 25 margin RFPPZm is the setting of fault resistance for phase to phase fault for the longest overreaching zone to be covered by FRP...

Page 299: ...ing parameters in italic 7 10 4 Setting guidelines IP14959 1 v2 The following setting guideline consider normal overhead lines applications where loop and line is greater than 60 7 10 4 1 Resistive re...

Page 300: ...same way as RLdFw but use maximum importing power that might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant Umin voltage for this condition 7 10 4 2 Minimum operate currents GUID 5B4DF48C...

Page 301: ...e Phase selection with load encroachment and the measuring zones without interfering with the load A current based phase selection is also included The measuring elements continuously measure three ph...

Page 302: ...istic The necessary increased setting of the fault resistance coverage can be derived from trigonometric evaluation of the basic characteristic for respectively fault type Phase to earth fault in forw...

Page 303: ...ine 2 ZMQPDIS Impedance protection zone 3 RFltRevPGPHS 4 X1PHS XN tan 60 5 RFltFwdPGPHS 6 RFPGZM 7 X1PHS XN 8 loop 9 X1ZM XN Reactive reach M13142 9 v4 The reactive reach in forward direction must as...

Page 304: ...void that FDPSPDIS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement characteristic Phase to earth fault in reverse direction M13142 151 v4 Reactive reach M13142 153 v2 The reactive reach...

Page 305: ...306 where RFPPZm is the setting of the longest reach of the overreaching zones that must be covered by FDPSPDIS Equation 306 modified is applicable also for the RFRvPP as follows min 1 25 zmRv RFRvPP...

Page 306: ...ce protection ZMQPDIS and FDPSPDIS characteristic for phase to phase fault for line 60 setting parameters in italic 1 FDPSPDIS phase selection red line 2 ZMQPDIS Impedance protection zone 3 0 5 RFRvPP...

Page 307: ...ng of RLdFw can be lesser than the calculated minimal resistive load The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw b...

Page 308: ...rthing GUID EB5B5594 AA81 4FC5 BBC0 7627A8609A23 v1 The type of system earthing plays an important role when designing the protection system Some hints with respect to distance protection are highligh...

Page 309: ...h fault factor is defined according to Equation 310 f U U e pn max EQUATION1268 V4 EN US Equation 310 Where Umax is the highest fundamental frequency voltage on one of the healthy phases at single pha...

Page 310: ...drop distribution The magnitude of the total fault current can be calculated according to equation313 2 2 R L C 0 3I I I I EQUATION1271 V3 EN US Equation 313 Where 3I0 is the earth fault current A IR...

Page 311: ...e settings With reference to Figure 187 the equation for the bus voltage UA at A side is U I p Z I I Rf A A L A B EQUATION1273 IEC 650 V2 EN US Equation 315 If we divide UA by IA we get Z present to t...

Page 312: ...the load angle ArgLd the resistive blinder for the zone measurement can be set according to figure188 affording higher fault resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load encroac...

Page 313: ...es Line category Un Un 110 kV 500 kV Long lines 77 km 99 km 350 km 450 km Very long lines 99 km 450 km The IED s ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence...

Page 314: ...ero sequence mutual coupling on the measurement at single phase to earth faults in the following ways by using The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth return compensation...

Page 315: ...cuit parallel operating line with a single phase to earth fault at the remote busbar When mutual coupling is introduced the voltage at the relay point A will be changed according to equation 318 0 0 0...

Page 316: ...drawn as U p ZI I K I K I p p A L ph N Nm 3 3 2 0 0 IECEQUATION1280 V2 EN US Equation 322 If we finally divide equation 322 with equation 317 we can draw the impedance present to the IED as Z p ZI I...

Page 317: ...Z Z EQUATION2002 V4 EN US Equation 324 The influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach which must be considered when calculating the settings It is recommended to use a sep...

Page 318: ...reduced if due to operating conditions the equivalent zero sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out of operation and earthed at both ends A B C IEC0900025...

Page 319: ...6 45EE 4CE8 8718 9FAE658E9FCE v1 GUID 7AA566A4 B6E9 41A7 9927 4DAB50BE8D1A v1 C B BC IEC09000160 3 en vsd A IEC09000160 V3 EN US Figure 195 Example of tapped line with Auto transformer This applicatio...

Page 320: ...on the source impedance behind the IEDs the impedances of the protected object and the fault location it might be necessary to accept zone 2 trip in one end or sequential trip in one end Generally fo...

Page 321: ...of zone 1 GUID ABD9A3B1 E420 471E A798 4A56371E715E v1 The different errors mentioned earlier usually require a limitation of the underreaching zone normally zone 1 to 75 90 of the protected line In c...

Page 322: ...n vsd F IA IB IEC09000256 V2 EN US Figure 196 Setting of overreaching zone 7 12 3 4 Setting of reverse zone GUID B633CF2C 28B2 4FDD BE0E D09CA434F01F v1 The reverse zone is applicable for purposes of...

Page 323: ...s must be equal to at least R0E R0 Rm0 EQUATION553 V1 EN US Equation 337 X0E X0 Xm0 EQUATION554 V1 EN US Equation 338 Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the...

Page 324: ...X1 IECEQUATION2305 V1 EN US Equation 346 The fault resistance for phase to phase faults is normally quite low compared to the fault resistance for phase to earth faults To minimize the risk for overr...

Page 325: ...the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current Zload Umin 3 Imax EQUATION574 V1 EN US Equation 349 Minimum voltage Umin and maximum current Imax are related to the same operating condition...

Page 326: ...approximately 20 in cases when a ZMRPSB function is activated in the IED refer to the description of Power swing detection function ZMRPSB 7 12 3 8 Zone reach setting higher than minimum load impedan...

Page 327: ...is a risk that one breaker pole would open without a preceding fault If this never happens for example when there is no parallel circuit there is no need to change any phase to earth reach according...

Page 328: ...out on the protected line IEC05000182 2 en vsdx R X R X R X Non directional Forward Reverse IEC05000182 V2 EN US Figure 198 Directional operating modes of the distance measuring zones 3 to 5 tPPZx tPE...

Page 329: ...ve a high resistive burden to mitigate ferro resonance also fall into this category Any This option is primarily related to the so called active type CVT which uses a set of reactive components to for...

Page 330: ...ZMFCPDIS S00346 V1 EN US 21 7 13 2 Application IP14961 1 v2 GUID 12188AB4 5922 428B 86F5 5F3897D29807 v3 Sub transmission networks are being extended and often become more and more complex consisting...

Page 331: ...the positive sequence impedance phase Z2 is the negative sequence impedance phase Z0 is the zero sequence impedance phase Zf is the fault impedance often resistive ZN is the earth return impedance def...

Page 332: ...123D2D9D 8055 4A2F 9CC2 6EAE0C9F905B v1 In this type of network it is mostly not possible to use distance protection for detection and clearance of earth faults The low magnitude of the earth fault cu...

Page 333: ...eft part of figure 202 The entrance of the load impedance inside the characteristic is not allowed and the previous way of handling this was to consider it with the settings that is with a security ma...

Page 334: ...and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance settings for phase to phase and phase to earth fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high re...

Page 335: ...177187390D v1 General GUID 1D633249 8BF6 4992 A06E E8BD23B2C315 v2 Introduction of parallel lines in the network is increasing due to difficulties to get necessary area for new lines Parallel lines in...

Page 336: ...he following ways by using The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth return compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting parameters Different g...

Page 337: ...cuit parallel operating line with a single phase to earth fault at the remote busbar When mutual coupling is introduced the voltage at the relay point A will be changed according to equation 364 0 0 0...

Page 338: ...drawn as U p ZI I K I K I p p A L ph N Nm 3 3 2 0 0 IECEQUATION1280 V2 EN US Equation 368 If we finally divide equation 368 with equation 363 we can draw the impedance present to the IED as Z p ZI I...

Page 339: ...Z Z EQUATION2002 V4 EN US Equation 370 The influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach which must be considered when calculating the settings It is recommended to use a sep...

Page 340: ...reduced if due to operating conditions the equivalent zero sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out of operation and earthed at both ends A B C IEC0900025...

Page 341: ...E97C 4F7E 84CA C7CD2438C55A v1 GUID 77388095 4EE8 4915 A1D4 D0767D1E04F5 v1 C B BC IEC09000160 3 en vsd A IEC09000160 V3 EN US Figure 210 Example of tapped line with Auto transformer This application...

Page 342: ...to T will measure wrong direction In three end application depending on the source impedance behind the IEDs the impedances of the protected object and the fault location it might be necessary to acc...

Page 343: ...in power transfer capacity Reduced costs of power transmission due to decreased investment costs for new power lines 7 13 3 1 Steady state voltage regulation and increase of voltage collapse limit GU...

Page 344: ...power transfer on the transmission line is given by the equation 383 sin sin 1 d d A B A B Line C Line C U U U U P X X X K EQUATION1897 V1 EN US Equation 383 The compensation degree Kc is defined as e...

Page 345: ...on the protected line Figure 216 presents the corresponding phasor diagrams for the cases with bypassed and fully inserted series capacitor Voltage distribution on faulty lossless serial compensated l...

Page 346: ...L1 C S L1 X X X X EQUATION1902 V1 EN US Equation 385 Where XS is the source impedance behind the IED The IED point voltage inverses its direction due to presence of series capacitor and its dimension...

Page 347: ...t reactance between the source and the fault position Two possibilities appear 1 1 0 0 S C L S C L X X X X X X EQUATION1935 V1 EN US Equation 386 The first case corresponds also to conditions on non c...

Page 348: ...atory studies The current inversion phenomenon should not be studied only for the purposes of protection devices measuring phase currents Directional comparison protections based on residual zero sequ...

Page 349: ...of zero sequence directional earth fault overcurrent protection before its installation Dual side instrument transformers GUID 3B737D75 F1D0 45AB 92A1 E0AEA9A1CCFD v1 Installations with line side CT2...

Page 350: ...d IED point when the spark gap does not flash over as presented for typical cases in figure 221 Here it is necessary to distinguish between two typical cases Series capacitor only reduces the apparent...

Page 351: ...ents three typical cases for series capacitor located at line end case LOC 0 in figure 221 Series capacitor prevails the scheme as long as the line current remains lower or equal to its protective cur...

Page 352: ...the position of series capacitor on compensated line influences in great extent the deepness of voltage inversion in adjacent system Line impedance XLF between D bus and the fault becomes equal to zer...

Page 353: ...d on finding some parallel ways which may help eliminating the basic reason for wrong measurement The most known of them are decrease of the reach due to presence of series capacitor which apparently...

Page 354: ...EC06000619 V1 EN US Figure 226 Underreaching safety factor KS in dependence on system compensation degree KC For that reason permissive underreaching schemes can hardly be used as a main protection Pe...

