Hanna Instruments HI931, User Manual, Page: 214 / 218

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TITRA
TION THEORY
Manual Titration
A titration that is carried out by hand. The analyst must add the appropriate amount of titrant, determine the endpoint and
calculate the results.
Molar
The concentration of a solute in a solution.
Mole (mol)
A quantity of a chemical species. The molecular weight of a substance in grams is equal to the mass of one mole of the
substance. One mole is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms or molecules.
Monochromator
A device that allows only a narrow range of wavelengths to pass though it by separating the light into different wavelengths.
Multiple Endpoint Titration
A titration that reacts multiple species in solution sequentially using the same titrant. The concentration of each analyte can be
determined from their respective endpoints.
Nernst Equation
The fundamental equation relating cell voltage to the concentration of a solution.
Neutralization
A chemical reaction where an acid and a base react to form a neutral salt and water.
Non-aqueous
A solution that does not contain water.
Non-aqueous Titration
A titration that is preformed in non-aqueous solutions, typically used to titrate very weak acids and bases to eliminate the
leveling effect water has on all acids and bases dissolved in it.
Normal
The concentration of a solution which accounts for any stoichiometric difference between the various species in a solution.
Oxidation / Reduction Potential (ORP)
The measurement describing whether a species wants to donate or accept electrons from other species in a redox reaction. If a
solutions reduction potential is higher than the species it is reacting with, it will typically gain electrons or be reduced. If the
potential is lower than the species it is reacting with, it will typically lose electrons or be oxidized.
Oxidant
The species that is accepting electrons in a redox reaction.
Pipette
Scientific apparatus that is used to deliver precise volumes of liquids.
Polyprotic Acid
Acids that are capable of donating more than one proton per acid molecule.
Potentiometric Titration
A titration in which the endpoint is determined by monitoring the voltage of the solution using an electrode.
Precipitation Titration
A titration in which the analyte reacts with the titrant to form an insoluble compound. The endpoint is typically detected with an
ISE sensitive to either the analyte or titrant.
Reagent
The chemical added in a titration that causes the given reaction to occur.