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Chapter 7

163

Specifications

Options

a. To get the maximum power sweep range, press Attenuation Auto Man (in the Source

Amptd menu) so that Man is underlined. This turns off the auto coupling so that you can
set the attenuation manually.

a. To get the maximum power sweep range, press Attenuation Auto Man (in the Source

Amptd menu) so that Man is underlined. This turns off the auto coupling so that you can
set the attenuation manually.

Maximum Power Sweep Characteristics (Option 1DN)

Manual Attenuator Setting

Allowed Source Amplitude
(Start of Power Sweep Level)

Power Sweep Range

0 dB

−

15 dBm to 0 dBm

0 to 15 dB

10 dB

−

25 dBm to

−

10 dBm

0 to 15 dB

20 dB

−

35 dBm to

−

20 dBm

0 to 15 dB

30 dB

−

45 dBm to

−

30 dBm

0 to 15 dB

40 dB

−

55 dBm to

−

40 dBm

0 to 15 dB

50 dB

−

65 dBm to

−

50 dBm

0 to 15 dB

60 dB

−

75 dBm to

−

60 dBm

0 to 15 dB

Maximum Power Sweep Characteristics (Option 1DQ)

Manual Attenuator Setting

Allowed Source Amplitude
(Start of Power Sweep Level)

Power Sweep Range

0 dB

+27.76 dBmV to +42.76 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

10 dB

+17.76 dBmV to +32.76 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

20 dB

+7.76 dBmV to +22.76 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

30 dB

−

2.24 dBmV to +12.76 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

40 dB

−1

2.24 dBmV to +2.76 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

50 dB

−2

2.24 dBmV to

−7

.24 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

60 dB

−3

2.24 dBmV to

−1

7.24 dBmV

0 to 15 dB

Содержание ESA-L1500A

Страница 1: ...ble You will find any other available product information on the Agilent Test Measurement website www tm agilent com HP References in this Manual This manual may contain references to HP or Hewlett Packard Please note that Hewlett Packard s former test and measurement semiconductor products and chemical analysis businesses are now part of Agilent Technologies We have made no changes to this manual...

Страница 2: ...User s and Calibration Guide HP ESA L1500A Spectrum Analyzer HP Part No E4411 90056 Supersedes E4411 90054 Printed in USA April 1999 Copyright 1997 1998 1999 Hewlett Packard Company ...

Страница 3: ...denotes a hazard It calls attention to a procedure which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met WARNING This is a Safety Class 1 Product provided with a protective earthing ground incorporated in the power cord The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket o...

Страница 4: ...o Hewlett Packard and Hewlett Packard shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer However Buyer shall pay all shipping charges duties and taxes for products returned to Hewlett Packard from another country Hewlett Packard warrants that its software and firmware designated by Hewlett Packard for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed o...

Страница 5: ...r the product or improper site preparation or maintenance NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED HEWLETT PACKARD SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES HEWLETT PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIA...

Страница 6: ... a Printer 25 How to Select a Printer 25 Defining a Printer 25 2 Getting Started What You ll Find in this Chapter 28 Front Panel Features 29 Data Controls 31 Knob 32 Numeric Keypad 32 Step Keys 32 Rear Panel Features 33 Screen Annotation 36 Key Overview 39 Making a Measurement 40 Measurement Summary 42 Analyzer Accuracy and the Internal Alignment Process 44 Warm Up Time 44 Analyzer Battery Informa...

Страница 7: ...es Options 136 Operating and Carrying Case Option AYT and Option AYU 136 Transit Case Option AXT 136 12 Vdc Power Cable Option A5D 136 75 Ω Input Impedance Option 1DP 137 Tracking Generator Option 1DN and Option 1DQ 137 IF Sweep and Video Inputs and Outputs Option A4J 137 HP IB and Parallel Interface Option A4H 138 RS 232 and Parallel Interface Option 1AX 138 Front Panel Protective Cover Option UK...

Страница 8: ...143 Parallel Interface Cable 143 Printer 143 RS 232 Cable 143 7 Specifications About This Chapter 146 Frequency 147 Amplitude 151 Options 161 Tracking Generator Specifications Option 1DN or 1DQ 161 General 168 Inputs and Outputs 171 Internal 171 Front Panel 171 Rear Panel 173 Regulatory Information 177 8 Required Equipment Test Equipment 180 Periodically verifying operation 180 9 Performance Verif...

Страница 9: ...y 208 100 kHz and 100 MHz Frequency Span Readout Accuracy 210 7 Reference Level Accuracy 212 Equipment Required 212 Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input 212 Procedure 212 Log Scale 213 Linear Scale 216 8 Scale Fidelity 218 Equipment Required 218 Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input 218 Procedure 219 Calculate Actual Attenuation Values 219 Log Scale 221 Setup for Log Scale Measurement 221 Measure Cum...

Страница 10: ... 244 Procedure Part 2 Frequency Response 100 kHz 246 Frequency Response 100 kHz 248 Test Results 249 14 Spurious Responses 252 Equipment Required 252 Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input 253 Procedure 253 Part 1 Second Harmonic Distortion 40 MHz 254 Part 2 Third Order Intermodulation Distortion 255 15 Gain Compression 260 Equipment Required 260 Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input 260 Procedure 260 ...

Страница 11: ...288 Additional Equipment Required for 75 Ω RF Out 288 Procedure 288 22 Tracking Generator Level Flatness Options 1DN and 1DQ 292 Equipment Required 292 Additional Equipment Required for 75 Ω RF Out 292 Procedure 293 23 Harmonic Spurious Outputs Options 1DN and 1DQ 298 Equipment Required 298 Additional Equipment Required for 75 Ω RF Out 298 Procedure 299 24 Non Harmonic Spurious Outputs Options 1DN...

Страница 12: ...11 1 Preparing for Use and Printing ...

Страница 13: ... replacement without waiting for a claim settlement If the shipping materials are in good condition retain them for possible future use You may wish to ship the spectrum analyzer to another location or to return it to Hewlett Packard for service See How to Return Your Analyzer for Service on page 52 for more information about shipping materials If cleaning is necessary use a damp cloth only WARNIN...

Страница 14: ... or 230 V Its HP part number is 2110 0709 Where UL CSA regulations apply use a 5 by 20 mm rated fast blow 5 A 125 V UL CSA approved fuse This fuse may only be used with an input line voltage of 115 V Its HP part number is 2110 0756 The line fuse is housed in a small container in the upper left hand corner of the rear panel To remove the fuse first disconnect the power cord from the instrument Then...

Страница 15: ...le Insert the main power cable plug only into a socket outlet that has a protective earth contact DO NOT defeat the earth grounding protection by using an extension cable power cable or autotransformer without a protective ground conductor If you are using an autotransformer make sure its common terminal is connected to the protective earth contact of the power source outlet socket Various power c...

Страница 16: ...0 79 200 78 Gray Gray Option 901 Argentina Australia New Zealand Mainland China 8120 1378 8120 1521 Straight NEMA 5 15P 90 203 80 203 80 Jade Gray Jade Gray Option 903 United States Canada Brazil Colombia Mexico Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan 8120 4753 8120 4754 Straight NEMA 5 15P 90 229 90 229 90 Gray Gray Option 918 Japan 8120 1689 8120 1692 Straight CEE 7 VII 90 200 78 200 78 Mint Gray Mint G...

Страница 17: ...able assembly 8120 2956 8120 2957 Straight SR 107 2 D 90 200 78 200 78 Gray Gray Option 912 Denmark 8120 4211 8120 4600 Straight IEC 83 B1 90 200 78 200 78 Mint Gray Mint Gray Option 917 South Africa India 8120 5182 8120 5181 Straight SI 32 90 200 78 200 78 Jade Gray Jade Gray Option 919 Israel Plug Type a HP Cable Part Number Plug b Description Length cm in Cable Color For Use in Country ...

Страница 18: ...inet must be less than the maximum operating temperature of the product by 4 C for every 100 watts dissipated in the cabinet If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800 watts then forced convection must be used NOTE Install the instrument so that the detachable power cord is readily identifiable and is easily reached by the operator The detachable power cord is the instrument ...

Страница 19: ...lly For more information on how often to perform Align Now All when the Auto Alignment function is off refer to Chapter 7 Specifications If you wish to use an external 10 MHz source as the reference frequency connect an external reference source to the 10 MHz REF IN connector on the rear panel The signal level should be greater than 15 dBm Perform the following steps 1 Before using your spectrum a...

Страница 20: ... Analyzer for the First Time 4 To meet spectrum analyzer specifications allow a 5 minute warm up before attempting to make any calibrated measurements 5 Refer to Chapter 7 Specifications for information on when you should perform automatic alignment functions ...

Страница 21: ...r on the HP IB Therefore other controllers such as computers must be disabled In most cases it is sufficient to simply turn the other controllers OFF Printing Using an HP IB Interface Equipment HP ESA L1500A Spectrum Analyzer equipped with Option A4H HP 10833A or equivalent HP IB cable Printer with HP IB Interface Choose one of the following HP 2225A ThinkJet HP 3630A PaintJet Interconnection and ...

Страница 22: ...e printer usually resides at device address 1 To configure the spectrum analyzer to print to address 1 press the following keys System Printer Port HP IB Printer Addr appears in the menu only when HP IB is selected 1 Enter 6 Select the printer configuration for your spectrum analyzer by pressing the appropriate keys See Selecting a Printer in this chapter ...

Страница 23: ...tion 1AX One of the following cables HP 24542G 9 25 pin RS 232 cable HP C2932A 9 9 pin RS 232 cable for use with LaserJet 4P and 4Plus Printer with RS 232 interface Choose one of the following HP 500 Series DeskJet HP 2225D ThinkJet HP 3630A PaintJet Epson MX 80 Epson LQ 570 HP LaserJet HP QuietJet or QuietJet Plus Some models support color printing Some models do not support the RS 232 interface ...

Страница 24: ...600 baud See your printer s documentation for more specific information Figure 1 2 9600 Baud Settings for Serial Printers To set the spectrum analyzer baud rate to 9600 press System Printer Port Serial Baud Rate appears in the menu only when Serial is selected 9600 Enter 3 Select the printer configuration for your spectrum analyzer by pressing the appropriate keys See Selecting a Printer in this c...

Страница 25: ...Jet or QuietJet Plus LQ 570 Epson MX 80 Epson Interconnection and Printing Instructions 1 Turn off the printer and the spectrum analyzer 2 Connect the printer to the spectrum analyzer using the parallel printer cable 3 If your printer has configuration switches now is the time to set them Refer to your printer s documentation for more specific information on your printer s configuration 4 Turn on ...

Страница 26: ...eys and your printer is not available as a selection press the last menu key which is labeled User Defined When you press the User Defined key the Define Printer key will appear in the menu The Define Printer key accesses the following menu of keys which may allow you to use your printer Resolution Resolution allows you to select the optimal resolution number to be sent to the printer Before a pri...

Страница 27: ...ntJet or Off For most color printing use DeskJet NOTE For color printing the Color Printing On Off key must be set to On Refer to the Printer key in Chapter 4 for all printer menu key descriptions Expand On Off For printers that only support high resolutions Expand On Off with On selected allows you to expand your prints by a factor of three ...

Страница 28: ...27 2 Getting Started ...

Страница 29: ...ainted with the function keys Learn about screen annotation Make a basic measurement using the internal alignment signal Learn about the spectrum analyzer battery for retaining internal memory NOTE Before using your spectrum analyzer please read Chapter 1 Preparing for Use and Printing which describes how to set up your spectrum analyzer and how to verify that it is operational Chapter 1 describes...

Страница 30: ...menu key labels are the annotation on the screen next to the unlabeled keys Most of the labeled keys on the spectrum analyzer front panel also called front panel keys access menus of related function keys 3 Measure accesses a menu of keys that make some common spectrum analyzer measurements 4 Frequency Span and Amplitude are the three large keys that activate the primary spectrum analyzer function...

Страница 31: ...plitudes along the spectrum analyzer trace automatically locate the signals of highest amplitude and keep a signal in the center of the screen 8 EARPHONE The EARPHONE connector located behind the door on the right side of the front panel provides a connection for an earphone jack instead of using the internal speaker 9 VOLUME The VOLUME knob can adjust the volume of the internal speaker The speake...

Страница 32: ...analyzer off An instrument alignment is performed every time the analyzer is turned on After turning on the analyzer allow 5 minutes of warm up time to ensure the analyzer will meet all specifications NOTE The instrument continues to draw power when it is plugged into the ac power source even if the line power switch is in standby The detachable power cord is the instrument disconnecting device It...

Страница 33: ...a on screen does not reflect data at the current setting Numeric Keypad The numeric keypad allows entry of exact values for many of the spectrum analyzer functions You may include a decimal point in the number portion If not the decimal point is placed at the end of the number Numeric entries must be terminated with a units key When a numeric entry is begun the menu keys show the units key labels ...

Страница 34: ...e that the line power source outlet has a protective ground contact 2 Line Fuse The fuse is removed by twisting 1 4 turn Replace only with a fuse of the same rating See the label on the rear panel 3 Standard Inputs Outputs 3a VGA OUTPUT drives an external VGA compatible monitor with a signal that has 31 5 kHz horizontal 60 Hz vertical synchronizing rate non interlaced ...

Страница 35: ...UT TTL indicates when the spectrum analyzer is sweeping HI SWP IN TTL can be grounded to stop sweeping AUX VIDEO OUT provides detected video output before the analog to digital conversion proportional to vertical deflection of the trace Output is from 0 V to 1 V Amplitude correction factors are not applied to this signal The output signal will be blanked occasionally during retrace by the automati...

Страница 36: ...tor is for service use only 8 Power On Selection selects a preference for when power is applied to the analyzer s rear panel power connector The analyzer can be set to always be off when power is connected or it can be set to go to the on off condition that existed when power was disconnected This is useful when the analyzer is used at an unattended location to ensure that the analyzer powers on a...

Страница 37: ...ar on a spectrum analyzer screen The screen annotation is referenced by numbers which are listed in the following table The Function Key column indicates which key activates the function related to the screen annotation Refer to Chapter 4 for more information on a specific function key Figure 2 3 Screen Annotation ...

Страница 38: ...10 Measurement uncalibrated or function in progress messages Auto Couple 11 Remote local operation See Local key in Chapter 4 12 Error messages See Chapter 3 Troubleshooting 13 Key menu title Dependent on key selection 14 Key menu See key label descriptions in Chapter 4 15 Frequency span or stop frequency Span Stop Freq 16 Sweep time Sweep Time Auto Man 17 Frequency offset Freq Offset 18 Video ban...

Страница 39: ...e annotation for trace C is displayed under the trace mode annotation of trace A The trace C trace mode is SC indicating trace C C is in the store blank mode S Refer to the following table for the screen annotation codes for trace trigger and sweep modes Table 2 2 Screen Annotation for Trace Trigger and Sweep Modes 24 Trigger Trig 25 Trace mode Trace 26 Video average Video Average On Off 27 Displa...

