Hanna Instruments HI931, User Manual, Page: 197 / 218

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TITRA
TION THEORY
1. GENERAL REVIEW OF TITRATION THEORY ............................................................................................................
1.1. INTRODUCTION TO TITRATIONS ...............................................................................................................................
1.2.. USES OF TITRATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................
1.3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TITRATIONS .............................................................................................
2. TYPES OF TITRATION ................................................................................................................................................
2.1. TITRATIONS ACCORDING TO THE MEASUREMENT METHOD ....................................................................................
2.1.1. AMPEROMETRIC TITRATIONS ......................................................................................................................................
2.1.2. POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS ....................................................................................................................................
2.1.3. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TITRATIONS............................................................................................................................
2.2. TITRATIONS ACCORDING TO THE REACTION TYPE ..................................................................................................
2.2.1. ACID-BASE TITRATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................
2.2.2. ARGENTOMETRIC TITRATIONS .....................................................................................................................................
2.2.3. COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATIONS ...................................................................................................................................
2.2.4. ION SELECTIVE TITRATIONS ........................................................................................................................................
2.2.5. NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENT ACID-BASE TITRATIONS ........................................................................................................
2.2.6. PRECIPITATION TITRATIONS ........................................................................................................................................
2.2.7. REDOX TITRATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................
2.2.8. KARL FISCHER TITRATION ...........................................................................................................................................
2.3. TITRATIONS ACCORDING TO THE TITRATION SEQUENCE ........................................................................................
2.3.1. BACK TITRATIONS ......................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2. MULTIPLE ENDPOINT TITRATIONS ...............................................................................................................................
3. INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION APPARATUS AND TYPICAL TITRATION PROCEDURE ....................................
3.1. MANUAL TITRATION .................................................................................................................................................
3.2. AUTOMATIC TITRATION .............................................................................................................................................
4. TITRATION RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................
4.1. ACCURACY .................................................................................................................................................................
4.2. REPEATABILITY .........................................................................................................................................................
4.3. SOURCES OF ERROR ..................................................................................................................................................
4.3.1. SAMPLING ERRORS ....................................................................................................................................................
4.3.2. ERRORS WITH TITRANT AND STANDARD ......................................................................................................................
4.3.2.1. PREPARATION ERRORS ......................................................................................................................................
4.3.2.2. DISPENSING ERRORS ........................................................................................................................................
4.3.3. CHEMICAL REACTION ERRORS .....................................................................................................................................
4.3.4. ENDPOINT DETERMINATION ERRORS ..........................................................................................................................
5. CALCULATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................................
5.1. SAMPLE CALCULATION .............................................................................................................................................
5.2. STANDARDIZE TITRANT ............................................................................................................................................
5.3. BLANK TITRATION .....................................................................................................................................................
5.4. MULTIPLE ENDPOINT TITRATION .............................................................................................................................
5.5. BACK TITRATION .......................................................................................................................................................
6. GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................................................
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