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hold mode, 6-20

interconnect location, 1-12

test set switch,

the, 5-54

test using

2-53

time domain

bandpass, 6-127

mode, 6-125

6-127

mode: transmission, 129

concepts, 6-125-145

forward transform mode, 6-126

gating, 6-141

gating procedure, 2-85

general theory, 6-126

low pass, 6-130

low pass impulse mode, 6-125

low pass mode,

location

measurements, 6-131

low pass mode, reflection, 6-131

low pass mode, transmission, 6-133

low pass, setting frequency range, 6-130

low pass step mode, 6-125

masking, 6-135

measurements, 2-83

option, 1-13

range, 6-138

reflection response, 2-88

relative velocity factor, 6-127

resolution, 6-139

transform, 6-7

transmission response measurement, 2-83

velocity factor, 2-90

windowing, 6-136

time domain range

6-12

time for measurements, 7-16

time stamp, 4-30, 11-14

time-to-frequency domain, 6-126

area of display,

of sequence, 2-73

the active channel display, 2-9

the displayed measurement, 4-29

to use fast

calibration, 5-54

trace math, 2-8

divide measurement data by the memory

trace, 2-8

trace math operation, 6-6

trace noise

reducing, 5-57

trace viewing, 2-7

tracking, 6-60

an amplitude, 2-35

transfer formats, 7-17

transfer of data, 11-17

transform, 6-7

CW time-to-frequency domain, 6-142

frequency-to-time domain, 6-125

time-to-frequency domain, 6-126

transform measurements

forward, 6-143

transform menu, 6-125

transform modes

time domain bandpass, 6-125

time domain low pass

6-125

time domain low pass step, 6-125

transistor test fixtures, 11-3

transmission measurements

using

mode, 6-129

using low pass mode, 6-133

transmission response in time domain, 2-83

transmission tracking

uncorrected specifications, 7-3

trigger menu, 6-19

drivers

11-19

TRL calibration, 2-91

error-correction, 5-24

TRL

calibration, 6-92

error model, 6-93

fabricating and defining standards, 6-98

how it works, 6-93

improving raw load match, 6-95

improving raw source match, 6-95

isolation, 6-94

load match, 6-95

options, 6-100

procedure, 6-97

reason for using, 6-92

requirements for standards, 6-97

source match, 6-95

terminology, 6-92

two-port calibration, 6-81

TRL standard modification, 5-29

error-correction, 5-25

TRM standard modification, 5-31

trouble

solving for printing or plotting, 4-32

with disk storage, 4-43

annotation, 6-20

status notation,

mode), 11-20

I/O, 6-148

tuned receiver mode, 3-17, 6-119

compatible sweep types, 2-66

description, 2-66

external source requirements, 2-67

making measurements, 2-66

mixer testing, 6-157

test setup, 2-66

Содержание HP 8753E

Страница 1: ...User s Guide HP 8753E Network Analyzer HP Rut No 08753 90367 Supersedes October 1998 Printed iu USA February 1999 Advanced Test Equipment Rentals www atecorp com 800 404 ATEC 2832 Established 1981 ...

Страница 2: ...to this material including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Hewlett Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this material Copyright Hewlett Packard Company 1998 1999 ...

Страница 3: ...on HP s prior agreement and Buyer shall pay HP s round trip travel expenses In all other areas products must be returned to a service facility designated by HP If the product is to be returned to Hewlett Packard for service or repair it must be returned to a service facility designated by Hewlett Packard Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Hewlett Packard and Hewlett Packard shall pay shipping ...

Страница 4: ...s Rw an assistance wnmct gour nearest Hewlett Rzchmd Saks and Service Om Shipment for Service If you are sending the instrument to Hewlett Packard for service ship the analyzer to the nearest HP service center for repair including a description of any failed test and any error message Ship the analyzer using the original or comparable anti static packaging materials iv ...

Страница 5: ...shire RG415DZ England 44 734 696622 INTERCON FIELD OPERATIONS HWkpWtt S Hewlett Packard Company 3495 Deer Creek Road Palo Alto California USA 94304 1316 415 857 5027 Hewlett Packard Australia Ltd 31 41 Joseph Street Blackbum Victoria 3130 61 3 895 2895 Hewlett Packard Canada Ltd 17500 South Service Road TramCanada Highway Kirkland Quebec HQJ 2X8 z7 4232 JspaJp China Hewlett Packard Company Hewlett...

Страница 6: ...tention to a procedure which if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in injury or loss of life Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met Instrument Markings A The instruction documentation symbol The product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation CE The CE ma...

Страница 7: ...r switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is installed Assure the supply voltage is in the specified range Warning The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose dangerous voltages DiSCOMeCt the instrument from all voltage sources while it is being opened Warning The power cord is connected tointernal capacitors that may remain live for 10 seconds after...

Страница 8: ...en forced convection must be used Warning Install the instrument according to the enclosure protection provided This instrument does not protect against the ingress of water This iustrument protects agaius finger access to hazardous parts within the enclosure Compliance with German FTZ Emissions Requirements This network analyzer complies with German FlZ 526 527 Radiated Emissions and Conducted Em...

Страница 9: ...er 7 Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties defines the performance capabilities of the analyzer n Chapter 8 Menu Maps shows softkey menu relationships n Chapter 9 Key Dell ions describes all the front panel keys softkeys and their corresponding HP IB commands n Chapter 10 Error Messages provides information for interpreting error messages n Chapter 11 Compatible Peripherals n lists measurem...

Страница 10: ...stalling configuring and verifying the operation of the analyzer The User s Guide shows how to make measurements explains commonly used features and tells you how to get the most performance from your analyzer The Quick Reference Guide provides a summary of selected user features The HEW3 Programming and Command Reference Guide provides programming information for operation of the network analyzer...

Страница 11: ...rial introduction using BASIC programming examples to demonstrate the remote operation of the network analyzer The System Vertication and lkst Guide provides the system verification and performance tests and the Performance Test Record for your analyzer xl ...

Страница 12: ... EN 61010 I 1993 CAN CSA C22 2 No 1010 1 92 EMC CISPR 11 1990 EN 5501 I 1991 Group I Class A IEC 801 2 199l EN 50082 I 1992 4 kV CD 8 kV AD IEC 801 3 1984 EN 50082 I 1992 3 V m 27 500 MHz IEC 801 4 1988 EN 50982 I I 992 0 5 kV sig lines 1 kV power lines Supplenientary Information The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC and the EMC Directive 89 336...