Страница 40: ...of the data entry controls A menu key with On and Off in its label can be used to turn the menu key s function on or off To turn the function on press the menu key so that On is underlined To turn the function off press the menu key so that Off is underlined In the manual when On should be underlined it will be indicated as Video Average On Off On A function with Auto and Man in the label can eith...

Страница 41: ...te that center frequency is the active function The active function block is the space on the screen within the graticule where the active function messages appear Active function values can be changed using the knob step keys or numeric keypad Set the center frequency to 50 MHz with the DATA keys by pressing 50 MHz The knob and step keys can also be used to set the center frequency 5 Set the span...

Страница 42: ...rizontally on the display NOTE Spectrum analyzers with Option 1DP default to display amplitude values in dBmV when in a log scale mode Figure 2 4 Relationship between Frequency and Amplitude 7 Set the marker You can place a diamond shaped marker on the signal peak to find the signal s frequency and amplitude To activate a marker press the Marker key located in the MARKER section of the front panel...

Страница 43: ...4 The calibration signal is about 27 dBm 25 dBmV for Option 1DP below the top of the screen almost three graticule divisions using these spectrum analyzer settings If desired adjust the reference level press Amplitude to activate the reference level and use the knob or step keys to change the reference level and bring the signal to the top of the screen 5 Determine the amplitude and frequency of t...

Страница 44: ...Chapter 2 43 Getting Started Making a Measurement Figure 2 5 Reading the Amplitude and Frequency ...

Страница 45: ...nt alignment data that improves the spectrum analyzer frequency and amplitude accuracy Press the System Alignments keys to view the alignment menus For more detailed information on the alignment keys refer to Chapter 4 Warm Up Time In order for the spectrum analyzer to meet its specifications allow it to warm up for 5 minutes after being turned on before attempting to make any calibrated measureme...

Страница 46: ...lacement has elapsed see How to Return Your Analyzer for Service in Chapter 3 If you wish to replace the battery yourself you can purchase the service documentation that provides all necessary test and maintenance information The battery is soldered onto the spectrum analyzer processor board You can order the service documentation for an HP ESA L1500A spectrum analyzer through your HP Sales and Se...

Страница 47: ...46 Chapter2 Getting Started Analyzer Battery Information ...

Страница 48: ...47 3 Troubleshooting ...

Страница 49: ...olve the problem 1 Perform the quick checks listed in Check the Basics in this chapter It is possible that a quick check may eliminate your problem altogether 2 If the problem is a hardware problem you have several options Repair it yourself see the Service Options section in this chapter Return the spectrum analyzer to Hewlett Packard for repair if the spectrum analyzer is still under warranty or...

Страница 50: ...ith the HP ESA L1500A spectrum analyzer make sure they are connected properly and operating correctly 7 Review the procedure for the measurement being performed when the problem appeared Are all the settings correct 8 If the analyzer is not functioning as expected return the analyzer to a known state by pressing the Preset key Some analyzer settings are not affected by a Preset If you wish to rese...

Страница 51: ...es and service office for full details If you want to service the spectrum analyzer yourself after the warranty expires you can purchase the service documentation that provides all necessary test and maintenance information You can order the service documentation Option 0BX through your Hewlett Packard sales and service office Service documentation is described under Service Documentation Option 0...

Страница 52: ...e Wokingham Berkshire RG41 5DZ England 44 734 696622 INTERCON FIELD OPERATIONS Headquarters Hewlett Packard Company 3495 Deer Creek Rd Palo Alto CA 94304 1316 USA 415 857 5027 Japan Hewlett Packard Japan Ltd 9 1 Takakura Cho Hachioji Tokyo 192 Japan 81 426 60 2111 Australia Hewlett Packard Australia Ltd 31 41 Joseph Street Blackburn Victoria 3130 61 3 895 2895 Singapore Hewlett Packard Singapore P...

Страница 53: ...you have recorded any error messages that appeared on the screen or have completed a Performance Test Record or have any other specific data on the performance of the spectrum analyzer please send a copy of this information with the unit Original Packaging Before shipping pack the unit in the original factory packaging materials if they are available If the original materials were not retained see...

Страница 54: ...Chapter 3 53 Troubleshooting How to Return Your Analyzer for Service Figure 3 1 ...

Страница 55: ...ic discharge 4 Use a strong shipping container A double walled corrugated cardboard carton with 159 kg 350 lb bursting strength is adequate The carton must be both large enough and strong enough to accommodate the spectrum analyzer Allow at least 3 to 4 inches on all sides of the analyzer for packing material 5 Surround the equipment with three to four inches of packing material and prevent the eq...

Страница 56: ...re H ADC time fail Indicates a hardware failure H Align IF gain limited may recover next alignment Indicates that an Align Now for the IF Assembly reached a hardware limit Perform another Align Now IF If the message persists there may be a hardware failure Load the default values by pressing System Alignments Load Defaults and see if the alignment process fixes the problem M or H Align IF symmetry...

Страница 57: ...d press Amplitude Then press Attenuation Auto Man twice to toggle back to Auto U or M When operating remotely the status bit should be monitored for this condition to avoid incorrect measurement results Cannot reach N dB points Indicates that the number of dB specified for the N dB PTS function is greater than the distance of the signal peak from the spectrum analyzer noise floor or peak threshold...

Страница 58: ... U INVALID FILE NAME file name Indicates the specified file name is invalid A file name is invalid if there is no file name specified or the file name is too long See the description for the SAVE programming command for more information U Invalid flatness data _ _ _ A power up check determined an error in the instrument s flatness data The 4 digit code may indicate the type of error Error codes ar...

Страница 59: ...ALID TRACE _ _ _ The specified trace is invalid U INVALID VALUE PARAMETER _ _ _ The specified value parameter is invalid U Marker Count Reduce SPAN Indicates the resolution bandwidth to span ratio is too small to use the frequency count function Check the span and resolution bandwidth settings The acceptable Span Res BW ratio is 500 U Marker Count Widen Res BW Indicates that the current resolution...

Страница 60: ...EAK THRESHOLD Indicates that the N dB PTS routine cannot locate a signal that is high enough to measure The signal must be greater than the peak excursion above the threshold level to measure U Require 3 signals PEAK EXCURSION above PEAK THRESHOLD Indicates that the AM routine cannot locate three signals that are high enough to measure The signals must be greater than the peak excursion above the ...

Страница 61: ...o disengage the source output protection circuitry U or M TABLE FULL Indicates the upper or lower table of limit lines contains the maximum number of entries allowed Additional entries to the table are ignored U TG LO Unlocked Indicates that the local oscillator within the instrument s tracking generator assembly is unlocked H TG unleveled This message can indicate the following that the source po...

Страница 62: ...61 4 Front Panel Key Reference The key descriptions are organized like the spectrum analyzer menus Use the following table to locate a specific key ...

Страница 63: ... Auto Align page 106 Auto Couple page 70 B C page 113 B C page 113 B DL B page 113 Baud Rate page 108 Blank A B C page 112 Bottom Margin page 108 Brightness page 71 BW Avg page 72 Center Freq page 83 CF Step Auto Man page 83 Change Title page 76 Clear Title page 77 Clear Write A page 110 Clear Write B page 111 Clear Write C page 112 Coarse page 107 Color Printing On Off page 109 Contrast page 77 D...

Страница 64: ...e page 86 Inverse Video On Off page 77 Last Span page 102 Limit Display Y N Auto page 87 Limit Test On Off page 87 Key Label Page Location Limits page 87 Limits Fixed Rel page 88 Line page 115 LO page 106 Load page 80 Load Defaults page 107 Load Now page 80 Local page 105 Marker page 85 Marker On Off page 86 Marker page 85 Marker All Off page 86 Marker Count On Off page 82 Marker Noise On Off page...

Страница 65: ... Print page 96 Print Softkeys On Off page 109 Printer page 105 Printer Addr page 108 Key Label Page Location Purge Ampcor page 67 Ref Lvl Offst page 67 Ref Level page 66 Remote Port HP IB page 105 Remote Port Serial page 106 Resolution page 108 Resolution Auto Man page 82 Resolution BW Auto Man page 72 RF page 106 Sample page 74 Save page 80 Save Now page 81 Scale Div page 66 Scale Type Log Lin pa...

Страница 66: ...ling SR SA page 104 System page 105 Threshold On Off page 76 Time page 86 Time Date page 105 Time Date On Off page 105 Timebase page 107 Title page 76 Top Margin page 108 Trace page 110 Trace A B C page 110 Trig page 115 Type page 88 User Defined page 108 VBW RBW Ratio page 72 Video page 115 Video Average On Off page 72 Video BW Auto Man page 72 Key Label Page Location View A B C page 112 X Axis U...

Страница 67: ...mage to the input mixer the power level at the input mixer must not exceed 30 dBm To prevent signal compression power at the input to the first mixer must be kept below 0 dBm With the attenuator set to Auto a signal at or below the reference level will result in a mixer level at or below 10 dBm Key Access Amplitude Scale Div sets the logarithmic units per vertical graticule division on the display...

Страница 68: ...entered using the numeric keypad See also the Ext Amp Gain softkey description Key Access Amplitude Ampcor accesses the following Ampcor menu keys which allow you to create or modify an amplitude correction factors table Key Access Amplitude More Ampcor On Off turns the current amplitude correction factors on or off Key Access Amplitude Ampcor Modify Ampcor accesses the following Modify Ampcor men...

Страница 69: ...rnal preamplifier or long cables The offset is subtracted from the amplitude readout so that the displayed signal level represents the signal level at the input of the preamplifier The preamplifier gain offset is displayed at the top of the screen and is removed by entering zero The preamplifier gain offset is entered using the numeric keypad The preamplifier gain value is not affected by an instr...

Страница 70: ...9 Front Panel Key Reference Amplitude This is useful when measuring a 75 Ω device on an analyzer having a 50 Ω input impedance and when using a 75 Ω to 50 Ω adapter on the analyzer input Key Access Amplitude More ...

Страница 71: ...attenuation sweep time center frequency step video bandwidth and video bandwidth to resolution bandwidth ratio Coupled functions are functions that are linked If one function is changed the other function is changed During normal operation the sweep time resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth are coupled to span to yield optimum performance ...

Страница 72: ...the top key makes the display brighter and the lower key darkens the display The lowest brightness level causes the display to be completely dark as if the instrument were switched off If the display is completely dark press the top brightness button before troubleshooting the instrument NOTE The brightness keys do not automatically repeat when they are held down To continue to increase or decreas...

Страница 73: ... next to VBW on the bottom of the spectrum analyzer display when it is not coupled To couple the video bandwidth press Video BW Auto Man so that Auto is underlined or press Auto Couple NOTE Auto coupling the video bandwidth function also resets the VBW RBW ratio to 0 300 X If you want to auto couple the video bandwidth to a nonstandard ratio you must set the video bandwidth to auto couple before s...

Страница 74: ...eep mode Sweep Sweep Cont Single Cont the same sequence is followed until M N At that point the sweeps continue rather than stopping For each new sweep the current sweeps measured value divided by N is added to N 1 N times the prior average creating a weighted rolling average If any measurement parameter such as Center Freq Span Amplitude or N is changed while Video Average is On the video average...

Страница 75: ...ected at power on and by pressing Preset Negative peak detection functions the same as peak detection but selects the minimum video signal When Negative Peak is selected Neg appears in the upper left corner of the screen Negative peak detection is used to find signals that are close to but below the noise floor This detection should not be used to make the most accurate amplitude measurements of s...

Страница 76: ...ront Panel Key Reference Det Demod Dwell Time On Off sets the dwell time for the marker pause during which demodulation can take place The dwell time can be set from 2 milliseconds to 100 seconds Key Access Det Demod ...

Страница 77: ...on The boundary is defined in amplitude units that correspond to its vertical position when compared to the reference level The value of the threshold appears in the active function block and on the lower left side of the display The threshold level does not influence the trace memory or marker position The peaks found by the markers must be at least the peak excursion value above the threshold le...

Страница 78: ...ted from the front panel of the spectrum analyzer without an external computer by pressing the Execute Title softkey Key Access Display Title Preferences accesses a menu of the following display functions which allow you to turn the graticule annotation time date and inverse video on or off Key Access Display Graticule On Off turns the display graticule on and off Key Access Display Preferences An...

Страница 79: ...nce Enter Enter Pressing the Enter key terminates and enters into the spectrum analyzer a numerical value that has been entered from the front panel using the numeric keypad For most applications it is better to use the units menu keys ...

Страница 80: ...ctive function and blanks the active function text from the display No data can be accidentally entered using the knob step keys or numeric keypad Pressing Esc will also abort a print if one is in progress clear input or output overloads and clear most error messages from the display ...

Страница 81: ...on Key Access File Load Now loads a selected state trace limit line table or amplitude correction factor Key Access File Load Save accesses a softkey menu that allows you to store state data State select the trace in which trace data is to be saved Trace A B C and save the trace data save limit line tables Limits and save amplitude correction factors Ampcor in spectrum analyzer memory Saving state...

Страница 82: ...current limit line table or Ampcor to clear the current amplitude correction factors table Key Access File Delete Now allows you to delete a selected state trace limit line table or amplitude correction factor from spectrum analyzer memory Key Access File Delete Erase Internal accesses a softkey menu to clear data from spectrum analyzer memory Selections include All States All Traces All Limits Al...

Страница 83: ...o span must be greater than 0 002 for the marker count function to work properly Marker Count Widen Res BW appears on the display if the bandwidth to span ratio is less than 0 002 Widen RES BW indicates that the resolution bandwidth must be increased Key Access Freq Count Resolution Auto Man allows the resolution of the marker counter to be selected manually or auto coupled The marker counter has ...

Страница 84: ...respond to the start and stop frequencies When these frequencies are activated their values are displayed below the graticule in place of center frequency and span Key Access Frequency CF Step Auto Man changes the step size for the center frequency function Once a step size has been selected and the center frequency function is activated the step keys change center frequency by the step size value...

Страница 85: ... the upper right corner of the display while the spectrum analyzer is verifying that it has the correct signal Pressing Signal Track On Off Preset Marker Normal or Marker All Off turns off the signal track function When signal track is on and the span is reduced an automatic zoom is performed the span is reduced in steps so that the signal remains at the center of the display If the span is zero s...

Страница 86: ...arch is selected Pressing Marker Normal turns off the marker delta function Key Access Marker Marker D activates a second marker at the position of the first marker If no marker is present two markers appear at the center of the display The amplitude and frequency of the first marker is fixed and the second marker is under your control Annotation in the active function block and in the upper right...

Страница 87: ...e level is measured Key Access Marker Mkr Readout accesses a menu which allows you a selection of specific marker information The selections include Frequency Period Time and Inverse Time Key Access Marker Marker All Off turns off all of the markers including markers used for marker track and demodulation Marker annotation is also removed Key Access Marker Marker Trace Auto A B C assigns a marker ...

Страница 88: ...test function is turned on otherwise they will be turned off Key Access Measure Limits Limit Test On Off turns the limit line testing and if Limit Display Auto is selected the display of the limit lines on and off When limit line testing is enabled every measurement sweep of trace A is compared to the limit lines If trace A is at or within the bounds of the limit lines LIMIT PASS is displayed If t...