Page 355: ...ation 396 X X I I X X DA A F A C 3 3 3 11 EQUATION1918 V2 EN US Equation 397 en06000621 vsd B A1 A2 A3 DB DA 3 DA2 DA1 jX11 IA1 IA2 IA3 IF jXC jX1 jX2 jX3 F IEC06000621 V1 EN US Figure 228 Distance IE...

Page 356: ...6000625 vsd jX R X11 X12 XC ZS IEC06000625 V1 EN US Figure 229 Cross polarized quadrilateral characteristic en06000584_small vsd jX R X11 X12 XC ZS X FW X RV RFW RRV IEC06000584 SMALL V1 EN US Figure...

Page 357: ...81AD0AB7 v2 Two parallel power lines running in electrically close vicinity to each other and ending at the same busbar at both ends as shown in figure 231 causes some challenges for distance protecti...

Page 358: ...influence this process since it increases the magnitude of fault current in healthy circuit after the opening of first circuit breaker The so called current reversal phenomenon may cause unwanted ope...

Page 359: ...e of parallel lines consider the influence of the mutual coupling according to section Parallel line application with mutual coupling and select the case s that are valid in the particular application...

Page 360: ...46 v2 The reverse zone zone RV is applicable for purposes of scheme communication logic current reversal logic weak end infeed logic and so on The same applies to the back up protection of the bus bar...

Page 361: ...caused by the series capacitor at fault conditions the reach of the under reaching zone 1 must be further reduced Zone 1 can only be set with a percentage reach to the artificial fault according to th...

Page 362: ...decrease of the reach for different types of faults Reactive Reach jX R XC ZS X1 RV RFW RRV ZS en06000584 2 vsd XLLOC X1 FW X C Xline XC IEC06000584 V2 EN US Figure 236 Measured impedance at voltage...

Page 363: ...mes like permissive overreach transfer trip POTT or blocking scheme can be used Thus it is of great importance that the zone 2 can detect faults on the whole line both with the series capacitor in ope...

Page 364: ...ence impedance circuit for this case is equal to the one in figure 205 The components of the zero sequence impedance for the overreaching zones must be equal to at least R0E R0 Rm0 EQUATION553 V1 EN U...

Page 365: ...03 V1 EN US Equation 412 2 X1 X0 arctan 2 R1 R0 loop j EQUATION2304 V1 EN US Equation 413 Setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk f...

Page 366: ...load impedance phase is calculated as Zloadmin U 2 S EQUATION571 V1 EN US Equation 416 Where U is the minimum phase to phase voltage in kV S is the maximum apparent power in MVA The load impedance ph...

Page 367: ...ately 20 in cases when a ZMRPSB function is activated in the IED refer to the description of Power swing detection function ZMRPSB 7 13 4 9 Zone reach setting higher than minimum load impedance GUID 7...

Page 368: ...is a risk that one breaker pole would open without a preceding fault If this never happens for example when there is no parallel circuit there is no need to change any phase to earth reach according t...

Page 369: ...T There are two main choices Passive type For CVTs that use a non linear component like a saturable inductor to limit overvoltages caused by ferro resonance This component is practically idle during n...

Page 370: ...MRPSB Zpsb SYMBOL EE V1 EN US 68 7 14 2 Application IP14969 1 v1 7 14 2 1 General M13874 3 v3 Various changes in power system may cause oscillations of rotating units The most typical reasons for thes...

Page 371: ...is able to secure selective operation for internal faults during power The operation of the distance protection function remains stable for external faults during the power swing condition even with...

Page 372: ...primary current of current protection transformers used 1 s I A EQUATION1327 V1 EN US Rated secondary current of current protection transformers used 1 10 71 75 6 L Z j W EQUATION1328 V1 EN US Line p...

Page 373: ...pedance ZS is determined as a sum of all impedance in an equivalent two machine system see figure 240 Its value is calculated according to equation 428 1 1 1 17 16 154 8 S SA L SB Z Z Z Z j W EQUATION...

Page 374: ...to the minimum expected load resistance RLmin When the exact value of the minimum load resistance is not known the following approximations may be considered for lines with rated voltage 400 kV KL 0...

Page 375: ...lculated with sufficient accuracy according to equation 434 and 435 respectively 155 75 2 arc tan 2 arc tan 64 5 2 2 123 5 d S Out Z RLdOutFw EQUATION1345 V1 EN US Equation 434 max 155 75 2 arctan 2 a...

Page 376: ...123 5 kLdRFw 0 61 tP1 30 ms tP2 10 ms Consider RLdInFw 75 0 Do not forget to adjust the setting of load encroachment resistance RLdFw in Phase selection with load encroachment FDPSPDIS or FRPSPDIS to...

Page 377: ...tem The tR1 inhibit timer delays the influence of the detected residual current on the inhibit criteria for ZMRPSB It prevents operation of the function for short transients in the residual current me...

Page 378: ...o that the locus of the measured impedance continues through zone 1 operating characteristic and causes its unwanted operation if no preventive measures have been taken see figure 243 EA A B C D F ZSA...

Page 379: ...t generally be blocked during normal operation and released during power swings Their operation must be time delayed but shorter with sufficient margin than the set time delay of normal distance prote...

Page 380: ...06000236 vsd IEC06000236 V1 EN US Figure 244 Simplified logic diagram power swing communication and tripping logic Configuration SEMOD131360 17 v2 Configure the BLOCK input to any combination of condi...

Page 381: ...s of faults during power swings The necessary time difference depends mostly on the speed of the communication channel used speed of the circuit breaker used etc Time difference between 100 ms and 150...

Page 382: ...e of the input signal STPSD before it can issue a carrier send signal A time delay between 50 and 100 ms is generally sufficient The trip timer tTrip is used for safety reasons within the logic It req...

Page 383: ...logic Configure it accordingly within the logic Functional output signal BLKZMOR should be configured to block the overreach distance protection zone generally zone 2 in order to prevent its maloperat...

Page 384: ...phase angle between the generators gets too large the stable operation of the system cannot be maintained In such a case the generator loses the synchronism pole slip to the external power system The...

Page 385: ...nerators is too weak the amplitude of the oscillations will increase until the angular stability is lost At the moment of pole slip there will be a centre of this pole slip which is equivalent with di...

Page 386: ...he generator block At each pole slip there will be significant torque impact on the generator turbine shaft In asynchronous operation there will be induction of currents in parts of the generator norm...

Page 387: ...fed to the IED the PosSeq alternative is recommended default Further settings can be illustrated in figure 248 IEC06000548_2_en vsd IED B A EB EA X d XT ZS Zone 1 Zone 2 jX R ZB ZA Pole slip impedanc...

Page 388: ...commended N1Limit The setting N1Limit gives the number of pole slips that should occur before trip if the crossing of the slip line ZA ZB is within zone 1 that is the node of the pole slip is within t...

Page 389: ...Use the following data UBase 400 kV SBase set to 1000 MVA Short circuit power at station 1 without infeed from the protected line 5000 MVA assumed to a pure reactance Short circuit power at station 2...

Page 390: ...0 20 90 160 j ZB j pu pu EQUATION1964 V1 EN US Equation 454 Set ZB to 0 2 This corresponds to 2 20 0 0125 0 125 0 126 84 160 j ZC j pu pu EQUATION1966 V1 EN US Equation 455 Set ZC to 0 13 and AnglePhi...

Page 391: ...power system it is desirable to split the system into predefined parts in case of pole slip The protection is therefore situated at lines where this predefined split shall take place Normally the N1Li...

Page 392: ...B anglePhi IEC07000015_2_en vsd IEC07000015 V2 EN US Figure 253 Impedances to be set for pole slip protection PSPPPAM The setting parameters of the protection are ZA Block transformer source impedance...

Page 393: ...as reference 2 2 20 2 0 200 UBase ZBase ohm SBase EQUATION1969 V1 EN US Equation 458 2 2 20 20 0 15 0 38 200 5000 ZA Z transf Zsc network j j j ohm EQUATION1970 V1 EN US Equation 459 This corresponds...

Page 394: ...figure 254 ZA ZB Zload R X en07000016 vsd IEC07000016 V1 EN US Figure 254 Simplified figure to derive StartAngle 0 0 arctan arctan arctan arctan 7 1 5 4 0 25 0 19 13 2 2 ZB ZA angleStart Zload Zload...

Page 395: ...accelerate the moving parts that is the rotor and the turbine If the fault is not cleared quickly the generator may not remain in synchronism after the fault has been cleared If the generator loses s...

Page 396: ...optimum splitting points because they depend on the fault location and the pattern of generation and load at the respective time It is hardly possible to state general rules for out of step relaying b...

Page 397: ...ft In asynchronous operation there is induction of currents in parts of the generator normally not carrying current thus resulting in increased heating The consequence can be damages on insulation and...

Page 398: ...0 003 0 9522 100 0 29 in ZBase all referred to 13 8 kV Settings ForwardR ForwardX ReverseR and ReverseX A precondition in order to be able to use the Out of step protection and construct a suitable l...

Page 399: ...aker is exposed when breaking the currents The range of this value is from 15 to 90 with higher values suitable for longer breaker opening times If a breaker opening is initiated at for example 60 the...

Page 400: ...rator protection scheme InvertCTCurr If the currents fed to the Out of step protection are measured on the protected generator neutral side LV side then inversion is not necessary InvertCTCurr Off pro...

Page 401: ...ating value must exceed the maximum charging current of an overhead line when only one phase is disconnected mutual coupling in the other phases UPh is used to set the voltage level for the detection...

Page 402: ...67856 4 v5 Phase preference logic function PPLPHIZ is an auxiliary function to Distance protection zone quadrilateral characteristic ZMQPDIS and Phase selection with load encroachment quadrilateral ch...

Page 403: ...ne quadrilateral characteristic function ZMQPDIS and ZMQAPDIS and Phase selection with load encroachment quadrilateral characteristic function FDPSPDIS as shown in figure 259 The integer from the phas...

Page 404: ...zone quadrilateral characteristic ZMQPDIS and ZMQAPDIS and Phase selection with load encroachment quadrilateral characteristic function FDPSPDIS As the fault is a double earth faults at different loca...

Page 405: ...thy phase to phase voltage for example L2 L3 for a L1 L2 fault picks up and gives an incorrect release of all loops The setting can typically be 40 to 50 of rated voltage UBase divided by 3 that is 40...

Page 406: ...400...

Page 407: ...urrent indicates that the decrease of transmitted power is high The total fault clearing time The phase angles between the EMFs of the generators on both sides of the transmission line increase over t...

Page 408: ...3 should be chosen IP Set operate current in of IBase StValMult The operate current can be changed by activation of the binary input ENMULT to the set factor StValMult IP MinEd2Set Minimum settable op...

Page 409: ...sted due to the inaccuracy of the instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data The minimum primary setting Is for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection...

Page 410: ...1 en vsd ZA ZB ZL1 A B I M Fault IED ZL2 M C Line 1 Line 2 IEC09000025 V1 EN US Figure 264 Two parallel lines Influence from parallel line to the through fault current IM The minimum theoretical curr...

Page 411: ...functionality is used This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from the protected object itself In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance the directional function...