Страница 13: ...required test equipment Step 2 Choose the measurement parameters Setting the Frequency Range Setting the Source Power Setting the Measurement Step 3 Perform and apply the appropriate error correction Step 4 Measure the device under test Step 5 Output the measurement results Using the Display Functions Ib View Both Primary Measurement Channels Ib Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory lb View the ...

Страница 14: ...ng for the Minimum Amplitude 2 33 Searching for a lhrget Amplitude 2 34 Searching for a Bandwidth 2 35 Tracking the Amplitude that You Are Searching 2 35 RI Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data 2 36 Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response 2 37 Measuring the Magnitude Response 2 37 Measuring Insertion Phase Response 2 38 Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion 2 40 Mea...

Страница 15: ...7 Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence 2 78 Limit Test Example Sequence 2 79 Measuring Swept Harmonics Option 002 only 2 81 Measuring a Device in the Time Domain Option 010 only 2 83 Transmission Response in Time Domain 2 83 Reflection Response in Time Domain 2 88 Non coaxial Measurements 2 91 Making Mixer Measurements Where to Look for More Information Measurement Considerations So...

Страница 16: ...t to Disk 4 19 TbOutputthePlotFiles 4 20 TbViewPlotFilesonaPC 4 20 usingAmiPr0 4 21 Using Freelance 4 22 Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter 4 22 Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer 4 23 Step 1 Store the HPGL initialization sequence 4 23 Step 2 Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence 4 24 Step 3 Send the HPGL initiahzation sequence to the printer 4 24 Ste...

Страница 17: ... Error Correction Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements Frequency Response Error Corrections Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements Receiver Calibration Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements Response and Isolation Error Correction for T...

Страница 18: ...TimeMode 5 51 To Widen the System Bandwidth 5 52 lb Reduce the Averaging Factor 5 52 lb Reduce the Number of Measurement Points 5 52 IbSettheSweepType 5 53 To View a Siie Measurement Channel 5 53 To Activate Chop Sweep Mode 5 54 lb Use External Calibration 5 54 lb Use Fast 2 Port Calibration 5 54 Increasing Dynamic Range 5 56 TIbIncreasetheTestPortInputPower 5 56 lb Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor...

Страница 19: ...ies TurningofftheSoftkeyMenu 0 a StimuIus Functions Defining Ranges with Stimulus Keys StimuIus Menu The Power Menu Understanding the Power Ranges Automatic mode Manual mode Power Coupling Options Channelcoupling Test port couphng SweepTime Manual Sweep Time Mode Auto Sweep Time Mode Minimum Sweep Time TriggerMenu Source Attenuator Switch Protection Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator ...

Страница 20: ...nitude Format 6 36 SWRFormat 6 36 RealFormat 6 37 Imaginary Format 6 37 Group Delay Principles 6 38 Scale Reference Menu 6 41 Electrical Delay 6 41 Display Menu 6 42 Dual Channel Mode 6 43 Dual Channel Mode with Decoupled Stimulus 6 43 Dual Channel Mode with Decoupled Channel Power 6 43 Four Parameter Display Functions 6 45 Customizing the Display 6 45 Channel Position Softkey 6 46 4 Param Display...

Страница 21: ...Calibration Standards 6 73 Electrical Offset 6 74 Pringe Capacitance 6 74 How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement 6 76 Correcting for Measurement Errors 6 78 Ensuring a Valid Calibration 6 78 Interpolated Error correction 6 79 The Calibrate Menu 6 80 Response Calibration 6 80 Response and Isolation Calibration 6 80 Sll and s2 One Port Calibration 6 80 Pull Two Port Calibration 6 80 TRL LRM Two Port ...

Страница 22: ...insertable Devices Adapter Removal Matched Adapters ModifytheCaIKitThruDefirdtion Using the Instrument State Functions HP IB Menu EBKey uS I ndicatbrs System Controller Mode IhIker Listener Mode Pass Control Mode Address Menu Using the Parallel Port The Copy Mode The GPIO Mode The System Menu The Limits Menu Edit Limits Menu Edit Segment Menu Offset Limits Menu Knowing the Instrument Modes Network...

Страница 23: ...g Bandpass Mode Interpreting the bandpass transmission response horizontal axis Interpreting the bandpass transmission response vertical axis Timedomainlowpass Setting frequency range for time domain low pass Minimum allowable stop frequencies Reflection Measurements In Time Domain Low Pass Interpreting the low pass response horizontal axis Interpreting the low pass response vertical axis Fault Lo...

Страница 24: ...quencing Special Functions Menu Sequence Decision Making Menu Decision Making Functions Decision making functions jump to a softkey location not to a specific sequence title Having a sequence jump to itself ITL input decision making Limit test decision making Loop counter decision making Naming Files Generated by a Sequence HP GL Considerations Entering HP GL Commands Special Commands Entering Seq...

Страница 25: ...9 with3 5 nunT tPorts HP 8753E 75n with Type N Test Ports HP 8753E 75Q with Type F Test Ports Instrument Specifications HP 8753E Network Analyzer General Characteristics Measurement Throughput Summary Remote Programming Interface Transfer Formats Interface Function Codes Front Panel Connectors Probe Power Rear Panel Connectors External Reference Frequency Input EXT REF INPUT High Stability Frequen...

Страница 26: ...Kit 11 2 HP 85029B 7 mm Verification Kit 11 2 Test Port Return Cables 11 2 HP 11857D mm Test Port Return Cable Set 11 2 HP11857B75OhmType N stPortReturnCableSet 11 2 Adapter Kits 11 2 HP11852B50to75OhmMinimumLossPad 11 2 Transistor Test Fixtures 11 3 HP 116OOB and 11602B Transistor Fixtures 11 3 HP 11608A Option 003 Transistor Fixture 11 3 HP 11858A Transistor F ixture Adapter 11 3 Power Limiters ...

Страница 27: ...stener Mode 11 21 Pass Control Mode 11 21 Setting HP IB Addresses 11 21 Analyzer Command Syntax 1l 22 Code Naming Convention 11 22 Valid Characters 1l 23 units 1l 24 HP II3 Debug Mode 11 24 User Graphics 11 24 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation Where to Look for More Information Types of Memory and Data Storage Volatile Memory Non Volatile Memory Storing Data to Disk Conserving Memory Using Sav...