Страница 89: ... segment at 1 3 GHz If the amplitude component of the relative limit line segment is 10 dB then 10 dB is added to the reference level value to obtain the amplitude of the given component reference level offset included A limit line entered as fixed may be changed to relative and one entered as relative may be changed to fixed When changing between fixed and relative limit lines the frequency and a...

Страница 90: ...imit line table entries Key Access Measure Limits Edit Line accesses the following Edit Line menu keys Segment allows you to create or edit a limit line segment Limit lines are created by entering frequency time and amplitude values into a limit line table The frequency time and amplitude values specify a coordinate point from which a limit line segment is drawn The coordinate point is the lowest ...

Страница 91: ...cifies a limit value for the coordinate point It specifies a limit at a single frequency or time and for no other frequency time points For an upper limit line a point segment is indicated by a line drawn from the coordinate point vertically off the top of the screen For a lower limit line a point segment is indicated by a line drawn from the coordinate point vertically off the bottom of the scree...

Страница 92: ...tion of the largest displayed signal and its two sidebands The sidebands are assumed to be entirely from amplitude modulation If there are differences in the sideband amplitude the larger value is used The measurement runs continuously re executing at the end of each sweep The three signals that make up the AM signal must all be displayed The frequency spacing of the sideband signals must be the s...

Страница 93: ...ence More More The More key is used to move between successive pages in multi page menus When the More key is active a designation appears in the more field on the screen such as 1 of 3 to show that there are more menu pages available ...

Страница 94: ...elected marker on the signal having the highest peak on the display If no marker is active a marker is created and placed on the highest peak Peak Search is an immediate execution key Pressing Peak Search does not change the key menu activated on the display A peak search may be performed while in any key menu ...

Страница 95: ...ory The status byte is set to 0 NOTE Turning the spectrum analyzer on performs an instrument preset Turning on the spectrum analyzer also fetches alignment data completes a processor test clears trace B trace C and both the input and output buffers turns off amplitude correction factors turns off limit line testing and sets the status byte to 0 The last state of the spectrum analyzer before it was...

Страница 96: ...tion bandwidth 3 MHz auto coupled Span 1 5 GHz SRQ mask octal 50 Start Frequency 0 Hz Stop Frequency 1 5 GHz State registers unaffected Sweep continuous Sweep Time 5 ms Threshold level one graticule above baseline display off Title cleared Trace A clear write Trace B store blank Trace C store blank at reference level Trace registers unaffected Trigger free run VBW RBW ratio 0 3 Video averaging off...

Страница 97: ...mplete Press System Printer to access menu keys to redefine the print device and port Refer to the System key description in this chapter for more information about the structure and definitions of the printer and port keys If you need to abort a print in progress use the Esc escape key NOTE Printing requires an optional interface Generally spectrum analyzers printing to a printer with an HP IB in...

Страница 98: ... and Pk Threshold key descriptions Key Access Search Next Pk Left moves the marker to the next peak to the left of the current marker The signal peak must exceed the peak threshold value If there is no peak to the left the marker will not move Also see the Peak Excursn and Pk Threshold key descriptions Key Access Search Peak Excursn sets the minimum amplitude variation of signals that the marker c...

Страница 99: ...ted terminator menu The threshold value affects peak searching functions except for Peak Search even when the Pk Threshold function is set to On Key Access Search More Pk Pk Search finds and displays the frequency and amplitude differences between the highest and lowest trace points Pressing Pk Pk Search performs the routine similar to pressing the following keys Peak Search Mkr and Mkr Min Key Ac...

Страница 100: ... changes the sweep control to single sweep if the spectrum analyzer is in the continuous sweep mode and executes a sweep after the trigger condition is met If the analyzer is already in single sweep pressing Single Sweep re executes a new sweep after the trigger condition is met ...

Страница 101: ...ncy The available power sweep range is a function of the source attenuator setting See Specifications for the available power sweep range The output power of the tracking generator is swept according to the sweep rate of the spectrum analyzer The output power is always swept from the source power setting to a higher power setting negative source power sweep values are not allowed Power sweep measu...

Страница 102: ...offsets the displayed power of the tracking generator Using the amplitude offset capability of the tracking generator allows you to take system losses or gains into account thereby displaying the actual power delivered to the device under test Key Access Source Amptd ...

Страница 103: ...tion Span Zoom then requires the user to enter a target span Once entered the analyzer reduces the span in steps keeping the signal centered on the screen until the entered span is reached Pressing Span Zoom performs the routine similar to pressing the following keys Peak Search Frequency Signal Track On Off On and Span Key Access Span NOTE Span Zoom leaves the spectrum analyzer in Signal Track mo...

Страница 104: ... Standby key removes power from the spectrum analyzer except for a small portion of circuitry inside the switching power supply No internal timebase circuitry or any other function outside of the power supply is powered when the spectrum analyzer is in standby ...

Страница 105: ...en the continuous sweep mode and the single sweep mode If the spectrum analyzer is in single sweep mode Single is underlined Press Single on the front panel to enable a sweep when in single sweep mode When continuous sweep mode is in use one sweep follows another as soon as it is triggered Pressing Preset or turning the power on selects continuous sweep Key Access Sweep Swp Coupling SR SA selects ...

Страница 106: ...s the display of the date from a month day year format to a day month year format It is set to a month day year format when the instrument is Preset Key Access System Time Date Set Time allows you to set the time of the real time clock Enter the time in 24 hour HHMMSS format using the numeric keypad and pressing Enter Valid hour HH values are from 00 to 23 Valid minute MM and second SS values are ...

Страница 107: ...ignal is on the RF input is disabled Key Access System Alignments accesses the following Alignments menu keys which align the internal circuitry of the spectrum analyzer load default values for the alignment system turn on the frequency corrections and adjust the 10 MHz reference Key Access System Auto Align accesses the Auto Align menu keys Selecting All turns on the automatic alignment of all me...

Страница 108: ...d after pressing Load Defaults Key Access System Alignments NOTE For full alignment to be restored after loading defaults Align Now All must be run 5 times or the instrument must be in Auto Align mode for 1 hour Show System displays the number and description of the options installed in your spectrum analyzer It also displays the instrument model number product number serial number and firmware re...

Страница 109: ... input using the keypad The allowable range is from 75 to 2600 dots per inch Top Margin and Bottom Margin allow you to adjust the white space above or below your print by entering a number using the numeric keypad The allowable range is from 0 to four inches Choose HP Color Mode to emulate the color drivers in an HP PaintJet printer PJ an HP DeskJet printer DJ or Off for single color printers Choo...

Страница 110: ...the printer Port menu only when Serial is selected Key Access System Printer Port Color Printing On Off allows you to select between color or black and white printing Key Access System Printer Print Softkeys On Off allows you to print the menu key labels on the spectrum analyzer display printout when On is underlined When Off is underlined the analyzer display will print as well as the lines betwe...

Страница 111: ...tored in trace A and continuously displays any signals during the sweep of the spectrum analyzer This function is activated at power on and by pressing Preset Changing the trace mode of trace C to clear write or minimum hold can change the trace mode of trace A If trace A is in clear write mode or maximum hold mode when trace C is changed to clear write or minimum hold the trace mode of trace A is...

Страница 112: ...the trace mode of trace B before and after changing trace C to clear write or minimum hold trace mode Changing the trace mode of trace B to clear write or maximum hold can change the trace mode of trace C If trace C is in clear write mode when trace B is changed to clear write or minimum hold the trace mode of trace C is changed to minimum hold Key Access Trace Trace Mode of Trace C Before Trace M...

Страница 113: ... trace mode for trace C Key Access Trace Max Hold A or B maintains the maximum level for each trace point of the selected trace A or B and updates each trace point if a new maximum level is detected in successive sweeps Key Access Trace Min Hold C maintains the minimum level for each trace point of trace C and updates each trace point if a new minimum level is detected in successive sweeps Key Acc...

Страница 114: ...unction remains in effect on all subsequent sweeps until it is turned off A minus sign appears between the trace A status and the trace B status in the display annotation while the function is active To turn off the normalize function press Normalize On Off so that Off is underlined CAUTION When using normalization the mode of traces B and C should not be changed CAUTION Trace A should be in clear...

Страница 115: ...sets the level in dB of the normalized reference Key Access Trace Normalize Norm Ref Posn offsets the displayed trace without affecting the instrument gain or attenuation settings This allows the displayed trace to be moved without decreasing measurement accuracy The normalized reference position is indicated with a character on the left side of the display and a character on the right side of the...

Страница 116: ...el set by the display line When Video is pressed the display line appears on the display The spectrum analyzer triggers when the input signal exceeds the display line level at the left edge of the display Key Access Trig Line activates the trigger condition that allows the next sweep to be synchronized with the next cycle of the line voltage Key Access Trig External activates the trigger condition...

Страница 117: ...116 Chapter4 Front Panel Key Reference Trig ...

Страница 118: ...117 5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 119: ...118 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 120: ...Chapter 5 119 Menu Maps ...

Страница 121: ...120 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 122: ...Chapter 5 121 Menu Maps ...

Страница 123: ...nu Maps a New Filename appears in the menu only when Internal Lock On Off is Off b Save Now is replaced with Locked when Internal Lock On Off is On c Delete Now is replaced with Locked when Internal Lock On Off is On ...

Страница 124: ...Chapter 5 123 Menu Maps ...

Страница 125: ...124 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 126: ...Chapter 5 125 Menu Maps a The marker number corresponds to the number of the marker selected with the Select Marker 1 2 3 4 key ...

Страница 127: ...126 Chapter5 Menu Maps a Frequency is replaced with Time when the X Axis Units Freq Time selection is Time ...

Страница 128: ...Chapter 5 127 Menu Maps ...

Страница 129: ...128 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 130: ...Chapter 5 129 Menu Maps ...

Страница 131: ...130 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 132: ... a With Option A4H installed Remote Port HP IB appears With Option 1AX installed Remote Port Serial appears When neither the A4H or 1AX options are installed this key is blank b Access to the Service menu requires a password ...

Страница 133: ...nter Addr appears in the menu only when HP IB is selected e Option 1AX only Baud Rate appears in the menu only when Serial is selected f Select Printer accesses menus listing a selection of printers It also accesses a User Defined key which allows you to configure a printer which is not listed g Define Printer appears in the menu only when User Defined is selected ...

Страница 134: ...Chapter 5 133 Menu Maps a The trace letter corresponds to the trace selected with the Trace A B C key b When Trace C is selected with the Trace A B C key Min Hold C appears ...

Страница 135: ...134 Chapter5 Menu Maps ...

Страница 136: ...135 6 Options and Accessories ...

Страница 137: ...eration without removal but the maximum operating temperature is reduced by 10 C to 45 C For Option AYT order E4411A AYT For Option AYU order E4411A AYU Option AYT and AYU are also available after the purchase of your spectrum analyzer Order E4411AU AYT or E4411AU AYU Transit Case Option AXT Option AXT adds a hard transit case The hard transit case will survive commercial transportation This rugge...

Страница 138: ...ortion free dynamic range plus good sensitivity and selectivity Option 1DN has the standard 50 Ω output impedance Option 1DQ has a 75 Ω output impedance and is available only with Option 1DP For Option 1DN order E4411A 1DN For Option 1DQ order E4411A 1DQ Options 1DN and 1DQ are also available as retrofit kits after the purchase of your spectrum analyzer Order E4411AU 1DN or E4411AU 1DQ IF Sweep an...

Страница 139: ...m Analyzer Programmer s Guide Option 1AX allows the spectrum analyzer to copy its display to a printer For Option 1AX order E4411A 1AX Option 1AX is also available as a retrofit kit after the purchase of your spectrum analyzer Order E4411AU 1AX Front Panel Protective Cover Option UK9 The impact cover assembly snaps onto the front of your spectrum analyzer to protect the front panel during travel a...

Страница 140: ...he HP ESA L1500A Self Guided Demo For Option 0B1 order E4411A 0B1 To order Option 0B1 after the purchase of your spectrum analyzer order E4411AU 0B1 Service Documentation Option 0BX Option 0BX provides one copy of the assembly level repair service guide and one copy of the component level information packets The assembly level repair service guide describes assembly level troubleshooting procedure...

Страница 141: ...re Software Option B70 Option B70 provides the ability to perform screen captures of the E4411A displays onto a PC It also allows transfer of files between the analyzer and a PC For Option B70 order E4411A B70 To order Option B70 after the purchase of your spectrum analyzer order E4444A ...

Страница 142: ... from damage due to signal transients It specifically is needed for use with a line impedance stabilization network LISN It operates over a frequency range of 9 kHz to 200 MHz with 10 dB of insertion loss 50 Ω 75 Ω Minimum Loss Pad The HP 11852B is a low VSWR minimum loss pad that is required for measurements on 75 Ω devices using an spectrum analyzer with a 50 Ω input It is effective over a frequ...

Страница 143: ...with serial numbers prior to US3745 must order E4411AU Option R12 upgrade kit AC Probe The HP 85024A high frequency probe performs in circuit measurements without adversely loading the circuit under test The probe has an input capacitance of 0 7 pF shunted by 1 MΩ of resistance and operates over a frequency range of 300 kHz to 3 GHz High probe sensitivity and low distortion levels allow measuremen...

Страница 144: ...nnect printers and controllers to a spectrum analyzer Parallel Interface Cable For use with Option A4H and 1AX The HP 92284A parallel interface cable is a 36 pin to 25 pin male to male 2 meter cable used to connect supported printers to a spectrum analyzer Printer For use with Option A4H or 1AX The DeskJet personal printers provide black and white or color printing for another form of permanent re...

Страница 145: ...144 Chapter6 Options and Accessories Accessories ...

Страница 146: ...145 7 Specifications ...

Страница 147: ...arranty It is performance beyond an indicated specification that most units will exhibit Nominal values indicate the expected but not warranted value of a parameter The following conditions must be met for the analyzer to meet its specifications The analyzer is within the one year calibration cycle If Auto Align All is selected the analyzer will meet its specifications After 2 hours of storage wit...

Страница 148: ...ion Frequency Range 50 Ω 9 kHz to 1 5 GHz 75 Ω Option 1DP 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz Specifications Supplemental Information Frequency Reference Aging 2 10 6 year 1 0 10 7 day characteristic Settability 0 5 10 6 Temperature Stability 5 10 6 Specifications Supplemental Information Frequency Readout Accuracy Start Stop Center Marker frequency readout frequency reference errora span accuracy 20 of RBW ...

Страница 149: ...on Marker Frequency Counter Resolution Selectable from 1 Hz to 100 kHz Accuracy a marker frequency frequency reference errorb counter resolution Specifications Supplemental Information Frequency Span Range 0 Hz zero span 100 Hz to 1 5 GHz Resolution Four digits or 2 Hz whichever is greater Accuracy 1 of span Specifications Supplemental Information Sweep Time Range 5 ms to 2000 s 50 ms is the minim...

