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B–10 

Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator 

Bailey, Adrian G. [1988] 

Electrostatic Spraying of Liquids.

 New York: John Wiley & Sons. 

Chen, Da-Ren, David Y.H. Pui, and Stanley L. Kaufman [1995] 
“Electrospraying of Conducting Liquids for Monodisperse Aerosol 
Generation in the 4 nm to 1.8 µm Diameter Range.” 

J. Aerosol Sci., 

26:963-977. 

Cloupeau, M. [1994] 
“Recipes for Use of EHD Spraying in Cone-Jet Mode and Notes on 
Corona Discharge Effects.” 

J. Aerosol Sci.,

 25:1143-1158. 

Cloupeau, M. and Prunet-Foch, B. [1994] 
“Electrohydrodynamic Spraying Functioning Modes: A Critical 
Review.” 

J. Aerosol Sci., 

25:1021-1036. 

Cloupeau, M. and Prunet-Foch, B. [1989] 
“Electrostatic Spraying of Liquids in Cone-Jet Mode.” 

J. Electrostatics,

 22:135-159. 

Fuchs, N.A. [1963] 
“On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a 
Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere.” 

Geophys. Pura Appl

., 56:185 

Grace, J.M. and Dunn, P.F. [1992] 
”Electrohydrodynamic Droplet Mixing

.

”

 

J. Aerosol Sci.,

 23:S213-S216. 

Grace, J.M. and Marijnissen, J.C.M. [1994] 
“A Review of Liquid Atomization by Electrical Means.” 

J. Aerosol Sci., 

25:1005-1020. 

Hinds, W.C. [1982] 

Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of 
Airborne Particles

. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 

Hussin, A., H.G. Scheibel, K.H. Becker, and J. Porstendörfer [1983] 
“Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles I: Experimental 
Results Within the Diameter Range of 4-30 nm.” 

J. Aerosol Sci.

, 14:671. 

Joffre, G.H. and Cloupeau, M. [1986] 
“Characteristic Forms of Electrified Menisci Emitting Charges.” 

J. Electrostatics,

 18:147-161. 

Michelson, D. [1990] 

Electrostatic Atomization.

 New York: Adam Hilger. 

Pui, D.Y.H., and B.Y.H. Liu [1979] 
Technical paper: “Aerosol Generation and Calibration of 
Instruments.” Mechanical Engr. Dept. Univ. of MN, May/June. 

Содержание 3480

Страница 1: ...Aerosol Generators Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator User s Manual P N 1933793 Revision E March 2008 ...

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Страница 3: ...ing and Setting Up the System 2 Controls Indicators and Connectors 3 Operating the Electrospray 4 Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator User s Manual Maintenance 5 Troubleshooting 6 Contacting Customer Service 7 Appendixes ...

Страница 4: ...evision C TSI s phone numbers and address were updated Front and back manual covers were updated In Revision D directions for replacing the capillaries were updated due to a change to the capillary design Miscellaneous changes were made throughout manual and pictures were updated In Revision E manual was updated with new logo and look The equation used for calculating final particle diameter Dp wh...

Страница 5: ...he foregoing is IN LIEU OF all other warranties and is subject to the LIMITATIONS stated herein NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY IS MADE TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY OF THE USER OR BUYER AND THE LIMIT OF SELLER S LIABILITY FOR ANY AND ALL LOSSES INJURIES OR DAMAGES CONCERNING THE GOODS INCLUDING CLAIMS BASED ON CONTRAC...

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Страница 7: ...ations 1 2 How the Electrospray Operates 1 2 CHAPTER 2 Unpacking and Setting Up the System 2 1 Packing List 2 1 Mounting the Instrument 2 2 Ventilation Requirements 2 2 Checking the Zero of the Pressure Gauge 2 3 Power Connection 2 3 Analog Output 2 4 Filtered Air Input 2 4 CO2 Input 2 4 Installing the Ionizer 2 5 CHAPTER 3 Controls Indicators and Connectors 3 1 Front Panel 3 1 LED Displays 3 1 Vo...

Страница 8: ... the Orifice Plate 5 3 Cleaning the Aerosol Exit Port 5 4 Cleaning the Viewing Window Lens 5 4 Replacing the Ionizer 5 5 Cleaning the Electrospray Chamber 5 6 Performing an Air Leak Test 5 8 Cleaning the Pressure Chamber 5 10 Special Maintenance 5 12 Removing the Capillary 5 12 Cleaning the Capillary Tip 5 14 Installing the Capillary 5 14 Adjusting the Position of the Capillary Tip 5 15 Adjusting ...