Страница 28: ...ection Uncertainty Equations Total Reflection Magnitude Uncertainty Erm Reflection Phase Uncertainty Erp Transmission Uncertainty Equations Transmission Magnitude Uncertainty Etm Transmission Phase Uncertainty Etp DynamicAccuracy Determining Expected System Performance Procedures Characteristic Values lhble Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet 1 of 3 Measurement Uncertainty Worksheet 2 of 3 Measureme...

Страница 29: ...rence Value Using a Marker 2 23 Example of Setting the Electrical Delay Using a Marker 2 24 Example of Searching for the Maximum Amplitude Using a Marker 2 25 Example of Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Using a Marker 2 26 Example of Searching for a Target Amplitude Using a Marker 2 27 Example of Searching for a Bandwidth Using Markers 2 28 Example Statistics of Measurement Data 2 29 Device Con...

Страница 30: ... 3 7 Diagram of Measurement Frequencies 3 8 Measurement Setup from Display 3 9 Conversion Loss Example Measurement 3 10 Connections for Broad Band Power Meter Calibration 3 l 1 Connections for Receiver Calibration 3 12 Connections for a High Dynamic Range Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 13 Example of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 14 Connections for a Response Calibration 3 15 Conne...

Страница 31: ...libration 5 10 Noninsertable Device 5 11 Adapters Needed 5 12 Two Port Cal Set 1 5 13 Two PortCaISet2 5 14 Calibrated Measurement 5 15 Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices 6 l SimpIified Block Diagram of the Network Analyzer System 6 2 Data Processing Flow Diagram 6 3 Active Channel Keys 6 4 Entry Block 6 5 Stimulus Function Block 6 6 Power Range Transitions in the Automatic Mode 6 7 Response Fun...

Страница 32: ...eps Overlaid 6 58 Instrument State Function Block 6 59 Typical Setup for the External Source Mode 6 60 Typical Test Setup for a Frequency Offset Measurement 6 61 Typical Harmonic Mode Test Setup 6 62 Device Frequency Domain and Time Domain Reflection Responses 6 63 A Reflection Measurement of Two Cables 6 64 Transmission Measurement in Time Domain Bandpass Mode 6 65 Time Domain Low Pass Measuremen...

Страница 33: ...requency Without Attenuators at Mixer Ports 6 159 6 90 Example of Conversion Loss versus Output Frequency Without Correct IF SiiaI Path Filtering 6 160 6 91 Example of Conversion Loss versus Output Frequency With Correct IF Signal Path Filtering and Attenuation at aII Mixer Ports 6 160 6 92 Examples of Up Converters and Down Converters 6 161 6 93 Down Converter Port Connections 6 162 6 94 Up Conve...

Страница 34: ...eter Calibration Sweep Speed and Accuracy 6 8 External Source Capture Ranges 6 9 Maximum Fundamental Frequency using Harmonic Mode 6 10 Time Domain Reflection Formats 6 11 Minimum Frequency Ranges for Time Domain Low Pass 6 12 Impulse Width Sidelobe Level and Windowing Values 6 13 Gate Characteristics 7 l HP 87533 Dynamic Range 7 2 Measurement Port Characteristics Corrected for HP 8753E 509 with7 ...

Страница 35: ...vention 12 1 Memory Requirements of Calibration and Memory Trace Arrays 12 2 Sufhx Character Definitions 12 3 Preset Conditions 1 of 5 12 4 Power on Conditions versus Preset 12 5 Results of Power Loss to Non Volatile Memory 9 76 11 6 11 23 12 3 12 5 12 8 12 11 12 12 Contents 23 ...

Страница 36: ...ter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions w Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements w Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement Results describes techniq...

Страница 37: ...mpatible PeripheraWor the HP 87533 Network Analyzer Programming Guide q A general purpose input output GPIO bus that can control eight output bits and read five input bits through test sequencing This can be useful for interfacing to material handlers or custom test sets n Performance q Performance improvement through faster calculations register recalls and data transfers q Automatic sweep time t...

Страница 38: ...r correction table that contains the correction values w Printin Plotting and Saving q Direct print or plot output of displayed measurement results with a time stamp if desired to a compatible peripheral with a serial parallel or HP IB interface q Instrument states storage in internal memory for the following times or on disk indefinitely Temperature at 70 C 250 days 0 68 year characteristically T...

Страница 39: ... and softkey labels The display is divided into specific information areas illustrated in F igure l 2 Disk drive This 3 5 inch drive allows you to store and recall instrument states and measurement results for later analysis Disk eject button Softkeys These keys provide access to menus that are shown on the display S CMULUS function block The keys in this block allow you to control the analyzer so...

Страница 40: ...Ki and iGZ keys retain a history of the last active channel For example if channel 2 has been enabled after channel 3 you can go back to channel 3 without pressing Ghan twice HP 5753E Dessription and Options l 5 ...

Страница 41: ...sting H external source mode n tuned receiver mode n frequency offset mode n test sequence function n harmonic measurements Option 002 n time domain transform Option 010 HP IB STATUS indicators are also included in this block B key This key returns the instrument to either a known factory preset state or a user preset state that can be dellned Refer to the Preset State and Memory Allocation chapte...

Страница 42: ...nd multi channel displays are available as described in Using the Four Parameter Display Mode in Chapter 2 Making Measurements Several display formats are available for different measurements as described under jj in Chapter 9 Key Definitions 1 Stimulus Start Value This value could be any one of the following n The start frequency of the source in frequency domain measurements H The start time in ...

Страница 43: ...apter 5 Optimizing Measurement Results For error correction theory refer to Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts Full two port error correction is active and either the power range for each port is different coupled or the 5 is a vat me annotation i _ i u zu i aL occurs because the analyzer does not switch between the test ports every sweep under these conditions The measurement stays on t...

Страница 44: ...in Chapter 9 Key Dellnitions Indicates that the test set hold mode is engaged That is a mode of operation is selected which would cause repeated switching of the step attenuator This hold mode may be overridden See or h Chapter 9 Key Definitions _ _ _ Fast sweep indicator This symbol is displayed in the status notation block when sweep time is less than 1 0 second When sweep time is greater than 1...

Страница 45: ...nt to the graticule at the left for channel 1 and at the right for channel 2 in Cartesian formats 12 Marker Values These are the values of the active marker in units appropriate to the current measurement Refer to Using Analyzer Display Markers in Chapter 2 Making Measurements 13 Marker Stats Bandwidth These are statistical marker values that the analyzer calculates when you access the menus with ...