Страница 150: ...ectivity 60 dB 3 dB Bandwidth Ratio 1 kHz to 3 MHz RBW 15 1 Specifications Supplemental Information Video Bandwidth 3 dB Range 30 Hz to 1 MHz in 1 3 10 sequence 3 MHz characteristic Accuracy 30 characteristic Shape Post detection single pole low pass filter used to average displayed noise Specifications Supplemental Information Stability Noise Sidebands offset from CW signal with 1 kHz RBW 30 Hz V...

Страница 151: ...150 Chapter7 Specifications Frequency Residual FM 1 kHz RBW 1 kHz VBW 150 Hz pk pk in 100 ms System Related Sidebands offset from CW signal 30 kHz 65 dBc Specifications Supplemental Information ...

Страница 152: ... steps Specifications Supplemental Information Maximum Safe Input Level Input attenuator setting 15 dB Average Continuous Power 50 Ω 30 dBm 1 W Signals 33 dBm 2 W nominal may trigger input protection which disconnects the input path 75 Ω Option 1DP 72 dBmV 0 2 W Signals 79 dBmV 1 W nominal may trigger input protection which disconnects the input path Peak Pulse Power 50 Ω 30 dBm 1 W 75 Ω Option 1D...

Страница 153: ... 50 Ω 3 dBm 2 mW Signals 6 dBm 4 mW nominal may trigger input protection which automatically increases input attenuation to 15 dB 75 Ω Option 1DP 58 dBmV 10 mW Signals 61 dBmV 15 mW nominal may trigger input protection which automatically increases input attenuation to 15 dB Peak Pulse Power 50 Ω 3 dBm 2 mW 75 Ω Option 1DP 58 dBmV 10 mW dc 100 Vdc dc transients may trigger input protection Specifi...

Страница 154: ...o 10 MHz 115 dBm 10 MHz to 500 MHz 120 dBm 500 MHz to 1 2 GHz 116 dBm 1 2 GHz to 1 5 GHz 113 dBm 75 Ω Option 1DP 1 MHz to 10 MHz 63 dBmV 10 MHz to 500 MHz 65 dBmV 500 MHz to 1 GHz 60 dBmV 1 GHz to 1 5 GHz 53 dBmV Specifications Supplemental Information Display Range Log Scale 0 to 85 dB from reference level is calibrated 0 1 0 2 0 5 dB division and 1 to 20 dB division in 1 dB steps ten divisions d...

Страница 155: ...emental Information Frequency Response 50 Ω Relative to 50 MHz 9 kHz to 1 5 GHz 10 dB attenuation 20 to 30 C 0 75 dB 0 to 55 C 1 0 dB 0 5 15 to 60 dB attenuation 1 0 dB characteristic 75 Ω Option 1DP Relative to 50 MHz 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz 10 dB attenuation 20 to 30 C 0 75 dB 0 to 55 C 1 0 dB 0 5 15 to 50 dB attenuation 1 0 dB characteristic 55 to 60 dB attenuation 1 MHz to 1 GHz 1 0 dB characteristic...

Страница 156: ...ing Uncertainty at 50 MHz Attenuator Setting 0 dB to 5 dB 0 3 dB 10 dB Reference 15 dB 0 3 dB 20 to 60 dB 0 1 dB 0 01 Attenuator Setting Specifications Supplemental Information Absolute Amplitude Accuracy At reference settingsa 0 3 dB Specifications Supplemental Information RF Input VSWR Attenuator setting 50 Ω 0 to 5 dB 1 55 1 characteristic 10 to 60 dB 1 35 1 characteristic 75 Ω Option 1DP 1 MHz...

Страница 157: ...lemental Information Auto Alignmenta Sweep to sweep variation 0 1 dB Specifications Supplemental Information Resolution Bandwidth Switching Uncertainty at reference level 3 kHz RBW Reference 1 kHz 10 kHz to 3 MHz RBW 0 4 dB Specifications Supplemental Information Reference Level Range Adjustable over Amplitude Measurement Range Resolution Log Scale 0 01 dB Linear Scale 0 12 of reference level Accu...

Страница 158: ...en setting 16 76 dBmV 21 24 dBmVb atten setting 0 6 dB 0 01 absa ref level atten setting 16 76 dBmV Specifications Supplemental Information Specifications Supplemental Information Display Scale Switching Uncertainty Linear to Log Switching 0 25 dB at reference level Log Scale Switching No error Specifications Supplemental Information Display Scale Fidelity Log Maximum Cumulative 0 to 85 dB from Re...

Страница 159: ...third order intercept 5 MHz to 1 5 GHz 74 dBc for two 30 dBm signals at input mixera and 50 kHz separation 7 dBm TOI Other Input Related Spurious 30 kHz offset 1200 MHz 65 dBc for 20 dBm signal at input mixera 1 5 GHz Offset 1200 MHz 45 dBc for 20 dBm signal at input mixera 1 5 GHz Noise Floor Degradation Input frequency 1210 7 MHz RBW 62 dBc for 45 dBm signal at input mixera Specifications Supple...

Страница 160: ... at input mixera and 50 kHz separation 57 76 dBmV characteristic TOI third order intercept Other Input Related Spurious 30 kHz offset 1200 MHz 65 dBc for 34 dBmV signal at input mixera 1 5 GHz Offset 1200 MHz 45 dBc for 34 dBmV signal at input mixera 1 5 GHz Noise Floor Degradation Input frequency 1210 7 MHz RBW 62 dBc for 9 dBmV signal at input mixera Specifications Supplemental Information Speci...

Страница 161: ...160 Chapter7 Specifications Amplitude Specifications Supplemental Information AM Demod Tune and listen to AM signals Dynamic Range ...

Страница 162: ...5 GHz 75 Ω Option 1DQ 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz Specifications Supplemental Information Residual FM 10 MHz 100 Hz peak 20 Hz to 10 kHz BW 10 MHz 100 Hz peak 20 Hz to 200 kHz BW Specifications Supplemental Information Output Power Level Range 50 Ω Option 1DN 0 to 70 dBm 75 Ω Option 1DQ 42 76 to 27 24 dBmV Resolution 0 1 dB Absolute Accuracy at 50 MHz with coupled source attenuator 50 Ω Option 1DN Referenced...

Страница 163: ...V Output Attenuator Range 0 to 60 dB in 10 dB steps Specifications Supplemental Information Specifications Supplemental Information Maximum Safe Reverse Level 50 Ω Option 1DN a 20 dBm 0 1 W 100 Vdc characteristic 75 Ω Option 1DQ a 69 dBmV 0 1 W 100 Vdc characteristic Specifications Supplemental Information Output Power Sweep Range 50 Ω Option 1DN 15 dBm to 0 dBm Source Attenuator Setting 75 Ω Opti...

Страница 164: ...litude Start of Power Sweep Level Power Sweep Range 0 dB 15 dBm to 0 dBm 0 to 15 dB 10 dB 25 dBm to 10 dBm 0 to 15 dB 20 dB 35 dBm to 20 dBm 0 to 15 dB 30 dB 45 dBm to 30 dBm 0 to 15 dB 40 dB 55 dBm to 40 dBm 0 to 15 dB 50 dB 65 dBm to 50 dBm 0 to 15 dB 60 dB 75 dBm to 60 dBm 0 to 15 dB Maximum Power Sweep Characteristics Option 1DQ a Manual Attenuator Setting Allowed Source Amplitude Start of Pow...

Страница 165: ...ications Supplemental Information Spurious Outputs 50 Ω Option 1DN 0 dBm output Harmonic Spurs 9 kHz to 20 MHz 20 MHz to 1 5 GHz 20 dBc 25 dBc Non harmonic Spurs 35 dBc 75 Ω Option 1DQ 42 76 dBmV output Harmonic Spurs 1 MHz to 20 MHz 20 MHz to 1 5 GHz 20 dBc 25 dBc Non harmonic Spurs 35 dBc Specifications Supplemental Information Dynamic Range a 50 Ω Option 1DN 400 kHz to 1 MHz 116 dB 1 MHz to 500...

Страница 166: ...teristic impedance 75 Ω Option 1DQ 1 MHz to 500 MHz 107 76 dB 500 MHz to 1 GHz 103 76 dB 1 GHz to 1 5 GHz 97 76 dB Tracking Generator Feedthrough b 50 Ω Option 1DN 400 kHz to 1 MHz 116 dBm 1 MHz to 500 MHz 120 dBm 500 MHz to 1 2 GHz 116 dBm 1 2 GHz to 1 5 GHz 113 dBm 75 Ω Option 1DQ 1 MHz to 500 MHz 65 dBmV 500 MHz to 1 GHz 61 dBmV 1 GHz to 1 5 GHz 55 dBmV Specifications Supplemental Information S...

Страница 167: ...istics Option 1DN in auto coupled mode TG Output Power Level Attenuator Setting Relative Accuracy at 50 MHz referred to 0 dBm Absolute Accuracy at 50 MHz Relative Accuracy referred to 0 dBm Absolute Accuracy 0 dBm 0 dB 0 dB Ref 0 50 dB 1 50 dB 2 00 dB 0 1 to 10 99 dBm 0 dB 0 75 dB 1 25 dB 2 25 dB 2 75 dB 11 to 20 99 dBm 10 dB 1 35 dB 1 85 dB 3 00 dB 3 50 dB 21 to 30 99 dBm 20 dB 1 65 dB 2 15 dB 3 ...

Страница 168: ...76 dBmV Absolute Accuracy 42 76 dBmV 0 dB 0 dB Ref 0 50 dB 1 50 dB 2 00 dB 42 66 to 31 77 dBmV 0 dB 0 75 dB 1 25 dB 2 25 dB 2 75 dB 31 76 to 21 77 dBmV 10 dB 1 35 dB 1 85 dB 3 00 dB 3 50 dB 21 76 to 11 77 dBmV 20 dB 1 65 dB 2 15 dB 3 30 dB 3 80 dB 11 76 to 1 77 dBmV 30 dB 1 95 dB 2 45 dB 3 60 dB 4 10 dB 1 76 to 8 23 dBmV 40 dB 2 25 dB 2 75 dB 3 90 dB 4 40 dB 8 24 to 18 23 dBmV 50 dB 2 55 dB 3 05 d...

Страница 169: ...o 55 C Storage 40 C to 75 C Specifications Supplemental Information Audible Noise ISO 7779 Sound Pressure at 25 C 33 dB 4 8 Bels power Specifications Supplemental Information Military Specification Has been type tested to the environmental specifications of MIL PRF 28800F class 3 Specifications Supplemental Information EMI Compatibility Conducted and radiated emission is in compliance with CISPR P...

Страница 170: ...ding to IEC 801 2 1991 Discharges to center pins of any of the connectors may cause damage to the associated circuitry Specifications Supplemental Information Power Requirements AC Operation Voltage 90 to 250 V rms Frequency 47 to 440 Hz Power Consumption On 200 W Power Consumption Standby 5 W DC Operation Serial prefix US3745 Voltage 15 to 20 Vdc Power Consumption 175 W Serial prefix US3745 Volta...

Страница 171: ...170 Chapter7 Specifications General Specifications Supplemental Information Weight without options Net 12 3 kg 27 lb characteristic Shipping 25 kg 55 lb characteristic Dimensions ...

Страница 172: ...stability c The internal 50 MHz osc signal s actual power may differ from the nominal value Front Panel Specifications Supplemental Information 50 MHz osc a Frequency 50 MHz Frequency Accuracy Frequency reference error b 50 Ω Amplitude c 27 dBm nominal 75 Ω Amplitude Option 1DP c 24 8 dBmV nominal Specifications Supplemental Information INPUT 50 Ω Connector Type N female Impedance 50 Ω nominal INP...

Страница 173: ...WER Voltage Current 15 Vdc 7 at 150 mA max characteristic 12 6 Vdc 10 at 150 mA max characteristic Specifications Supplemental Information EXT KEYBOARD Interface compatible with most PC keyboards Connector 6 pin mini DIN Specifications Supplemental Information Speaker Front panel knob controls volume Specifications Supplemental Information Headphone Front panel knob controls volume Connector 3 5 m...

Страница 174: ...on 10 MHz REF IN Connector BNC female Note Analyzer noise sideband and spurious response performance may be affected by the quality of the external reference used Impedance 50 Ω nominal Input Amplitude Range 15 to 10 dBm characteristic Frequency 10 MHz nominal Specifications Supplemental Information GATE TRIG EXT TRIG IN External Trigger Input Connector BNC female Trigger Level Positive edge initi...

Страница 175: ...Hz horizontal 60 Hz vertical sync rates non interlaced Analog RGB Resolution 640 480 Specifications Supplemental Information AUX IF OUT Option A4J Connector BNC female Frequency 21 4 MHz nominal Amplitude Range 10 to 70 dBm uncorrected characteristic A signal at the reference level will produce a 10 dBm nominal output Impedance 50 Ω nominal Specifications Supplemental Information AUX VIDEO OUT Opt...

Страница 176: ...A4J Connector BNC female Output High sweep Low retrace 5 V TTL Specifications Supplemental Information SWP OUT Option A4J Connector BNC female Amplitude 0 to 10 V ramp characteristic Specifications Supplemental Information HP IB Interface Option A4H Connector IEEE 488 bus connector HP IB Codes SH1 AH1 T6 SR1 RL1 PP0 DC1 C1 C2 C3 and C28 Specifications Supplemental Information Serial Interface Opti...

Страница 177: ...176 Chapter7 Specifications Inputs and Outputs Specifications Supplemental Information Parallel Interface Option A4H or 1AX Printer port only Connector 25 pin D SUB ...

Страница 178: ...ring Apparatus and has been supplied in a safe condition The instruction documentation contains information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community if accompanied by a year it is the year when the design was proven The CSA mark is the Canadian Standards A...

Страница 179: ...178 Chapter7 Specifications Regulatory Information ...

Страница 180: ...179 8 Required Equipment ...

Страница 181: ...Leads For use with HP 3458A Digital Multimeter HP 34118B T Universal Counter Time Interval Range 25 ms to 100 ms Single Operation Range 2 5 Vdc to 2 5 Vdc HP 53132A or HP 5316B P A T Frequency Standard Frequency 10 MHz Timebase Accuracy Aging 1 10 9 day HP 5071A P A Measuring Receiver Compatible with Power Sensors dB Relative Mode Resolution 0 01 dB Reference Accuracy 1 2 HP 8902A P A T Microwave ...

Страница 182: ... 35 to 16 dBm SSB Noise 120 dBc Hz at 20 kHz offset HP 8663A or HP 8642A B P A Spectrum Analyzer Microwave Frequency Range 100 kHz to 7 GHz Relative Amplitude Accuracy 100 kHz to 1 5 GHz 1 8 dB Frequency Accuracy 10 kHz 7 GHz HP 8566A B P T Synthesized Sweeper Frequency Range 10 MHz to 1 5 GHz Frequency Accuracy CW 0 02 Leveling Modes Internal and External Modulation Modes AM Power Level Range 35 ...

