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PerkinElmer PINAACLE 900 Series, Customer Hardware And Service Manual

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PerkinElmer PINAACLE 900 Series Customer Hardware And Service Manual Download Page 347

331

Replacement Parts for the PinAAcle 900

09908265

Nebulizer Capillary Tubing

1

03030135

Nebulizer Cleaning Wires

1

03030405

Nebulizer Grease (Apiezon-L)

1

B3150458

High Sensitivity Nebulizer Capillary 
Assembly

1

N3160143

Stainless Steel Nebulizer Assembly

1

N3160144

High Sensitivity Nebulizer Assembly

1

Table 6-5.

Single Element Lamps

Lumina Part No.

EDL Part No.

Description

N3050103

Aluminum

N3050170

N3050670

Antimony

N3050105

N3050605

Arsenic

N3050115

N3050615

Cadmium

N3050114

Calcium

N3050119

Chromium

N3050121

Copper

N3050107

Gold

N3050126

Iron

N3050157

N3050657

Lead

N3050144

Magnesium

N3050145

Manganese

N3050134

N3050634

Mercury

N3050152

Nickel

Summary of Contents for PINAACLE 900 Series

Page 1: ...PINAACLE 900 SERIES Customer Hardware and Service Guide ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...PinAAcle 900 Series Customer Hardware and Service Guide...

Page 4: ...nsequential damages in connection with fur nishing performance or use of this material Copyright Information This document contains proprietary information that is protected by copyright All rights ar...

Page 5: ...Field 18 Zeeman Graphite Furnace Systems PinAAcle 900T and PinAAcle 900Z 18 High Temperatures 19 Burner System 19 Graphite Furnace 19 Quartz Tube Atomizer Cell 20 Handling Compressed Gases 20 Summary...

Page 6: ...4 Magnetic Field PinAAcle 900T and 900Z Only 46 Line Power Requirements 47 Power Consumption 48 Power Specification PinAAcle 900T and PinAAcle 900Z 48 Power Specification PinAAcle 900H 48 Power Specif...

Page 7: ...Rear Panel 80 The Gas and Cooling Connectors 81 Furnace Cooling 81 Furnace Gases 81 Burner Gases 81 Burner Assembly System 82 How the Burner System Works 84 Burner Head Options 86 The Burner Mount 87...

Page 8: ...17 Electrical Connections 119 Installing the Cooling System 124 Locating the Cooling System 124 Connecting and Disconnecting the Water Hoses 125 Filling the Cooling System 127 Connecting the Drain Sys...

Page 9: ...in Place 181 Setting up the Analysis 183 Setting up the System for Analyses Using the Furnace Technique For the PinAAcle 900 H 184 To use the furnace 184 Aligning the Graphite Furnace 186 Setting up t...

Page 10: ...ptying the Drain System 227 Replacing the Drain Tubing 228 Preparing the New Drain Tubing for Use 229 Adding Water to the Drain Float Assembly 229 Nebulizer Removal and Reinstallation 230 Removing the...

Page 11: ...tacts 269 Changing the Contact Cylinders 270 Tilting the Graphite Furnace Forward 271 Resetting Cycles for Tubes and Contacts 290 Conditioning the Graphite Tube 291 Manually Heating the Graphite Tube...

Page 12: ...m 344 Furnace and Furnace Autosampler 348 Autosamplers for Flame and Flow Injection 350 Flow Injection System 350 Analysis Flame Technique 352 Analysis Furnace Technique 354 Analysis Flow Injection Te...

Page 13: ...t should be used according to the instructions provided in this manual If used otherwise the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired In this manual the following graphic symbols and spec...

Page 14: ...that could cause eye damage to yourself or other persons Details about these circumstances are in a box like this one This symbol alerts you to the risk of strong magnetic fields that could cause inj...

Page 15: ...y The preparation of your laboratory needed for the PinAAcle 900 Series Laboratory requirements for the instrument are reviewed in this chapter 4 System Description This chapter contains information o...

Page 16: ...techniques improper selection of instrument parameters or malfunction of the instrument Conventions Used in this Manual Normal text is used to provide information and instructions Bold text refers to...

Page 17: ...be practiced Ultimately maintenance of a safe laboratory environment is the responsibility of the analyst and the analyst s organization Please consult all manuals supplied with the PinAAcle Series an...

Page 18: ...mended A high quality filter dryer Be sure to read and understand the precautions listed below It is also recommended to post a copy of the precautions near or on the instrument shelf Caution The prot...

Page 19: ...ly and dispose of them properly Do not allow smoking in the work area Smoking is a source of significant contamination and also a potential route for ingesting harmful chemicals Do not store handle or...

Page 20: ...a correctly installed protective conductor earth ground and Warning Unauthorized Adjustments and Servicing Only a PerkinElmer service engineer or similarly trained and authorized person should be per...

Page 21: ...e and such use should be avoided unless special measures are taken by the user to restrict emissions to a level that allows the reception of broadcast emissions When working with the instrument Connec...

Page 22: ...ed if for example the instrument shows visible damage has been subjected to prolonged storage under unfavorable conditions or has been subjected to severe stress during transportation Fuses Use only f...

Page 23: ...equired to correct the interference at his own expense Warning Labels on the Instrument Any of the following symbols can be used on the instrument Note Changes or modifications not expressly approved...

Page 24: ...irely from the line power supply This symbol indicates the on position of the main power switch or circuit breaker With the switch in this position the instrument is connected to the line power supply...

Page 25: ...Front of the Instrument Graphite Furnace Labels Item Description Item Description 1 Warning No Pacemakers See Magnetic Field on page 18 3 Warning Hot Surface 2 Warning Strong Magnetic Field Item Desc...

Page 26: ...10 Safety Practices Burner Locking Mechanism Label Item Description 1 Press button to unlock the lever 1...

Page 27: ...Warning Labels on the Instrument Flame Door Labels Item Description 1 Warning Hot Surface 2 Warning UV Light Hazard Avoid looking directly at flame 3 Warning Not to open the door Chemical Hazard 3 2...

Page 28: ...ing to qualified service personnel 2 Warning Ground circuit continuity is vital for safe operation of this instrument Grounding is accomplished by use of an IEC 60309 instrument power plug furnished b...

Page 29: ...13 Warning Labels on the Instrument Warning Labels at the Sides of the Instrument Right Side of Instrument Item Description 1 Caution Do not restrict air intake or exhaust 1...

Page 30: ...not exposed to hazardous levels of toxic substances chemical or biological as defined in applicable national state and local health and safety regulations and laws Venting for fumes and disposal of wa...

Page 31: ...completion of an analysis The responsible body for example the Lab Manager must take the necessary precautions to insure that the instrument operators and the surrounding workspace are not exposed to...

Page 32: ...s that contain nonconductive foreign matter up to Pollution Degree 2 in EN IEC 61010 1 Waste Disposal Contents of Waste Containers The materials that you collect in waste containers may include small...

Page 33: ...e below Table 1 1 Quantities of analyte material contained in the cathodes of hollow cathode lamps For EDLs the quantity of analyte material used is much less than the quantities used in HCLs Typicall...

Page 34: ...terium background correction lamp Magnetic Field Zeeman Graphite Furnace Systems PinAAcle 900T and PinAAcle 900Z The electromagnet generates a strong magnetic field inside the furnace during measureme...

Page 35: ...elds High Temperatures Burner System The flame can generate temperatures of up to 2800 C Do not touch the burner head until it has cooled to room temperature Graphite Furnace The THGA graphite furnace...

Page 36: ...ll until they have cooled to room temperature Handling Compressed Gases Note The responsible body must ensure that the type of connector used at the outlet side of the gas pressure regulator conforms...

Page 37: ...the gas Note The permanent installation of gas supplies is the responsibility of the user and should conform to local safety and building regulations Gas Suffocation Explosion SpontaneousDecomposition...

Page 38: ...g system is always required to remove those gases which are generated during the normal operation of the instrument Listed below are some general safety practices for the proper identification storage...

Page 39: ...accumulations of gas This is particularly important in small or confined areas Do not store cylinders near elevators gangways or in locations where heavy moving objects may strike or fall against them...

Page 40: ...leak detection system When the equipment is turned off close all gas cylinder valves tightly at the cylinder Bleed the remainder of the line before turning the exhaust vent off Safety Practices for Fl...

Page 41: ...air compressor is recommended for the air supply to the burner system Cylinders of compressed air should only be used as an emergency or short term solution If you use cylinder air make sure that it...

Page 42: ...tlet gauge pressure to exceed 103 kPa 1 03 bar 15 psig acetylene can explode spontaneously above this pressure Solvent Carryover If the acetylene cylinder pressure falls to below 600 kPa 6 0 bar 87 ps...

Page 43: ...areful with samples that contain highly volatile solvents When you have analyzed samples containing organic solvents flush all traces of solvent from the burner system The Drain System Always place th...

Page 44: ...ever occur Check that the burner head slot is clean Make sure that you are using compressed air and not oxygen enriched air Check the flow spoiler or impact bead for damage and replace any damaged par...

Page 45: ...ode Aspirate solution continuously to prevent residues from drying Thoroughly flush the spray chamber and drain system with water immediately after such an analysis Cyanide Solutions If you intend to...

Page 46: ...autosampler waste bottle is empty Hazards with Electrothermal Atomization Toxic Products Toxic metal vapors ozone etc can be generated by the system depending on the type of analyses being performed Y...