Страница 46: ...bits through test sequencing Refer to the Compatible Peripherals chapter for information on con uing a peripheral Also refer to Application and Operation Concepts for information on GPIO RS 232 interface This connector allows the analyzer to output to a peripheral with an W 232 serial input KEYBOARD input mini DIN This connector allows you to connect an external keyboard This provides a more conve...

Страница 47: ... RF output signal EXTERNAL TRIGGER connector This allows connection of an external negative going TI L compatible signal that will trigger a measurement sweep The trigger can be set to external through softkey functions TEST SEQUENCE This outputs a ITL signal that can be programmed in a test sequence to be high or low or pulse 10 pseconds high or low at the end of a sweep for robotic part handler ...

Страница 48: ...ng the transmission coefficient of a network versus time determines the characteristics of individual transmission paths Time domain operation retains all accuracy inherent with the correction that is active in the frequency domain The time domain capability is useful for the design and characterization of such devices as SAW iilters SAW delay lines RF cables and RF antennas Option 011 Receiver Co...

Страница 49: ...he instrument with handles attached in an equipment rack with 482 6 mm 19 inches spacing Service and Support Options Hewlett Packards offers many repair and calibration options for your analyzer Contact the nearest Hewlett Packard sales or service office for information on options available for your analyzer l 14 HP 8753EDescriptionand Options ...

Страница 50: ...list mode No No Color CXT No No Test sequencing No Yes Automatic sweep time No Yes JSxkrnal source capability No YeS Tuned receiver mode No YeS Printer plotter bufPer No Yes Harmonic measurements Option 002 No Yes Frequency offset mode mixer measurements No Yes dc bias to test device t t Interfaces RS 232 parallel and DIN No No keyboard User detlned preset No 1 No Non volatile memory Dvnamic 3OkHz...

Страница 51: ...8753E 300 lcHz to 3 GHz without option 006 or 30 lcHz to 6 GHz with Option 006 t For this network analyze5 the feature is dependent on the test set being used QOdBfrom30kHzto6OkHz lOOdBfrom3OOkHzto16MHz l 1 6 HP 6763E Description and Options ...

Страница 52: ...on response n Non coaxial measurements Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this Chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements n Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement ...

Страница 53: ...les and Service Office about course numbers HP 8505OA 24A and HP 8505OA 24D See the following table for quick reference tips about connector care lhble 2 l Connector Care Quick Reference Extend sleeve or conuector nut Use plastic end caps during storage Set connectors contact end down Inspect alI connectors carefully Look for metal particles scratches and dents se isopropyl alcohol Clean connector...

Страница 54: ...ent parameters 3 Perform and apply the appropriate error correction 4 Measure the device under test 5 Output the measurement results Basic Measurement Example This example procedure shows you how to measure the transmission response of a bandpass Glter Step 1 Connect the device under test and any required test equipment 1 Make the connections as shown in Figure 2 l NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TE...

Страница 55: ...nges to keep the power setting within the deGned range Setting the Measurement 6 Ib change the number of measurement data points to 101 press 7 To select the transmission measurement press 8 To view the data trace press Step 3 Perform and apply the appropriate error correction 9 Refer to the OpUmizing Measurement Results Chapter for procedures on correcting measurement errors 10 To save the instru...

Страница 56: ...test 11 Replace any standard used for error correction with the device under test 12 To measure the insertion loss of thebandpass filter press m i5iJm Step 6 Output the measurement results 13 Ib create a hardcopy of the measurement results press Refer to Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results for procedures on how to define a print plot or save For information on configuring a ...

Страница 57: ...k amplifiers You can easily make such measurements using the dual channel display 1 To see channels 1 and 2 in the same grid press s 2 lb view the measurements on separate graticules press Set to 2X The analyzer shows channel 1 on the upper half of the display an n the lower half of the display The analyzer also defaults to measuring Sll on channel 1 and I on channel 2 000027 Figure 2 3 Example Du...

Страница 58: ...e is now also the memory trace You can use a memory trace for subsequent math manipulations lb View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace The analyzer default setting shows you the current measurement data for the active channel 1 To view a data trace that you have already stored to the active channel memory press p q i s i A This is the only memory display mode where you can change the smoothing ...

Страница 59: ...measurement data A 2 The analyzer performs a vector subtraction on the complex data RI Ratio Measurements in Channel 1 and 2 You may want to use this feature when making amplifier measurements to produce a trace that represents gain compression For example with the channels uncoupled you can increase the power for channel 2 while channel 1 remains unchanged This will allow you to observe the gain ...

Страница 60: ...g a keyboard with the analyzer refer to Keyboards in Chapter 11 Compatible Peripherals q If you do not have a DIN keyboard attached to the analyzer enter the title from the analyzer front panel a Turn the front panel knob to move the arrow pointer to the first character of the title c Repeat the previous two steps to enter the rest of the characters in your title You can enter a title that has a m...

Страница 61: ......

Страница 62: ...play CHl L O G Sll 5 dB R E F 2 dB 17 Ssp 1 9 9 8 11 13 31 CH2 LOG 10 dB REF 50 dB 521 Cot CENTR 134 000 MHz SPFIN 45 000 MHz START 111 500 MHz STOP 156 500 MHz CH3 s12 LOG 1 0 dB REF 5 0 dB I I I I I CENTER 134 000 000 MHz SPAN 45000 000 MHz DUAL CHAN ON off AUX CHAN ON off 4 PARAM DISPLAYS SPLIT DISP 1x 2x 4x CHANNEL POSITION RETURN Figure 2 5 3 Channel Display Making Measurements 2 11 ...

Страница 63: ...xilkry Channels This procedure continues from the previous procedure 10 Press j 1 again DUAL CHAN ON off AUX CHAN ON off 4 PARAM DISPLAYS SPLIT DISP I X 2x 4x CHANNEL POSITION RETURN Observe that the amber LED adjacent to the iGTj hardkey is flashing This indicates that channel 4 is now active and can be configured 11 ess w Markers 1 and 2 appear on all four channel traces Rotating the front panel...

Страница 64: ...e demonstrates how to characterize a 3 port device in this case a duplexer This measurement utilizes four parameter display mode A duplexer s three ports are n Transmit TX n Receive Rx n Antenna Ant There are two signal paths through a duplexer from Tx to Ant and from Ant to Rx The two signal paths are offset in frequency from each other and have the antenna Ant port in common This example display...

Страница 65: ...n of 120 MHz centered at 860 MHz PressIcenter ZJLM U CSpan EJLM U 4 Uncouple the primary channels from each other Press m set to OFF This is necessary in order to set the test set I O independently for each channel Note Make sure you connect the standards to the TX port of the test adapter or a cable attached to it for the FORWBD calibration and to the Ant port for the REVERSE calibration The LEDs...