Страница 183: ...tenuator 10 dB Fixed Nominal attenuation 10 dB Frequency Range dc to 12 4 GHz Connectors Type N m and Type N f HP 8491A Option 020 P Attenuator Interconnect Kit Mechanically and electrically connects HP 8494A G and HP 8496A G HP 11716 Series P Equipment Critical Specifications for Accessory Substitution Recommended Model Use a Active Probe 5 Hz to 500 MHz HP 41800A T Active Probe 300 kHz to 3 GHz ...

Страница 184: ...1DP Type N f 75 Ω to Type N m 50 Ω 1259 0597 P A T Minimum Loss Pad Option 1DP Frequency Range dc to 1 5 GHz Insertion loss 5 7 dB nominal HP 11852B P A T Power Splitter Frequency Range 50 kHz to 1 5 GHz Insertion Loss 6 dB nominal Output Tracking 0 25 dB Equivalent Output SWR 1 22 1 HP 11667A P A Termination 50 Ω Option 1DN Impedance 50 Ω nominal Connector Type N m 2 required HP 908A P T Terminat...

Страница 185: ...1288 P T BNC f to SMB m 1250 1237 T BNC tee BNC f m f 1250 0781 A T SMB m to SMB m 1250 0813 T Type N f to APC 3 5 f 1250 1745 P A T Type N f to BNC m 1250 1477 P T Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω 2 required for Option 1DP 1250 1534 P A T Type N m to BNC f 4 required 1250 1476 P A T Type N f to BNC f 75 Ω Option 1DP 1250 1536 P T Type N m to BNC m 2 required 1250 1473 P T Type N m to BNC m 75 Ω Option 1DP ...

Страница 186: ...ns for Cable Substitution Recommended Model Use a Frequency Range dc to 1 GHz Length 122 cm 48 in Connectors BNC m both ends 4 required HP 10503A P A T Type N 62 cm 24 in HP 11500B C P T Type N 152 cm 60 in 2 required HP 11500D P A T SMA 62 cm 24 in 2 required 1820 1578 P Frequency Range dc to 310 MHz Length 23 cm 9 in Connectors BNC m both ends HP 10502A P T BNC 75 Ω 30 cm 12 in option 1DP 5062 6...

Страница 187: ...186 Chapter8 Required Equipment Test Equipment ...

Страница 188: ...erformance Verification Tests These tests verify the electrical performance of the analyzer Allow the analyzer to warm up in accordance with the temperature stability specifications before performing the tests ...

Страница 189: ...uracy 11 Frequency Readout and Marker Count Accuracy 12 Absolute Amplitude Accuracy 13 Frequency Response 14 Spurious Responses 15 Gain Compression 16 Other Input Related Spurious Responses 17 Sweep Time Accuracy 18 Displayed Average Noise Level 19 Residual Responses 20 Tracking Generator Feedthrough Options IDN and IDQ 21 Absolute Amplitude Vernier and Power Sweep Accuracy Options 1DN and 1DQ 22 ...

Страница 190: ...are located in the following pages of this chapter Adjustments are located in the service guide Table 9 1 Calibration Requirements Test Column 1 Performance Verification Tests Column 2 Calibration Adjustments 1 10 MHz Reference Accuracy 10 MHz Frequency Reference Adjustment 2 Resolution Bandwidth Switching Uncertainty 21 4 MHz IF Calibrator 3 Noise Sidebands None 4 System Related Sidebands None 5 ...

Страница 191: ...cy Slope 22 Tracking Generator Level Flatness Option 1DN and 1DQ Tracking Generator ALC Calibration Tracking Generator Frequency Slope 23 Harmonic Spurious Outputs Option 1DN and 1DQ None 24 Non Harmonic Spurious Outputs Option 1DN and 1DQ None 1 dB Step Atten dB Attenuator X 10 dB Step Atten dB Attenuator Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 20 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 30...

Страница 192: ...p attenuator should be connected as Attenuator Y Use Table 9 2 to determine the settings of Attenuator X and Attenuator Y to set the step attenuators to the desired value In the columns labelled Attenuator X and Attenuator Y a 1 indicates that section is on the LED in the button will be lit while a 0 indicates that section is off For example if the 1 dB step attenuator should be set to 2 dB and th...

Страница 193: ...tment Equipment Required Universal counter Instructions are for HP 53132A For HP 5316B refer to its user documentation Frequency standard Cable BNC 122 cm 48 in 2 required Figure 9 1 10 MHz Reference Test Setup Procedure 1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 1 The frequency standard provides the reference for the universal counter 2 Ensure that the analyzer has been on for at least five min...

Страница 194: ...n the analyzer 2 times 10 Wait for the frequency counter reading to stabilize Record the frequency counter reading in Table 9 3 as Counter Reading 3 Table 9 3 10 MHz Reference Accuracy Worksheet 11 Calculate the frequency settability by performing the following steps Calculate the frequency difference between Counter Reading 2 and Counter Reading 1 Calculate the frequency difference between Counte...

Страница 195: ...g and compared to the specification The span is changed as necessary to maintain approximately the same aspect ratio Procedure 1 Press Preset on the analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Set the analyzer controls by pressing the following keys System 50 MHz osc On Off On Frequency 50 MHz Span 10 MHz Peak Search Frequency Signal Track On Off On Span 50 kHz Amplitude Amptd Units dBm Do...

Страница 196: ...d as indicated in Table 9 4 5 Repeat step 3 and step 4 for each of the remaining resolution bandwidth and span settings listed in Table 9 4 Table 9 4 Resolution Bandwidth Switching Uncertainty Analyzer Sig Trk Amplitude Reading RES BW Setting SPAN Setting TR Entry 3 kHz 50 kHz 0 Ref 1 kHz 50 kHz 1 10 kHz 50 kHz 2 30 kHz 500 kHz 3 100 kHz 500 kHz 4 300 kHz 5 MHz 5 1 MHz 10 MHz 6 3 MHz 10 MHz 7 ...

Страница 197: ... the carrier The difference between these two measurements is compared to specification There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Figure 9 2 Noise Sidebands Test Setup CAUTION Use only 75 Ω cables connectors or adap...

Страница 198: ...d Suppression at 10 kHz 1 Perform the following steps to set up the equipment a Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows FREQUENCY 500 MHz AMPLITUDE 0 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE to 6 dBm 75 Ω Input only AM OFF FM OFF b Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 2 c Press Preset on the analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Set the analyzer by pressing the following ...

Страница 199: ...weep Record the marker amplitude reading in the Noise Sideband Worksheet as the Noise Sideband Level at 10 kHz 5 Record the more positive value either Noise Sideband Level at 10 kHz or Noise Sideband Level at 10 kHz from the Noise Sideband Worksheet as TR Entry 1 in the performance verification test record 6 Press Frequency Part 2 Noise Sideband Suppression at 20 kHz 1 Press the following analyzer...

Страница 200: ...reading in the Noise Sideband Worksheet as the Noise Sideband Level at 30 kHz 2 Press the following analyzer keys to measure the noise sideband level at 30 kHz Frequency Single Sweep Record the marker amplitude reading in the Noise Sideband Worksheet as the Noise Sideband Level at 30 kHz 3 Record the more positive value either Noise Sideband Level at 30 kHz or Noise Sideband Level at 30 kHz from t...

Страница 201: ... at 100 kHz from the Noise Sideband Worksheet as TR Entry 4 in the performance test verification record Table 9 5 Noise Sideband Worksheet Description Measurement Noise Sideband Level at 10 kHz ____________ dBc Hz Noise Sideband Level at 10 kHz ____________ dBc Hz Noise Sideband Level at 20 kHz ____________ dBc Hz Noise Sideband Level at 20 kHz ____________ dBc Hz Noise Sideband Level at 30 kHz __...

Страница 202: ...m related sidebands are any internally generated line related power supply related or local oscillator related sidebands There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Figure 9 3 System Related Sidebands Test Setup CAUTI...

Страница 203: ... MHz 2 Set the analyzer to measure the system related sideband above the signal by performing the following steps a Press the following keys Peak Search Frequency Signal Track On Off On Span 200 kHz BW Avg 1 kHz Video BW Auto Man 30 Hz Allow the analyzer to take two complete sweeps Then press the following keys Frequency Signal Track On Off Off CF Step Auto Man 130 kHz b Press Single Sweep and wai...

Страница 204: ...t the analyzer to measure the system related sideband below the signal by pressing the following analyzer keys step down key step down key 6 Measure the system related sideband below the signal by pressing Single Sweep Wait for the completion of a new sweep then press Peak Search Record the marker delta amplitude as TR Entry 2 of the performance verification test record ...

Страница 205: ...he test determines the slope of the IF filter in Hz dB and then measures the signal amplitude variation caused by the residual FM Multiplying these two values yields the residual FM in Hz There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f...

Страница 206: ...ress Preset on the analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Set the analyzer by pressing the following keys Frequency 500 MHz Span 1 MHz Amplitude 9 dBm 50 Ω Input only Amplitude 39 8 dBmV 75 Ω Input only Scale Div 2 dB BW Avg 1 kHz 4 On the analyzer press the following keys Peak Search Span Span Zoom 10 kHz Wait for the Span 10kHz message to appear Press the following analyzer keys Sea...

Страница 207: ...pe would be equal to 75 3 Hz dB Record the result below Slope ____________ Hz dB Measuring the Residual FM 8 On the analyzer press Marker Marker All Off Peak Search then Marker Marker Rotate the knob counterclockwise until the marker amplitude reads 10 dB 0 3 dB 9 On the analyzer press the following keys Marker Marker Normal Search Mkr CF Single Sweep BW Avg Video BW Auto Man 1 kHz Span Zero Span ...

Страница 208: ...ance Verification Tests 5 Residual FM 11 Calculate the Residual FM by multiplying the Slope recorded in step 7 by the Deviation recorded in step 10 Record this value as TR Entry 1 of the performance verification test record ...

Страница 209: ...d signal generator Power splitter Adapter Type N m to Type N m Adapter Type N f to APC 3 5 f Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in 2 required Cable BNC 122 cm 48 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Procedure Full Span Frequency Span Readout Accuracy 1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 5 Note that the power splitter is used as a combiner The synthesiz...

Страница 210: ...the analyzer center frequency if necessary to place the lower frequency on the second vertical graticule line one division from the left most graticule line 6 On the analyzer press Single Sweep Wait for the completion of a new sweep then press the following keys Peak Search Marker Marker Search Next Pk Right The two markers should be on the signals near the second and tenth vertical graticule line...

Страница 211: ...TUDE 0 dBm 12 Adjust the analyzer center frequency to center the two signals on the display 13 On the analyzer press Single Sweep Wait for the completion of a new sweep then press the following keys Peak Search Marker Marker Search Next Pk Right The two markers should be on the signals near the second and tenth vertical graticule lines the first graticule line is the left most 14 If necessary cont...

Страница 212: ...ough step 18 for the remaining analyzer span settings listed in Table 9 6 Table 9 6 Frequency Span Readout Accuracy Analyzer Start Frequency MHz Analyzer Stop Frequency MHz Synthesized Signal Generator Frequency MHz Synthesized Sweeper Frequency MHz TR Entry Analyzer Span MHz 0 1500 150 1350 1 1500 10 110 20 100 2 100 10 10 1 10 01 10 09 3 0 1 800 900 810 890 4 100 800 800 1 800 01 800 09 5 0 1 14...

Страница 213: ...no error associated with the trace data manipulation Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator 1 dB step attenuator 10 dB step attenuator Attenuator switch driver if programmable step attenuators are used Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Cable BNC 122 cm 48 in 2 required Attenuator interconnect kit Adapter Type N m to BNC f 2 required Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Typ...

Страница 214: ...Attenuation 50 dB 50 08 dB Log Scale 1 Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 10 dBm AM OFF FM OFF 2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 6 Set the 10 dB step attenuator to 30 dB attenuation and the 1 dB step attenuator to 10 dB attenuation 75 Ω Input only Set the 1 dB step attenuator to 10 dB Reference Atten Error Actual Attenuation 40 dB 40 dB A...

Страница 215: ... MHz Span 10 MHz Peak Search Frequency Signal Track On Off On Span 50 kHz Amplitude 30 dBm 50 Ω Input only Amplitude 21 76 dBmV 75 Ω Input only Attenuation Auto Man 5 dB Scale Div 1 dB BW Avg 3 kHz Video BW Auto Man 30 Hz 4 Set the 1 dB step attenuator to place the signal peak 1 to 3 dB one to three divisions below the reference level Refer to Table 9 2 earlier in this chapter for information on m...

Страница 216: ...ta amplitude reading in column 5 of Table 9 7 d Add the actual attenuation error to the analyzer marker amplitude and enter the result in the performance test record Example for 40 dBm reference level Analyzer marker amplitude 0 17 dB Attenuation Error 50 dB 0 07 dB NOTE When entering reference levels on analyzers with 75 Ω inputs enter the values in dBmV with 0 01 dB precision That is 8 24 dBmV n...

Страница 217: ...Ω Input Amplitude 21 76 dBmV 75 Ω Input Scale Type Log Lin Lin Amplitude Amptd Units dBm 50 Ω Input Amplitude Amptd Units dBmV 75 Ω Input Sweep Sweep Cont Single Cont Marker Marker All Off 10 Set the 1 dB step attenuator to place the signal peak one to three divisions below the reference level 11 On the analyzer press the following keys Single Sweep 10 dB Attenuator Nominal Attenuation dB 10 dB At...

Страница 218: ...5 Ω inputs enter the values in dBmV with 0 01 dB precision That is 8 24 dBmV not 8 2 dBmV The reference level annotation rounds to the nearest 0 1 dB but internal values are to the nearest 0 01 dB Table 9 8 Reference Level Accuracy Linear Mode a Use the dBm column values for analyzers with a 50 Ω input and the dBmV column for analyzers with a 75 Ω ινπυτ 13 Press Preset System Alignments Auto Align...

Страница 219: ...e reference level The analyzer s amplitude marker is compared to the actual total attenuation to determine the scale fidelity error The test is performed in both log and linear amplitude scales Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator 1 dB step attenuator 10 dB step attenuator Attenuator switch driver if programmable step attenuators are used Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Cable BNC 122 cm 48 in...

Страница 220: ...1 dB step attenuator enter into column 3 of Table 9 9 and Table 9 10 the actual attenuation for the corresponding nominal attenuation settings If the calibration data does not indicate an actual attenuation value for the 0 dB setting enter 0 dB If using a programmable attenuator enter the data for the section three 4 dB step 2 From the calibration data supplied with the 10 dB step attenuator enter...

Страница 221: ...B step attenuator attenuation for the 30 dB setting is 30 012 dB the total actual attenuation for the 36 dB from REF LVL setting would be Table 9 9 Cumulative and Incremental Log Fidelity Total Actual Attenuation 5 998 dB 30 012 dB 36 01 dB dB from REF LVL 1 dB step atten Nominal Attenu ation 1 dB step atten Actual Attenu ation 10 dB step atten Nominal Attenu ation 10 dB step atten Actual Attenu a...

