Siemens C541U, User Manual

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Semiconductor Group 2-4 1997-10-01
Fundamental Structure
C541U
2.2 CPU Timing
The C541U has no clock prescaler. Therefore, a machine cycle of the C541U consists of 6 states
(6 oscillator periods). Each state is devided into a phase 1 half and a phase 2 half. Thus, a machine
cycle consists of 6 oscillator periods, numbererd S1P1 (state 1, phase 1) through S6P2 (state 6,
phase 2). Each state lasts one oscillator period. Typically, arithmetic and logic operations take place
during phase 1 and internal register-to-register transfers take place during phase 2.
The diagrams in figure 2-2 show the fetch/execute timing related to the internal states and phases.
Since these internal clock signals are not user-accessible, the XTAL2 oscillator signals and the ALE
(address latch enable) signal are shown for external reference. ALE is normally activated twice
during each machine cycle: once during S1P2 and S2P1, and again during S4P2 and S5P1.
Executing of a one-cycle instruction begins at S1P2, when the op-code is latched into the instruction
register. If it is a two-byte instruction, the second reading takes place during S4 of the same
machine cycle. If it is a one-byte instruction, there is still a fetch at S4, but the byte read (which would
be the next op-code) is ignored (discarded fetch), and the program counter is not incremented. In
any case, execution is completed at the end of S6P2.
Figures 2-2 (a) and (b) show the timing of a 1-byte, 1-cycle instruction and for a 2-byte, 1-cycle
instruction.