Страница 66: ...els 3 and 4 z p Press Display f JR set AI I to ON press GiJ and set J HA to _ aii iix A A i n 7 L ON 15 Set up a two graticule four channel display 16 Set the measurement parameters channel 1 should be active a fiess IMeas This is the transmission of the k to Ant path b Press iGil to activate channel 3 press g This is the reflection at the TX port C Press c 1 f g This is the transmission of the An...

Страница 67: ...FI INPUT PORTS Normally a 2 port calibration requires a forward and reverse sweep to Cnish before updating the displayed trace For faster tuning it is possible to set the number of sweeps for the active display Sll and S21 for channel 1 in this case to update more often than the unused parameters In this example we choose 8 updates of the forward parameters to 1 update of the reverse in channel 1 ...

Страница 68: ... only the memory trace the marker values apply to the memory trace H If you activate a memory math function data memory or data memory the marker values apply to the trace resulting from the memory math function To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers The analyzer can either place markers on discrete measured points or move the markers continuously along a trace by interpolating the data value betw...

Страница 69: ...numerical keypad All of the marker response and stimulus values are displayed in the upper right comer of the display Figure 2 8 Active Marker Control Example To switch on the corresponding marker and make it the active marker press ihk I cz 7 w i 9 _ u p 9 or _ i v All of the markers other than the active marker become inactive and are represented on the analyzer display as A Figure 2 9 Active an...

Страница 70: ...nel in which you wish to have markers press e then select the markers for that channel 3 Turn off thesoftkey menu and move the marker information off of the grids Press The display will be similar to Figure 2 10 CHl L O G 5 dB R E F 2 dB Sll 4 1 4031 dB 151 504 500 MHz PRnl CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45 000 MHz CENTR 134 000 MHz SPfiN 45000 MHz 27 LoG 1 0 dB R E F 5 0 dB E2 LoG 5 dB R E F 2 5 dB 4 70 ...

Страница 71: ...2 1148 5dBdB 151 509REF 2 5500 dB MHz rlllllllllll CENTR 134 000 MHz SPAN 45000 MHz MARKIER I 2 I 3 I 4 5 I all OFF B MODE MENU MKR ZERO Figure 2 11 Marker Information on the Graticules You can also restore the softkey menu by pressing a hardkey which opens a menu such as m or pressing a softkey lb Use Delta A Markers This is a relative mode where the marker values show the position of the active ...

Страница 72: ...ce Marker Example 4 Ib change the reference marker to marker 2 press lb Activate a Fixed Marker When a reference marker is tied it does not rely on a current trace to maintain its fixed position The analyzer allows you to activate a tied marker with one of the following key sequences Making Measurements 2 21 ...

Страница 73: ... polar or Smith chart format with a magnitude phase marker a real imaginary marker an R jX marker or a G jB marker the setting applies to the Crst part of the complex data pair F ixed marker response values are always uncoupled in the two channels 3 lb set the auxiliary response value of a lixed marker when you are viewing a polar or Smith format press This value is the second part of complex data...

Страница 74: ... To measure values along the measurement data trace relative to the reference point that you set in the previous step press k and turn the front panel knob or enter a v e from the front panel keypad T i i 3 To move the reference position press _ _ _ x p a e c II Jw a turn the front panel knob _ _ or enter a value from the front panel keypad CHl S21 I og MRG 18 dB REF 1 1 4 dB 1 2 6 5 7 9 dB v 28 5...

Страница 75: ...imulus values independently for each channel Figure 2 15 Example of Coupled and Uncoupled Markers To Use Polar Format Markers The analyzer can display the marker value as magnitude and phase or as a real imaginary pair ___ gives hear matude and phase gives log magnitude md phase J A A s A z _ ii ii _ _ gives the real value first then the imaginary value You can use these markers only when you are ...

Страница 76: ...is directly related to the impedance of the device and the measuring system Each value of the reflection coefficient I uniquely deties a device impedance r 0 only occurs when the device and analyzer impedance are exactly the same The reflection coefficient for a short circuit is r 1 L BOO Every other value for I also corresponds uniquely to a complex device impedance according to the equation zL 1...

Страница 77: ...pair y n Choose IEZ to show the real and imaginary parts of the device impedance at 3 L the marker Also shown is the equivalent series inductance or capacitance the series resistance and reactance in ohms _ Choose to show the complex admittance values of l e a e marker h d a rectangular form The active marker values are displayed in terms of conductance in Siemens susceptance and equivalent parall...

Страница 78: ...tting the Stop Frequency 1 2 Press Marker and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the stop frequency _ Press to change the stop frequency v e to the value of the a ive maker z iJh the CENTER 13s 968 756 MHZ SPAN 3 1 es2 588 PtHl pg6232 Staxt Frequency Using a Marker Figure 2 19 Example of Setting 1 II 11 1 CEN...

Страница 79: ...alue from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the center frequency Y 2 Press to change the center frequency value to the value of the active marker 1 i i i Figure 2 20 Example of Setting the Center Frequency Using a Marker 2 28 Making Measurements ...

Страница 80: ...ly and turning the front panel knob or entering values from the front panel keypad to position the markers around the center frequency When llnished positioning the markers make sure that marker 2 is selected as the active marker Note _ Step 2 can also be performed using and However when i i using this method it will not be possible to iterate between marker zero and marker 1 ii i 3 Press I to cha...

Страница 81: ...lue from the front panel keypad to position the marker at the value that you want for the analyzer display reference value y 2 Press to change the reference value to the value of the active marker s i x i 6 x i Figure 2 22 Example of Setting the Reference Value Using a Marker 2 30 Making Measurements ...

Страница 82: ...nd the active marker You can use this to measure the electrical length or deviation from linear phase Additional electrical delay adjustments are required on devices without constant group delay over the measured frequency span 1 Figure 2 23 Example of Setting the Electrical Delay Using a Marker Setting the CW Frequency 1 lb place a marker at the desired CW frequency press B and either turn the fr...

Страница 83: ...ng the analyzer searches every new trace for the target point Searching for the Maximum Amplitude 1 Press CMarker Fct to acCeSS the marker search menu A T ws i 2 Press to move the active marker to the maximum point on the measurement trace Example of Figure 2 24 Searching for the Maximum Amplitude Using a Marker 232 Making Measurements ...