Страница 222: ...ion BW Auto Man 3 kHz Video BW 1 kHz 3 Preset the synthesized signal generator and set the controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 3 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE 4 dBm 75 Ω Input only AM OFF FM OFF 60 0 60 15 36 64 4 60 16 37 68 8 60 17 38 72 2 70 18 N A 76 6 70 19 N A 80 0 80 20 N A 84 4 80 21 N A dB from REF LVL 1 dB step atten Nominal Attenu ation 1 dB step atten Actual Attenu ation 10 ...

Страница 223: ...Press Peak Search on the analyzer and record the Mkr reading in column 7 of Table 9 9 3 Calculate the Cumulative Log Fidelity Error CLFE as follows and record the result in the performance verification test record as indicated in column 8 of Table 9 9 4 Repeat step 1 through step 3 for the remaining dB from REF LVL settings indicated in Table 9 9 For each setting of 64 dB and lower press the follo...

Страница 224: ...the synthesized signal generator and set the controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 3 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE 4 dBm 75 Ω Input only AM OFF FM OFF 3 Set the step attenuators to 0 dB attenuation Refer to Table 9 2 earlier in this chapter for information on manually controlling a programmable step attenuator with an HP 11713A Attenuator Switch Driver 4 Press Peak Search on the analyzer ...

Страница 225: ...deal Mkr Reading for the 8 dB from Ref Level setting would be Ideal Mkr Reading dB from Ref Level 1 dB step atten Nominal Attenu ation 1 dB step atten Actual Attenu ation 10 dB step atten Nominal Attenu ation 10 dB step atten Actual Attenu ation Total Actual Attenu ation Ideal Mkr Reading Actual Mkr Reading TR Entry Linear Fidelity Error dB dB dB dB dB dB mV mV of RL 0 Ref 0 0 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 4 ...

Страница 226: ...d record the result in the performance verification test record as indicated in column 9 of Table 9 10 LFE of RL 100 x Actual Mkr Reading Ideal Mkr Reading 223 6 mV For example if the Ideal Mkr Reading is 89 3 mV and the Actual Mkr Reading is 85 mV the Linear Fidelity Error would be LFE 100 x 85 89 3 223 6 100 x 4 3 223 6 100 x 0 0192 1 92 of RL 4 Repeat step 1 through step 3 above for the remaini...

Страница 227: ...ctual total attenuation to determine the scale fidelity error The spectrum analyzer marker functions are used to measure the amplitude differences The step attenuator s actual attenuation values are used to correct the marker amplitude readings yielding the input attenuation switching error Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator 1 dB step attenuator 10 dB step attenuator Attenuator switch...

Страница 228: ...ration data supplied with the 1 dB step attenuator enter into column 2 of Table 9 11 the actual attenuation for the corresponding nominal attenuation settings If the calibration data does not indicate an actual attenuation value for the 0 dB setting enter 0 dB 2 From the calibration data supplied with the 10 dB step attenuator enter into column 4 of Table 9 11 the actual attenuation for the corres...

Страница 229: ...ctual and nominal attenuations for each total nominal attenuations from the difference between the actual and nominal attenuations for the 50 dB total nominal attenuation Where Example Record the Attenuation Errors in Table 9 12 for the appropriate Total Nominal Attenuation setting Note that the Total Nominal Attenuations listed in Table 9 12 are in a different order than those listed in Table 9 1...

Страница 230: ...tep Attenuator Nominal Attenuation 1 dB step Attenuator Actual Attenuation 10 dB step Attenuator Nominal Attenuation 10 dB step Attenuator Actual Attenuation Total Nominal Attenuation Total Actual Attenuation dB dB dB dB dB dB 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 10 10 5 10 15 0 20 20 5 20 25 0 30 30 5 30 35 0 40 40 5 40 45 0 50 50 5 50 55 0 60 60 5 60 65 ...

Страница 231: ...Man 30 kHz Video BW 100 Hz 3 Preset the synthesized signal generator and set the controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 10 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE 6 dBm 75 Ω Input only AM OFF FM OFF 4 Set the 1 dB step attenuator to 0 dB attenuation Set the 10 dB step attenuator to 50 dB Refer to Table 9 2 earlier in this chapter for information on manually controlling a programmable step attenuator...

Страница 232: ...9 12 for the 0 dB spectrum analyzer attenuation setting For analyzers with 50 Ω inputs use the column labeled dBm For analyzers with 75 Ω inputs use the column labeled dBmV 3 Set the spectrum analyzer attenuation to 0 dB 4 Press Single Sweep and wait for completion of a new sweep 5 Press Peak Search Record the marker amplitude in Table 9 12 as the Mkr Reading Spectrum Analyzer Total Nominal Attenu...

Страница 233: ...Calculate the Switching Error by subtracting the Attenuation Error from the Mkr Reading Record the result in the performance verification test record as indicated in the TR Entry column of Table 9 12 Example 8 On the analyzer press System Alignments Auto Align All Switching Error Mkr Reading Attentuation Error Mkr Reading 0 21 dB Attenuation Error 0 148 dB 0 358 dB Switching Error 0 21 dB 0 148 dB...

Страница 234: ...used to measure the 3 dB bandwidth The first marker is set on the left filter skirt so that the marker delta amplitude is 0 dB plus the attenuator error for the 3 dB setting The second marker is similarly set on the right filter skirt The frequency difference between the two markers is the 3 dB bandwidth There are no related adjustments for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesized sign...

Страница 235: ...edure 1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 9 3 dB Bandwidths 2 Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows AMPLITUDE 0 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE 6 dBm 75 Ω Input only FREQUENCY 50 MHz 3 Press Preset on the analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Press System Alignments Auto Align Off Set the analyzer by pressing the following keys Frequency 50 MHz Span 4 5 MHz ...

Страница 236: ...10 Record the marker frequency readout in column 3 of Table 9 13 11 Using the analyzer knob raise the marker frequency so that the marker delta amplitude is maximum Continue increasing the marker frequency until the marker reads 0 0 dB plus the attenuator error noted in step 8 0 05 dB 12 Record the marker frequency readout in column 4 of Table 9 13 13 Set the attenuator to 3 dB 14 Press Marker Mar...

Страница 237: ... Table 9 13 3 dB Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy Analyzer Span Analyzer Res BW Lower Marker Frequency Upper Marker Frequency TR Entry 3 dB Bandwidth 4 5 MHz 3 MHz 1 1 5MHz 1 MHz 2 450 kHz 300 kHz 3 150 kHz 100 kHz 4 45 kHz 30 kHz 5 15 kHz 10 kHz 6 4 5 kHz 3 kHz 7 1 5 kHz 1 kHz 8 ...

Страница 238: ...BNC 122 cm 48 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Procedure This performance test consists of two parts Part 1 Frequency Readout Accuracy Part 2 Marker Count Accuracy Perform Part 1 before Part 2 Part 1 Frequency Readout Accuracy 1 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 10 Remember to connect the 10 MHz REF OUT of the synthesized sweeper to th...

Страница 239: ...dapters on instruments with 75 Ω connectors or damage to the connectors will occur 3 Press Peak Search on the analyzer to measure the frequency readout accuracy 4 Record the marker frequency reading in the performance verification test record 5 Change to the next analyzer span setting listed in Table 9 14 6 Repeat step 3 through step 5 for each analyzer span setting listed in Table 9 14 Part 1 Fre...

Страница 240: ...e to finish Set the analyzer to measure the marker count accuracy by pressing the following keys Frequency 1 490 GHz Span 10 MHz BW Avg Resolution BW Auto Man 100 kHz Marker Count Marker Count On Off On Resolution Auto Man 1 Hz 2 Press Peak Search then wait for a count be taken it may take several seconds 3 Record the center frequency reading as TR Entry 3 of the performance verification test reco...

Страница 241: ... sensors and a power splitter The measured insertion loss is then used to correct the difference between the power meter and spectrum analyzer readings Equipment Required Synthesized signal generator Measuring receiver Power sensor low power Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Adapter Type N f to Type N f Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Power sensor 100 kHz to 1500 MHz 75 Ω Adapter mechanical Type N f 7...

Страница 242: ...power level for a power meter reading of 24 dBm Allow the power sensor adequate time to settle the 75 Ω power sensor is being used on its lowest range Record the power meter reading here Power Meter Reading ____________ dBm 5 Press the following analyzer keys Preset System Alignments Align Now All wait for alignment to finish Done Auto Align Off Frequency 50 MHz Span 2 kHz BW Avg Resolution BW Aut...

Страница 243: ...itude reading from volts to dBm using the following equation Mkr dBm ____________ dBm 11 Subtract the power meter reading noted in step 4 from the Mkr amplitude reading in dBm Record the difference in the performance test record TR entry Mkr dBm power meter reading 12 Press Preset System Alignments Auto Align All 50Ω Input 10log Mkr V 2 0 05 75Ω Input 10log Mkr V 2 0 075 ...

Страница 244: ...ays the inverse of the frequency response relative to 50 MHz For frequencies below 100 kHz a synthesizer function generator is used in place of the synthesized signal generator A DVM and 50 Ω load are used in place of the power sensor and measuring receiver The related adjustments for this performance test are Corrected Flatness and Uncorrected Flatness Analyzers with 75 Ω inputs are tested only d...

Страница 245: ...r Figure 9 12 System Characterization Test Setup for 75 Ω Input Procedure Part 1 System Characterization for 75 Ω Input NOTE The following procedure is only for spectrum analyzers equipped with 75 Ω input If your spectrum analyzer in not equipped with 75 Ω input proceed with step 1 of Frequency Response 100 kHz 1 Zero and calibrate the measuring receiver and 100 kHz to 1500 MHz power sensor as des...

Страница 246: ...as follows FREQUENCY 1 MHz INCREMENT SET 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 5 dBm 5 Adjust the synthesized signal generator amplitude for 0 dBm reading on the measuring receiver 6 Record the power meter reading in column 4 of Table 9 15 taking into account the calibration factors of both the 100 kHz to 1500 MHz power sensor and the 75 Ω power sensor 7 On the synthesized signal generator press FREQUENCY 50 MHz 8 Rep...

Страница 247: ...n the measuring receiver operation manual 2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 12 Be sure to use a mechanical adapter on analyzers with 75 Ω inputs 3 Press Blue Key Special 00 on the synthesized signal generator Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz INCREMENT SET 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 8 dBm 4 On the analyzer press Preset and wait for the preset routine to fin...

Страница 248: ...0 MHz on the spectrum analyzer 13 Adjust the synthesized sweeper power level for a spectrum analyzer marker amplitude reading of 14 dBm 0 05 dB 14 Set the sensor Cal Factor on the measuring receiver then record the negative of the power ratio displayed on the measuring receiver in column 2 of Table 9 15 as the Error Relative to 50 MHz at 100 MHz 15 On the synthesized signal generator press FREQUEN...

Страница 249: ...Ω Input skip this section and go to Test Results 18 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 14 Set the frequency synthesizer controls as follows FREQUENCY 100 kHz AMPLITUDE 8 dBm AMPTD INCR 0 05 dB 19 Set the DVM as follows Function Sync AC Volts Math dBm RES Register 50 Ω Front Rear Terminals Front Resolution 7 5 digits 20 On the analyzer press the following keys Frequency 100 kHz ...

Страница 250: ...00 kHz recorded in step 21 Record the result as the Response Relative to 100 kHz column 3 of Table 9 16 28 Add the entry from Table 9 15 column 2 100 kHz Error Relative to 50 MHz that was recorded in step 10 to each of the entries in Table 9 16 column 3 Response Relative to 100 kHz Record the results as the Response Relative to 50 MHz column 4 in Table 9 16 Test Results Perform the following steps...

Страница 251: ...orksheet Column 1 Analyzer Frequency MHz Column 2 ErrorRelative to 50 MHz dB Column 3 CAL FACTOR Frequency GHz Column 4 System Error 75 Ω Input Only dB Column 5 Corrected Error 75 Ω Input Only dB 100 kHz 0 0001 1 MHz 0 001 50 Ref 0 05 or Ref CF 100 0 1 150 0 1 200 0 3 250 0 3 300 0 3 350 0 3 400 0 3 450 0 3 500 0 3 550 1 0 600 1 0 650 1 0 700 1 0 750 1 0 800 1 0 850 1 0 900 1 0 950 1 0 1000 1 0 10...

Страница 252: ...0 1500 1 0 Column 1 Analyzer Frequency Column 2 DVM Amplitude dBm Column 3 Response Relative to 100 kHz Column 4 Response Relative to 50 MHz 100 kHz 0 Ref 75 kHz 50 kHz 20 kHz 9 kHz Column 1 Analyzer Frequency MHz Column 2 ErrorRelative to 50 MHz dB Column 3 CAL FACTOR Frequency GHz Column 4 System Error 75 Ω Input Only dB Column 5 Corrected Error 75 Ω Input Only dB ...

Страница 253: ...combined in a directional bridge for isolation and are applied to the spectrum analyzer input The power level of the two signals is several dB higher than specified so the distortion products will be suppressed less than the amount specified In this manner the equivalent third order intercept TOI is measured With two 30 dBm signals at the input mixer and the distortion products suppressed by 74 dB...

Страница 254: ...e N m to Type N m Adapter Type N m to BNC f Adapter SMA m to Type N m Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Power sensor 75 Ω Adapter mechanical 75 Ω to 50 Ω Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N m to BNC m 75 Ω Procedure This performance test consists of two parts Part 1 Second Harmonic Distortion 40 MHz Part 2 Third Order Intermodulation Distortion Perform Part 1 before Part 2 ...

Страница 255: ...will occur 1 Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows FREQUENCY 40 MHz AMPLITUDE 10 dBm 50 Ω Input only AMPLITUDE 4 3 dBm 75 Ω Input only 2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 15 75 Ω Input only Connect the minimum loss adapter between the LPF and Input 75 Ω 3 Press Preset on the spectrum analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Set the spectrum analyzer by pressi...

Страница 256: ... amplitude reading in the performance verification test record as TR Entry 1 Part 2 Third Order Intermodulation Distortion 1 Zero and calibrate the measuring receiver and 100 kHz to 1500 MHz power sensor in log mode power reads out in dBm as described in the measuring receiver operation manual Enter the power sensor s 50 MHz Cal Factor into the measuring receiver 75 Ω Input only Use a 75 Ω power s...

Страница 257: ...bles connectors or adapters on instruments with 75 Ω connectors or damage to the connectors will occur 3 Proceed with steps 4 through 25 using the information and entries in Table 9 17 for TOI Test 1 Then continue on with steps 26 through 30 4 Set the synthesized signal generator s FREQUENCY to F1 as indicated in Table 9 17 Set the AMPLITUDE to 10 dBm ...

Страница 258: ...h Peak Excursn 3 dB 7 On the synthesized signal generator adjust the amplitude until the measuring receiver reads 12 dBm 0 1 dB 8 Disconnect the power sensor from the directional bridge Connect the directional bridge directly to the spectrum analyzer RF Input using an adapter do not use a cable 75 Ω Input only Use a 50 Ω to 75 Ω mechanical adapter and a 75 Ω Type N m to BNC m adapter CAUTION Suppo...