Страница 9: ...howing Location of Rubber Feet 2 2 2 2 Installing the Ionizer 2 6 3 1 Front Panel of the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator 3 2 3 2 Back Panel of the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator 3 4 3 3 ANALOG OUTPUT Pin Designations 3 5 3 4 Main Internal Components 3 7 4 1 Inserting a Sample Vial into the Pressure Chamber 4 6 4 2 Three Views of Capillary Tip Through the Viewing Window 4 7 5 1...

Страница 10: ...cement Parts 5 19 6 1 Troubleshooting if the Electrospray Operation is Unstable 6 2 6 2 Troubleshooting if the Capillary has Become Plugged 6 3 A 1 Specifications of the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator 8 1 B 1 Capillary Flow Characteristics for Water at 20 C B 3 B 2 Midpoint Particle Diameters and Fraction of Total Particle Concentration that Carries 1 2 3 and 4 Elementary Charges B 6 B ...

Страница 11: ... C a u t i o n If the Model 3480 is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired W A R N I N G High voltage is accessible in several locations within this instrument Make sure you unplug the power source before removing the cover or performing maintenance procedures L a b e l s The Electrospray has the eight labels shown in Figure S 1 ...

Страница 12: ... appropriate caution statement are used throughout the manual and on the Model 3480 to draw attention to any steps that require you to take cautionary measures when working with the Model 3480 Caution C a u t i o n Caution means be careful It means if you do not follow the procedures prescribed in this manual you may do something that might result in equipment damage or you might have to take some...

Страница 13: ...ation ESD and ESD protection procedures should be followed to avoid damage Indicates the connector is connected to earth ground and cabinet ground Warns you that the Model P 2042 Nuclespot Local Air Ionizer which is installed inside the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator contains Polonium 210 a radioactive material that is subject to the regulations of the U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission ...

Страница 14: ...chemicals that corrode gold Do not operate the Aerosol Generator at temperatures above 50 C Excess temperatures may damage the ionizer resulting in radioactive contamination The ionizer must be returned after 12 months Contact TSI for information and instructions on returning the ionizer Do not remove any parts from the Electrospray unless you are specifically told to do so in this manual C h e m ...

Страница 15: ...pray Aerosol Generator contains a high voltage source on the inside of the instrument Under normal circumstances you will not come into contact with hazardous voltage However always remove power from the Electrospray before removing the cover from the instrument W A R N I N G High voltage is accessible in several locations within this instrument Make sure you unplug the power source before removin...

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Страница 17: ... Particle Counter Manual part number 1933763 TSI Incorporated Model 3025A Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter Manual part number 1933762 TSI Incorporated Model 3936 SMPS Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Manual part number 1933796 TSI Incorporated Model 3068 Aerosol Electrometer Manual part number 1933068 TSI Incorporated G e t t i n g H e l p To obtain assistance with this product or to submit...

Страница 18: ...e use the comment sheet on the last page of this manual to send us your opinion on the manual s usability to suggest specific improvements or to report any technical errors If the comment sheet has already been used send your comments to TSI Incorporated 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview MN 55126 U S A Fax 651 490 3824 E mail Address particle tsi com ...

Страница 19: ...erts the sample to an aerosol by charging the liquid pushing it through a capillary and exerting an electric field at the capillary tip The liquid evaporates from the droplets formed at the capillary tip while the charge on each droplet is reduced by an ionizer In addition to the vast combination of solutes that could be used in the Electrospray to generate aerosols the user has the ability to con...

Страница 20: ...range Research involving parameters that influence the electrospray method H o w t h e E l e c t r o s p r a y O p e r a t e s A sample solution is stored in a cone shaped vial enclosed in a cylindrical pressure chamber The chamber accommodates a capillary and a high voltage platinum wire both of which are immersed in the solution A differential pressure causes the solution to be pushed through th...

Страница 21: ...303053 1 Instruction Manual 1933793 2 Ferrules Nylon Front 1 16 in tube 1611252 2 Ferrules Nylon Back 1 16 in tube 1611253 2 O rings 1 009 FSI 2501899 6 O rings 1 010 EPDM 2501520 2 O rings 1 013 FSI 2501567 2 O rings 1 014 EPDM 2501528 2 O rings 1 016 EPDM 2501602 2 O rings 1 020 EPDM 2501073 2 O rings 1 024 BUNA 2501024 2 O rings 1 027 EPDM 2501603 2 O rings 1 029 EPDM 2501072 1 Vacuum Grease 11...