Страница 84: ...arch menu ii i i T i s i 2 Press W f to move the active marker to the r minimum point on the measurement trace G II s I t PIA I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 85 HZ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 2 25 Example of Searching for the Minimum Amplitude Using a Marker Making Measurements 2 33 ...

Страница 85: ...want to change the target amplitude value default is 3 dB press and enter the new value from the front panel keypad 4 If you want to search for multiple responses at the target amplitude value press v y v ad 6 A T i ii i s I dB REF 45 dB I 2s 01 dS WI t 18 dB REF 4 5 d 1 2s 087 dS Figure 2 26 Example of Searching for a Beget Amplitude Using a Marker 234 Making Measurements ...

Страница 86: ...and reject shape on the measurement trace 4 If you want to change the amplitude value default is 3 dl3 that defines the passband or _ i rejectband press and enter tie new value from e front panel keypad i i Figure Z 27 Example of Searching for a Bandwidth Using Markers Tracking the Amplitude that You Are Searching 1 Set up an amplitude search by following one of the previous procedures in To Searc...

Страница 87: ...ate md view the mem smdard deviation and peak to peak values of the section of the measurement data between the active marker and the delta reference marker An application for this feature is to fmd the peak to peak value of passband ripple without searching separately for the maximum and minimum values If you are viewing a measurement in the polar or Smith Chart format the analyzer calculates the...

Страница 88: ...ase format which provides information about the phase response Measuring the Magnitude Response 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure 2 29 NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TEST Figure 2 29 Device Connections for Measuring a Magnitude Response 2 Press 1presei and choose the measurement settings For this example the measurement parameters are set as follows You may also want to select settings ...

Страница 89: ...ng Insertion Phase Response 7 To view both the magnitude and phase response of the device as shown in Figure 2 31 press The channel 2 portion of Figure 2 31 shows the insertion phase response of the device under test The analyzer measures and displays phase over the range of MO0 to 1800 As phase changes beyond these values a sharp 360 transition occurs in the displayed data CENTER 134 000 000 MHZ ...

Страница 90: ...than MO0 and greater than MOO RESPONSE UNDER SAMPLED REGION INCORRECT PHASE AND DELAY pb6125d Figure 2 32 Phase Samples Undersampling may arise when measuring devices with long electrical length Ib correct this problem the frequency span should be reduced or the number of points increased until A4 is less than 180 per point Electrical delay may also be used to compensate for this effect as shown i...

Страница 91: ...he phase shift through a device over a range of frequencies and the analyzer can express it in two different ways n deviation from linear phase n group delay Measuring Electrical Length 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure 2 33 NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TEST Figure 2 33 Device Cmmections for Measuring Electrical Length 2 Press w and choose the measurement settings For this example the...

Страница 92: ...ue to the device s electrical length You can measure this changing phase by adding electrical length electrical delay to compensate for it Figure 2 34 Linearly changing Phase 6 To place a marker at the center of the band press e and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad 7 To activate the electrical delay function press MARKER DELAY Marker i TT i i Fa This function ...

Страница 93: ...compensate for propagation velocity by Gst i pressing GJ lRJE enter the value This will help the 1 A A s i A i _ analyzer to accurately calculate the equivalent distance that corresponds to the entered electrical delay CENTER 134 000 000 MHZ SPAN 2 000 000 MHZ Figure 2 35 Example Best Flat Line with Added Electrical Delay 9 To display the electrical length press In this example there is a large am...

Страница 94: ...n terms of group or envelope delay The analyzer can translate this information into a related parameter group delay Group delay is the transmission time through your device under test as a function of frequency Mathematically it is the derivative of the phase response which can be approximated by the following ratio A4 360 AF where A4 is the difference in phase at two frequencies separated by Al T...

Страница 95: ...en two adjacent frequency points must be less than 180 otherwise incorrect group delay information may result 4 lb vary the effective group delay aperture from minimum aperture no smoothing to appro ately 1 of the frequency span press LAvg A s i 2 22 A When you increase the aperture the analyzer removes fine grain variations from the response It is critical that you specify the group delay apertur...

Страница 96: ... measurement calculates the group delay press As the aperture is increased the smoothness of the trace improves markedly but at the expense of measurement detail Group Delay III 11 I 11 11 I CENTER 134 OBB 888 HZ SPRN 2 mm BOB MHZ aw000009 Figure 2 39 Example Measurement with Smoothing Aperture Incrwed Making Measurements 245 ...

Страница 97: ...her This example measurement shows you how to test a bandpass filter using the following procedures n creating flat limit lines n creating sloping limit lines n creating single point limit lines n editing limit segments n running a limit test Setting Up the Measurement Parameters 1 Connect your test device as shown in Figure 2 40 NETWORK ANALYZER DEVICE UNDER TEST pg67e Figure 2 40 Connections for...

Страница 98: ...o access the Iimits menu and activate the Iimit lines press y I _ I _ csystem_ EIJJ gg j _ ii z a L A i i iii i _ i z To create a new Iimitline press g The analyzer generates a new segment that appears on the center of the display To specify thelimit s stimuhis value test limits upper and lower and the Iimit type press pJ JJ l l e z zc i _ _ 1 21_ Ixl j Note you codd alsO set the upper md lower li...

Страница 99: ...shows the flat limit lines that you have just created with the following parameters n stimulus from 127 MHz to 140 MHz n upper limit of 21 dB n lower limit of 27 dB Figure 2 41 Example Flat Limit Line 6 RI create a limit line that tests the low side of the filter press 248 Making Measurements ...

Страница 100: ...factor of a SAW titer The following limits are set 1 2 Frequency Bange Power Range 123MHzto125MHz 65dBto 26dB 144 MHz to 146 MHz 26 dB to 65 dEI To access the limits menu and activate the limit lines press To establish the start frequency and limits for a slopinglimit line that tests the low side of the filter press Making Measurements 249 ...

Страница 101: ...equency and limits for a sloping limit line that tests the high side of the l lter press lb terminate the lines and create a sloping limit line press You could use this type of limit to test the shape factor of a ITIter Figure 2 43 Sloping Limit Lines 2 50 Making Measurements ...

Страница 102: ...le procedure the following limits are set 1 2 from 23 dB to 28 5 dB at 141 MHz from 23 dB to 28 5 dB at 126 5 MHz lb access the knits menu and activate the Iimit lines press Figure 2 44 Example Single Points Limit Line Making Measurements 2 51 ...