Страница 259: ...ding in Table 9 17 as the Upper Distortion Amplitude 21 On the spectrum analyzer press BW Avg Video Average Off Marker Marker All Off 22 In Table 9 17 record the most positive of the Upper Distortion Amplitude and Lower Distortion Amplitude as the Worst Distortion Amplitude For example if the Upper Distortion Amplitude is 72 dBc and the Lower Distortion Amplitude is 73 dBc record 72 dBc as the Wor...

Страница 260: ...r and spectrum analyzer 28 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 16 without using a low pass filter and with the output of the directional bridge connected to the power sensor 75 Ω Input only Use the power sensor with a 50 Ω to 75 Ω mechanical adapter in place of the 50 Ω adapter 29 Repeat steps 4 through 25 using the information and entries for TOI Test 3 in Table 9 17 It is not necessary to...

Страница 261: ...thesized signal generator Measuring receiver used as a power meter Power sensor 100 kHz to 1500 MHz Directional bridge Cable BNC 120 cm 48 in 2 required Adapter Type N f to BNC m Adapter Type N m to BNC m Adapter Type N f to APC 3 5 f Adapter Type N m to BNC f 2 required Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Power sensor 75 Ω Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Adapter BNC m to BNC m 75 Ω Procedure 1 Zer...

Страница 262: ...sion Test Setup CAUTION Use only 75 Ω cables connectors or adapters on instruments with 75 Ω connectors or damage to the connectors will occur 3 Press PRESET on the synthesized sweeper then set the controls as follows CW 53 MHz POWER LEVEL 6 dBm 4 Set the synthesized signal generator controls as follows FREQUENCY 50 MHz AMPLITUDE 100 dBm 5 On the spectrum analyzer press Preset then wait for the pr...

Страница 263: ... the spectrum analyzer using an adapter Do not use a cable 75 Ω Input only Use a 75 Ω adapter BNC m to BNC m 9 On the spectrum analyzer press the following keys Peak Search Frequency Signal Track On Off On Span 150 kHz Wait for the Span 150 kHz message to appear 10 On the synthesized signal generator adjust the amplitude to place the signal 16 dB below the spectrum analyzer reference level 11 On t...

Страница 264: ...e specification There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesized sweeper Measuring receiver used as a power meter Power sensor 100 kHz to 1500 MHz Adapter Type N f to APC 3 5 f Adapter Type N f to Type N f Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Power sensor 75 Ω Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Adapter BNC m to BNC m 75 Ω Pad ...

Страница 265: ...level of 4 24 dBm reading 0 1 dB 5 On the synthesized sweeper press SAVE 1 Figure 9 18 Other Input Related Spurious Responses Power Setting Setup 6 Set the CW frequency on the synthesized sweeper to 510 7 MHz 7 Adjust the synthesized sweeper power level for a 10 dBm 0 1 dB reading on the measuring receiver 75 Ω Input only Adjust the synthesized sweeper for a power level of 4 24 dBm reading 0 1 dB ...

Страница 266: ...Input only Adjust the synthesized sweeper for a power level of 4 24 dBm reading 0 1 dB 16 On the synthesized sweeper press SAVE 4 17 Set the CW frequency on the synthesized sweeper to 500 MHz 18 Adjust the synthesized sweeper power level for a 10 dBm 0 1 dB reading on the measuring receiver 75 Ω Input only Adjust the synthesized sweeper for a power level of 4 24 dBm reading 0 1 dB 19 Connect the s...

Страница 267: ...uencies listed in Table 9 18 do the following a Set the synthesized sweeper to the listed CW frequency by pressing RECALL 1 for a CW frequency of 542 8 MHz or RECALL 2 for a CW frequency of 510 7 MHz b Press Single Sweep and wait for the completion of a new sweep c On the analyzer press Peak Search and record the marker delta amplitude reading in the performance verification test record as indicat...

Страница 268: ... Mkr Ref Lvl Peak Search Marker Marker Single Sweep 24 On the synthesized sweeper press RECALL 3 for a CW frequency of 1310 7 MHz 25 Press Single Sweep on the analyzer and wait for a completion of a new sweep 26 On the analyzer press Peak Search and record the marker delta amplitude in the performance test record as TR Entry 3 ...

Страница 269: ...to display the response in the time domain The marker delta frequency function on the analyzer is used to read out the sweep time accuracy There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Synthesizer function generator Synthesized signal generator Cable Type N 152 cm 60 in Cable BNC 120 cm 48 in Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Pad minimum loss Adapter Typ...

Страница 270: ...kHz message to appear Press Span then Zero Span Press the following analyzer keys BW Avg 3 MHz Sweep Time 20 ms Amplitude Scale Type Log Lin Lin Search Peak Excursion 3 dB Adjust the signal generator amplitude for a mid screen display 5 Set the synthesized signal generator to EXT AM 90 MODULATION 6 On the analyzer press Trig then Video Adjust the video trigger so that the analyzer is sweeping 7 Pr...

Страница 271: ... Verification Tests 17 Sweep Time Accuracy Table 9 19 Sweep Time Accuracy SpectrumAnalyzer Sweep Time Setting Synthesizer Function Generator Frequency TR Entry MKR 20 ms 500 0 Hz 1 100 ms 100 0 Hz 2 1 s 10 0 Hz 3 10 s 1 0 Hz 4 ...

Страница 272: ...oise in zero span To reduce measurement uncertainty due to input attenuator switching and resolution bandwidth switching a reference level offset is added The 50 MHz alignment signal is used as the amplitude reference for determining the amount of offset required The offset is removed at the end of the test by pressing instrument preset The related adjustment for this procedure is Frequency Respon...

Страница 273: ...ne BW Avg 3 kHz Video BW Auto Man 10 kHz Det Demod Detector Sample Done 2 Press Single Sweep and wait for a new sweep to complete 3 Press Peak Search and record the marker amplitude reading Ref Amptd ____________ dB 4 Press the following keys on the analyzer Amplitude Attenuation Auto Man 0 dB Scale Type Log Lin Log Amptd Units dBm Done BW Avg 1 kHz Video BW 30 Hz Single Sweep 5 Press Peak Search ...

Страница 274: ...cy 400 kHz Set the analyzer by pressing the following keys Span 50 kHz Amplitude 70 dBm BW Avg 1 kHz Video BW Auto Man 30 Hz Sweep Sweep Time Auto Man 5 sec Det Demod Detector Sample Single Sweep Wait for the completion of a new sweep 10 Press the following analyzer keys Display Display Line On Off On Adjust the display line so that it is centered on the average trace noise ignoring any residual r...

Страница 275: ... place the LO feedthrough just off screen to the left 14 Press the following analyzer keys Single Sweep Trace Clear Write A BW Avg Video Average On Off On 10 Enter Single Sweep Wait until AVG 10 is displayed to the left of the graticule the analyzer will take ten sweeps then stop 15 Press Peak Search and record the marker frequency as the Measurement Frequency in Table 9 20 for 1 MHz to 10 MHz 16 ...

Страница 276: ...ecord The average noise level should be less than the specified limit 75 Ω Input TR Entry 6 10 MHz to 500 MHz 21 Press the following analyzer keys Frequency Start Freq 10 MHz Stop Freq 500 MHz Amplitude 70 dBm 50 Ω Input only Amplitude Amptd Units dBmV Done Ref Level 21 24 dBmV 75 Ω Input only BW Avg 100 kHz Video BW Auto Man 10 kHz Sweep Sweep Cont Single Cont Sweep Time Auto Man Auto 22 Press Fr...

Страница 277: ... following analyzer keys Display Display Line On Off On Adjust the display line so that it is centered on the average trace noise ignoring any residual responses refer to the Residual Responses verification test for any suspect residuals 29 Record the display line amplitude setting as TR Entry 3 of the performance verification test record The average noise level should be less than the specified l...

Страница 278: ...p Wait until AVG 10 is displayed to the left of the graticule the analyzer will take ten sweeps then stop 32 Press Peak Search and record the marker frequency as the Measurement Frequency in Table 9 20 for 500 MHz to 1 2 GHz 75 Ω Input 500 MHz to 1 0 GHz 33 Press the following analyzer keys BW Avg Video Average On Off Off BW Avg Resolution BW Auto Man Auto Video BW Auto Man Auto Span 50 kHz Freque...

Страница 279: ... Ω Inputs 1 0 GHz to 1 5 GHz 38 Press the following analyzer keys Frequency Start Freq 1 2 GHz Frequency Start Freq 1 0 GHz 75 Ω Input only Stop Freq 1 5 GHz BW Avg 1 MHz Video BW Auto Man 10 kHz Sweep Sweep Cont Single Cont 39 Press the following analyzer keys Single Sweep Trace Clear Write A BW Avg Video Average On Off On 10 Enter Single Sweep Wait until AVG 10 is displayed to the left of the gr...

Страница 280: ...n 30 Hz Single Sweep Wait for the sweep to finish 44 Press the following analyzer keys Display Display Line On Off On Adjust the display line so that it is centered on the average trace noise ignoring any residual responses refer to the Residual Responses verification test for any suspect residuals 45 Record the display line amplitude setting as TR Entry 5 of the performance verification test reco...

Страница 281: ... 1 5 GHz range Any responses above the specification are noted There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Termination 50 Ω Type N m Additional Equipment for 75 Ω Input Termination 75 Ω Type Ν µ Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Figure 9 22 Residual Response Test Setup CAUTION Use only 75 Ω cables connectors or adapters on instruments with 75 Ω connectors o...

Страница 282: ...dual responses at or above the display line If a residual is suspected press Single Sweep again A residual response will persist on successive sweeps but a noise peak will not Note the frequency and amplitude of any residual responses above the display line in Table 9 21 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz 4 Press Preset on the analyzer then wait for the preset routine to finish Press the following keys Frequency 5 ...

Страница 283: ...ep 7 until the range from 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz has been checked This requires 153 additional frequency steps The test for this band requires about 8 minutes to complete if no residuals are found If the on screen annotation is obscuring possible residuals just press the ESC key to clear it If there are any residuals at or near the frequency specification limits 1 MHz or 1 5 GHz it is recommended that a...

Страница 284: ...adjustments for this performance test Equipment Required Termination 50 Ω Type N m 2 required Additional Equipment Required For 75 Ω RF Out Termination 75 Ω Type N m 2 required Adapter Type N m to BNC m 2 required CAUTION Use only 75 Ω cables connectors or adapters on instruments with 75 Ω connectors or damage to the connectors will occur Figure 9 23 Tracking Generator Feedthrough Test Setup Proce...

Страница 285: ...5 Press Peak Search and record the marker amplitude reading Meas Amptd ____________ dBm 6 Calculate the necessary reference level offset by subtracting the Meas Amptd in step 5 from the Ref Amptd in step 3 If the calculated Ref Lvl Offst is greater than 0 05 dB or less than 0 05 dB record the Ref Lvl Offst value below Otherwise enter 0 Ref Lvl Offst ____________ dB 7 Press System 50 MHz osc On Off...

Страница 286: ...dual responses Record the display line amplitude setting in Table 9 22 as the noise level at 400 kHz 75 Ω RF Out only Record the display line amplitude setting in Table 9 22 as the noise level at 1 MHz 13 Press Frequency Center Freq and enter the next frequency in Table 9 22 The center frequency of the analyzer equals the output frequency of the tracking generator 75 Ω RF Out only Do not set the t...

Страница 287: ...tion test record 17 In Table 9 22 locate the most positive Noise Level Amplitude for frequencies greater than 500 MHz and less than or equal to 1200 MHz Record this amplitude as TR Entry 3 of the performance verification test record 18 In Table 9 22 locate the most positive Noise Level Amplitude for frequencies greater than 1200 MHz Record this amplitude as TR Entry 4 of the performance verificati...

Страница 288: ...cord this amplitude as TR Entry 5 of the performance verification test record 20 In Table 9 22 locate the most positive Noise Level Amplitude for frequencies greater than 500 MHz and less than or equal to 1000 MHz Record this amplitude as TR Entry 6 of the performance verification test record 21 In Table 9 22 locate the most positive Noise Level Amplitude for frequencies greater than 1000 MHz Reco...

Страница 289: ... decreased in 1 dB steps and the power level is measured at each step The difference between the ideal and actual power levels is calculated at each step Since a power sweep is accomplished by stepping through the vernier settings the peak to peak variation of the vernier accuracy is equal to the power sweep accuracy Equipment Required Measuring receiver Power sensor 100 kHz to 1500 MHz Additional...

Страница 290: ...ng receiver 3 Connect the 100 kHz to 1500 MHz power sensor to the RF Out 50 Ω as shown in Figure 9 24 75 Ω RF Out only Connect the power sensor to the RF Out 75 Ω as shown in Figure 9 24 4 On the spectrum analyzer press Source Amptd Amplitude On Off On 0 dBm 50 Ω RF Output only Source Amptd Amplitude On Off On 42 76 dBmV 75 Ω RF Output only Single Sweep Source Amptd Attenuation Auto Man 0 dB 5 Rea...

Страница 291: ...0 dBm recorded in Table 9 23 Record in the performance verification test record the Positive Vernier Accuracy as TR Entry 2 and the Negative Vernier Accuracy as TR Entry 3 75 Ω RF Out only For source amplitudes of 41 76 dBmV to 32 76 dBmV Positive Vernier Accuracy ____________ dB Negative Vernier Accuracy ____________ dB 10 Locate the most positive and most negative Absolute Vernier Accuracy value...

Страница 292: ...Accuracy Options 1DN and 1DQ Table 9 23 Vernier Accuracy Worksheet Source Amplitude Setting Measured Power Level Vernier Accuracy Option 1DN dBm Option 1DQ dBmV dB dB 1 41 76 2 40 76 3 39 76 4 38 76 5 37 76 6 36 76 7 35 76 8 34 76 9 33 76 10 32 76 11 31 76 12 30 76 13 29 76 14 28 76 15 27 76 ...

Страница 293: ...ency and recorded For frequencies below 100 kHz a digital voltmeter and precision 50 Ω termination are used to measure the power of the tracking generator output The DVM is set to readout in dBm using the MATH function with R value set to 50 Ω The dBm equation used is The DVM readout is corrected by making the readings relative to the 100 kHz reading from the power sensor Analyzers with 75 Ω track...

Страница 294: ...0 MHz CF Step Auto Man 100 MHz Span Zero Span Source Amptd Amplitude On Off On 0 dBm 50 Ω RF Output only Source Amptd Amplitude On Off On 42 76 dBmV 75 Ω RF Output only Single Sweep 2 Zero and calibrate the measuring receiver and 100 kHz to 1 5 GHz power sensor in log mode power reads out in dBm as described in the measuring receiver operation manual Enter the power sensor 50 MHz Cal Factor into t...

Страница 295: ... Record the power level displayed on the measuring receiver as the Level Flatness in Table 9 24 8 Repeat step 5 through step 7 to measure the flatness at each center frequency setting listed in Table 9 24 The step up key may be used to tune to center frequencies above 100 MHz 75 Ω RF Out only Repeat step 5 through step 7 to measure the flatness at the frequencies above 1 MHz listed in Table 9 24 T...