Страница 22: ... the cabinet or use standoffs to raise the bottom of the cabinet at least inch 1 2 cm above the mounting plate 10 50 266 7 1 50 38 1 7 99 202 8 15 86 402 8 6 00 152 4 68 17 3 59 15 0 Figure 2 1 Bottom View of Electrospray Aerosol Generator Showing Location of Rubber Feet Feet can be removed to provide mounting points on cabinet Dimensions are in inches mm Ventilation Requirements The Electrospray ...

Страница 23: ...the setscrew until the needle lines up with the left side of the zero box marked on the gauge 6 Reassemble the front cover of the gauge P o w e r C o n n e c t i o n Connect the AC power cord supplied to the AC POWER IN connection on the back of the Electrospray and then into an available power outlet It is not necessary to select the correct voltage the instrument accepts line voltages of 85 to 2...

Страница 24: ...ly that furnishes HEPA filtered clean dry air must be used to supply filtered air to the Electrospray TSI Model 3074B Filtered Air Supply is recommended and may be purchased separately The recommended pressure of the filtered air supply used with the Electrospray is 15 psi W A R N I N G Supplying more than 25 PSI air pressure could result in damage to the internal components of the Electrospray an...

Страница 25: ...ded with the ionizer W A R N I N G The use of controls adjustments or procedures other than those specified in this manual may result in exposure to hazardous radiation Use this procedure to install the ionizer 1 Remove the ionizer retainer shown in Figure 2 2 using the ionizer retainer tool supplied in the accessory kit and set the dummy source aside 2 Place the ionizer in the ionizer retainer in...

Страница 26: ...2 6 Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator O Ring 2501027 Dummy Source Ionizer Retainer Ionization Chamber Figure 2 2 Installing the Ionizer ...

Страница 27: ...d the pressure chamber In addition the viewing window and ionizer retainer are integrated with the cover and are included in this section LED Displays There are two LED displays on the Model 3480 Voltage kV and Current nA The voltage LED display is a measure of the high voltage applied to the platinum wire which charges the liquid in the vial and capillary A positive high voltage is standard but a...

Страница 28: ...cator CO2 Rotameter Air Rotameter Pressure Regulator Pressure Gauge Pressure Chamber Viewing Window Ionizer Retainer Figure 3 1 Front Panel of the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator Indicators There are two status LED s on the Electrospray power and high voltage The green power LED indicates that power is supplied to the instrument The high voltage LED indicates that high voltage is being a...

Страница 29: ...nterclockwise High voltage is not supplied to the platinum wire if the bottom half of the pressure chamber is removed In addition an in line orifice provides a pressure drop equal to the differential pressure set point eliminating the need to reduce the pressure when changing samples See Chapter 4 Operating the Electrospray for detailed instructions for handling or changing the sample vial Viewing...

Страница 30: ...Aerosol Exit Filtered Air Inlet CO2Inlet Analog Output AC Power Connector Figure 3 2 Back Panel of the Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator Aerosol Exit Flexible tubing with a diameter slightly less than or any Swagelok type fitting can be attached to the aerosol exit Conductive tubing is supplied for use at the aerosol exit to minimize particle loss due to electrostatic charge ...

Страница 31: ...umber s Signal 1 Voltage Output 1V 1 00 kV 2 Voltage GND 3 Current Output 1V 100 nA 4 Current GND 5 15 AC Power Connector The AC power connector accepts the line cord supplied to provide AC power to the instrument Line voltage can be 85 to 260 VAC 50 60 Hz single phase 3A max The connector has a built in on off switch Power consumption is 25 Watts max Note Make certain the line cord is plugged int...

Страница 32: ... Electrospray Chamber The aerosol is generated inside the Electrospray chamber See Chapter 5 Maintenance for instructions on how to clean and maintain the Electrospray chamber Appendix B Theory of Operation contains information on the theory of operation of the Electrospray chamber High Voltage Fitting and Shield The high voltage fitting is attached to the top half of the pressure vessel High volt...