Page 412: ...f the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay Thus if only the inverse time delay is required it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage to z...

Page 413: ...ex The directional mode of step x Possible settings are Off Non directional Forward Reverse Characteristx Selection of time characteristic for step x Definite time delay and different types of inverse...

Page 414: ...eristic is selected Note that the value set is the time between activation of the start and the trip outputs kx Time multiplier for inverse time delay for step x IMinx Minimum operate current in of IB...

Page 415: ...possible delay time setting instantaneous 1 and IEC 2 set constant time reset For ANSI inverse time characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics are available instantaneous 1 IEC 2 s...

Page 416: ...function The settings for the 2nd harmonic restrain are described below 2ndHarmStab The rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd harmonic restrain signal to block chosen steps Th...

Page 417: ...t more often than once every five years In many cases this time interval is still longer Investigate the maximum load current that different equipment on the line can withstand Study components such a...

Page 418: ...nt setting of the most rapid stage of the phase overcurrent protection can be written according to max 1 2 t sc high I k I EQUATION1265 V1 EN US Equation 477 where 1 2 is a safety factor kt is a facto...

Page 419: ...can vary significantly between different protective equipment The following time delays can be estimated Protection operation time 15 60 ms Protection resetting time 15 60 ms Breaker opening time 20...

Page 420: ...ent protection at IED A1 is selective to the overcurrent protection at IED B1 the minimum time difference must be larger than the time t3 There are uncertainties in the values of protection operation...

Page 421: ...l base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase The setting of the function is limited to the operate residual current to the protection IN The basic requirement is to assure s...

Page 422: ...20 is suggested due to inaccuracy of instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data The minimum primary current setting Is is Is 1 3 Imin EQUATION285 V3 EN US Equ...

Page 423: ...entification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Four step residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC 4 IN 4 alt 4 TEF REVA V2 EN US 51N_67N 8 4 2 Application M12509 12 v9 The four ste...

Page 424: ...cteristics available such as definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is normally enabled by co ordination betw...

Page 425: ...Base and SBase SeqTypeUPol This is used to select the type of voltage polarising quantity i e Zero seq or Neg seq for direction detection SeqTypeIPol This is used to select the type of current polaris...

Page 426: ...ng to standard If IMinx is set above INx for any step signal will reset at current equals to zero txMin Minimum operating time for inverse time characteristics At high currents the inverse time charac...

Page 427: ...characteristic curve Further description can be found in the technical reference manual 8 4 3 2 Common settings for all steps M15282 81 v9 AngleRCA Relay characteristic angle given in degree This ang...

Page 428: ...Dir Operate residual current release level in of IBase for directional comparison scheme The setting is given in of IBase and must be set below the lowest INx setting set for the directional measureme...

Page 429: ...of the settings of the steps Step 1 2 3 4 Normally the step having the lowest operation current level should be set BlkParTransf This parameter can be set Off On the parallel transformer logic 8 4 3 5...

Page 430: ...nd tUnderTime Time delay for operation of the sensitive undertime function The setting range is 0 000 60 000 s in step of 0 001 s The default setting is 0 300 s 8 4 3 6 Line application example M15282...

Page 431: ...fault The requirement can be formulated according to equation 484 step1 0 I 1 2 3I remote busbar EQUATION1199 V3 EN US Equation 484 As a consequence of the distribution of zero sequence current in the...

Page 432: ...er than in the case of earth fault on the remote busbar step1 0 I 1 2 3I EQUATION1201 V3 EN US Equation 486 The current setting for step 1 is chosen as the largest of the above calculated residual cur...

Page 433: ...2 selectivity calculation A second criterion for step 2 is according to equation 488 1 1 0 step2 step1 0 3I I 2 I 3I EQUATION1203 V4 EN US Equation 488 where Istep1 is the current setting for step 1 o...

Page 434: ...irectional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC GUID E8CF8AA2 AF54 4FD1 A379 3E55DCA2FA3A v1 8 5 1 Identification GUID E1720ADA 7F80 4F2C 82A1 EF2C9EF6A4B4 v1 Function description IE...

Page 435: ...the different protections To enable optimal co ordination all overcurrent relays to be co ordinated against each other should have the same time characteristic Therefore a wide range of standardized i...

Page 436: ...d it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero 8 5 3 1 Settings for each step GUID CFB327EF C5C4 44B5 AB4B 9C2916355FC5 v5 x means step 1 2 3 and 4 DirModeSelx The directional...

Page 437: ...e characteristics At high currents the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time By setting this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting...

Page 438: ...acteristic equation is according to equation 490 p A t s B k i C in EQUATION1189 V1 EN US Equation 490 Further description can be found in the Technical reference manual TRM tPRCrvx tTRCrvx tCRCrvx Pa...

Page 439: ...en in of IBase The start forward or start reverse signals can be used in a communication scheme The appropriate signal must be configured to the communication scheme block 8 6 Sensitive directional re...

Page 440: ...ift compared to the residual voltage 3U0 The characteristic angle is chosen to 90 in such a network In resistance earthed networks or in Petersen coil earthed with a parallel resistor the active resid...

Page 441: ...resistor gives an earth fault current larger than what normal high impedance gives but smaller than the phase to phase short circuit current In a high impedance system the fault current is assumed to...

Page 442: ...EQUATION1946 V1 EN US Equation 494 Where Rn is the resistance of the neutral point resistor In many systems there is also a neutral point reactor Petersen coil connected to one or more transformer neu...

Page 443: ...e is the phase voltage in the fault point before the fault Z1 is the total positive sequence impedance to the fault point Z1 Zsc ZT 1 ZlineAB 1 ZlineBC 1 Z0 is the total zero sequence impedance to the...

Page 444: ...j j EQUATION1942 V2 EN US Equation 503 The function can be set On Off with the setting of Operation Common base IED values for primary current IBase primary voltage UBase and primary power SBase are...

Page 445: ...3U IEC06000649 V3 EN US Figure 288 Characteristic for RCADir equal to 90 When OpMode is set to 3U03I0cosfi the apparent residual power component in the direction is measured When OpMode is set to 3I0...

Page 446: ...s intermittently dropping below the set value during consecutive cycles Therefore the definite timer should continue for a certain time equal to tReset even though the fault current has dropped below...

Page 447: ...ed on calculation of the earth fault current at required sensitivity of the protection OpINNonDir is set On to activate the non directional residual current protection INNonDir is the operate current...

Page 448: ...1850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Thermal overload protection one time constant Celsius LCPTTR 26 Thermal overload protection one time constant Fahrenheit LFPT...

Page 449: ...r the line cable under emergency operation a few hours per year TRef Reference temperature rise end temperature corresponding to the steady state current IRef From cable manuals current values with co...

Page 450: ...tion can be used to increase the probability of operation of the breaker or it can be used to avoid back up trip of many breakers in case of mistakes during relay maintenance and test 8 8 3 Setting gu...

Page 451: ...For Contact operation means back up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed breaker position is used IP Current level for detection of breaker failure set in of IBase This parameter should be set...

Page 452: ...en Margin Retrip delay t1 tcbopen after re trip tBFPreset Minimum back up trip delay t2 Critical fault clearance time for stability IEC05000479_2_en vsd IEC05000479 V2 EN US Figure 290 Time sequence t...

Page 453: ...5 In a 1 breaker switchyard the line protection and the busbar protection normally have overlap when a connected object is in service When an object is taken out of service it is normally required to...

Page 454: ...binary release signal RELEASE into the function is activated This signal is normally taken from an auxiliary contact normally closed of the line disconnector and connected to a binary input RELEASE of...

Page 455: ...o that logic is created a signal can be sent to the protection indicating pole discordance This logic can also be realized within the protection itself by using opened and close signals for each circu...

Page 456: ...d ventilation losses Then the synchronous generator becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the rest of the power system This operating state where individual synchronous ma...

Page 457: ...parts They are not always strong enough to withstand the associated stresses Ice and snow may block the intake when the outdoor temperature falls far below zero Branches and leaves may also block the...

Page 458: ...possibilities are shown in table 39 Table 39 Complex power calculation Set value Mode Formula used for complex power calculation L1 L2 L3 1 1 2 2 3 3 L L L L L L S U I U I U I EQUATION1697 V1 EN US Eq...

Page 459: ...mponent pick up value in the Angle1 2 direction The setting is given in p u of the generator rated power see equation 517 Minimum recommended setting is 0 2 of SN when metering class CT inputs into th...

Page 460: ...of the measured power can be made as shown in the formula 1 Old Calculated S k S k S EQUATION1893 V1 EN US Equation 519 Where S is a new measured value to be used for the protection function Sold is t...

Page 461: ...condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the generator itself Steam turbines easily becom...

Page 462: ...isk for damages to hydro turbines can justify reverse power protection in unattended plants A hydro turbine that rotates in water with closed wicket gates will draw electric power from the rest of the...

Page 463: ...ation 522 PosSeq 3 PosSeq PosSeq S U I EQUATION1699 V1 EN US Equation 523 L1L2 1 2 1 2 L L L L S U I I EQUATION1700 V1 EN US Equation 524 L2L3 2 3 2 3 L L L L S U I I EQUATION1701 V1 EN US Equation 52...

Page 464: ...recommended setting is 0 2 of SN when metering class CT inputs into the IED are used 3 N S UBase IBase EQUATION1708 V1 EN US Equation 530 The setting Angle1 2 gives the characteristic angle giving max...

Page 465: ...e low pass filtering of the measured power can be made as shown in the formula 1 Old Calculated S k S k S EQUATION1893 V1 EN US Equation 532 Where S is a new measured value to be used for the protecti...

Page 466: ...ne where the IED connected will give alarm or trip at detecting broken conductors 8 13 3 Setting guidelines SEMOD171866 5 v4 Broken conductor check BRCPTOC must be set to detect open phase s series fa...

Page 467: ...C function is always connected to three phase current and three phase voltage input in the configuration tool but it will always measure the maximum phase current and the minimum phase to phase voltag...

Page 468: ...may drop below the generator rated current after 0 5 1 s Also for generators with an excitation system not fed from the generator terminals a fault can occur when the automatic voltage regulator is o...

Page 469: ...utputs EnBlkLowV This parameter enables the internal block of the undervoltage stage for low voltage condition the voltage level is defined by the parameter BlkLowVolt BlkLowVolt Voltage level under w...

Page 470: ...0DBFC987D69 v6 To obtain this functionality the IED application configuration shall include a logic in accordance to figure 298 and of course the relevant three phase generator currents and voltages s...

Page 471: ...The other parameters may be left at their default value 1MRK 505 343 UEN B Section 8 Current protection 465 Application manual...

Page 472: ...466...

Page 473: ...trip in case of a blackout UV2PTUV is also used to initiate voltage correction measures like insertion of shunt capacitor banks to compensate for reactive load and thereby increasing the voltage The f...