Page 47: ...or having other metallic implants are present Anyone wearing a heart pacemaker or having metallic implants should remain at least 0 6 meter away from the furnace in any direction while the furnace is...

Page 48: ...res The QTA cell used for the hydride generation technique can reach temperatures of up to 1000 C Do not touch any part of the heating mantle electrically heated systems or the cell holder flame heate...

Page 49: ...lmer com Content technicalinfo dts_instrumentdeconprocedure pdf Certificate form http www perkinelmer com Content technicalinfo dts_perkinelmercertificationofdecontaminationform pdf If you do not have...

Page 50: ...ustomer s environment Requirements for waste collection reuse recycling and recovery programs vary by regulatory authority at your location Contact your local responsible body e g your laboratory mana...

Page 51: ...ubber Co Press Florida USA 2000 Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories and Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories 2nd edition National Research Counc...

Page 52: ...36 Safety Practices...

Page 53: ...spectrometer correctly Environmental Requirements The location where the PinAAcle 900 Series is to be installed must fulfill the criteria listed below Indoors Free from vibrations Free from dust smoke...

Page 54: ...strument In addition an area of at least 69 cm 27 in should be available If this is not possible the bench on which the instrument is installed must be on wheels that can be locked Make sure that ther...

Page 55: ...39 Lab Space Requirements Dimensions and Weights Figure 2 1 Instrument dimenstions...

Page 56: ...m 26 7 in 1038 mm 40 9 in 730 mm 28 7 in 141kg 310Ib PinAAcle 900Z with AS 900 950 mm 37 3 in 680 mm 26 7 in 1038 mm 40 9 in 730 mm 28 7 in 126kg 278Ib PinAAcle 900H with AS 900 950 mm 37 3 in 680 mm...

Page 57: ...for all AA instruments see Figure 1 Included in the kit are a rotary blower with capacitor and hardware a vent to be located above the instrument and an adapter to permit connection of the blower and...

Page 58: ...f elbows should be minimized If a rigid tubing system is used it is strongly recommended that flexible tubing be used from the vent hood to the ceiling to facilitate hood alignment and service access...

Page 59: ...exhaust end of the system with an exhaust stack to improve the overall efficiency of the system Make sure the length of the duct that enters into the blower is a straight length at least ten times th...

Page 60: ...u do not place the spectrometer in a chemical hood If a chemical hood must be used make arrangements to prevent contamination due to corrosive vapors and back drafts from other hoods Do not perform sa...

Page 61: ...escription A Length B Height to top of cover C Depth D Distance from the center of the atomizer compartment to the right hand edge of instrument E Protuberance of sample tray in front of the instrumen...

Page 62: ...the furnace In addition to posting a health hazard for persons wearing heart pacemakers the magnetic field can also affect other instruments watches and magnetic storage devices disks credit cards et...

Page 63: ...egulations and be checked by a qualified electrician before the instrument is connected The PinAAcle Series 900T H Z F models require a stable 50 or 60 Hz power supply at the correct voltage and must...

Page 64: ...rounding and a dedicated circuit fuse 30 A slow blow must be able to hold a 3x surge current for 3 seconds The mains line house wiring must have a minimum wire cross section of 6 mm 8 gauge or 10 mm 6...

Page 65: ...r Line Conditioner with built in boost capabilities Please refer to SDB 4200041B STS for more information on whether the uses of a Buck Boost transformer in necessary If the voltage drops below 195 VA...

Page 66: ...e should be 0 5 volts peak to peak Normal Mode Noise Hot to neutral noise should be 10 volts peak to peak Line Conditioners PowerVar makes a series of line conditioner units that are suitable for all...

Page 67: ...20 60 Hz N9307515 800 VA Power Conditioned UPS 60 Hz N0777681 PinAAcle 900F 750 VA Line Conditioner 220 50 Hz N9307521 800 VA Power Conditioned UPS 50 Hz N0777689 PinAAcle 900H 3 8 KVA Line Conditione...

Page 68: ...ailable for the HGA PinAAcle model 900H The PerkinElmer part number for the 5 2 KVA UPS is N0777511 Power Outlets In addition to the above the following are required For connection of the Cooling Syst...

Page 69: ...permanent wall When gas cylinders are stored in confined areas such as a room ventilation should be adequate to prevent toxic or explosive accumulations Move or store gas cylinders only in a vertical...

Page 70: ...resence of acetylene in the laboratory atmosphere especially near the ceiling When the equipment is turned off for example at the end of the working day close all gas cylinder valves tightly at the ta...

Page 71: ...perate or frequent the vicinity of Zeeman background corrected instruments while they are in operation Gas Specifications Air Please refer to the Flame Gas Requirements below Furnace Gas Requirements...

Page 72: ...and hose insert as single parts are supplied in the instrument accessory kit The customer must supply the respective wall outlets or pressure regulator outlets Flame Gas Requirements Gas Specification...

Page 73: ...n the immediate vicinity of the instrument Whenever possible it is advisable to locate them at some distance from laboratory workers in an area providing suitable ventilation Cylinders of compressed a...

Page 74: ...n off would be approximately 12 300 BTU per hour 3 600 W An air acetylene flame can be used with all PerkinElmer burner heads but is most commonly used with the supplied 10 cm 4 inch burner head Suita...

Page 75: ...ir Acetylene Filter Accessory Part No N9301398 are available from PerkinElmer Some countries also require the use of a flashback arrestor such as PerkinElmer Part No N9307506 in the acetylene fuel lin...

Page 76: ...of an open flame sparks or other possible sources of ignition Both fuel and oxidant gas lines should be relieved of pressure at the end of the working day or if the instrument is to remain unused for...

Page 77: ...rous oxide is in liquid form the pressure gauge does not give a true indication of how much nitrous oxide remains in the cylinder until the pressure starts to fall rapidly as the residual gas is drawn...

Page 78: ...e Liquid argon is usually less expensive per unit volume to purchase but cannot be stored for extended periods If liquid argon is used the tank should be fitted with an over pressure regulator which w...

Page 79: ...2 7 Fitting Specification Flame Gases Atomic Absorption Source Lamps AA spectrometers require different source lamps depending on the elements to be determined and the instrument to be used Multieleme...

Page 80: ...dapt those lamps for use in PerkinElmer lamp mounts with the Small Diameter Lamp Adapter Kit Part No 03030870 The PinAAcle Series 900T H Z F operates correctly with PerkinElmer Standard 2 Lumina Hollo...

Page 81: ...options for the PinAAcle 900H PinAAcle 900T and PinAAcle 900Z systems These water systems provide coolant at a constant temperature and flow to allow the most reproducible analytical conditions They a...

Page 82: ...into the laboratory at least one day prior to installation to allow acclimation The customer must be warned about the weight of the instrument and informed that at least three and preferably four adul...

Page 83: ...tion location If the PC is going to be networked the customer should have an IT Specialist available during the installation Product Line Experience PC Skills The customer should have a basic working...

Page 84: ...68 Preparing Your Laboratory...

Page 85: ...pable of fully automatic single element analyses The complete system is operated from the associated computer using the Winlab32 for AA software Features of the PinAAcle 900 Series System Table 3 1 Pi...

Page 86: ...ology N3160083 PinAAcle 900T THGA Flame High Sensitivity Plastic Optional Recirculator N3160070 PinAAcle 900H HGA Flame Stainless Steel With Recirculator N3160071 PinAAcle 900H HGA Flame Stainless Ste...

Page 87: ...he PinAAcle 900 is a compact bench top spectrometer The major components of the system are The spectrometer containing the optical system the electronics and the atomizer compartment The burner system...

Page 88: ...ts decreases the size of the instrument as well as reduces stray light and scattering losses All glass fibers have been optimized to provide high transmission for the whole wavelength range of interes...

Page 89: ...that passes through the upper part of the sample compartment and one that passes through the lower part of the sample compartment In the flame mode the upper beam is the the sample beam and the lower...

Page 90: ...74 System Description Optical System Schematics for the PinAAcle 900 Series Figure 3 1 Optical System for the PinAAcle 900F...

Page 91: ...75 The PinAAcle 900 Series Spectrometer System Figure 3 2 Optical System for the PinAAcle 900H...

Page 92: ...76 System Description Figure 3 3 Optical System for the PinAAcle 900T...

Page 93: ...77 The PinAAcle 900 Series Spectrometer System Figure 3 4 Optical System for the PinAAcle 900Z...

Page 94: ...and Switches Operational On Off Switches Figure 3 5 On Off switch on the instrument Spectrometer You normally switch the system on and off with the operational on off switch on the front panel of the...

Page 95: ...supply which is supplied and controlled from the spectrometer A special line power cord is provided for this purpose Do not connect the cooling system to an external power source You can leave the on...

Page 96: ...ure 3 6 Gas cooling and electrical connectors on the rear panel Item Description 1 Power circuit breaker 5 230 v power receptacle 2 Main power cord 6 Water hose in 3 Argon or Nitrogen gas line 7 Water...

Page 97: ...ter Item Designation Function 3 Ar N2 Normal Connector for the connection of the normal gas supply to the furnace argon or nitrogen 4 Special Gas Connector for the connection of the special gas supply...

Page 98: ...d with the burner fuel and oxidant gases in the burner chamber This gas mixture then passes through the burner slot into the flame The burner system comprises the following major components Nebulizer...

Page 99: ...ption Item Description 1 Burner head 5 Stainless steel nebulizer is shown here but you can also have a high sensitivity plastic nebulizer attached here 2 Burner head adjustment tool 6 End cap assembly...