Страница 33: ...5V is supplied to the main PCB by the 25W power supply The power supply contains no user serviceable parts Main PCB Controls all the electronics in the Electrospray This PCB is calibrated at the factory and there should be no need to make adjustments to its components under normal usage High Voltage Supply Module The high voltage supplied to the Electrospray chamber is generated by this component ...

Страница 34: ...ty measure to ensure that high voltage will not be supplied to any part of the instrument unless the instrument cover is in its proper position Filters These filters are used to clean the air and CO2 in various flow paths in the instrument See Appendix B Theory of Operation for a flow schematic of the Electrospray and see Chapter 5 Maintenance for information related to the maintenance of these fi...

Страница 35: ...ed in the buffer solution You may find it most convenient to prepare a large 500 mL buffer solution adjusted to the desired conductivity and pH and then dilute sample material with the buffer solution in a standard sample vial 1 7 mL centrifuge tube W A R N I N G Any material or procedure mentioned in this manual is intended for use by qualified professionals familiar with potential chemical hazar...

Страница 36: ...um acetate created by dissolving ammonium acetate in ultrapure water De ionized water can be used in place of ultrapure water if necessary however ultrapure water is recommended to reduce the chances of buffer or sample contamination growth 20 mM ammonium acetate is volatile a weak buffer and has an adjustable pH and conductivity As an example to get started using the Electrospray a 20 mM ammonium...

Страница 37: ... to make a sample for use with the Electrospray With a standard buffer solution useful solutes include sucrose PSL and proteins The properties of each solute and methods of preparing each sample are discussed below Sucrose The sucrose concentration of a sample can be varied to create continuously variable particle sizes For a given conductivity and flow rate the diameter of the primary droplets pr...

Страница 38: ... 50µL of PSL to 1 mL of buffer solution in a standard sample vial Unlike sucrose PSL size is independent of concentration Higher aerosol concentrations can be obtained by adding more PSL which may become necessary with larger PSL sizes Proteins Most proteins that have been used with the Electrospray range from 3 to 12 nm in diameter Most are commercially available from many chemical companies The ...

Страница 39: ...an then be removed by pulling downward Note High voltage is turned off if the bottom half of the pressure chamber is removed 3 Insert and open the sample vial as shown in Figure 4 1 Use caution not to contaminate the sample 4 Replace the bottom half of the pressure chamber by aligning the grooves to the pins in the top half and pushing the bottom half upwards making sure the capillary and platinum...

Страница 40: ...er 6 Troubleshooting if the liquid has not made it through the capillary after two minutes G e n e r a t i n g A e r o s o l s The Electrospray operating parameters set in the Starting Up the Electrospray section should result in a stable generation of aerosol in the Cone Jet mode of the Electrospray see below for an explanation of the Cone Jet mode Once the liquid is flowing from the capillary ti...

Страница 41: ...n the cylindrical liquid profile increases in length and the current display increases until the primary droplet is pulled away and the current display rapidly decreases As in the dripping mode as the voltage is increased the primary droplet size decreases while the frequency increases The Cone Jet mode view 3 in Figure 4 2 occurs when the electric field strength is balanced with the liquid proper...

Страница 42: ... buffer solution for one minute Note The residence time in a capillary using a standard buffer solution at 3 7 psi is approximately 112 seconds For most applications running a buffer solution for 60 seconds will sufficiently prevent sample contamination however using a highly viscous fluid or a low capillary pressure drop will increase the residence time See Appendix B Theory of Operation for an a...

Страница 43: ...e the bottom half of the pressure chamber 3 Close the lid of the vial and remove it 4 Replace the bottom half of the pressure chamber without inserting a vial to clear the liquid from the capillary and run air through it 5 View the capillary through the viewing window to determine when the liquid has been cleared from the capillary This process takes approximately 5 minutes with a standard buffer ...

Страница 44: ......

Страница 45: ...ntration of aerosols generated with the Electrospray The following maintenance schedule is suggested for the Electrospray Table 5 1 Maintenance Schedule Maintenance Task How Often Purging the capillary Daily Cleaning the orifice plate As needed Cleaning the aerosol exit port As needed Cleaning the viewing window lens As needed Replacing the ionizer 12 months Cleaning the Electrospray chamber As ne...

Страница 46: ...to clean the capillary and then a buffer solution to rinse the capillary C a u t i o n 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer solution or a similar buffer solution should be run to rinse the capillary after using any detergent such as Tween 80 or any strong alkali such as KOH to purge the capillary After the capillary is rinsed with the buffer solution and before turning off the instrument run air through ...