Page 474: ...oltage instability mitigation M13851 59 v3 This setting is very much dependent on the power system characteristics and thorough studies have to be made to find the suitable levels 9 1 3 5 Backup prote...

Page 475: ...s a short circuit or earth faults in the system The time delay must be coordinated to the short circuit protections tResetn Reset time for step n if definite time delay is used given in s The default...

Page 476: ...tions where reliable detection of high voltage is necessary OV2PTOV is used for supervision and detection of abnormal conditions which in combination with other protection functions increase the secur...

Page 477: ...level phase to phase of the power system or the high voltage equipment under consideration The time delay for the OV2PTOV can sometimes be critical and related to the size of the overvoltage a power s...

Page 478: ...phase voltage over U UBase kV EQUATION1993 V1 EN US Equation 537 The below described setting parameters are identical for the two steps n 1 or 2 Therefore the setting parameters are described only onc...

Page 479: ...ameter CrvSatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon In the voltage interval Un up to Un 1 0 CrvSatn 100 the used voltage will be Un 1 0 CrvSatn 100 If the programmable curve is used this parameter...

Page 480: ...ection is used to protect some specific equipment the time delay is shorter Some applications and related setting guidelines for the residual voltage level are given below 9 3 3 1 Equipment protection...

Page 481: ...as the faulty phase will be connected to earth The residual overvoltage will be three times the phase to earth voltage See figure 299 IEC07000190 V1 EN US Figure 299 Earth fault in Non effectively ear...

Page 482: ...to the neutral point of a power transformer in the power system In this connection the protection is fed by the voltage UN U0 single input The Setting chapter in the application manual explains how th...

Page 483: ...longer than the operation time for other protections such unselective tripping can be avoided ResetTypeCrvn Set reset type curve for step n This parameter can be set Instantaneous Frozen time Linearl...

Page 484: ...ower transformers shall be capable of delivering rated load current continuously at an applied voltage of 105 of rated value at rated frequency For special cases the purchaser may specify that the tra...

Page 485: ...onding phase to phase current is calculated which has the same phase angle relative the phase to phase voltage as the phase currents have relative the phase voltages in a symmetrical system The functi...

Page 486: ...here MeasuredI must be in accordance with MeasuredU V Hz Operating level for the inverse characteristic IEEE or tailor made The operation is based on the relation between rated voltage and rated freq...

Page 487: ...n seconds TMTOTRIP flux density VPERHZ internal thermal content in percentage of trip value THERMSTA The values are available at local HMI Substation SAsystem and PCM600 9 4 3 4 Setting example M6496...

Page 488: ...t2 t1 transformer capability curve relay operate characteristic en01000377 vsd IEC01000377 V1 EN US Figure 302 Example on overexcitation capability curve and V Hz protection settings for power transfo...

Page 489: ...390_1_en vsd IEC06000390 V3 EN US Figure 303 Connection of voltage differential protection VDCPTOV function to detect unbalance in capacitor banks one phase only is shown VDCPTOV function has a block...

Page 490: ...voltage transformer ratios different voltage levels e g the voltage measurement inside the capacitor bank can have a different voltage level but the difference can also e g be used by voltage drop in...

Page 491: ...factor has been properly evaluated during commissioning For other applications it has to be decided case by case tAlarm The time delay for alarm is set by this parameter Normally few seconds delay can...

Page 492: ...ly operate only when the protection at the remote end of a feeder can detect the fault The detection requires a minimum of fault current normally 20 of Ir The fault current can be low due to absence o...

Page 493: ...ation at single phase faults Del1PhOp Enabling of delayed single phase operation t1Ph Time delay for single phase operation Del3PhOp Enabling of delayed three phase operation ResCurrOper Enabling of r...

Page 494: ...488...

Page 495: ...system voltage and hence also reduce the voltage dependent part of the load SAPTUF is very sensitive and accurate and is used to alert operators that frequency has slightly deviated from the set poin...

Page 496: ...short The voltage related time delay is used for load shedding The settings of SAPTUF could be the same all over the power system The load shedding is then performed firstly in areas with low voltage...

Page 497: ...stations or sensitive loads The setting level the number of levels and the distance between two levels in time and or in frequency depend very much on the characteristics of the power system under co...

Page 498: ...ituations load or generation shedding has to take place very quickly and there might not be enough time to wait until the frequency signal has reached an abnormal value Actions are therefore taken at...

Page 499: ...for such incident The IED can be provided with multiple General current and voltage protection CVGAPC protection modules The function is always connected to three phase current and three phase voltag...

Page 500: ...measure one of the following current quantities shown in table 42 Table 42 Available selection for current quantity within CVGAPC function Set value for parameter CurrentInput Comment 1 phase1 CVGAPC...

Page 501: ...phasor This voltage phasor will be intentionally rotated for 180 in order to enable easier settings for the directional feature when used 6 3 ZeroSeq CVGAPC function will measure internally calculated...

Page 502: ...ase current shall be entered as 1 rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes when the measured Current Quantity is selected from 1 to 9 as shown in table 42 2 rated phase current o...

Page 503: ...unit current depending on the equivalent system impedance Machine terminal voltage can range from 20 to 70 of rated voltage again depending on the system equivalent impedance including the block trans...

Page 504: ...ce polarization may result from mutual induction between two or more parallel lines Additionally it can be used in applications on underground cables where zero sequence impedance depends on the fault...

Page 505: ...in forward direction The built in OC2 stage can be used to detect faults in reverse direction However the following shall be noted for such application the set values for RCADir and ROADir settings w...

Page 506: ...order to achieve such protection functionality with one CVGAPC functions the following must be done 1 Connect three phase generator currents to one CVGAPC instance for example GF01 2 Set parameter Cur...

Page 507: ...red delayed time reset for OC1 step can be set in order to ensure proper function operation in case of repetitive unbalance conditions Furthermore the other built in protection elements can be used fo...

Page 508: ...ble one overcurrent step for example OC1 5 Select parameter CurveType_OC1 to value Programmable op P A t k B M C EQUATION1375 V1 EN US Equation 548 where top is the operating time in seconds of the In...

Page 509: ...er than 97 of the maximum phase current By doing this it will be insured that function can only pickup if one of the phases is open circuited Such an arrangement is easy to obtain in CVGAPC function b...

Page 510: ...s 9 Set StartCurr_OC1 to value 185 10 Set VCntrlMode_OC1 to On 11 Set VDepMode_OC1 to Slope 12 Set VDepFact_OC1 to value 0 25 13 Set UHighLimit_OC1 to value 100 14 Set ULowLimit_OC1 to value 25 Proper...

Page 511: ...erified by secondary injection All other settings can be left at the default values However it shall be noted that set values for RCA ROA angles will be applicable for OC2 step if directional feature...

Page 512: ...506...

Page 513: ...nitude Phase angle Exact frequency of the extracted signal The SMAI HPAC filter is always used in conjunction with some other protection function e g multi purpose protection function or overcurrent f...

Page 514: ...I EQUATION13000029 V1 EN US Equation 549 Where top is the operating time of the relay T01 is fixed time delay setting K is a constant setting IS is measured subsynchronous current in primary amperes...

Page 515: ...which for multi purpose overcurrent stage one which has the following equation for more information see Section Inverse time characteristics in the TRM p t A s B k i C in EQUATION13000031 V1 EN US Equ...

Page 516: ...RestrCurrCoeff 0 00 RCADir 75 ROADir 75 LowVolt_VM 0 5 OC1 Setting Group1 Operation_OC1 On StartCurr_OC1 30 0 CurrMult_OC1 2 0 CurveType_OC1 Programmable tDef_OC1 0 00 k_OC1 1 00 tMin1 30 tMin_OC1 1 4...

Page 517: ...nwanted blocking of protection functions during the transient stage must then be avoided Current circuit supervision CCSSPVC must be sensitive and have short operate time in order to prevent unwanted...

Page 518: ...s are another possibilities These solutions are combined to get the best possible effect in the fuse failure supervision function FUFSPVC FUFSPVC function built into the IED products can operate on th...

Page 519: ...ead phase indication will persist in the phase with the blown fuse When the local breaker closes the current will start to flow and the function detects the fuse failure situation But due to the 200 m...

Page 520: ...etting value 3U0 is given in percentage of the base voltage UBase The setting of 3U0 should not be set lower than the value that is calculated according to equation 555 100 3 0 3 0 3 UBase U U EQUATIO...

Page 521: ...for the distance protection function A 5 10 lower value is recommended 13 2 3 6 Dead line detection M13683 78 v4 The condition for operation of the dead line detection is set by the parameters IDLD f...

Page 522: ...Pilot VT circuit IEC12000143 V1 EN US Figure 307 Application of VDSPVC 13 3 3 Setting guidelines GUID 0D5A517C 1F92 46B9 AC2D F41ED4E7C39E v1 GUID 52BF4E8E 0B0C 4F75 99C4 0BCB22CDD166 v2 The paramete...

Page 523: ...will be given according to equation 559 or 100 S etPrim Base U Ud MainBlock Ud PilotAlarm U IECEQUATION2424 V2 EN US Equation 559 USetPrim is defined as phase to neutral or phase to phase voltage depe...

Page 524: ...518...

Page 525: ...closing angle is equal to the measured phase angle and the following conditions are simultaneously fulfilled The voltages U Line and U Bus are higher than the set values for UHighBusSynch and UHighLin...

Page 526: ...PhaseLine2 a compensation is made automatically for the voltage amplitude difference and the phase angle difference caused if different setting values are selected for the two sides of the breaker If...

Page 527: ...network that is disturbed by a fault event after the fault clearance a highspeed auto reclosing takes place This can cause a power swing in the net and the phase angle difference may begin to oscilla...

Page 528: ...sing when both sides of the breaker are dead Dead Bus Dead Line DBDL The equipment is considered energized Live if the voltage is above the set value for UHighBusEnerg or UHighLineEnerg of the base vo...

Page 529: ...use failure supervision function is then used and connected to the fuse supervision inputs of the SESRSYN function block In case of a fuse failure the SESRSYN energizing function is blocked The UB1OK...

Page 530: ...INE WA1 QB1 QA1 IEC10000093 4 en vsd LINE_VT LINE_MCB WA1_MCB SESRSYN U3PBB1 U3PBB2 U3PLN1 U3PLN2 GRP_OFF UB1OK UB1FF ULN1OK ULN1FF WA1_VT WA1_VT LINE_VT LINE_MCB WA1_MCB IEC10000093 V4 EN US Figure 3...

Page 531: ...voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to No voltage sel 14 1 3 3 Single circuit breaker with double busbar internal voltage selection M12326 3 v7 WA1 WA2 QB1 QB2 LINE QA1 IEC10000095 6 en vsd WA...

Page 532: ...PBB1 on SESRSYN for WA2_QA1 The voltage from the line VT is connected to U3PLN1 on both function blocks The condition of VT fuses shall also be connected as shown in figure 314 The voltage selection p...