Page 100: ...gh sensitivity plastic nebulizer has a ceramic one piece impact bead structure which improves nebulization efficiency Larger sample droplets not carried around the flow spoiler by the gas flow are for...

Page 101: ...85 Burner Assembly System Figure 3 8 Block diagram of the burner system...

Page 102: ...head for air acetylene operation It features a wider slot than the nitrous oxide burner head Used to extend linear and working range N0400102 10 cm single slot burner head for air acetylene operation...

Page 103: ...assembly includes the glow plug the ignitor solenoid and ignitor arm the burner head interface circuit and the flame detect circuit When the ignitor is Item Description Part Number 1 5 cm single slot...

Page 104: ...e falls below a minimum value for safe operation the flame is shut down in a safe sequence The system also includes automatic sequencing of the gases when the nitrous oxide acetylene flame is ignited...

Page 105: ...89 Burner Assembly System Figure 3 10 The burner drain system and its parts Item Description 1 Drain Interlock 2 Drain hose 3 Drain cap 4 Drain bottle 4 2 1 3...

Page 106: ...aintenance information Burner System Troubleshooting We recommend that you consult the troubleshooting information included in this hardware guide before you call a PerkinElmer service engineer Refer...

Page 107: ...ngle instrument Optical System Photometer Real time double beam optical system Front surfaced reflecting optics with protective coating Optical system sealed within protective cover Monochromator Litt...

Page 108: ...ackground correction for uses with flame operation Flame Atomizer Description Gas Controls Fully computer controlled with oxidant and fuel monitoring Acetylene flow is automatically adjusted prior to...

Page 109: ...puter controlled Transversely Heated Graphite Atomizer THGA The graphite tube is transversely heated providing a uniform temperature profile over the entire tube PinAAcle 900H PinAAcle 900T and PinAAc...

Page 110: ...n instrument with and without the water circulatory system It is recommended to use the re circulatory system for the graphite furnace analyses When operating the PinAAcle 900 Series without the circu...

Page 111: ...ling Instrument readings linear in absorbance 0 500 A to 2 000 A concentration or emission intensity with continuously variable scale expansion from 0 01 to 100 times Integration times operator select...

Page 112: ...ht 32 bit PCI 2 3 Slot 4 half length full height 32 bit PCI 2 3 Removable Media DVD RW SATA Video Integrated video Intel GMA4500 Mouse USB optical mouse with scroll Keyboard USB Keyboard Audio Integra...

Page 113: ...he instrument is developed and produced in compliance with ISO 9001 The WinLab32 for AA software provides required control parameters for GLP and instrument performance validation Environmental Requir...

Page 114: ...cription Dimensions 20 cm wide x 375 cm high x 50 cm deep Weight 18 kg with coolant Certification Designed and tested to be in compliance with the legal requirements for cooling systems Specifications...

Page 115: ...Unpacking Instructions on page 101 Before You Install the Spectrometer on page 103 If You Must Move and Reinstall the Spectrometer on page 104 Connecting the Gases on page 109 Connecting the Computer...

Page 116: ...age 156 Lamps on page 156 Replacement Parts on page 156 Shipping List for the PinAAcle 900F on page 157 Shipping List for the PinAAcle 900H on page 158 Shipping List for the PinAAcle 900T on page 160...

Page 117: ...rrive unopened and undamaged If the examination reveals that damage has occurred in shipment notify the carrier and PerkinElmer immediately A representative of the shipping carrier must be present for...

Page 118: ...secure the instrument in the box 4 The two cardboard boxes containing the accessories are shipped separately 5 Lift up and remove the carton sleeve 6 Remove the polyethylene bag covering the instrume...

Page 119: ...keep the cardboard box that the instrument was shipped in If the customer needs to dispose of the cardboard box please have them do so in accordance with their local environmental regulations Before Y...

Page 120: ...You Must Move and Reinstall the Spectrometer We recommend that only a PerkinElmer service engineer or a PerkinElmer trained and authorized person moves and reinstalls the spectrometer If the customer...

Page 121: ...d contamination of the nebulizer 7 Disconnect the drain system from the burner 8 Disconnect the furnace gas and water supplies 9 Prepare the computer and other system components for transport as descr...

Page 122: ...ened all the way so that the furnace head will not move if the spectrometer must be relocated Caution The spectrometer is a precision optical instrument Move the spectrometer very carefully and protec...

Page 123: ...Move and Reinstall the Spectrometer Figure 4 1 Furnace locking knob Reinstalling the Spectrometer Tools Needed Phillips screwdriver Adjustable wrench Flat bladed screwdriver Item Description 1 Furnace...

Page 124: ...rical cables Connecting the Burner Gases The connectors for the burner gases are located on the rear panel of the spectrometer What you need to provide Suitable supplies of acetylene air and nitrous o...

Page 125: ...to the figure on page 110 Connecting the burning gases Air 1 Make sure that the air supply is turned off 2 Use the black hose assembly to connect a source of clean dry and filtered air to the fitting...

Page 126: ...H2 hose assembly to connect a source of clean dry acetylene to the fitting labeled C2H2 on the rear panel of the spectrometer Use an adjustable wrench to tighten the connections Figure 4 2 Connecting...

Page 127: ...l gas lines shipped with the instrument 2 Use the pinch clamp tool to secure the connection clamps Part No B0155661 to the European gas connection adapters to the gas line 3 Attach the modified gas li...

Page 128: ...to the spectrometer for the inert and special gas supplies A tube cutter for the special gas tube This is an optional accessory Part No 09923183 The gas supply systems must comply with your local safe...

Page 129: ...e the R screw connector provided or use a connector or adapter suitable for the gas regulator Make sure that all the connections are secure 4 Pass the gas tube to the rear of the spectrometer Make sur...

Page 130: ...114 Installation Figure 4 4 Connecting the Argon or Nitrogen only Item Description 1 Y connector 2 Argon or Nitrogen gas line 1 2...

Page 131: ...Use the R screw connectors provided or use a connector or adapter suitable for the gas regulator Make sure that all the connections are secure 4 Pass the gas tubes to the rear of the spectrometer Mak...

Page 132: ...116 Installation Figure 4 5 Connecting the Argon or Nitrogen and a Special Gas Item Description 1 Argon or Nitrogen gas line 2 Special gas line 3 230 V power receptacle 2 1 3...

Page 133: ...ch and position the monitor on top of the computer 2 Connect the monitor cord to the computer 3 Connect the Ethernet and furnace camera USB connection from the instrument to the back of the computer 4...

Page 134: ...nnections Item Description 1 Back of instrument 2 Ethernet instrument connection from instrument 3 Furnace camera USB connection from instrument 4 Ethernet cable from computer to Internet Shared Netwo...

Page 135: ...7 Keyboard and mouse one connection hidden from view 8 Monitor connection from monitor to computer 9 Monitor connection to computer 10 Computer main power cord 11 Monitor main power cord 12 Back of mo...

Page 136: ...e following figure Figure 4 7 Power circuit breaker on the PinAAcle 900 Item Description 1 Power circuit breaker in off position 2 Power circuit breaker in on position This indicates the off position...

Page 137: ...use them 5 Connect the line power cords of the spectrometer and all other accessories to the main power supply This indicates the on position of the main power switch or circuit breaker With the switc...

Page 138: ...122 Installation Figure 4 8 Main instrument power cord 6 From the front of the instrument toggle on the on off green switch Item Description 1 Main power cord 1...

Page 139: ...123 Electrical Connections Figure 4 9 Instrument on off switch 7 Start up the computer to install the WinLab32 for AA software Item Description 1 Instrument on off switch 1...

Page 140: ...inAAcle 900 Series since vibrations can adversely influence the analytical instrument Make sure that You can reach the on off switch at the rear There is space at the rear and sides of the cooling sys...

Page 141: ...em They have automatic connectors which are marked with the direction of the water flow 1 Pass the two hoses from the cooling system to the rear of the spectrometer Make sure they are not strained Fig...

Page 142: ...e Lightly tug on the water line connections on the back of the instrument to ensure that they are secure and will not pop off Figure 4 11 Connecting the cooling system Note To disconnect the water hos...

Page 143: ...em The cooling system is self priming air in the system is removed automatically as the cooling system operates The coolant is a 1 10 solution of glycerol in water 1 part glycerol plus 9 parts water F...

Page 144: ...he power patch cord into the receptacle on the back of the Cooling System Refer to the figure on page 125 5 Plug the other end of the power patch cord into 230 V receptacle on the back of the instrume...

Page 145: ...em to the Burner Figure 4 13 Instrument without drain tubing attached 1 Carefully take the drain tubing and attach it to the drain fitting 2 Take the clamp and use a flat bladed screwdriver to secure...

Page 146: ...130 Installation Figure 4 14 Drain hose attached Item Description 1 End cap 2 Clamp 3 Drain hose 4 Drain Interlock 3 2 4 1...

Page 147: ...surfaces must be preconditioned Aspirate for 5 minutes a 1 1 solution of methanol in water Adding Water to the Drain Trap The drain vessel includes an internal trap to make certain that burner gases...

Page 148: ...ess steel or a high sensitivity plastic nebulizer For information on removing and reinstalling the stainless steel or high sensitivity plastic nebulizer see Nebulizer Removal and Reinstallation on pag...

Page 149: ...packed in a separate box Carefully unpack the autosampler and set it up near the instrument 1 Pull out the autosampler mounting arm from the instrument Caution Do not lift the autosampler by the moto...