Страница 47: ...s through which the aerosol passes Figure 5 1 shows a view of the inlet fitting inside the cabinet Use the following steps to clean the inlet fitting and orifice plate Inlet Fitting Capillary Sleeve Screw Electrospray Chamber Orifice Plate O Ring 2501014 O Ring 2501016 Figure 5 1 Inlet Fitting 1 Remove power from the instrument and turn off all flows 2 Remove the cover by loosening the four screws...

Страница 48: ...rosol exit port can be cleaned as needed without disassembling the instrument Simply remove power and turn off all flows to the instrument and use a cotton swab moistened with alcohol or a mild detergent to clean the inside of the aerosol exit port see Figure 3 2 Cleaning the Viewing Window Lens If the viewing window lens becomes dirty it can be cleaned without removing the cover from the instrume...

Страница 49: ...e viewing window mount in the Electrospray chamber If the view of the capillary tip is still unsatisfactory after focusing the lens see the section later in this chapter Cleaning the Electrospray Chamber Replacing the Ionizer W A R N I N G The use of controls adjustments or procedures other than those specified in this manual may result in exposure to hazardous radiation The ionizer does not need ...

Страница 50: ...rocedures The Electrospray chamber should not need cleaning as often as the orifice plate under most operating conditions However the Electrospray chamber should be checked periodically for corrosion or aerosol deposits depending on the nature of the chemicals used in the Electrospray It is easiest to clean the Electrospray chamber while cleaning the orifice plate Refer to Figure 5 3 and use the f...

Страница 51: ...e cabinet by removing the two screws on the back panel of the instrument behind the Electrospray chamber not shown in Figure 5 3 5 Remove the eight screws that fasten the two white manifold blocks to the inlet and exit of the ionization chamber The viewing window lens can be cleaned if necessary by following the instructions in the section Cleaning the Viewing Window Lens earlier in this chapter T...

Страница 52: ...semble the inlet and exit manifolds to the ionization chamber and connect the Electrospray chamber to the cabinet 9 Reattach the viewing window LED connector to the main PCB and reconnect the three ground wires to the ionization chamber 10 Place the ionizer in the ionizer retainer The ionizer mesh side should be facing the open end of the ionizer retainer 11 Install the ionizer retainer making sur...

Страница 53: ...er between the aerosol exit port and a leak tight valve The valve should be closed 7 Connect the valve to a vacuum source or a vacuum pump capable of drawing 18 inHg vacuum 8 Turn on the vacuum pump or vacuum system and slowly open the valve Allow the vacuum gauge reading to become stable and then close the valve 9 Observe the gauge reading The reading should not change by more the 0 5 inHg in 1 m...

Страница 54: ... greasing or replacing an O ring or by sealing a fitting 3 Blow clean dry air through the repaired section to evaporate and remove any leftover alcohol 4 If you cannot find the leak or cannot repair the leak please contact TSI for assistance Cleaning the Pressure Chamber The pressure chamber can be cleaned if the surfaces appear dirty or the sample vial is difficult to see clearly Refer to Figure ...

Страница 55: ... voltage wire 4 Clean the top and bottom of the pressure chamber using a soft cloth or cotton swab moistened with alcohol or a mild detergent Hex Nut High Voltage Fitting Platinum High Voltage Wire Pressure Chamber Top Half Pressure Chamber Bottom Half Pin Groove 2X O Ring 2501024 High Voltage Cable Figure 5 4 Cleaning the Pressure Chamber ...

Страница 56: ... titled Installing the Capillary S p e c i a l M a i n t e n a n c e Removing the Capillary The capillary needs to be removed when cleaning any part of the Electrospray chamber or if the capillary becomes damaged or the capillary tip becomes dirty Use the following steps and Figure 5 5 to remove the capillary W A R N I N G High voltage is accessible in several locations within this instrument Make...

Страница 57: ...ry slowly the capillary tip will have a tendency to hit the edge of the hex nut on the inlet fitting if it is not pulled straight out from the inlet fitting To prevent damage to the capillary use a steady hand and pull the capillary straight out from the inlet fitting or pull the capillary out slowly until it is almost removed and then pull quickly to completely remove the capillary One alternativ...