Page 533: ...A1_MCB WA2_MCB LINE1_MCB LINE2_MCB SESRSYN U3PBB1 B1 QOPEN B1 QCLD B2 QOPEN B2 QCLD LN1 QOPEN LN1 QCLD LN2 QOPEN LN2 QCLD UB1OK UB1FF UB2OK UB2FF ULN1OK ULN1FF ULN2OK ULN2FF U3PLN2 U3PLN1 U3PBB2 LINE1...

Page 534: ...LN1OK FF Supervision of LINE1_MCB fuse ULN2OK FF Supervision of LINE2_MCB fuse Setting CBConfig 1 1 2 bus alt CB If only two SESRSYN functions are provided in the same IED the connections and settings...

Page 535: ...ith the breaker connected to busbar 1 1 1 2 bus CB 1 1 2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 2 1 1 2 bus alt CB 1 1 2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connecte...

Page 536: ...nominal frequency independent of each other so the frequency difference shall be small FreqRateChange The maximum allowed rate of change for the frequency tBreaker The tBreaker shall be set to match t...

Page 537: ...value in heavy loaded networks can be 45 degrees whereas in most networks the maximum occurring angle is below 25 degrees The PhaseDiffM setting is a limitation to PhaseDiffA setting Fluctuations occ...

Page 538: ...usEnerg UHighLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg ULowLineEnerg partly overlap each other the setting conditions may be such that the setting of the non energized threshold value is higher than that of the ener...

Page 539: ...d Contacts separated Are extinguishers Fault duration AR open time for breaker Fault duration Resets Instant of fault Operates Break time Closing time Operate time Fault Operates Resets Close command...

Page 540: ...s can be arranged with a priority circuit available in the auto reclose function In case of a permanent fault and unsuccessful reclosing of the first CB reclosing of the second CB is cancelled and thu...

Page 541: ...an auto reclosing cycle Prepare three phase tripping is then used to switch the tripping to three phase This signal is generated by the auto recloser and connected to the trip function block and also...

Page 542: ...mation M12391 100 v5 If a user wants to initiate auto reclosing from the CB open position instead of from protection trip signals the function offers such a possibility This starting mode is selected...

Page 543: ...se reclosing Usually there is no two phase tripping arranged and then there will be no two phase reclosing The decision for single and 3 phase trip is also made in the tripping logic SMPTTRC function...

Page 544: ...ots can be done according to the NoOfShots parameter At 2 phase trip TR2P high and TR3P low the operation is similar to the above But if the first reclosing shot fails a 3 phase trip will be issued an...

Page 545: ...n front of the IED with only 3 phase or 1 3 phase mode but alternatively there can for example be a physical selector switch on the front of the panel which is connected to a binary to integer functio...

Page 546: ...een made and the auto reclosing function is blocked The signal resets after reclaim time The unsuccessful signal can also be made to depend on CB position input The parameter UnsucClByCBChk should the...

Page 547: ...single phase fault which leads to single phase tripping and then the fault spreads to another phase The second fault is then cleared by three phase tripping The Auto Reclosing function will first rece...

Page 548: ...configuration tool to configure signals Autorecloser function parameters are set via the local HMI or Parameter Setting Tool PST Parameter Setting Tool is a part of PCM600 Recommendations for input si...

Page 549: ...It can be connected when required to prolong the AutoReclosing time when communication is not working that is one line end might trip with a zone 2 delay If this is used the autorecloser must also be...

Page 550: ...hat SMRREC function is temporarily or permanently blocked ACTIVE Indicates that SMBRREC is active from start until end of Reclaim time INPROGR Indicates that a sequence is in progress from start until...

Page 551: ...BLOCKED SETON INPROGR ACTIVE UNSUCCL SUCCL CLOSECB CBREADY CBPOS PLCLOST 1PT1 WFMASTER RESET START THOLHOLD READY TRSOTF SYNC INPUT xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx OR OR OUTPUT xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x...

Page 552: ...allow simple changing of the priority by just setting the High and the Low priorities without changing the configuration The inputs CBPOS for each breaker are important in multi breaker arrangements...

Page 553: ...D PERMIT1P PREP3P 3PT1 2PT1 1PT1 3PT5 RESET BLOCKOFF BLKON OFF ON INHIBIT PLCLOST START SKIPHS STARTHS CBPOS CBREADY SYNC THOLHOLD TRSOTF 3PT2 3PT3 3PT4 PERMIT1P PREP3P 3PT1 2PT1 1PT1 3PT5 ACTIVE UNSU...

Page 554: ...R a typical open time is 400ms Different local phenomena such as moisture salt pollution can influence the required dead time Some users apply Delayed Auto Reclosing DAR with delays of 10s or more The...

Page 555: ...ary contact type It shall be set to correspond to the CB auxiliary contact used A NormOpen contact is recommended in order to generate a positive signal when the CB is in the closed position CBReadyTy...

Page 556: ...itForMaster 2sec AutoCont and tAutoContWait Automatic continuation to the next shot if the CB is not closed within the set time The normal setting is AutoCont Off The tAutoContWait is the length of ti...

Page 557: ...n and supervision of operator place Command supervision Block deblock of operation Block deblock of updating of position indications Substitution of position indications Overriding of interlocking fun...

Page 558: ...from the local IED HMI without LogOn The default position of the local remote switch is on remote en05000116 vsd SXCBR SCSWI SCILO SXCBR SXCBR SCSWI SCILO SXSWI QA1 QB1 QB9 IEC 61850 QCBAY IEC05000116...

Page 559: ...e function gives permission to operate from two main types of locations either from Remote for example control centre or station HMI or from Local local HMI on the IED or from all Local and Remote The...

Page 560: ...g information are read and evaluated if the operation is permitted The synchrocheck synchronizing conditions are read and checked and performs operation upon positive response The blocking conditions...

Page 561: ...n of pulse duration for open close command respectively The realizations of these function are done with SXCBR representing a circuit breaker and with SXSWI representing a circuit switch that is a dis...

Page 562: ...ch bay respectively which have received a request from this bay Also the information of valid transmission over the station bus must be received en05000117 vsd IED IED From other SCSWI in the bay To o...

Page 563: ...tor or the earthing switch for the apparatus control function The Bay control QCBAY fulfils the bay level functions for the apparatuses such as operator place selection and blockings for the complete...

Page 564: ...Open cmd Close cmd Interlocking Interlocking Synchronizing in progress IEC05000120 V2 EN US Figure 330 Example overview of the interactions between functions in a typical bay 14 3 3 Setting guidelines...

Page 565: ...me parameter tResResponse is the allowed time from reservation request to the feedback reservation granted from all bays involved in the reservation function When the time has expired the control func...

Page 566: ...uit breaker SXCBR and 500 ms for a disconnector SXSWI 14 3 3 4 Bay Reserve QCRSV M16677 3 v3 The timer tCancelRes defines the supervision time for canceling the reservation when this cannot be done by...

Page 567: ...ue indication is needed thus forming a double indication The apparatus control function continuously checks its consistency If neither condition is high 1 or TRUE the switch may be in an intermediate...

Page 568: ...connected to the module ABC_LINE are described below 14 4 2 2 Signals from bypass busbar M13560 6 v5 To derive the signals Signal BB7_D_OP All line disconnectors on bypass WA7 except in the own bay ar...

Page 569: ...B2 A2 en04000479 vsd IEC04000479 V1 EN US Figure 333 Busbars divided by bus section disconnectors circuit breakers To derive the signals Signal BC_12_CL A bus coupler connection exists between busbar...

Page 570: ...ars that is for both bus section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC Signal DCOPTR The bus section disconnector is open DCCLTR The bus section disconnector is closed VPDCTR The switch status of bus secti...

Page 571: ...C_27_OP BC_27_CL VP_BC_27 EXDU_BC en04000480 vsd IEC04000480 V1 EN US Figure 334 Signals to a line bay in section 1 from the bus coupler bays in each section For a line bay in section 2 the same condi...

Page 572: ...0 and 1 are designated 0 FALSE and 1 TRUE QB2_OP 1 QB2_CL 0 QC21_OP 1 QC21_CL 0 BC_12_CL 0 BC_27_OP 1 BC_27_CL 0 VP_BC_12 1 14 4 3 Interlocking for bus coupler bay ABC_BC IP14144 1 v2 14 4 3 1 Applic...

Page 573: ...er VP_BBTR The switch status is valid for all apparatuses involved in the busbar transfer EXDU_12 No transmission error from any bay connected to the WA1 WA2 busbars These signals from each line bay A...

Page 574: ...onding signals from busbar B are used The same type of module A1A2_DC is used for different busbars that is for both bus section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC Signal DCOPTR The bus section disconne...

Page 575: ...other busbar section must be transmitted to the own busbar coupler if both disconnectors are closed Section 1 Section 2 A1A2_DC BS B1B2_DC BS ABC_BC ABC_BC WA1 A1 WA2 B1 WA7 C C B2 A2 en04000484 vsd I...

Page 576: ...sts between bus sections 1 and 2 VPS1S2TR The switch status of bus section coupler BS is valid EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay containing the above information For a bus coupler bay in sect...

Page 577: ...C21_CL 0 BC_12_CL 0 VP_BC_12 1 BBTR_OP 1 VP_BBTR 1 14 4 4 Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO IP14149 1 v2 14 4 4 1 Application M13567 3 v7 The interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO function...

Page 578: ...ithin the other bus section Section 1 Section 2 A1A2_DC BS B1B2_DC BS AB_TRAFO ABC_BC AB_TRAFO ABC_BC WA1 A1 WA2 B1 WA7 C C B2 A2 en04000487 vsd IEC04000487 V1 EN US Figure 342 Busbars divided by bus...

Page 579: ...bus section breaker A1A2_BS IP14154 1 v2 14 4 5 1 Application M15110 3 v7 The interlocking for bus section breaker A1A2_BS function is used for one bus section circuit breaker between section 1 and 2...

Page 580: ...B2 or both are open VPQB12TR The switch status of QB1 and QB2 are valid EXDU_12 No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information These signals from each bus coupler bay ABC_BC ar...

Page 581: ...t 1 VPBC12TR sect 2 VPQB12TR bay 1 sect 1 VPQB12TR bay n sect 1 EXDU_12 bay 1 sect 2 EXDU_12 bay n sect 2 EXDU_12 bay 1 sect 1 EXDU_12 bay n sect 1 EXDU_BS B1B2 EXDU_BC sect 1 EXDU_BC sect 2 IEC040004...

Page 582: ...sect 1 EXDU_BS A1A2 EXDU_BC sect 1 EXDU_BC sect 2 IEC04000491 V1 EN US Figure 346 Signals from any bays for a bus section circuit breaker between sections B1 and B2 14 4 5 3 Configuration setting M15...

Page 583: ...e A1A2_DC is used for different busbars that is for both bus section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC But for B1B2_DC corresponding signals from busbar B are used Section 1 Section 2 A1A2_DC BS B1B2_D...

Page 584: ...n additional bus section disconnector the signals from the bus section circuit breaker bay A1A2_BS rather than the bus section disconnector bay A1A2_DC must be used Signal QB1OPTR QB1 is open QB2OPTR...