Page 150: ...134 Installation Figure 4 15 Autosampler mounting arm Item Description 1 Front of instrument 2 Autosampler mounting arm 3 Boom receptacle 2 1 3...

Page 151: ...ion cable Part No B3002201 to the RS 232 connection port underneath the autosampler Note When attaching the metal boom to the mounting arm make sure not to lose the metal boom pin because it can easil...

Page 152: ...lation 2 Feed the other end of the connector through the back of the boom mount assembly Figure 4 17 Attaching the metal boom Item Description 1 2 Location of 2 screws on the metal boom 3 T10 torx dri...

Page 153: ...he Autosampler Refer to the figure of page 136 for details 4 Connect the cable to the RS 232 connection port in the front of the instrument 5 To lock the autosampler in place tighten the right locking...

Page 154: ...ive rinsing solution You will require a rinse bottle and the cap with a small hole the rinse feed assembly consisting of a flexible PTFE tube with two screw fittings and a rigid FEP tube complementary...

Page 155: ...in tube so that it protrudes only about 30 mm into the waste bottle Do not put a cap on the bottle The drain tube must hang straight down without any loops and the end must never be immersed in the li...

Page 156: ...40 Installation Figure 4 20 Location of rinse port and drain tube 5 Slide the rinse bottle into the right hand bracket on the boom Item Description 1 Rinse port 2 Drain tube 3 AS 900 sample tray 3 1 2...

Page 157: ...osampler one tray has 88 locations while the other tray has 148 locations Select the type of sample tray you are going to use in the Options Furnace Autosampler dialog in the WinLab32 software To inst...

Page 158: ...he cover are to the left Figure 4 22 Location of rinse port and drain tube Note Always place the cover on the sample tray to protect the samples from contamination and to reduce the rate of evaporatio...

Page 159: ...mple tube through the hooks on the pipette arm such that it forms a smooth loop from the metal mount 4 Pass the sample tube around the hooks on the sample table leaving a sufficiently large loop so th...

Page 160: ...cial rinse cycle Repeat this as often as required until all the tubes are completely filled with water Start four more rinse cycles Regular cleaning Hold the rise feed tube in a bottle of isopropanol...

Page 161: ...ign Autosampler Tip Wizard appears Note If you want to use a different rinsing fluid to that already in the rinsing system rinse all traces of the previous fluid out of the rinsing system Use a rinsin...

Page 162: ...tallation From the Align Autosampler Tip Wizard select Align the autosampler tip in the graphite tube The autosampler arm is unlocked and the pipette tip moves to a position directly above the graphit...

Page 163: ...ette tip to just above the graphite contact Do not allow the pipette tip to touch any part of the furnace 3 Continue lowering the tip and adjusting the left right and forward backward controls on the...

Page 164: ...148 Installation Figure 4 23 Alignment controls on the autosampler Item Description 1 Depth control wheel 2 Left right alignment control 3 Forward backward alignment control 2 1 3...

Page 165: ...iew window Only adjust in the down direction If you adjust too low click on the Back button and try again Do not lower the pipette tip so far that it could strike the platform Refer to the following f...

Page 166: ...ned in the tube If it is not properly aligned click Back and select Align the autosampler tip in the graphite tube Warning UV Radiation Risk of Eye Damage The lamps may emit UV radiation which can dam...

Page 167: ...l window select Align Tip Check autosampler tip alignment in the graphite tube The autosampler arm is unlocked and the pipette tip enters the graphite tube Make sure that the tip is centered in the ho...

Page 168: ...his section describe how to check that the autosampler tip depth is properly set 1 Make a preliminary adjustment as described in the section titled To set the depth of the autosampler tip in the sampl...

Page 169: ...he Setup page in the Locations column enter the autosampler location of the blank solution 4 Start the method In the Automated Analysis Control window on the Analyze page click on the Analyze All butt...

Page 170: ...face just before leaving the tip Note If the pipette tip is too far above the platform and the droplet does not contact the graphite surface the liquid may remain in the tip leading to pipetting error...

Page 171: ...e Capillary Figure 4 26 Checking the solution droplet delivery as viewed from the Furnace Camera Window on the screen Item Description 1 Wrong Tip too far above the platform 2 Wrong Tip too near the p...

Page 172: ...ximize operational time Our complete portfolio of consumables parts supplies training and service helps you meet both routine and demanding measurement challenges We invest heavily in testing and vali...

Page 173: ...ic Nebulizer Flame Burner Assembly 1 N3160920 Burner Door Assembly 1 N3161120 Sample Tray 1 N3160941 Accessories Kit 1 Part No Description Quantity 09904991 Wide Mouth 15L Natural Bottle 1 N0400058 Dr...

Page 174: ...e Burner Assembly 1 N3160920 Burner Door Assembly 1 N3161120 Sample Tray 1 N3160942 Accessories Kit 1 09904991 Wide Mouth 15L Natural Bottle 1 N0400058 Drain Assembly Louie Burner 1 B0198072 Cooling S...

Page 175: ...c HEX 6MM TBG OD BRS 2 09923472 Ferrule Metric Back 6MM BRS 2 09923473 Ferrule Metric Front 6MM BRS 2 B0080112 Tube Adjustment Aid 1 B0080259 Mirror Instrument Plastic 1 B0114851 O Ring 47 29 ID X 2 6...

Page 176: ...ption Quantity N3160090 AS 900 Assembly 1 N3160923 AS 900 Carrier 1 N3160182 or Stainless Steel Flame Burner Assembly Nebulizer 1 N3160179 High Sensitivity Plastic Nebulizer Flame Burner Assembly 1 B0...

Page 177: ...200 1 09210335 T Handle HEX Screwdriver 5 0 X 200 1 B0508264 FLEXO 55 Tube 6X4 10 09290602 USB LED Light Source 1 09902219 Viton Burner Head O Ring Kit 1 09907925 Cuvette Wood 8 MM Clamp 1 09920179 P...

Page 178: ...e of 10 B0851900 ZL Furnace Mirror 1 B0856585 TORX Screwdriver T20X100 1 B3000641 HGA Graphite Tubes Standard 5 Pack B3120410 Press In Gage THGA 1 B3120416 Press In Sleeve 1 B3120420 Press Out Tool 1...

Page 179: ...ccessories Kit 1 Part No Description Quantity 09210225 T Handle HEX Screwdriver 6 0 X 200 1 09210335 T Handle HEX Screwdriver 5 0 X 200 1 B0508264 FLEXO 55 Tube 6X4 10 09290602 USB LED Light Source 1...

Page 180: ...Package of 10 B0851900 ZL Furnace Mirror 1 B0856585 TORX Screwdriver T20X100 1 B3000641 HGA Graphite Tubes Standard 5 Pack B3120410 Press In Gage THGA 1 B3120416 Press In Sleeve 1 B3120420 Press Out T...

Page 181: ...g System on page 127 3 Switch on the fume ventilation system for the work area 4 Turn on the burner gases and adjust the outlet gauge pressures to the recommended values See Table 5 1 Required Pressur...

Page 182: ...on the front panel 10 If you need the diluter autosampler or flow injection system switch on the respective systems 11 If you have changed the configuration of the system such as installed a differen...

Page 183: ...pressure to a value exceeding the maximum pressure see Pmax column Always turn on the air supply since air pressure is required for the spectrometer s pneumatic system Warning Acetylene Explosion Haz...

Page 184: ...a hollow cathode lamps HCLs or two electrodeless discharge lamps EDLs and six PerkinElmer Lumina hollow cathode lamps HCLs With the exception of the PinAAcle 900Z model the spectrometer also comes wit...

Page 185: ...p Compartment The lamp compartment is located behind the door on the right hand side at the front of the spectrometer Figure 5 1 Lamp compartment Item Description 1 Right side of instrument 2 Cu lamp...

Page 186: ...hollow cathode lamps For certain elements such as arsenic and selenium EDLs will also provide improved sensitivity An EDL consists of a quartz bulb under an inert gas atmosphere containing the elemen...

Page 187: ...e mechanical stop since this will push in the lamp too far to function properly Do not cover the venting slots of the lamp driver or overheating drift and or event shutoff will occur See the following...

Page 188: ...gs as well Tips for installing lamps We recommend the use of PerkinElmer lamps You can use both hollow cathode and electrodeless discharge lamps Do not touch the front window of the lamp perspiration...

Page 189: ...the receptacle on the lamp holder containing the EDL If you use the wrong coding plug or connect the coding plug to the wrong receptacle you will cause the spectrometer to malfunction and may cause ir...

Page 190: ...174 Preparing the System Figure 5 3 Sliding sample tray into place Item Description 1 Sample tray 2 Tray supports 3 Drain hose 3 2 1...

Page 191: ...cure the sample tray in place Make sure that the instrument is not pushed so far back on the bench that the drain tube bends when the tray is installed Figure 5 4 Sample tray in place Item Description...

Page 192: ...ditor on the Inst page for Signal Type select Emisssion 5 If you intent to make absorption measurements install the lamps that you require see Installing the Lamps on page 168 6 Set up the burner syst...

Page 193: ...installed and the end cap is secured The correct nebulizer is fitted and that it is correctly secured The fuel and oxidant hoses are correctly fitted to the back of the instrument The drain system is...

Page 194: ...ol window appears 5 Select the oxidant In the Flame Control window click on Air or N2O 6 Ignite the flame In the Flame Control window click on Flame On Off Warning Flammable Gases Fire and Explosion H...