Страница 103: ...To change the upper limit for example 20 of a limit line press Deleting Limit Segments 1 lb access the limits menu and activate the limit lines press 2 lb move the pointer symbol on the analyzer display to the segment you wish to delete press g K c Q or QD repeatedly Z V i i OF ad enter the segment nudm fomwed by xl 3 To delete the segment that you have selected with the pointer symbol press g fg ...

Страница 104: ... Limit Test 4 To activate the limit test and the beep fail indicator press The limit test results appear on the right side on the analyzer display The analyzer indicates whether the filter passes or fails the delined limit test q The message FAIL will appear on the right side of the display if the limit test fails p 0 The analyzer beeps if the limit test fails and if has been selected A i q The an...

Страница 105: ...ou the offset feature and the limit test failure indications that can appear on the analyzer display 1 To offset all of the segments in the limit table by a fixed frequency for example 3 MHz press The analyzer beeps and a FAIL notation appears on the analyzer display as shown in Figure 2 45 Figure 2 45 Example Stimulus Offset of Limit Lines 2 To return to 0 Hz offset press _ __ i s _ Lxl 3 To offs...

Страница 106: ...vide detailed instruction on how to apply various features of the analyzer to accomplish these measurements 0 I n p u t P o w e r dBm b I n p u t P o w e r dam pb697d Figure 2 46 Diagram of Gain Compression 1 Set up the stimulus and response parameters for your amplifier under test To reduce the effect of noise on the trace press 2 Perform the desired error correction procedure Refer to Chapter 5 ...

Страница 107: ...hat represents gain compression only and position the marker at appro ately mid sp i press Scale3 to change the scale to 1 dB per division Increase the power until you observe approximately 1 dB of compression on channel 2 using the step keys or the front panel knob To locate the worst case point on the trace press PRm CT log MRG 1 8 dB REF 0 dB 1 1 9 7 2 3 dB PRm CT t I I I I I I I I CHZ STfiRT 1...

Страница 108: ...1 Press scalef 2X il f Llo Ixl to change the scale of channel 2 to 10 dR per division 22 Press iii Ixl to change the scale of channel 1 to 1 dB per division Note A receiver calibration will improve the accuracy of this measurement Refer to Chapter 5 Optimizmg Measurement Results I w A w J A _i _ 23 press cm _ i _ A A i A A A A v A c z s A i Li i 24 lb hnd the 1 dB compression point on channel 1 pr...

Страница 109: ...F 1 9 0 1 dB 1 9 9 5 6 dB 1 dB bin komresston 1 3 2 dBm nREF a B I og MRG 5 dB R E F 0 dB 1 7 6 4 7 4 dB IPwr o k 1 dB comd START 2 5 0 dBm CW 1 OOO 000 MHz STOP 0 0 dBm Figure 2 48 Gain Compression Using Power Sweep 2 58 Making Measurements ...

Страница 110: ...hannel 1 and channel 2 I i i ___ _ i A 2 press F p p 6 _ i i L i i 7 i i L Uncoupling the port power allows you to apply different power levels at each port In Figure 2 49 the port 1 power is set to 25 dBm for the gain measurement S21 and the port 2 power is set to 0 dBm for the reverse isolation measurement S12 3 Press 1 jj LMenu j jf md set the power level for ii i _ _ i i A ii i i SW A ss s w p...

Страница 111: ... compensates for nominal power changes you make during a measurement so that the error correction still remains approximately valid In these cases the Cor annunciator will change to CA CHl PRm CHZ PRm Cot START 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz STOP 1 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 MHz Figure 2 49 Gain and Reverse Isolation 2 60 Making Measurements ...

Страница 112: ...width to be set independently for each segment that is deiined The frequency segments in this mode cannot overlap The ability to completely customize the frequency sweep while using swept list mode is useful when setting up a measurement for a device with high dynamic range like a iilter The following measurement of a filter illustrates the advantages of using the swept list mode n For in depth in...

Страница 113: ...opband of a hlter generally exhibits high isolation lb measure this characteristic the dynamic range of the system will have to be maximized This can be done by increasing the incident power and narrowing the IF bandwidth Choose the Measurement Parameters 1 Decide the frequency ranges of the segments that will cover the stopbands and passband of the filter For this example the following ranges wil...

Страница 114: ...650_ m __ _ glF q 88oJ IM_w Lsll i A w i 4 Ib maximize the dynamic range in the stopband increasing the incident power and narrowing the IF bandwidth press 6 RI specify a lower power level for the passband press _ _ _ gfg I x l loJ Ixl _ _ i _ m Lxl k 1 _ x m i fY y x G g gp g Making Measurements 243 ...

Страница 115: ...within the stopband frequencies n The segment used to measure the passband has been set up for faster sweep speed with more measurement points CENTER 900 000 000 MHZ SPAN 500 000 000 MHZ Figure Z 52 Calibrated Swept List Thru Measurement Reconnect the filter and adjust the scale to compare results with the first filter measurement that used a linear sweep n In Figure 2 53 notice that the noise lev...

Страница 116: ...r Sweep Power 0 dBm lF BW 3700 Hz CENTER 900 000 000 MHZ SPAN 500 000 000 MHZ SEGMENT I Power I 0 dBm IF BW 1000 Hz I I SEGMENT 3 Power lO dBm IF BW 300 Hz SEGGNT 2 Power 10 dBm IF BW 3700 Hz pge51 e Figure 2 53 Filter Measurement Using Swept List Mode Making Measurements 245 ...

Страница 117: ...de Using the analyzer s tuned receiver mode is useful for automated test applications where an external synthesized source is available and applications where speed is important Although the tuned receiver mode can function in a ll sweep types it is typically used in CW applications Typical test setup 1 Activate the tuned receiver mode by pressing Is L A A ss v _ i i i c i s 2 Connect the equipmen...

Страница 118: ...s An analyzer in tuned receiver mode can receive input signals into PORT 1 PORT 2 or R CHANNEL IN Input power range specifications are provided in Chapter 7 L Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties n Making Measurements 247 ...

Страница 119: ...formation refer to Test Sequencing in Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts n The test sequence function allows you to create title save and execute up to six independent sequences internally You can also save sequences to disk and transfer them between the analyzer and an external computer controller The following procedures which are based on an actual measurement example show you how to ...

Страница 120: ...rument IS turned off seiect 0 softkey to start nmdifylng 0 sequence pg697d Figure 2 55 l t Sequencing Help Instructions 2 RI select a sequence position in which to store your sequence press This choice selects sequence position l The default title is SEQl for this sequence Refer to Changing the Sequence Title located later in this Chapter for information on how to modify a sequence title Making Me...

