than the other network’s MTU, it is necessary to divide the datagram into smaller
fragments for transmission in a process called
fragmentation
. See “Fragmentation”
on page 24.
IP Layering
TCP/IP is organized into four conceptual layers (as shown in Figure 1 on page 5).
Figure 1: TCP/IP Conceptual Layers
Network Interface Layer
The network interface layer is the lowest level of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It is
responsible for transmitting datagrams over the physical medium to their final
destinations.
Internet Layer
The Internet layer is the second level of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It provides
host-to-host communication. In this layer, packets are encapsulated into datagrams,
routing algorithms are run, and the datagram is passed to the network interface layer
for transmission on the attached network.
Transport Layer
The transport layer is the third level of the TCP/IP protocol stack. It is responsible for
providing communication between applications residing in different hosts. By placing
identifying information in the datagram (such as socket information), the transport
layer enables process-to-process communication.
The transport layer provides either a reliable transport service (TCP) or an unreliable
service (User Data Protocol). In a reliable delivery service, the destination station
acknowledges the receipt of a datagram.
Application Layer
The application layer is the fourth and highest level of the TCP/IP protocol stack.
Some applications that run in this layer are:
■
Telnet
■
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
■
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Overview
■
5
Chapter 1: Configuring IP
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