Page 195: ...the flame allow the burner head to cool Warning UV Radiation Risk of Eye Damage The flame especially the nitrous oxide acetylene flame may emit UV radiation which can damage your eyes Keep the door c...

Page 196: ...e substances out of the system Procedure If you used only aqueous solutions during the analyses 1 Aspirate deionized water for five minutes If you used organic solvents during the analyses 2 Aspirate...

Page 197: ...spectrometer at source 5 Touch the Bleed Gases button to depressurize the gas lines Setting up the System for Analyses Using the Furnace Technique For the PinAAcle 900 T Z Locking the Furnace Cover in...

Page 198: ...o place It is now secured for furnace analysis Item Description 1 Furnace cover down in flame position 2 Furnace stage cover remains in place and is not removed Note The furnace cover must be locked i...

Page 199: ...lysis position Setting up the Analysis 1 Switch on the system see Switching on the System on page 165 2 If you need to change techniques from flame technique to the furnace technique go into WinLab32...

Page 200: ...70 and Conditioning the Graphite Tube on page 291 7 Set up the furnace autosampler Refer to the Online Help in WinLab32 for AA You should now optimize the analytical conditions Refer to the Online Hel...

Page 201: ...stem for Analyses Using the Furnace Technique For the Figure 5 3 Removing the burner assembly Item Description 1 Remove the burner assembly 2 Lift up this furnace cover 3 Burner assembly removed and f...

Page 202: ...figure for the alignment controls Warning High Temperatures Risk of Burns The graphite furnace can generate very high temperatures Do not touch any parts of the furnace especially the graphite compon...

Page 203: ...nd to determine is installed in the spectrometer and properly aligned 2 Where applicable switch off the deuterium lamp background corrector Item Description 1 Vertical up down alignment control 2 Hori...

Page 204: ...ing lever to the left to release horizontal forward backward movement of the furnace 2 Rotate the horizontal forward backward control in small increments to find the position that gives minimum absorb...

Page 205: ...ace alignment autozero the spectrometer 8 Refit both window assemblies see To refit the windows on page 320 The absorbance reading after replacing the windows should be about 0 06 0 09 when measured a...

Page 206: ...te Tube on page 145 3 Adjust the penetration depth of the pipet tip in the graphite tube see the procedure To check and make fine adjustments to the penetration depth of the pipette tip in the graphit...

Page 207: ...In the Flame Control window click on Bleed Gases to depressurize the gas lines To shut down the furnace system 1 Flush the furnace autosampler rinsing system see AS 900 Furnace Autosampler Maintenanc...

Page 208: ...e 227 6 Empty the furnace autosampler waste bottle Emergency Shutdown If a situation arises where you have to shut down the system quickly and you can use the on off switch on the front panel of the i...

Page 209: ...193 Shutting Down the System Figure 5 6 Location of instrument on off switch Item Description 1 Instrument On Off switch 1...

Page 210: ...194 Preparing the System...

Page 211: ...ally depending on instrument use This chapter is divided into several sections each section covering maintenance procedures for a particular component of the system Caution Before using any cleaning o...

Page 212: ...ficate which is available on the PerkinElmer public website http las perkinelmer com OneSource decontamination htm Follow the Decontamination of Instrumentation and Associated Sub assemblies procedure...

Page 213: ...eshooting chapter of this manual The background corrector source lamp may need to be realigned or replaced Normally the spectrometer optics will require little or no maintenance However low energy lam...

Page 214: ...wear and tear of the o rings on the end caps and on the burner head To replace the o rings see Disassembling the Burner Chamber later in this chapter Drain System Maintenance Check for wear and or che...

Page 215: ...us solutions properly If you are analyzing samples containing high concentrations of copper silver or mercury Thoroughly flush the burner chamber and drain tube immediately after completing such analy...

Page 216: ...mber there are four o rings on the stainless steel nebulizer and five o rings on the high sensitivity plastic nebulizer Either of these nebulizers can be used on the different end cap of the burner as...

Page 217: ...uthorized person to perform any work on 1 Electrical components inside the instrument excluding the electrical electronic components 2 The gas connections and gas system pneumatics 3 The monochromator...

Page 218: ...before they can cause further contamination or damage Before you leave the instrument standing idle for any period of time make sure that all the components are clean Fume ventilation Make sure that...

Page 219: ...eck the filters regularly and change it if it is dirty You should not need to change the filters more than once every year if the environmental conditions are as described in the Spectrometer Maintena...

Page 220: ...ress the tab and lift out the air filter cover that holds the air filter in place 4 Replace the air filter Part No B0501696 and then put the air filter cover back into place Item Description Item Desc...

Page 221: ...filters are needed Do not restrict the air flow exhaust from these vents Figure 6 8 Location of Furnace Power Supply vents Changing the Vent Filter For the PinAAcle 900H 900T and 900Z models have a v...

Page 222: ...new filter 3 Snap the frame with the new filter back into place Figure 6 9 Location of vent filter Changing the Fuses Do not use makeshift fuses or short circuit the fuse holders Item Description 1 V...

Page 223: ...sition Figure 6 10 Location of fuses 3 Disconnect the spectrometer s line power cord from the line power supply 4 Disconnect all the line power cords from the sockets at the rear of the spectrometer 5...

Page 224: ...nect the line power cords correctly Cleaning the Burner Chamber It is very important to clean the burner chamber with a soft wireless brush and a mild laboratory detergent solution on a regular basis...

Page 225: ...2 The end cap must be removed to access the inside of the burner chamber 3 The end cap is secured to the burner chamber by the latches located on each side Pull both latches back to remove the end cap...

Page 226: ...210 Maintenance Figure 6 12 Lever positions Item Description 1 2 Latches closed position 3 4 Latches open position 1 2 3 4...

Page 227: ...minutes an organic solvent that is miscible with the samples that have just been aspirated 2 Aspirate methanol or another solvent miscible with both the organic solvent and water for 5 minutes 3 Aspi...

Page 228: ...ystem see Cleaning or Flushing the Drain System on page 226 5 Reinstall the burner head 6 Empty the drain vessel Cleaning the Burner System The nature of the samples aspirated determines how frequentl...

Page 229: ...urner head is seated correctly Check the flow spoiler or impact bead for damage and replace any damaged parts Check the inside of the end cap for any cracks Unstable acetylides which are likely to exp...

Page 230: ...the burner head up and out by pushing the latch located on the left side of the burner head to the rear Refer to the figure on page 217 4 Carefully work along and through the burner head slot with the...

Page 231: ...n you should check the width of the burner slot at regular intervals A set of feeler gauges is required to check the slot width The table below specifies the correct slot width and the feeler gauge re...

Page 232: ...moothly all the internal surfaces need to be prepared This is easily accomplished by aspirating a 0 1 Triton X 100 solution for approximately five minutes Removing the Burner Assembly From the Instrum...

Page 233: ...rner Assembly From the Instrument Figure 6 13 Remove the burner head from the burner chamber Item Description Item Description 1 Safety latch 3 Pressing the safety latch 2 Burner lever 4 Pushing the b...

Page 234: ...for maintenance Remove the burner assembly Figure 6 14 Location of the furnace locking pin 5 Place the burner assembly on a bench for routine maintenance and cleaning Item Description 1 Burner assembl...

Page 235: ...until it comes off the chamber Depending on the type of analysis you need to do you may need to change the burner head see Burner Head Options on page 86 Disassembling the Burner Chamber This procedur...

Page 236: ...he burner chamber assembly Item Description Item Description 1 Burner head 5 Stainless steel nebulizer is shown here but you can also have a high sensitivity plastic nebulizer attached here 2 Burner h...

Page 237: ...verify that the o rings are in good condition If an o ring appears damaged replace it 2 Connect the drain tube and clamp 3 Carefully slide the nebulizer into the end cap and lock into place with the...

Page 238: ...l the drain loop and to activate the drain float 6 Place the hose clamp over the free end of the drain tubing 7 Carefully install the free end of the drain tubing over the drain outlet making sure tha...

Page 239: ...223 To Install the Burner in the Spectrometer Figure 6 16 Drain hose attached Item Description 1 Clamp 2 Drain hose 3 Drain Interlock 1 2 3...

Page 240: ...ted on the chamber A gentle twisting and pushing may be necessary You will know that the burner head is fully seated because the ignitor will swing over the burner 3 Put the burner assembly back into...

Page 241: ...225 Drain System Maintenance Figure 6 17 Drain bottle attached Item Description 1 Drain Interlock 2 Drain hose 3 Drain bottle 1 2 3...

Page 242: ...shed thoroughly with water at the end of each working day to remove caustic corrosive or organic waste materials that could otherwise damage the burner chamber or drain tubing 1 Remove the clamp aroun...

Page 243: ...tinguish the flame allow the burner head to cool shut down the gases at source and bleed the gas supply lines 2 Switch off the spectrometer 3 Flush the drain system See Cleaning or Flushing the Drain...

Page 244: ...er cap Replacing the Drain Tubing If the drain tubing Part No 02507987 is damaged or extremely dirty and needs to be replaced refer to the next figure and proceed as described next 1 Turn off the inst...

Page 245: ...r into the receptacle under the burner Make sure the interlock connector is plugged in all the way 10 Go to Preparing the New Drain Tubing for Use on page 229 Preparing the New Drain Tubing for Use In...

Page 246: ...Nebulizer PinAAcle 900T N3160080 or N3160081 THGA Flame Stainless Steel PinAAcle 900T N3160082 or N3160082 THGA Flame High Sensitivity Plastic PinAAcle 900H N3160070 or N3160071 HGA Flame Stainless St...