Страница 58: ...r they do not have to be removed and pulling the cover upward while pushing down on the top of the front panel of the instrument or on the viewing window mount 3 Loosen the hex nut on the inlet fitting but do not remove it 4 Remove the high voltage shield by loosening the mounting screw and pulling the high voltage shield upward 5 Loosen the hex nut on the high voltage capillary guide but do not r...

Страница 59: ... you wish to move the capillary closer or further from the orifice plate refer to the instruction preceding this subsection titled Installing the Capillary Step 10 lists instructions for adjusting the position of the capillary tip Make sure to remove power from the instrument and turn off all flows before removing the cover from the instrument Adjusting the Position of the Capillary and the Platin...

Страница 60: ...and replace the high voltage fitting Reinstall the capillary using the instructions earlier in this chapter titled Installing the Capillary Reversing the High Voltage Polarity C a u t i o n The electronic circuits within this instrument are susceptible to electrostatic discharge ESD damage Use ESD precautions to avoid damage Use only a table top with a grounded conducting surface Wear a grounded s...

Страница 61: ...h voltage module is available from TSI Reversing the high voltage polarity is a procedure that should only be performed by a qualified electronics technician observing ESD precautions To replace one high voltage module with another refer to Figure 5 7 and proceed as follows 1 Remove power from the instrument and turn off all flows 2 Remove the cover by loosening the four screws securing the cover ...

Страница 62: ...pop out 5 Pull the high voltage module straight out until it clears the spacers used to secure the main PCB 6 Install the high voltage module with the desired polarity in the same orientation as the high voltage module that was removed making sure the six connector pins on the main PCB are aligned with the six sockets on the high voltage PCB Tighten the two captive screws finger tight 7 Reconnect ...

Страница 63: ...s through a filter before entering the CO2 rotameter therefore the CO2 rotameter should not need to be cleaned under normal operating conditions However if you suspect the CO2 rotameter has become dirty refer to Appendix A for the manufacturer s specifications and instructions for maintaining the CO2 rotameter Replacing the Filters Because the level of contaminants entering the Electrospray in the...

Страница 64: ...one 1 8 Barb 3001257 High Voltage Module please specify positive or negative 1035907 Capillaries 25 µm 25 per pack 3900124 Capillaries 30 µm 25 per pack 3900125 Capillaries 40 µm 25 per pack 3900126 Capillary Sleeve Guide 1705014 Neutralizer 348002 Filter Balston BX on T Connector 1602230 ...

Страница 65: ...one Jet mode see Chapter 4 Operating the Electrospray or the current display is not stable first try decreasing the voltage setting to its minimum value and then increase the voltage setting until the Cone Jet mode appears in the viewing window If the Cone Jet mode appears the current display should be stable If this procedure does not resolve your problem use Table 6 1 to pinpoint possible soluti...

Страница 66: ...ust the position of the capillary see Chapter 5 Installing the Capillary Clean the inlet fitting see Chapter 5 Increase the conductivity of the sample see Chapter 4 Electrospray is operating in the Corona Discharge mode see Chapter 4 Operating the Electrospray or Current display is higher and more unstable than normal Decrease the voltage setting Decrease the capillary pressure drop Increase the C...

Страница 67: ...on the inner walls of the capillary Purge the capillary see Chapter 5 Residue has built up on the capillary tip Clean the capillary tip see Chapter 5 The capillary has not been cleaned properly when shutting down the Electrospray Purge the capillary see Chapter 5 The capillary tip has become broken during maintenance or handling procedures Replace the capillary see Chapter 5 Removing the Capillary...

Страница 68: ...m half of the pressure chamber apply up to 5 psi pressure to the aerosol exit for 15 seconds 4 Remove pressure from the aerosol exit and run the Electrospray under normal operating conditions to check if the capillary is unplugged If not repeat steps 1 4 except apply back pressure for several minutes until bubbles can be seen exiting the capillary into the sample vial If bubbles are not seen after...

Страница 69: ...2811 If the Electrospray does not operate properly or if you are returning the instrument for service contact TSI at 1 800 874 2811 USA or 651 490 2811 R e t u r n i n g t h e E l e c t r o s p r a y f o r S e r v i c e Call TSI at 1 800 874 2811 USA or 651 490 2811 for specific return instructions Customer Service will need this information when you call The instrument model number The instrument...