Page 585: ...tion disconnector these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid QB2OPTR QB220OTR bay 1 sect B1 S1DC_OP VPS1_DC EXDU_BB en04000496 vsd QB2OPTR QB220OTR bay n sect B1 VPQB2TR VQB220TR bay 1 sect...

Page 586: ...for different busbars that is for both bus section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC But for B1B2_DC corresponding signals from busbar B are used Section 1 Section 2 A1A2_DC BS B1B2_DC BS DB_BUS DB_BUS...

Page 587: ...t A1 VPQB1TR bay n sect A1 EXDU_DB bay 1 sect A1 EXDU_DB bay n sect A1 IEC04000499 V1 EN US Figure 354 Signals from double breaker bays in section A1 to a bus section disconnector For a bus section di...

Page 588: ...ls from double breaker bays in section B2 to a bus section disconnector 14 4 6 4 Signals in 1 1 2 breaker arrangement M13542 127 v5 If the busbar is divided by bus section disconnectors the condition...

Page 589: ...re 359 QC en04000504 vsd IEC04000504 V1 EN US Figure 359 Switchyard layout BB_ES M15053 4 v4 The signals from other bays connected to the module BB_ES are described below 14 4 7 2 Signals in single br...

Page 590: ...ctor is open VPDCTR The switch status of bus section disconnector DC is valid EXDU_DC No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information If no bus section disconnector exists the s...

Page 591: ...earthing switch these conditions from the A2 busbar section are valid QB1OPTR bay 1 sect A2 BB_DC_OP VP_BB_DC EXDU_BB en04000507 vsd QB1OPTR bay n sect A2 VPQB1TR bay 1 sect A2 VPQB1TR bay n sect A2 V...

Page 592: ...bar earthing switch these conditions from the B2 busbar section are valid QB2OPTR QB220OTR bay 1 sect B2 BB_DC_OP VP_BB_DC EXDU_BB en04000509 vsd QB2OPTR QB220OTR bay n sect B2 VPQB2TR VQB220TR bay 1...

Page 593: ...reakers To derive the signals Signal BB_DC_OP All disconnectors of this part of the busbar are open VP_BB_DC The switch status of all disconnectors on this part of the busbar are valid EXDU_BB No tran...

Page 594: ...en04000512 vsd BH_LINE IEC04000512 V1 EN US Figure 367 Busbars divided by bus section disconnectors circuit breakers The project specific logic are the same as for the logic for the double busbar conf...

Page 595: ...ust set the appropriate inputs to open state and disregard the outputs In the functional block diagram 0 and 1 are designated 0 FALSE and 1 TRUE QB9_OP 1 QB9_CL 0 QC9_OP 1 QC9_CL 0 If in this case lin...

Page 596: ...from a line to a busbar BH_CONN is the connection between the two lines of the diameter in the 1 1 2 breaker switchyard layout M13569 4 v4 For a 1 1 2 breaker arrangement the modules BH_LINE_A BH_CONN...

Page 597: ...ating inputs UP and DOWN one blocking input BLOCK and one operator position input PSTO SLGAPC can be activated both from the local HMI and from external sources switches via the IED binary inputs It a...

Page 598: ...gle line diagram symbols or use it in the configuration through the outputs POS1 and POS2 as well as a command function controlled by the PSTO input giving switching commands through the CMDPOS12 and...

Page 599: ...define which function block in which systems equipment or functions should receive this information More specifically DPGAPC function reports a combined double point position indication output POSITIO...

Page 600: ...the IED outputs without confirmation Confirmation status of the result of the commands is supposed to be achieved by other means such as binary inputs and SPGGIO function blocks PSTO is the universal...

Page 601: ...UTOBITS function block has one setting Operation On Off enabling or disabling the function These names will be seen in the DNP3 communication management tool in PCM600 14 10 Single command 16 signals...

Page 602: ...a logic diagram for control of a circuit breaker via configuration logic circuits Figure 372 and figure 373 show other ways to control functions which require steady On Off signals Here the output is...

Page 603: ...the user defined name for each output signal The MODE input sets the outputs to be one of the types Off Steady or Pulse Off sets all outputs to 0 independent of the values sent from the station level...

Page 604: ...598...

Page 605: ...e for using communication is to improve the tripping speed of the scheme To avoid false signals that could cause false tripping it is necessary to pay attention to the security of the communication ch...

Page 606: ...gnal received CS Communication signal send Z revA Reverse zone 15 1 2 2 Delta blocking scheme GUID D699D2D8 6479 4B40 8B09 7B24CA86C24B v1 In the delta blocking scheme a fault inception detection elem...

Page 607: ...ection Either end may send a permissive or command signal to trip to the other end s and the teleprotection equipment need to be able to receive while transmitting A general requirement on permissive...

Page 608: ...e gives instantaneous trip of the protected object The overreaching zone used in the teleprotection scheme must be activated at the same time as the received signal is present The scheme can be used f...

Page 609: ...ult is close to the line end thereby disabling the communication channel To overcome the lower dependability in permissive schemes an unblocking function can be used Use this function at older less re...

Page 610: ...smission time for analogue channels according to IEC 60834 1 It is recommended to coordinate the proposed settings with actual performance for the teleprotection equipment to get optimized settings 15...

Page 611: ...alarm Choose NoRestart if only trip is required Set tSecurity 0 035 s 15 1 3 6 Intertrip scheme M13869 62 v4 Set Operation On Set SchemeType Intertrip Set tCoord 50 ms 10 ms maximal transmission time...

Page 612: ...y The logic supports the following communications schemes blocking scheme permissive schemes overreach and underreach direct intertrip A permissive scheme is inherently faster and has better security...

Page 613: ...ing zone is used to send a block signal to remote end to block an overreaching zone Since the scheme is sending the blocking signal during conditions where the protected line is healthy it is common t...

Page 614: ...communication signal is combined with the output from an overreaching zone there is less concern about false signal causing an incorrect trip Therefore set the timer tCoord to zero Failure of the com...

Page 615: ...pe and security of the communication channel The general requirement for teleprotection equipment operating in intertripping applications is that it should be very secure and very dependable since bot...

Page 616: ...1 v1 15 3 2 1 Current reversal logic M13895 4 v5 If parallel lines are connected to common buses at both terminals overreaching permissive communication schemes can trip unselectable due to current re...

Page 617: ...due to an open breaker or low short circuit power of the source To overcome these conditions weak end infeed WEI echo logic is used The fault current can also be initially too low due to the fault cur...

Page 618: ...receive CRL signal plus 30 ms A minimum setting of 40 ms is recommended typical 60 ms A long tDelayRev setting increases security against unwanted tripping but delay the fault clearing in case of a fa...

Page 619: ...igure 382 Assume that the fault has been taken place close to breaker B1 At first the protection A2 at A side will detect a fault in forward direction and send a communication signal to the protection...

Page 620: ...echo function to send the echo signal to the remote line IED The echo signal would block the operation of the distance protection at the remote line end and in this way prevents the correct operation...

Page 621: ...r Local acceleration logic ZCLCPSCH 15 5 2 Application M13821 3 v3 The local acceleration logic ZCLCPSCH is used in those applications where conventional teleprotection scheme is not available no comm...

Page 622: ...line when the breaker at remote end has opened three phase At the same time it should be set below the minimum load current transfer during normal operations that the line can be subjected to By defau...

Page 623: ...chemes an unblocking function can be used Use this function at older less reliable power line carrier PLC communication where the signal has to be sent through the primary fault The unblocking functio...

Page 624: ...reversal logic does not block the permissive overreaching scheme in the IED at B2 L1 L2 A1 A2 B1 B2 IEC9900043 2 vsd IEC99000043 V3 EN US Figure 383 Current distribution for a fault close to B side w...

Page 625: ...parameter CurrRev to On or Off Time delays shall be set for the timers tPickUpRev and tDelayRev tPickUpRev is chosen shorter 80 than the breaker opening time but minimum 20 ms tDelayRev is chosen at...

Page 626: ...weak end infeed logic if spurious signals should occur set the operate value of the broken delta voltage level detector 3U0 higher than the maximum false network frequency residual voltage that can o...

Page 627: ...reactor is solidly connected to the line Shunt reactors are generally protected by differential protection which operates the local line circuit breaker and sends a transfer trip command to the remot...

Page 628: ...Impedance protection Breaker Failure LCCRPTRC CarrierReceiveLogic IEC09000773 V1 EN US Figure 388 DTT scheme 15 8 2 Setting guidelines GUID 9E9CD5E0 1556 4E56 8A5D 5ACC17DAA00F v2 Setting guidelines...

Page 629: ...rip 15 8 3 3 Setting guidelines GUID 9E340B5A D007 41F0 BC53 9416028002C7 v2 GlobalBaseSel Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase OperationLAP Used to...

Page 630: ...to the voltage drop across the line inductance due to charging current being in phase with the local end voltages Both capacitance and inductance are responsible for this phenomenon The capacitance a...

Page 631: ...networks for the purpose of voltage control during daily seasonal load variations The function can internally correct for the current through the local shunt reactor The setting EnShuntReactor should...

Page 632: ...non disturbed network operation tOV Time delay for trip in case of high voltage detection R1 Positive sequence line resistance given in ohm X1 Positive sequence line reactance given in ohm Xc Half the...

Page 633: ...ives the trip to the circuit breaker after checking certain local criteria functions in order to increase the security of the overall tripping functionality Carrier receive logic LCCRPTRC checks for t...

Page 634: ...aseSel Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase U2 Level of high negative sequence voltage detection given in of UBase This setting should be based on f...

Page 635: ...the direct trip scheme shall be active The zero sequence voltages shall be calculated for different types of earth faults single phase to earth and phase to phase to earth short circuits at different...

Page 636: ...sequence overcurrent protection LCZSPTOC 51N 15 8 10 2 Application GUID 3110A739 C0B9 4C63 96EA 41BC0A1036DA v1 Zero sequence symmetrical components are present in all abnormal conditions involving e...

Page 637: ...by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase IOC Level of high phase current detection given in of IBase This setting can be based on evaluation of the largest current that can occur during non fau...

Page 638: ...9DB 4B44 8114 DCEE18CC6E59 v2 GlobalBaseSel Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase IUC Level of low phase current detection given in of IBase This set...

Page 639: ...ce most faults especially at the highest voltage levels are single phase to earth faults single phase tripping can be of great value If only the faulty phase is tripped power can still be transferred...

Page 640: ...cheme is selected Set the function block to Program 3Ph and set the required length of the trip pulse to for example tTripMin 150ms For special applications such as Lock out refer to the separate sect...

Page 641: ...SYN to three phase reclosing If this signal is not activated SESRSYN will use single phase reclosing dead time Note also that if a second line protection is utilizing the same SESRSYN the three phase...