Page 247: ...out the nebulizer locking clamp back and carefully but firmly rotate the stainless steel side arm upwards 90 degrees to the unlock position Figure 6 19 Stainless steel nebulizer Item Description Item...

Page 248: ...lace any cracked or damaged o rings Item Description Item Description 1 Fine adjustment nut 7 Nebulizer body o rings 2 2 Sample capillary 8 O ring 3 Washer 9 Venturi 4 Needle valve 10 Cap 5 Spring 11...

Page 249: ...needle valve and replace if needed 7 For information on cleaning the nebulizer see Cleaning the Stainless Steel Nebulizer on page 235 Reinstalling the Stainless Steel Nebulizer 1 Carefully reinstall t...

Page 250: ...gure 6 21 Needle valve Item Description 1 Needle valve assembly 2 Beveled edge of the hypodermic needle in the middle needle valve assembly 3 Stainless steel nebulizer body 4 Needle valve in 1 o clock...

Page 251: ...obstruction in the nebulizer or capillary To clear an obstruction in the nebulizer 1 Aspirate pure solvent with the flame on until a stable baseline signal is achieved Then aspirate a known standard s...

Page 252: ...asonic bath 3 Clean the nebulizer body and any other parts that appear dirty in a mild laboratory detergent solution or a solvent such as isopropanol preferably in an ultrasonic bath 4 Rinse all the c...

Page 253: ...htly in place Figure 6 22 Plastic nebulizer Item Description Item Description 1 Nebulizer in locked position 5 Nebulizer in unlocked position 2 Nebulizer assembly end cap 6 Nebulizer plastic arm in up...

Page 254: ...s located on each side Push both latches back to remove the nebulizer assembly end cap from the burner chamber 6 Inspect the o rings in the nebulizer assembly end cap Replace any cracked or damaged o...

Page 255: ...alve adjustment knob 8 Spacer 3 Capillary holder 9 Impact bead 4 Spring and o rings 2 10 Apiezon grease 5 Locking washer 11 Cleaning wire 6 Nebulizer body o rings 2 Note Located on the spring are two...

Page 256: ...ly in until it bottoms out in the nebulizer body 5 If you inserted the capillary assembly correctly it should move freely in and out of the nebulizer body If it does not remove and reinstall paying pa...

Page 257: ...ner system performance If you suspect that the nebulizer is causing poor sensitivity e g cannot obtain expected characteristic concentration or poor precision fluctuating absorbances before cleaning t...

Page 258: ...he first method Simplified Cleaning Procedure For Nebulizer For a simplified light cleaning of a standard the nebulizer sample capillary holder see the following procedure 1 Unscrew the sample capilla...

Page 259: ...nebulizer and if using the impact bead spacer remove the spacer as well Handle with care See the next page for instructions 5 Unscrew the capillary tubing 6 See the figure on page 239 and loosen and t...

Page 260: ...ith deionized water If they look damaged replace them 6 After you have cleaned the components reassemble the nebulizer Removing and Replacing the High Sensitivity Plastic Nebulizer s Impact Bead The P...

Page 261: ...n analyzing some complex sample matrices it may be desirable to add the spacer to reduce chemical interferences To Install the Spacer 1 Hold the impact bead by its base only 2 Rotate it approximately...

Page 262: ...ckwise while carefully holding the nebulizer adjustment nut until this locking nut locks the adjustment nut 10 Check the characteristic concentration as instructed in your spectrometer manual This cha...

Page 263: ...l to periodically aspirate a dilute surfactant solution such as 0 1 Triton X 100 for several minutes to keep the system clean The surfactant solution will encourage constant drainage which is required...

Page 264: ...hey are is damaged replace them 6 Gently place the o rings back into the end cap and then press them into place with your finger 7 Reassemble the burner system Nebulizer O Rings There are o rings on t...

Page 265: ...lene is dissolved in a solvent and a pressure of 600 kPa 6 bar 85 psig at ambient temperature indicates that the cylinder is nearly empty For this reason replace acetylene cylinders when the cylinder...

Page 266: ...ife the current on the lamp may be increased up to the maximum current recommended on the label Once the intensity of a lamp begins to deteriorate it should be replaced The Lumina lamps comes with an...

Page 267: ...is located on the instrument Access to the lamp compartment is front of the instrument This allows for easy lamp replacement If you swing open the lamp compartment cover the lamp compartment can be s...

Page 268: ...partment cover to access the lamp 6 Unplug and remove the lamp For EDLs remove the coding plug as well Removing and Replacing the Deuterium Arc Background Corrector Lamp Tools Needed deuterium arc lam...

Page 269: ...ver to remove the screw that holds the cover in place Remove the cover Figure 6 26 Accessing the D2 lamp compartment cover 3 Locate the deuterium lamp assembly in the instrument Loosen the thumbscrew...

Page 270: ...254 Maintenance 4 Carefully slide the D2 lamp assembly away from the instrument Figure 6 27 Deuterium lamp assembly Item Description 1 Thumbscrew 2 D2 Lamp 3 Bracket 1 2 3...

Page 271: ...racket thumbscrew 3 Unplug the back connector 4 Slide the bracket and bulb up to remove it from the assembly 5 Replace the assembly with a new bracket bulb set by sliding the cutout on the metal brack...

Page 272: ...256 Maintenance Figure 6 28 Accessing the D2 lamp compartment 6 Plug in the lamp Item Description 1 D2 lamp 2 Cutout 3 Alignment pin 3 2 1...

Page 273: ...ssembly down on to the alignment pin on the D2 lamp housing 3 Tighten the assembly thumbscrew 4 Return the screw to the D2 lamp compartment cover and tighten down the cover Reassembly is complete Next...

Page 274: ...tching the computer screen use a 2 mm Allen key to adjust the vertical and horizontal alignment screws located on the rear of the deuterium lamp compartment until you achieve the maximum energy counts...

Page 275: ...ation of the alignment screws of the deuterium lamp The alignment procedure is now complete Resetting the D2 Hours After aligning the deuterium lamp you need to reset the hours 1 Select Tools Diagnost...

Page 276: ...moving the Graphite Tube 1 Make sure that the furnace is cool 2 Release the pressure holding the furnace heads closed 3 In the Furnace Control window click on Open Close 4 Swing the support lever to t...

Page 277: ...Figure 6 30 Front Contact Housing 5 The graphite tube is now visible in the rear contact Use the insertion removal tool provided to remove the graphite tube Do not touch the tube with bare fingers It...

Page 278: ...262 Maintenance Figure 6 31 Insertion removal tools Item Description 1 Graphite tube holder insertion removal tool 1...

Page 279: ...t The sample injection hole is uppermost The side of the tube to which the platform is attached faces the left of the furnace The platform is then higher toward the rear Note Do not touch the graphite...

Page 280: ...nance Figure 6 33 Graphite tube 2 Use the insertion removal tool provided to insert the graphite tube into the rear contact Item Description 1 Optical path 2 Rear contact 3 Sample Injection closing ho...

Page 281: ...900T 900Z Figure 6 34 Insertion removal tools 3 Carefully tilt the front contact housing up into the closed position 1 4 Swing the support lever underneath the front contact housing 2 Item Descriptio...

Page 282: ...to place and secure it with the large securing knobs 7 If you have installed a new graphite tube perform the procedure on Conditioning the Graphite Tube on page 291 If you are reusing a previously con...

Page 283: ...e contacts must be smooth and clean to allow good electrical contact After prolonged use the contacts may become contaminated with remnants of samples and small particles of graphite Even quite small...

Page 284: ...268 Maintenance Figure 6 36 Graphite components Item Description 1 Rear contact 2 Graphite tube 3 Front contact 4 Optical path 2 3 1 4 4...

Page 285: ...on page 260 2 Use a dry clean swab to clean the inside of the contacts especially around the apertures where the radiation beam enters and exits Remove any particles from inside the contacts using cle...

Page 286: ...parts of the furnace especially the graphite components until they have cooled to room temperature Note It is recommended that you visually inspect the contact cylinders for wear and tear and also fo...

Page 287: ...oduction compartment door 2 Loosen the furnace locking screw all the way See the figure Tilting the Graphite Furnace Back Into Position on page 296 3 Grasp the graphite furnace with both hands and car...

Page 288: ...6 37 Graphite furnace positions The graphite furnace is now accessible to perform maintenance procedures Item Description 1 Furnace in tilted back position 2 Furnace locking screw 3 Furnace in tilted...

Page 289: ...8 Contact removal tool 2 Loosen the two socket head screws that secure the pressure cylinder to the front contact housing 3 Carefully pull the pressure cylinder out of the front contact housing Make s...

Page 290: ...274 Maintenance Figure 6 39 Front contact housing 4 Attach the removal tool to the front contact housing with the two captive screws on the tool Item Description 1 Pressure cylinder 2 Screws 1 2...

Page 291: ...Furnace Maintenance for the PinAAcle 900T 900Z Figure 6 40 Removal tool 5 Use the hex driver to screw the bolt on the removal tool into the tool to push out the contact Item Description 1 Removal too...

Page 292: ...remove the tool To Remove the Rear Contact 1 Tilt the furnace forward See Tilting the Graphite Furnace Forward on page 271 2 From the tools provided you require the contact removal tool the short pos...

Page 293: ...aphite Furnace Maintenance for the PinAAcle 900T 900Z Figure 6 42 Contact removal tool Note Make sure that you do not bend or twist the temperature sensor connector Also do not damage the insulating w...