Страница 70: ...for instructions on how to remove the ionizer Do not ship the ionizer to TSI if the instrument must be returned rather keep the ionizer and ship the instrument without the ionizer Note The ionizer must be replaced 12 months from the date on the ionizer label Contact TSI to order a new ionizer four weeks before the ionizer expiration date When returning an ionizer contact TSI for handling and shipp...

Страница 71: ...size range 2 to 100 nm Liquid conductivity 0 2 S m nominal Liquid flow rate 66 nL min nominal Differential pressure 0 to 5 psi 3 7 psi nominal Flow rates Air 0 2 to 2 5 L min 1 L min nominal CO2 0 05 to 0 5 L min 0 1 L min nominal Aerosol 0 25 to 3 L min determined by the sum of air and CO2 flow rates Ionizer Bipolar Po 210 5 millicurie half life of 138 days shipped separately Front panel displays...

Страница 72: ...ry air supply eliminating the need to clean the pressure regulator However if you suspect the regulator has become dirty use Figure A 1 and the instructions provided by the manufacturer below to disassemble and clean the regulator C a u t i o n Remove air supply pressure and bleed off output pressure prior to performing maintenance Figure A 1 Pressure Regulator Assembly To disassemble the pressure...

Страница 73: ...Occasional cleaning may become necessary if dirt appears in the flowmeter or if float movement is restricted To clean rotate Retaining Clip Located in the back of flowmeter counter clockwise to align clip with slot and then pull out Then remove top plug ring if required outlet fitting and float only Tube does not need to be removed Wash tapered hole float outlet fitting and top plug with clean wat...

Страница 74: ......

Страница 75: ...apillary and a platinum high voltage wire both of which are immersed in the solution Maintaining a differential pressure causes the solution to be pushed through the capillary The high voltage control regulates an electrical field exerted at the capillary exit which pulls the charged solution out of the capillary forming droplets that are mixed with clean air and CO2 This produces a sheath flow wh...

Страница 76: ...Dc is the capillary inner diameter µm µ is the liquid viscosity poise ΔP is the pressure across the capillary psi L is the length of the capillary cm c is a constant to account for all unit conversions 4 14E4 The capillary in the Electrospray has a diameter of 25 2 µm and a length of 25 cm a typical pressure across the capillary is 3 7 psi atm and the viscosity of water at 20 C is 0 89E 2 poise Gi...

Страница 77: ...0 25 49 9 122 7 147 13 9 3 00 25 53 5 122 7 138 13 0 3 20 25 57 1 122 7 129 12 2 3 40 25 60 7 122 7 121 11 4 3 60 25 64 2 122 7 115 10 8 3 70 25 66 0 122 7 112 10 5 3 80 25 67 8 122 7 109 10 2 4 00 25 71 4 122 7 103 9 7 4 20 25 74 9 122 7 98 9 3 4 40 25 78 5 122 7 94 8 8 4 60 25 82 1 122 7 90 8 5 4 80 25 85 6 122 7 86 8 1 5 00 25 89 2 122 7 83 7 8 2 00 23 25 6 103 9 244 27 2 2 00 25 35 7 122 7 206...

Страница 78: ...1 V V sucrose solution as a function of Q K 1 3 where Q is the liquid flow rate and K is the electrical conductivity of the liquid have been reported in publications such as Chen Da Ren David Y H Pui and Stanley L Kaufman 1995 Electrospraying of Conducting Liquids for Monodisperse Aerosol Generation in the 4 nm to 1 8 µm Diameter Range J Aerosol Sci 26 963 977 E l e c t r o s p r a y C h a m b e r...

Страница 79: ...re B 2 shows the measured data of Wiedensohler 1986 and theoretical curves based on the theory of Fuchs 1963 and calculated by Wiedensohler 1988 The theoretically determined charge distribution agrees well with experimental data It can be seen from the figure that the fraction of positively charged particles is different from the fraction of negatively charged particles Table B 2 lists the fractio...

Страница 80: ...6 0 0027 0 0 43 0 1550 0 0040 0 0 48 0 1650 0 0056 0 0 53 0 1748 0 0078 0 0 59 0 1841 0 0105 0 0 66 0 1925 0 0138 0 0 74 0 2000 0 0180 0 00045 0 83 0 2064 0 0225 0 00089 0 93 0 2113 0 0279 0 0016 0 104 0 2148 0 0339 0 0028 0 117 0 2167 0 0406 0 0046 0 00014 132 0 2167 0 0477 0 0072 0 00031 150 0 2149 0 0552 0 0105 0 00064 170 0 2113 0 0627 0 0149 0 0012 The formulas used to calculate Table B 2 are...