Страница 296: ...only Skip step 9 through step 14 9 Disconnect the Power Sensor from the RF Out 50 Ω and connect the equipment as shown in Figure 9 26 Figure 9 26 Tracking Generator Level Flatness Center Frequency 100 kHz 600 MHz 300 700 MHz 1000 800 MHz 1000 900 MHz 1000 1000 MHz 1000 1100 MHz 1000 1200 MHz 1000 1300 MHz 1000 1400 MHz 1000 1500 MHz 2000 Center Frequency Level Flatness dB Cal Factor MHz ...

Страница 297: ... Offset at 100 kHz DVM Offset ____________ dB For example if the Level Flatness reading from Table 9 24 is 0 7 dB and the DVM Readout from Table 9 25 is 0 53 dBm the DVM offset would be 1 23 dB 14 Add the DVM Offset from step 13 to each of the DVM Readouts in Table 9 25 and record as the Corrected Level Flatness in column 3 For example if the DVM Readout from Table 9 25 is 0 22 dBm and the DVM Off...

Страница 298: ...f the performance verification test record 75 Ω RF Out only Do not use the data in Table 9 25 17 Locate the most positive Level Flatness reading in Table 9 24 for frequencies greater than 10 MHz and record this value as TR Entry 3 of the performance verification test record 18 Locate the most negative Level Flatness reading in Table 9 24 for frequencies greater than 10 MHz and record this value as...

Страница 299: ... third harmonics relative to the fundamental are measured at each frequency There are no related adjustment procedures for this performance test Equipment Required Spectrum analyzer microwave Cable Type N 62 cm 24 in Cable BNC 23 cm 9 in Adapter Type N m to BNC f Additional Equipment Required for 75 Ω RF Out Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Figure 9 27 Harmonic Spurious Outputs Test...

Страница 300: ... panel calibration of the microwave spectrum analyzer by performing the following steps Note that the following steps are for an HP 8566A B microwave spectrum analyzer the steps may be different if you are using another microwave spectrum analyzer Connect a BNC cable between CAL Output and RF Input Press 2 22 GHz INSTR PRESET RECALL 8 Adjust AMPTD CAL for a marker amplitude reading of 10 dBm Press...

Страница 301: ...l for the 10 MHz Tracking Generator Output Frequency Perform this step only if the Tracking Generator Output Frequency is less than 500 MHz Press CENTER FREQUENCY and the step up key to tune to the third harmonic Press Peak Search Record the marker amplitude reading in Table 9 26 as the 3rd Harmonic Level for the 10 MHz Tracking Generator Output Frequency Press MARKER Off 6 Change the spectrum ana...

Страница 302: ... 2nd Harmonic Level in Table 9 26 for frequencies between 100 MHz and 750 MHz and record as TR Entry 2 of the performance verification test record 10 Record the 10 MHz 3rd Harmonic Level in Table 9 26 as TR Entry 3 of the performance verification test record 11 Locate the most positive 3rd Harmonic Level in Table 9 26 for frequencies between 100 MHz and 300 MHz and record as TR Entry 4 of the perf...

Страница 303: ...monics are ignored The amplitude of the highest spurious response is recorded There are no related adjustments for this performance test Equipment Required Spectrum analyzer microwave Cable Type N 62 cm 24 in Cable BNC 23 cm 9 in Adapter Type N m to BNC f Additional Equipment Required for 75 Ω RF Out Pad minimum loss Adapter Type N f to BNC m 75 Ω Procedure 1 Press Preset on the spectrum analyzer ...

Страница 304: ...fore proceeding 3 Perform a front panel calibration of the microwave spectrum analyzer by performing the following steps Note that the following steps are for an HP 8566A B microwave spectrum analyzer the steps may be different if you are using another microwave spectrum analyzer Connect a BNC cable between CAL Output and RF Input Press 2 22 GHz INSTR PRESET RECALL 8 Adjust AMPTD CAL for a marker ...

Страница 305: ...ed in Table 9 27 8 On the microwave spectrum analyzer press Peak Search Press MARKER REF LVL Wait for another sweep to finish 9 Record the microwave spectrum analyzer marker amplitude reading Table 9 27 as the Fundamental Amplitude 10 Repeat step 5 through step 9 for all Fundamental Frequency settings Table 9 27 Table 9 27 Fundamental Response Amplitudes Worksheet Measuring Non Harmonic Responses ...

Страница 306: ...yzer the marker frequency might not equal the actual frequency Given the marker frequency check if the difference calculated in step d is within the appropriate tolerance For marker frequencies 5 MHz tolerance 200 kHz For marker frequencies 55 MHz tolerance 750 kHz For marker frequencies 55 MHz tolerance 10 MHz f If the difference in step d is within the indicated tolerance the signal in question ...

Страница 307: ... 18 for the remaining microwave spectrum analyzer settings for start frequency stop frequency and resolution bandwidth and for the spectrum analyzer center frequency setting of 10 MHz 20 Repeat step 12 through step 19 with the spectrum analyzer center frequency set to 750 MHz 21 Repeat step 12 through step 19 with the spectrum analyzer center frequency set to 1 5 GHz 22 Locate in Table 9 28 the mo...

Страница 308: ...307 10 Performance Verification Test Record ...

Страница 309: ...___________ Test Equipment Used Description Model No Trace No Cal Due Date Synthesized sweeper ___________ ___________ ___________ Synthesizer function generator ___________ ___________ ___________ Synthesized signal generator ___________ ___________ ___________ Measuring receiver ___________ ___________ ___________ 75 Ω termination ___________ ___________ ___________ RF power sensor ___________ _...

Страница 310: ...lts Measured Maximum Measurement Uncertainty 1 10 MHz Reference Accuracy Frequency Error Settability 5 Hz 1 ___________ 5 Hz 18 6 mHz 2 Resolution Bandwidth Switching Uncertainty Resolution Bandwidth 3 kHz 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 1 kHz 0 4 dB 1 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 093 dB 10 kHz 0 4 dB 2 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 093 dB 30 kHz 0 4 dB 3 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 093 dB 100 kHz 0 4 dB 4 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 093 dB ...

Страница 311: ...____ 81 kHz 408 Hz 100 MHz 79 MHz 4 ___________ 81 MHz 408 kHz 100 kHz 79 kHz 5 ___________ 81 kHz 408 Hz 100 MHz 79 MHz 6 ___________ 81 MHz 408 kHz 100 kHz 79 kHz 7 ___________ 81 kHz 408 Hz 7 Reference Level Accuracy Log Mode Reference Level dBm dBmV 30 21 76 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 20 31 76 0 40 dB 1 ___________ 0 40 dB 0 194 dB 10 41 76 0 50 dB 2 ___________ 0 50 dB 0 194 dB 40 11 76 0 40 dB 3 ____...

Страница 312: ...76 0 50 dB 12 ___________ 0 50 dB 0 206 dB 60 8 24 0 60 dB 13 ___________ 0 60 dB 0 206 dB 70 18 24 1 00 dB 14 ___________ 1 00 dB 0 206 dB 80 28 24 1 10 dB 15 ___________ 1 10 dB 0 206 dB 90 38 24 1 20 dB 16 ___________ 1 20 dB 0 206 dB 8 Scale Fidelity Log Mode dB from Ref Level Cumulative Error 0 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 4 4 34 dB 1 ___________ 3 66 dB 0 165 dB 8 8 38 dB 2 ___________ 7 62 dB 0 133 dB...

Страница 313: ...4 94 dB 16 ___________ 63 06 dB 0 150 dB 68 68 98 dB 17 ___________ 67 02 dB 0 150 dB 72 73 02 dB 18 ___________ 70 98 dB 0 150 dB 76 77 06 dB 19 ___________ 74 94 dB 0 150 dB 80 81 10 dB 20 ___________ 78 90 dB 0 149 dB 84 85 14 dB 21 ___________ 82 86 dB 0 150 dB Log Mode dB from Ref Level Incremental Error 0 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 4 0 4 dB 22 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 165 dB 8 0 4 dB 23 ___________ 0 4 d...

Страница 314: ...0 4 dB 0 149 dB 64 0 4 dB 37 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 150 dB 68 0 4 dB 38 ___________ 0 4 dB 0 150 dB Linear Mode dB from Ref Level 0 0 Ref 0 Ref 0 Ref 4 3 0 39 ___________ 3 0 1 21 8 3 0 40 ___________ 3 0 0 63 12 3 0 41 ___________ 3 0 0 40 16 3 0 42 ___________ 3 0 0 22 20 3 0 43 ___________ 3 0 0 16 9 Input Attenuation Switching Uncertainty Attenuation 0 0 30 dB 1 ___________ 0 30 dB 0 192 dB 5 0 ...

Страница 315: ... 179 dB 60 0 70 dB 12 ___________ 0 70 dB 0 179 dB 10 Resolution Bandwidth Accuracy 3 dB Resolution Bandwidth 3 MHz 2 4 MHz 1 ___________ 3 6 MHz 33 kHz 1 MHz 0 8 MHz 2 ___________ 1 2 MHz 11 kHz 300 kHz 240 kHz 3 ___________ 360 kHz 3 3 kHz 100 kHz 80 kHz 4 ___________ 120 kHz 1 1 kHz 30 kHz 24 kHz 5 ___________ 36 kHz 330 Hz 10 kHz 8 kHz 6 ___________ 12 kHz 110 Hz 3 kHz 2 4 kHz 7 ___________ 3 ...

Страница 316: ...3 ___________ 1 490000001 0 Hz 12 Absolute Amplitude Accuracy 0 30 dB 1 ___________ 0 30 dB 0 131 dB 13 Frequency Response Max Positive Response 20 to 30 C 1 ___________ 0 75 dB 0 284 dB Max Negative Response 20 to 30 C 0 75 dB 2 ___________ 0 284 dB Max Positive Response 0 to 55 C 1 ___________ 1 0 dB 0 284 dB Max Negative Response 0 to 55 C 1 0 dB 2 ___________ 0 284 dB Hewlett Packard Company M...

Страница 317: ...mV 1 02 dB 1450 MHz 7 ___________ 57 76 dBmV 1 02 dB 15 Gain Compression 1 ___________ 1 0 dB 0 22 dB 16 Other Input Related Spurious Responses 542 8 MHz 1 ___________ 65 dBc 1 22 dB 510 7 MHz 2 ___________ 65 dBc 1 22 dB 1310 7 MHz 3 ___________ 45 dBc 1 22 dB 17 Sweep Time Accuracy Sweep Time Mkr Reading 20 ms 15 8 ms 1 ___________ 16 2 ms 104 5 µs 100 ms 79 0 ms 2 ___________ 81 0 ms 523 µs 1 s...

Страница 318: ... ___________ 65 dBmV 1 51 dB 500 MHz to 1 0 GHz 8 ___________ 60 dBmV 1 51 dB 1 0 GHz to 1 5 GHz 9 ___________ 53 dBmV 1 51 dB 19 Residual Responses 150 kHz to 1 5 GHz 50 Ω Input 1 ___________ 90 dBm 1 12 dB 1 MHz to 1 5 GHz 75 Ω Input 1 ___________ 36 dBmV 1 12 dB 20 Tracking Generator Feedthrough Option 1DN only 1 MHz 1 ___________ 116 dBm 1 51 dB 1 MHz to 500 MHz 2 ___________ 120 dBm 1 51 dB 5...

Страница 319: ...itive Vernier Accuracy 2 ___________ 0 75 dB 0 19 dB Negative Vernier Accuracy 0 75 dB 3 ___________ 0 19 dB Power Sweep Accuracy 4 ___________ 1 5 dB 0 19 dB 22 Tracking Generator Level Flatness Option 1DN and 1DQ only Maximum Flatness 10 MHz 1 ___________ 2 0 dB 0 58 dB Minimum Flatness 10 MHz 2 0 dB 2 ___________ 0 58 dB Maximum Flatness 10 MHz 3 ___________ 1 5 dB 0 24 dB Minimum Flatness 10 M...

Страница 320: ... 50 dB 1 50 dB Option 1DQ only 2nd Harmonic Level 1 MHz to 20 MHz 20 MHz to 1 5 GHz 1 ___________ 2 ___________ 20 dBc 25 dBc 1 50 dB 1 50 dB 3rd Harmonic Level 1 MHz to 20 MHz 20 MHz to 1 5 GHz 3 ___________ 4 ___________ 20 dBc 25 dBc 1 50 dB 1 50 dB 24 Non Harmonic Spurious Outputs Option 1DN and 1DQ only Highest Non Harmonic Response Amplitude 1 ___________ 35 dBc 1 79 dB Hewlett Packard Compa...

Страница 321: ...320 Chapter10 Performance Verification Test Record HP ESA L1500A Performance Verification Test Record ...

Страница 322: ...IF OUT 35 AUX VIDEO OUT 34 B bandwidth measurement 91 bandwidth ratio video bandwidth to resolution bandwidth 72 battery analyzer 45 battery rechargable 142 Baud Rate 108 Benchlink software 140 Blank A B or C 112 Bottom Margin 108 Brightness keys 71 brightness keys 29 broadband preamplifiers 142 BW Avg 72 BW Avg menu map 117 C Canadian Standards Association 177 CE mark 177 Center Freq 83 center fr...

Страница 323: ...ont panel execution of programming commands 77 front panel features 29 Full Span 102 fuse 13 fuse holder 33 fuse location 33 G Graticule On Off 77 H hardware error messages 55 hardware problems 48 HI SWEEP IN 34 HI SWEEP OUT 34 highest peak finding next 97 highest signal peak 102 hold key 31 how to call Hewlett Packard 50 how to return your analyzer for service 52 HP Color Mode 108 HP IB cable 143...

Страница 324: ...ption A4H 138 Option A4J 137 Option AYU 136 Option B70 140 Option UK6 139 Option UK9 138 Options 136 12 Vdc power cable 136 50 ohm to 75 ohm matching pad 138 Benchlink software 140 carrying case 136 Commercial calibration with test data 139 extra calibration guide 139 extra users guide 139 front panel protective cover 138 HP IB and parallel interface 138 IF Sweep and Video Inputs and Outputs 137 o...

Страница 325: ...9 Select Amptd 68 Select Freq 67 Select Line Upper Lower 88 Select Marker 1 2 3 4 85 Select Point 67 Select Printer 108 service connector 35 service documentation Option 0BX 139 service key access 108 service options 50 service requests 60 service tag 52 Set Date 105 Set Time 105 setting the amplitude 40 setting the center frequency 40 setting the marker 41 setting the span 40 Show System 107 sign...

Страница 326: ...ize 100 tracking generator functions 100 transient limiter 141 Trig key 115 Trig menu map 133 trigger external 115 free run 115 line 115 video 115 trigger modes 38 turning off markers 86 turning on the analyzer for the first time 18 Type 90 type of limit line 90 U units amplitude 67 up arrow key 32 user configuration 107 User Defined 108 V VBW RBW Ratio 72 VGA connector 33 Video 115 Video Average ...

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