Page 642: ...nsient Unsuccessful autoreclose and back up zone tripping can in such cases be connected to initiate Lock out by activating the input SETLKOUT 16 1 2 5 Blocking of the function block M14828 21 v3 The...

Page 643: ...ines the pulse time when in Pulsed mode When used for direct tripping of circuit breaker s the pulse time delay shall be set to approximately 0 150 seconds in order to obtain satisfactory minimum dura...

Page 644: ...FF86 44BF 83D6 DDF120A176DE v1 Group warning logic function WRNCALH is used to route warning signals to LEDs and or output contacts on the IED WRNCALH output signal WARNING and the physical outputs al...

Page 645: ...e normal logical function have the capability to propagate timestamp and quality are also available Those blocks have a designation including the letters QT like ANDQT ORQT etc GUID E6BD982D 9E47 4CC2...

Page 646: ...g two or more logical function blocks in series Always be careful when connecting function blocks with a fast cycle time to function blocks with a slow cycle time Remember to design the logic circuits...

Page 647: ...on from both windings parts together with the neutral point current needs to be available to the function This means that three inputs are needed I3PW1CT1 I3PW2CT1 I3P REFPDIF IEC09000619_3_en vsd IEC...

Page 648: ...ut OUT as a sum of the values of all the inputs INx that are activated OUT is an integer When all INx where 1 x 16 are activated that is Boolean 1 it corresponds to that integer 65535 is available on...

Page 649: ...to 16 binary inputs INx where 1 x 16 to an integer Each INx represents a value according to the table below from 0 to 32768 This follows the general formula INx 2x 1 where 1 x 16 The sum of all the va...

Page 650: ...l node mapping The Boolean 16 to integer conversion function IB16 will transfer a combination of up to 16 binary inputs INx where 1 x 16 to an integer Each INx represents a value according to the tabl...

Page 651: ...vice number Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation ITBGAPC 16 11 2 Application SEMOD158512 5 v6 Integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation function ITBGAP...

Page 652: ...and overflow supervision TEIGAPC 16 12 1 Identification GUID 1913E066 37D1 4689 9178 5B3C8B029815 v2 Function Description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device numb...

Page 653: ...he level of integer values in the system relative to each other or to a fixed value It is a basic arithmetic function that can be used for monitoring supervision interlocking and other logics 16 13 3...

Page 654: ...iption IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Comparator for real inputs REALCOMP Real 16 14 2 Application GUID 5F7B1683 9799 4D27 B333 B184F8861A5B v1 The fun...

Page 655: ...condition low band limit in of reference value This low band limit will act as reset limit for INLOW output when INLOW is high in last execution 16 14 4 Setting example GUID E7070CF6 B44B 4799 BE18 5...

Page 656: ...EqualBandHigh 5 0 of reference value EqualBandLow 5 0 of reference value Section 16 1MRK 505 343 UEN B Logic 650 Application manual...

Page 657: ...oring tool within PCM600 or to station level for example via IEC 61850 The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of active power reactive power currents voltages frequency power factor e...

Page 658: ...The CVMMXN function calculates three phase power quantities by using fundamental frequency phasors DFT values of the measured current respectively voltage signals The measured power quantities are av...

Page 659: ...he value for S on the local HMI is forced to zero 17 1 4 Setting guidelines SEMOD54481 165 v12 The available setting parameters of the measurement function CVMMXN CMMXU VMMXU CMSQI VMSQI VNMMXU are de...

Page 660: ...ion to calibrate angle measurements at Y of Ur where Y is equal to 5 30 or 100 The following general settings can be set for all monitored quantities included in the functions CVMMXN CMMXU VMMXU CMSQI...

Page 661: ...ase will be used as reference channel and compared with the curve for calculation of factors The factors will then be used for all related channels IEC05000652 V2 EN US Figure 397 Calibration curves 1...

Page 662: ...act Amplitude factor to scale power calculations 1 000 It can be used during commissioning to achieve higher measurement accuracy Typically no scaling is required PowAngComp Angle compensation for pha...

Page 663: ...mit Not active PLimHyst Hysteresis value in of range common for all limits 2 Set Hysteresis MW that is 2 Table 53 Settings for calibration parameters Setting Short Description Selected value Comments...

Page 664: ...active power as indicated in figure 399 it is necessary to do the following 1 Set correctly all CT and VT and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef see section data using PCM600 for analog input...

Page 665: ...red direction Mode Selection of measured current and voltage L1L2 Only UL1L2 phase to phase voltage is available k Low pass filter coefficient for power measurement U and I 0 00 Typically no additiona...

Page 666: ...ctive power as indicated in figure 400 it is necessary to do the following 1 Set correctly all CT and VT data and phase angle reference channel PhaseAngleRef see section using PCM600 for analog input...

Page 667: ...vel in A 3690 Set generator rated current 17 2 Gas medium supervision SSIMG GUID 358AD8F8 AE06 4AEA 9969 46E5299D5B4B v3 17 2 1 Identification GUID AD96C26E C3E5 4B21 9ED6 12E540954AC3 v3 Function des...

Page 668: ...essing the condition of circuit breakers Circuit breaker contact travel time Auxiliary contacts provide information about the mechanical operation opening time and closing time of a breaker Detecting...

Page 669: ...kA the remaining life of the CB is decreased by 1 operation and therefore 9999 operations remaining at the rated operating current Breaker interrupts between rated operating current and rated fault c...

Page 670: ...er the pressure of the gas must be adequate Binary input available from the pressure sensor is based on the pressure levels inside the arc chamber When the pressure becomes too low compared to the req...

Page 671: ...ional coefficient for circuit breaker life calculation RatedOperCurr Rated operating current of the circuit breaker RatedFltCurr Rated fault current of the circuit breaker OperNoRated Number of operat...

Page 672: ...nition of which part of the event function block that shall generate events Off Channel 1 8 Channel 9 16 Channel 1 16 MinRepIntVal 1 16 M12811 29 v3 A time interval between cyclic events can be set in...

Page 673: ...ason or another Disturbance report can be used as an advanced stand alone disturbance recorder Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED The same applies to all events which are continuou...

Page 674: ...ce report functions and related function blocks For Disturbance report function there are a number of settings which also influences the sub functions Three LED indications placed above the LCD screen...

Page 675: ...ing time will reduce the number of recordings to less than 100 The IED flash disk should NOT be used to store any user files This might cause disturbance recordings to be deleted due to lack of disk s...

Page 676: ...0 slope OperationN Disturbance report may trig for binary input N On or not Off TrigLevelN Trig on positive Trig on 1 or negative Trig on 0 slope for binary input N Func103N Function type number 0 255...

Page 677: ...t recorder M12179 444 v4 Event recorder ER function has no dedicated parameters Trip value recorder M12179 442 v3 ZeroAngleRef The parameter defines which analog signal that will be used as phase angl...

Page 678: ...ication ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Logical signal status report BINSTATREP 17 7 2 Application GUID F9D225B1 68F7 4D15 AA89 C9211B450D19 v2 The Logical signal status report BINSTATREP function makes...

Page 679: ...oop between the faulted phases for phase to earth faults the phase to earth loop LMBRFLO function indicates the distance to fault as a percentage of the line length in kilometers or miles as selected...

Page 680: ...sequence impedance X0M R0M and analog input are set at zero Power system specific parameter settings are not general settings but specific setting included in the setting groups that is this makes it...

Page 681: ...ed for applications where positive and or negative flanks on a binary signal need to be counted The limit counter provides four independent limits to be checked against the accumulated counted value T...

Page 682: ...v1 The function is used for user defined logics and it can also be used for different purposes internally in the IED An application example is to accumulate the total running energized time of the ge...

Page 683: ...g of energy pulses from external energy meters An optional number of inputs from an arbitrary input module in IED can be used for this purpose with a frequency of up to 40 Hz The pulse counter logic P...

Page 684: ...n figure 406 ETPMMTR P Q STARTACC STOPACC RSTACC RSTDMD ACCINPRG EAFPULSE EARPULSE ERFPULSE ERRPULSE EAFALM EARALM ERFALM ERRALM EAFACC EARACC ERFACC ERRACC MAXPAFD MAXPARD MAXPRFD MAXPRRD IEC13000184...

Page 685: ...l base value group used by the function to define IBase UBase and SBase Operation Off On EnaAcc Off On is used to switch the accumulation of energy on and off tEnergy Time interval when energy is meas...

Page 686: ...680...

Page 687: ...zontal communication between two or more intelligent electronic devices IEDs from one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in the performance of their functions and for correct co...

Page 688: ...gure 407 SA system with IEC 61850 8 1 M16925 3 v3 Figure 408 shows the GOOSE peer to peer communication Control Protection Control Protection Control and protection GOOSE en05000734 vsd Station HSI Mi...

Page 689: ...for the user for SPGAPC However PCM600 must be used to get the signals sent by SPGAPC 19 2 5 Generic communication function for Measured Value MVGAPC SEMOD55402 1 v3 19 2 5 1 Application SEMOD55872 5...

Page 690: ...2439 3 parallel redundancy protocol PRP PRP 19 2 6 2 Application GUID 5B5581EA 4306 404B 98A7 7BDA6A306E7B v2 1 1 Dual ethernet port link status PRPSTATUS together with IEC 62439 3 parallel redundancy...

Page 691: ...00 under IED Configuration Communication Ethernet configuration PRP By default the settings are read only in the Parameter Settings tool but can be unlocked by right clicking the parameter and selecti...

Page 692: ...order to get data from analog data acquisition units close to the process primary apparatus commonly known as Merging Units MU The protocol used in this case is the IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE communication...

Page 693: ...600 SAM600 IEC 61850 FOX615 WAMS SDM600 IET600 PCM600 ITT600 NSD570 Events Printer Printer IEC18000011 1 en vsdx IEC18000011 V1 EN US Figure 411 Example of a station configuration with separated proce...

Page 694: ...ceiving analog values from both classical measuring transformers and merging units 19 3 2 Setting guidelines GUID 29B296B3 6185 459F B06F 8E7F0C6C9460 v4 Merging Units MUs have several settings on loc...

Page 695: ...of current channels AppSynch If this parameter is set to Synch and the IED HW time synchronization is lost or the synchronization to the MU time is lost the protection functions in the list 57 will be...

Page 696: ...ocked protection functions if IEC 61850 9 2LE communication is interrupted Function description IEC 61850 identification Function description IEC 61850 identification Accidental energizing protection...

Page 697: ...lection quadrilateral characteristic with settable angle FRPSPDIS Insulation gas monitoring SSIMG Frequency time accumulation protection FTAQFVR Insulation liquid monitoring SSIML Fuse failure supervi...

Page 698: ...teristic for series compensated lines ZMCPDIS Loss of excitation LEXPDIS Fullscheme distance protection mho characteristic ZMHPDIS Thermal overload protection one time constant LFPTTR Fullscheme dista...

Page 699: ...ource it is theoretically possible to do without time synchronization However this would mean that timestamps for analog and binary data events would be uncorrelated Disturbance recordings will appear...