Страница 81: ...use Equation B 5 which is based on an derivation by Gunn from 1956 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 ln 2 exp 4 e kT D Z Z e kT D N kT D e N f p i i p p πε πε ε π Equation B 5 where e elementary charge 1 60217733E 19 coulomb ε0 dielectric constant 8 854187817E 12 farad m for air Dp particle diameter m k Boltzmann s constant 1 380658E 23 joule K for air T Temperature K N number of elementary charge units Zi Zi ion...

Страница 82: ...orientation as the air CO2 mixture inlet to the ionization chamber which is immediately upstream of the capillary tip The orifice leading to the pressure chamber is used to allow the quick release pressure chamber bottom to be removed without changing the position of the differential pressure regulator knob The exhaust orifice is used to provide bleed and relief features to the differential pressu...

Страница 83: ...he voltage is further divided down by a factor of 10 This also provides the opportunity to balance any divider tolerance on the high voltage divider A capacitor of 0 1 µF on the input of a second op amp follower with the resistors provides a filter for any noise Current Measurement To measure the current of the Electrospray an op amp operation as a current to voltage converter is used The current ...

Страница 84: ...arge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere Geophys Pura Appl 56 185 Grace J M and Dunn P F 1992 Electrohydrodynamic Droplet Mixing J Aerosol Sci 23 S213 S216 Grace J M and Marijnissen J C M 1994 A Review of Liquid Atomization by Electrical Means J Aerosol Sci 25 1005 1020 Hinds W C 1982 Aerosol Technology Properties Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles New York ...

Страница 85: ...ation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution at Various Gas Conditions J Aerosol Sci 17 413 Willeke K and P A Baron 1993 Aerosol Measurement Principles Techniques and Applications New York Van Nostrand Reinhold Wiedensohler A 1988 Technical Note An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Range J Aerosol Sci 10 3 387 389 Wiedensohler A and H J Fissan 1988 Aerosol...

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Страница 87: ...rotameter 5 19 viewing window lens 5 4 CO2 flow control B 7 CO2 IN 15 PSI MAX 2 4 CO2 inlet 3 5 CO2 input 2 4 components capillary 3 6 Electrospray chamber 3 6 filters 3 8 high voltage fitting and shield 3 6 high voltage supply module 3 7 interlock switch 3 8 internal 3 6 main PCB 3 7 power supply 3 7 conductivity meter 4 2 cone jet mode 4 7 connectors 3 1 contacting TSI v 7 2 controls 3 1 corona ...

Страница 88: ...y 5 1 replacement parts 5 19 returning for service 7 1 rotameter 3 3 cleaning 5 19 safety xi chemical xiv electrical xv labels xi radiation xiii schematic diagram B 2 setting up 2 1 Electrospray Aerosol Generator continued shutting down 4 8 specifications A 1 starting up 4 5 sucrose 4 3 system description B 1 theory of operation B 1 troubleshooting 6 1 typical solutes 4 3 unpacking 2 1 ventilation...

Страница 89: ...um wire 5 15 cleaning 5 10 5 11 leak checking 5 9 pressure gauge checking the zero 2 3 pressure regulator cleaning 5 19 maintenance A 2 pressure regulator and gauge 3 3 proteins 4 4 PSL 4 4 pulsating mode 4 7 purging the capillary 5 1 5 2 R radiation safety xiii references theory of operation B 9 replacement parts 5 19 replacing filter 5 19 returning for service 7 1 rotameter 3 3 cleaning 5 19 mai...

Страница 90: ...Index 4 Model 3480 Electrospray Aerosol Generator ...

Страница 91: ...ng features Good Adequate Poor Readability Accuracy Completeness is everything there Organization finding what you need Quality and number of illustrations Quality and number of examples Comments ___________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________...

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Страница 93: ... tsi com Website www tsiinc fr Germany Tel 49 241 523030 E mail tsigmbh tsi com Website www tsiinc de Sweden Tel 46 8 595 13230 E mail tsiab tsi com Website www tsi se India Tel 91 80 41132470 E mail tsi india tsi com China Tel 86 10 8260 1595 E mail tsibeijing tsi com Contact your local TSI Distributor or visit our website www tsi com for more detailed specifications P N 1933793 Rev E Copyright 2...

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