Page 294: ...Maintenance Figure 6 43 Location of optical and temperature sensor Item Description 1 Graphite furnace 2 Optical sensor 3 Temperature sensor 4 Optical sensor screws 5 Temperature sensor screw 1 2 3 5...

Page 295: ...e optical sensor out of the rear contact housing Make sure that you do not damage the O ring Move the optical sensor to the side 5 Use the posidrive to remove the screw that hold the temperature senso...

Page 296: ...bolt on the removal tool into the tool to push out the contact Figure 6 45 Furnace removal tool 8 Unscrew the two screws that secure the tool to the contact housing and remove the tool Item Descripti...

Page 297: ...the tools provided you require the hex driver and the Torx driver star shaped cross section the long bolt front contact guide and threaded cylinder as shown below 3 Move the swing arm located below t...

Page 298: ...tact sits in the opening of the housing Screw the threaded cylinder on to the bolt 6 Put the threaded cylinder into the opposite end of the contact housing and screw the bolt into the cylinder until t...

Page 299: ...and push the contact into the contact housing Screw in the bolt until the rim of the contact is flush with the contact housing Item Description 1 Bolt 2 Threaded cylinder Note There must be no gap bet...

Page 300: ...housing with clean dry compressed air Wear safety glasses when doing this 10 Check the O ring on the pressure cylinder if it is damaged fit a new one See Replacement Parts on page 327 11 Push the pre...

Page 301: ...y graphite particles from the contact housing with clean dry compressed air Wear safety glasses when doing this 2 From the tools provided you require Item Description 1 Pressure cylinder 2 Screws Note...

Page 302: ...the rear contact housing such that the new contact sits in the opening of the housing Screw the threaded cylinder on to the bolt Figure 6 50 Rear contact on to guide 5 Make sure that the graphite con...

Page 303: ...contact into the contact housing Screw in the bolt until the contact is flush with the contact housing Item Description 1 Threaded cylinder 2 Contact 3 Guide 4 Bolt Note There must be no gap between t...

Page 304: ...using with clean dry compressed air Wear safety glasses when doing this 10 Check the O ring on the optical sensor if it is damaged fit a new one See Replacement Parts on page 327 11 Push the optical s...

Page 305: ...urnace After Contact Change 1 Tilt the furnace back into its original position and tighten the furnace locking screw to lock the furnace into place see Tilting the Graphite Furnace Back Into Position...

Page 306: ...ys heat it out manually at 2500 C for approximately 5 seconds Note It is recommended that you visually inspect the graphite tube and the contact cylinders for wear and tear and also for corrosion on t...

Page 307: ...ime that you change the graphite tube or platform The conditioning procedure removes adsorbed gases and surface contamination from the graphite and ensures reproducible performance After conditioning...

Page 308: ...te furnace is heated to incandescence approximate temperature such as higher than 800 C e g during the pyrolysis and atomization steps the furnace can emit UV radiation which can damage your eyes Alwa...

Page 309: ...windows and clean them regularly How frequently depends on the type of samples that are being analyzed If you analyze samples that have dirty matrices such as blood sugar and oil you will probably ha...

Page 310: ...294 Maintenance Figure 6 54 Window key Item Description 1 Window key 1...

Page 311: ...dow with clean dry air before you start 4 Clean the windows carefully with a tuft of cotton moistened with a dilute solution of mild laboratory detergent Rinse the windows several times with deionized...

Page 312: ...ance procedures are completed carefully tilt the furnace back into to its original position See the figure Graphite furnace positions on page 272 2 Tighten the furnace locking screw to lock the furnac...

Page 313: ...essible 4 Remove the graphite tube Do not touch the graphite tube with bare fingers Figure 6 56 Graphite furnace in the open position 1 Take a graphite tube with integrated platform and insert it into...

Page 314: ...tion hole in the tube 3 With the alignment tool still in position activate the pressure that holds the furnace closed In the Furnace Control window click on Open Close The furnace closes 4 Remove the...

Page 315: ...e PinAAcle 900H Figure 6 58 Graphite tube viewed from the left hand end Item Description Item Description 1 2 Sample introduction hole 5 Right hand graphite contact 3 Correct 6 Tube alignment tool 4 I...

Page 316: ...n good electrical contact between the graphite contacts and the graphite tube The contact surfaces of the graphite tube and the graphite contacts must be smooth and clean to allow good electrical cont...

Page 317: ...of the contacts especially around the apertures where the radiation beam enters and exits Remove any particles from inside the contacts using a small vacuum cleaner Be careful not to scratch the inne...

Page 318: ...e see Conditioning the graphite tube on page 305 Changing the graphite tube Figure 6 59 Graphite components of the furnace Item Description Item Description 1 Left hand graphite contact 4 Right hand g...

Page 319: ...e graphite tube see Open the Furnace and Remove the Graphite Tube on page 296 Warning High Temperatures Risk of Burns The graphite furnace can generate very high temperatures Do not touch any parts of...

Page 320: ...304 Maintenance Figure 6 60 Installing the graphite shield Item Description 1 Graphite shield ring 2 Graphite shield ring installed 2 1...

Page 321: ...nation from the graphite and ensures reproducible performance After conditioning it is good practice to verify that the tube and or platform are sufficiently clean for the element you wish to determin...

Page 322: ...nge the graphite contacts when one or both contacts are badly contaminated Contacts should be changed on a routine basis Always change both contacts at the same time Summary of the procedure Always ch...

Page 323: ...page 186 9 Align the autosampler see To Align the Autosampler Tip in the Graphite Tube on page 145 Special tools to change the contacts are provided with the furnace These are used in different config...

Page 324: ...he side The graphite tube is now accessible 4 Remove the graphite tube Do not touch the graphite tube with bare fingers 6 Very carefully using a small screwdriver lever the graphite shield ring from t...

Page 325: ...nace block onto the free end of the bolt Position the traction nut so that the flat side on the rim passes under the optical sensor 3 Carefully turn the bolt clockwise with the ratchet wrench provided...

Page 326: ...310 Maintenance Figure 6 62 Remove the right hand contact Item Description Item Description 1 Bolt 4 Optical sensor 2 Extractor 5 Traction nut 3 Right hand contact 1 2 3 5 4...

Page 327: ...he window cavity The lugs on the extractor fit over the furnace block 2 Screw the traction nut with its long side toward the furnace block onto the free end of the bolt Position the traction nut so th...

Page 328: ...312 Maintenance Figure 6 63 Remove the left hand contact Item Description Item Description 1 Bolt 3 Left hand contact 2 Extractor 4 Traction nut 2 1 4 3...

Page 329: ...ew the traction nut with its short side toward the furnace block onto the free end of the bolt Position the traction nut so that the flat side on the rim is facing up 4 Carefully turn the bolt clockwi...

Page 330: ...314 Maintenance Figure 6 64 Installing the left hand contact Item Description Item Description 1 Traction nut 3 Long arm of the alignment gauge 2 Left hand contact 4 Bolt 4 1 3 2...

Page 331: ...long arm of the alignment gauge rests against the furnace block 3 Screw the traction nut with its short side toward the furnace block onto the free end of the bolt Position the traction nut so that t...

Page 332: ...316 Maintenance Figure 6 65 Install the right hand contact Item Description Item Description 1 Bolt 3 Left hand contact 2 Short arm of the alignment gauge 4 Traction nut 1 4 3 2...

Page 333: ...er contact change 1 Insert the graphite tube and align it with the alignment tool see Open the Furnace and Remove the Graphite Tube on page 296 2 Reconnect the normal gas tube to the inlet manifold an...

Page 334: ...sensitivity and precision of the analytical results Remove the windows and clean them regularly How frequently you do this depends on the type of samples that are being analyzed If you analyze samples...

Page 335: ...and window 2 Remove the right hand window assembly 1 Turn the window assembly counterclockwise to release the bayonet lock 2 Pull the window assembly out of the furnace Item Description 1 Optical Sens...

Page 336: ...the furnace To refit the windows 1 Refit the right hand window assembly 1 Insert the window assembly into the window port and carefully engage the bayonet lock 2 Turn the window assembly clockwise to...

Page 337: ...the quartz windows carefully from the mounts as follows 1 Carefully pull the collar out of the mount 2 Carefully push the window out of the mount with a plastic pipet tip Figure 6 69 Window detail 3...

Page 338: ...Guide Part No 09936788 shipped with the S10 Autosampler AS 900 Furnace Autosampler Maintenance For information on the AS 900 Autosampler system description see Furnace Autosampler on page 94 For AS 90...

Page 339: ...he autosampler waste bottle regularly Never allow it to overflow or allow the liquid to reach the end of the drain tube If the bottle contains hazardous toxic or flammable substances dispose of the wa...

Page 340: ...and the old rinsing liquids You may have to use intermediate rinsing liquids For example if you are changing from an acidic liquid to an organic solvent you could use Deionized water Isopropanol or o...

Page 341: ...tant for elements with a tendency to carryover 3 Flush the system well with isopropanol 4 Finally flush the system well with deionized water Checking the Valves If you experience problems such as poor...

Page 342: ...ck on Finish 4 In the Furnace Control window click on Flush Sampler to start a rinse cycle 5 The rinsing pump performs three cycles During the suction phase of each cycle pump plunger moves backward a...

Page 343: ...rinsing port Then click on Finish Replacement Parts Every day you count on PerkinElmer to provide you with solutions that deliver reliable performance control operating costs and maximize operational...