Page 700: ...the protection functions This will happen max 4 seconds after an interruption of the PPS fiber from the MU or if the fineSyncSource is lost SYNCH signal on the MU1_4I_4U function block indicates when...

Page 701: ...n this case This will block the protection functions after maximum 4 seconds after an interruption in the PPS fiber communication from the MU SYNCH signal on the MU_4I_4U function block indicate that...

Page 702: ...me synchronization is lost when there is a single source of analog data This means that if there is only one physical MU and no TRM parameter AppSynch can be set to NoSynch but parameter HwSyncSrc can...

Page 703: ...70 software module is included in the LIB520 high voltage process package which is a part of the Application Software Library in MicroSCADA applications The HV Control 670 software module is used for...

Page 704: ...tting sets the outputs to either a Steady or Pulsed mode 19 5 SPA communication protocol IP14614 1 v1 19 5 1 Application IP14785 1 v1 SEMOD115767 5 v4 SPA communication protocol as an alternative to I...

Page 705: ...rt Protocol selection to the selected protocol When the communication protocols have been selected the IED is automatically restarted The most important settings in the IED for SPA communication are t...

Page 706: ...verter for the PC RTU or a RS 485 connection depending on the used IED communication interface Functionality M17109 38 v2 IEC 60870 5 103 is an unbalanced master slave protocol for coded bit serial co...

Page 707: ...output signal Function commands in control direction Function block with user defined functions in control direction I103UserCMD These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each blo...

Page 708: ...direction I103MeasUsr These function blocks include the FUNCTION TYPE parameter for each block in the private range and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter for each block Fault location M17109 108 v1 The...

Page 709: ...Time MasterTimeDomain TimeSyncMode EvalTimeAccuracy EventRepMode CmdMode RepIntermediatePos config selector is OPTICAL103 1 for the optical serial channel on the SLM RS485103 1 for the RS485 port 2 Th...

Page 710: ...ON_SET In addition there is a setting on each event block for function type Refer to description of the Main Function type set on the local HMI Commands M17109 138 v2 As for the commands defined in t...

Page 711: ...26 81 Private range 27 82 Private range 28 83 Private range 29 84 Private range 30 85 Private range 31 86 Private range 32 87 Private range 33 88 Private range 34 89 Private range 35 90 Private range...

Page 712: ...ode Cause of transmission Info no 11 Local operation Glass or plastic fiber should be used BFOC 2 5 is the recommended interface to use BFOC 2 5 is the same as ST connectors ST connectors are used wit...

Page 713: ...cking enabling functionality in the remote substation changing setting group in the remote IED depending on the switching situation in the local substation and so on When equipped with a LDCM a 64 kbi...

Page 714: ...arameter can be set Normal or Blocked Besides this it can be set OutOfService which signifies that the local LDCM is out of service Thus with this setting the communication channel is active and a mes...

Page 715: ...o will make it continue by using the Echo synchronization method It shall be noticed that using Echo in this situation is only safe as long as there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry CommSy...

Page 716: ...AB 1MRK002311 AA 1MRK002311 BA Typical attenuation in fibre optic cables 3 dB km 3 dB km 0 32 dB km 0 21 dB km Attenuation Contact 1 5 dB ST 1 5 dB ST 0 3 dB FC PC 0 3 dB FC PC Factory splice attenua...

Page 717: ...ChRturnTime Time delay before switchback to a the primary channel after channel failure AsymDelay The asymmetry is defined as transmission delay minus receive delay If a fixed asymmetry is known the E...

Page 718: ...712...

Page 719: ...possible to indicate possible faults through a hardware contact on the power supply module and or through the communication Internal events are generated by the built in supervisory functions The supe...

Page 720: ...e the function defined in ACT or SMT GUID 8C333BC0 AA7A 4ED1 A772 18C22E8EEE62 v4 When CHNGLCK has a logical one on its input then all attempts to modify the IED configuration and setting will be deni...

Page 721: ...otection functionality due to high CPU load The function has the following outputs LINKUP indicates the Ethernet link status WARNING indicates that communication frame rate is higher than normal ALARM...

Page 722: ...716...

Page 723: ...nu Diagnostics IED status Product identifiersand underMain menu Diagnostics IED Status IED identifiers This information is very helpful when interacting with ABB product support e g during repair and...

Page 724: ...22 3 1 Identification SEMOD113212 2 v3 Function description IEC 61850 identification IEC 60617 identification ANSI IEEE C37 2 device number Measured value expander block RANGE_XP 22 3 2 Application S...

Page 725: ...ion block SETGRPS defines how many setting groups are used Setting is done with parameter MAXSETGR and shall be set to the required value for each IED Only the number of setting groups set will be ava...

Page 726: ...This setting means use own internal adaptive DFT reference this setting makes the SUM3PH self DFT adaptive that is it will use the measured frequency for the summation signal to adapt DFT InternalDFTR...

Page 727: ...ons throughout the IED typically SBase 3 UBase IBase 22 8 Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI SEMOD55793 1 v2 22 8 1 Application M15310 3 v2 The Signal matrix for binary inputs function SMBI is used...

Page 728: ...quence components and so on This information is then used by the respective functions connected to this SMAI block in ACT for example protection measurement or monitoring functions 22 11 2 Frequency v...

Page 729: ...al matrix for analog inputs SMAI functions are set via the local HMI or PCM600 Every SMAI function block can receive four analog signals three phases and one neutral value either voltage or current SM...

Page 730: ...ce n Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available Even if the user sets the AnalogInputType of a SMAI block to Current the MinValFr...

Page 731: ...h7 AdDFTRefCh4 IEC07000197 V2 EN US Figure 426 Twelve SMAI instances are grouped within one task time SMAI blocks are available in three different task times in the IED Two pointed instances are used...

Page 732: ...e that positive sequence voltage is used for the frequency tracking feature For task time group 1 this gives the following settings see Figure 426 for numbering SMAI1 1 DFTRefExtOut DFTRefGrp7 to rout...

Page 733: ...I4 16 For task time group 2 this gives the following settings SMAI1 13 DFTRefExtOut DFTRefGrp4 to route SMAI4 16 reference to the SPFCOUT output DFTReference DFTRefGrp4 for SMAI1 13 to use SMAI4 16 as...

Page 734: ...e described in Communication protocol manual IEC 61850 Edition 2 When the function block TESTMODE is in test mode the Start LED on the LHMI is turned on with steady light The parameter Mod of any spec...

Page 735: ...ember always that there are two possible ways to place the IED in the TestMode On state If the IED is set to normal operation TestMode Off but the functions are still shown being in the test mode the...

Page 736: ...S signal for instance SNTP In this case when the GPS signal quality is bad the IED will automatically choose SNTP as the time source At a given point in time only one time source will be used 22 13 2...

Page 737: ...ization source For more information please refer to the IEC UCA 61850 9 2LE communication protocol section 22 13 2 3 Process bus IEC 61850 9 2LE synchronization GUID 6E384BDB 5598 4108 99B4 0B4A4E1828...

Page 738: ...eeds to be set to 1344 PPS in IRIG B GTM LDCM diffSync GPS 3xI 3xI TRM GPS GPS IED Satellite Controlled Clock Merging unit MU IED IEC61850 9 2LE en08000085 vsd IEC08000085 V1 EN US Figure 429 Time syn...

Page 739: ...main almost infinite time In this type of transformers the remanence can be up to around 80 of the saturation flux Typical examples of high remanence type CT are class P PX TPX according to IEC class...

Page 740: ...lt has to be kept in mind at the decision of an additional margin Fully asymmetrical fault current will be achieved when the fault occurs at approximately zero voltage 0 Investigations have shown that...

Page 741: ...t rated primary current that is less than 1 for example 5P If current transformers with less accuracy are used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during the commissioning 23...

Page 742: ...may pass two main CTs for the line differential protection without passing the protected line In such cases and if both main CTs have equal ratios and magnetization characteristics the CTs must satis...

Page 743: ...s on the design of the protection function and can be a function of the primary DC time constant of the close in fault current k This factor depends on the design of the protection function and can be...

Page 744: ...AFC587 6986 4FF4 A5E1 6F5DC0A72A6B v1 The requirements are specified separately for solidly earthed and impedance earthed transformers For impedance earthed transformers the requirements for the phase...

Page 745: ...al CTs and phase CTs for impedance earthed transformers GUID FA79C943 A19B 47E2 BFC5 C9D01347302A v2 The neutral CT and phase CTs must have a rated equivalent limiting secondary e m f Eal that is larg...

Page 746: ...al distribution of the phase currents between the CTs The zero sequence fault current level can differ much and is often difficult to calculate or estimate for different cases To cover these cases wit...

Page 747: ...ed knee point e m f Eknee that fulfills the following knee k kneeBS al alreq E E E U 0 8 maximum of E EQUATION2100 V2 EN US Equation 575 23 1 7 3 Current transformers according to ANSI IEEE M11623 22...

Page 748: ...3 are specified in chapter 6 503 of the standard CVTs according to all classes can be used The protection IED has effective filters for these transients which gives secure and correct operation with C...

Page 749: ...100 s Format Transparent Maximum channel delay Loop time 40 ms continuous 2 x 20 ms IED with echo synchronization of differential clock without GPS clock Both channels must have the same route with ma...

Page 750: ...nputs to the merging unit and the inaccuracy added by the merging unit must be coordinated with the requirement for actual type of protection function Factors influencing the accuracy of the sampled v...

Page 751: ...y output module BOS Binary outputs status BR External bistable relay BS British Standards BSR Binary signal transfer function receiver blocks BST Binary signal transfer function transmit blocks C37 94...

Page 752: ...sformer CU Communication unit CVT or CCVT Capacitive voltage transformer DAR Delayed autoreclosing DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency The US developer of the TCP IP protocol etc DBDL Dead...

Page 753: ...terrogation command GIS Gas insulated switchgear GOOSE Generic object oriented substation event GPS Global positioning system GSAL Generic security application GSE Generic substation event HDLC protoc...

Page 754: ...n the same way an instance of a function in the IED is representative of a type of function IP 1 Internet protocol The network layer for the TCP IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks IP i...

Page 755: ...tected Extra Low Voltage circuit type according to IEC60255 27 PMC PCI Mezzanine card POR Permissive overreach POTT Permissive overreach transfer trip Process bus Bus or LAN used at the process level...

Page 756: ...int and ring communication SRY Switch for CB ready condition ST Switch or push button to trip Starpoint Neutral point of transformer or generator SVC Static VAr compensation TC Trip coil TCS Trip circ...

Page 757: ...ternational Atomic Time TAI by the addition of a whole number of leap seconds to synchronize it with Universal Time 1 UT1 thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth s orbit the rotational axis ti...

Page 758: ...752...

Page 759: ...753...

Page 760: ...Substation Automation Products SE 721 59 V ster s Sweden Phone 46 0 21 32 50 00 www abb com substationautomation Copyright 2016 ABB All rights reserved Scan this QR code to visit our website 1MRK 505...

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