Page 344: ...cement Parts for the PinAAcle 900 The following list has the most commonly used parts and solutions For a complete list please visit our website http perkinelmer com Table 6 4 Consumables for the PinA...

Page 345: ...nace Mirror 1 B0856585 TORX Screwdriver T20X100 1 B3000641 STD HGA Graphite Tubes 5 Pack B3120410 Press In Gage THGA 1 B3120416 Press In Sleeve 1 B3120420 Press Out Tool 1 N0400058 Drain Assembly Loui...

Page 346: ...3 Head Assembly Louie 3 Slot Burner 1 N9300244 GFAAS Mixed Standard 1 02900540 AA Test Mix 1 B0190634 1 Mg as nitrate matrix modifier 1 B0190635 1 Pd as nitrate matrix modifier 1 N9303445 10 NH4 H2 PO...

Page 347: ...ess Steel Nebulizer Assembly 1 N3160144 High Sensitivity Nebulizer Assembly 1 Table 6 5 Single Element Lamps Lumina Part No EDL Part No Description N3050103 Aluminum N3050170 N3050670 Antimony N305010...

Page 348: ...3050148 Sodium N3050191 N3050691 Zinc Part No Description N3050202 Calcium Magnesium N3050204 Potassium Sodium N3050212 Copper Iron Manganese Zinc Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron N3050217 Manganese Nickel...

Page 349: ...uminum N9300180 N9300102 Antimony N9300176 N9300107 Cadmium N9303763 N9300108 Calcium N9300173 N9300112 Chromium N9300183 N9300114 Copper N9303771 N9300126 Iron N9300175 N9300128 Lead N9300179 N930013...

Page 350: ...t No Standard with End Caps Part No Description B3140361 B3000641 B3000653 5 Pack B3140362 B0504033 B3000655 20 Pack N3110147 100 Pack Table 6 9 THGA Contact Cylinder Standard Part No Standard with En...

Page 351: ...tegrated platforms 20 Pack B3001262 Pyrocoated graphite tubes with integrated platforms 5 Pack B0109322 Pyrocoated graphite tubes with grooves for L vov platforms 50 Pack B3001254 Pyrocoated graphite...

Page 352: ...cm Single slot N3160142 Air Acetylene 5 cm Single slot N3160140 Nitrous Oxide Acetylene 5 cm Single slot N3160141 Air Acetylene 10 cm Single slot Part No Volume Composition Quantity B0510397 1 2 mL P...

Page 353: ...ment Parts for the PinAAcle 900 Table 6 15 Matrix Modifiers Part No Volume Concentration Modifiers B0190634 100 mL 1 Mg as nitrate Mg NO3 2 B0190635 50 mL 1 Pd as nitrate Pd N9303445 100 mL 10 NH4H2PO...

Page 354: ...338 Maintenance...

Page 355: ...ome difficulties may not be so easily diagnosed and solved For this purpose the following troubleshooting suggestions are included to help you determine whether the difficulties are due to unsuitable...

Page 356: ...lamp Lamp is the older series Use the lamps recommended for your spectrometer For some older lamps you may need an adapter cable Lamp will not light Lamp connector not plugged in Connect the lamp to t...

Page 357: ...tical components inside the optics compartment Something inside the graphite tube is obstructing the beam Remove the obstruction If the tube is damaged install a new tube Graphite Furnace Maintenance...

Page 358: ...t coded is an older lamp or the lamp is not from PerkinElmer Use the lamps recommended for your spectrometer Problem Possible Cause s Corrective Action Computer not communicating with spectrometer Com...

Page 359: ...recommended specifi cation and configuration See the installation instructions for WinLab32 for AA WinLab32 for AA application stops or hangs Use the Windows software to find the conflicts For more a...

Page 360: ...our computer sys tem The printer or mouse do not operate correctly Not installed correctly See the instructions provided with these devices Problem Possible Cause s Corrective Action Flame will not ig...

Page 361: ...i cally Low gas pressures Make sure that the fuel and oxidant gas supplies are turned on and set at the cor rect pressures Safety interlocks are open because the burner system has been changed Make su...

Page 362: ...guide for the burner With an air compressor clean the oil and water filters or install new ones Contaminated gases With an air compressor clean the oil and water filters or install new ones If necessa...

Page 363: ...n the burner head slot See Cleaning the Burner Head on page 214 Cylinder air contains excess oxygen Use compressed air not breathing air which may be enriched with oxygen Wrong regulators Use the corr...

Page 364: ...sition This switch is activated when the system draws too much current Wait a few moments before putting this switch to the on position If this switch is activated frequently call your local PerkinElm...

Page 365: ...samples solutions ana lyzed may be very corrosive and or also contain high con centration of acids so the tube life is shorter Dilute the solutions to reduce its corrosiveness the acid concentration...

Page 366: ...ne help keyword Reconfigure The autosampler is not switched on If you are using the autosam pler with a controller switch this on The communication cable is not connected correctly Make sure that you...

Page 367: ...nnect a new cylinder then set the outlet pressure recom mended in the user s guide for the flow injection system Switch on FIAS The automatic gas stop is active In the FIAS Control window click on Val...

Page 368: ...The nebulizer sample tubing is partially blocked damaged or not correctly immersed in the measurement solution Install new tubing and make sure it remains immersed in the measurement solution The neb...

Page 369: ...c signals Unsuitable measurement parameters in the method With WinLab32 for AA use the Method Editor to select suitable measurement param eters Unsuitable flame conditions With WinLab32 for AA use the...

Page 370: ...Problem Possible Cause s Corrective Action Poor sensitivity Characteris tic mass is too high Wrongly prepared reference solution or blank Prepare new standard solu tions correctly The standard solutio...

Page 371: ...or contact cylinders if the change in the tube does not resolve the issue See Inserting the Graphite Tube on page 263 Analyte has been lost during the pyrolysis step Use a lower pyrolysis temper atur...

Page 372: ...will spread out less than 50 uL which can affect the sensitivity Accurate volume dispensed Dirty autosampler probe Pipette tip such that the volume dispensed is lower than intended so resulting in lo...

Page 373: ...ontaminated Rinse the cups in 10 v v HNO3 overnight then rinse with deionized water Increased baseline level increased noise The lamp current is too high or too low Check the current the lamp might be...

Page 374: ...orrectly Make sure that the pipet tip injects the solution at the cor rect place within the graphite tube Make sure that the pipet tip enters the solution in the sample cup See AS 900 Fur nace Autosam...

Page 375: ...or to increase the ramp time for the step Optimize the temperatures Spattering when the sample is injected The tube is too hot With WinLab32 for AA use the Method Editor to set the injection temperatu...

Page 376: ...the pumps Prime the rinsing sys tem correctly See AS 900 Furnace Autosampler Main tenance on page 322 Valves dirty or worn Clean the valves or fit new valves See the user s guide for the furnace See V...

Page 377: ...ment is present as more than one chemical species A matrix modifier may elimi nate this problem Build up of matrix due to inadequate clean out Increase the clean out tem perature or time Make a dry fi...

Page 378: ...n See the recommended condi tions for a suitable sample preparation procedure and analytical conditions FIAS flame system Burner system is not opti mized when using Flame FIAS technique See the Troubl...

Page 379: ...njection system or the online help The waste flow rate from the gas liquid separator is too low liquid is entering the sample transfer tube Adjust the flow Clean and dry the sample transfer tube If it...

Page 380: ...he tube as described in the user s guide for the flow injection system Characteristic mass is too low Signal is too high The reference solution or sol vent is contaminated Prepare new solutions cor re...

Page 381: ...ontainer and the FIAS valve Baseline shift Air is trapped in the system Make sure that all the connec tions are tight Tighten them by hand or with the tube con nector key Do not over tighten or distor...

Page 382: ...ghly to remove trapped air The carrier or reductant flow rates are wrong Make sure that the feed tubes for the carrier and reductant are in the correct containers Set the correct flow rates as describ...

Page 383: ...etting up 155 troubleshooting 350 unlocking autosampler arm 145 B Background Correction 92 Burner preconditioning 216 Burner Assembly removal 216 Burner Assembly System 82 Burner Chamber cleaning 208...

Page 384: ...Vessels 64 Drainage of Spray Chamber 131 DRC Lamp aligning 257 reassembling 255 257 removing 252 replacing 255 E EDL installing 170 Electrical Connectors 78 Electrical Safety 4 Electrothermal Atomiza...

Page 385: ...181 troubleshooting 354 Furnace Windows cleaning 293 321 refitting 320 removing 318 Fuses changing 206 safety 6 G Gas Connectors 81 Gas Controls 88 Gas Cylinders handling 24 identiying 22 safe handli...

Page 386: ...Hand Contact installing 313 removing 311 Line Power Requirements 47 Locating The System 124 M Magnetic Field 18 46 Maintenance graphite furnace 260 Maintenance Checklist 196 Maximum Absorbance adjust...

Page 387: ...mation xiii Safety Interlocks 24 29 Sample Capillary installing 143 Sample Cove installing 141 Sample Cups 143 Sample Tray installing 141 173 removing 176 Setting Up The Autosampler 155 Source Lamps 6...

Page 388: ...I 6 Index W WEEE Instructions 34 Weights 39 Windows cleaning 321 refitting 320 removing 318...

Page 389: ......

Page 390: ...PerkinElmer Inc 710 Bridgeport Avenue Shelton CT 06484 4794 U S A Internet http www perkinelmer com email info perkinelmer com PerkinElmer is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer Inc...

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