Страница 121: ...quence creation press Caution When you create a sequence the analyzer stores it in volatile memory where it will be lost if you switch off the instrument power except for sequence 6 which is stored in the analyzer non volatile memory However you may store sequences to a floppy disk Running a Sequence To run a stored test sequence press Preset and the softkey labeled with desired sequence number or...

Страница 122: ...5 press j to t the modify e t mode Inserting a Command 1 To enter the creation editing mode press __ _ L _ 2 lb select the particular test sequence you wish to modify sequence 1 in this example press z i A i 3 To insert a command move the cursor to the line immediately above the line where you want to insert a new command by pressing m or I n If you use the Q key to move the cursor through the lis...

Страница 123: ...u wish to modify press n If you use the key to move the cursor through the list of commands the commands are actually performed when the cursor points to them This feature allows the sequence to be tested one command at a time n If you wish to scroll through the sequence without executing each line as you do so you can press the J key and scroll through the command list backwards 4 lb delete the c...

Страница 124: ...and numbers lb complete the titling press Naming Files Generated by a Sequence The analyzer can automatically increment the name of a gle that is generated by a sequence using a loop structure See example Generating Piles in a Loop Counter Example Sequence later in this chapter To access the sequencelilename menu press Gp ii This menu presents two choices _ _ suppEes a nme for the saved state md o...

Страница 125: ... the internal disk press I q __ N ad select the p i x sequence softkey i i i The disk drive access light should turn on briefly When it goes out the sequence has been saved Caution The analyzer will overwrite a fle on the disk that has the same title Caution Do not mistake the line switch for the disk eject button 2 74 Making Measurements ...

Страница 126: ...load the sequence This is also how you can control the sequence number of an imported titled sequence Purging a Sequence from Disk 1 To view the contents of the disk six titles at a time press H If the desired sequence is not among the first six llles press 2 Press the softkey next to the title of the desired sequence The disk access light should ilhuninate briefly Printing a Sequence 1 Configure ...

Страница 127: ...se sequences are identified by position not title the call operation will always go to the sequence loaded into the given position 1 To create the example multiple sequences press The following sequences will be created SEQUENCESEQl Start of Sequence CENTER 134wu SPAN 50 M u DOSEQUENCE SEQUENCE2 SEQUENCESEQ2 Start of Sequence Tram FWD S21 B R LOGMAG SCALE DIV AUTO SCALE You can extend this process...

Страница 128: ... initial value of the loop counter and call the sequence that you want to repeat press This will create a displayed list as shown SEQUENCELOOP Start of Sequence LOOP COUNTER 10x1 DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE 2 To create a second sequence that will perform a desired measurement function decrement the loop counter and call itself until the loop counter value is equal to zero This will create a displayed lis...

Страница 129: ...Example Sequence This example shows how to increment the names of tiles that are generated by a sequence with a loop structure Start of Sequence LOOP COUNTER 7 xl INTERNAL DISK DATA ONLY ON DO SEQUENCE SEQUENCE 2 2 78 Making Measurements ...

Страница 130: ...P lb nm the sequence press Limit Test Example Sequence This measurement example shows you how to create a sequence that will branch the sequence according to the outcome of a limit test Refer to lksting a Device with Limit Lines located earlier in this Chapter for a procedure that shows you how to create a limit test For this example you must have already saved the following in register 1 w device...

Страница 131: ...ssed the limit test press This will create a displayed list for sequence 2 as shown Start of Sequence INTERNAL DISK DATA ARRAY ON FILENAME FILE0 SAVEFILE 3 lb create a sequence that prompts you to tune a device that has failed the limit test and calls sequence 1 to retest the device press This will create a displayed list for sequence 3 as shown Start of Sequence TITLE TUNE DEVICE SEQUENCE PAUSE D...

Страница 132: ...uring the fundamental and harmonic frequencies 5 Press m md sele Coupling the channel power sows you I r to maintain the same fundamental frequency power level for both channels _ 7 Press m and select i i A 2 i W _ 8 Press iGiG and position marker to desired frequency CHl B I og MFIG 5 dB R E F 0 dB 1 7 6 7 2 6 dB T CHl CH2 1 I I I I I STf3RT 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z S T O P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z...

Страница 133: ...CHl B I og MRG S dB R E F 0 dB 1 7 6 7 4 2 dB I I 1 I I I I I xl I I CHZ START 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz STOP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHz Figure 2 57 2nd Harmonic Power Level in dBc 2 82 Making Measurements ...

Страница 134: ...h signal through a surface acoustic wave SAW filter n reflection measurement that locates reflections along a terminated transmission line Transmission Response in Time Domain In this example measurement there are three components of the transmission response n RF leakage at near zero time n the main travel path through the device 1 6 ps travel time n the triple travel path 4 8 ps travel time This...

Страница 135: ...pass impulse are described in Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts 6 To better view the measurement trace press C j ad turn the front pa knob or enter a value from the front i x r panel keypad 7 To measure the peak response from the main path press The three responses shown in Figure 2 59 are the RF leakage near zero seconds the main travel path through the hlter and the triple travel path...

Страница 136: ...ess jg g As shown in Figure 2 60 only response from the main path is displayed Note You may remove the displayed response from inside the gate markers by pressing Sga and turning the front panel knob to exchange the flag marker __ iii positions Gating Figure 2 60 aw000023 in a Time Domain Transmission Example Measurement 12 To adjust the gate shape for the best possible time domain response press ...

Страница 137: ... the time between the stop time 6 dB on the filter skirt and the peak of the first sidelobe and is equal on the left and right side skirts of the hlter Because the minimum gate span has no passband it is just twice the cutoff time CHl A R log MAG 10 dB REF 70 dB P CHl START 7 ns STOP 7 ns pg6121d Fiiure 2 61 Gate Shape 13 lb see the effect of the gating in the frequency domain press This places th...

Страница 138: ...Figure 2 62 aw000024 Gating Effects in a Frequency Domain Example Measurement Making Measurements 2 87 ...

Страница 139: ...ime domain capability of the analyzer allows you to choose the frequency range over which you would like to make the measurement 1 lb choose the measurement parameters press 2 Perform an SII l port correction on PORT 1 Refer to Chapter 5 Optimizing Measurement Results for a detailed procedure 3 Connect your device under test as shown in Figure 2 63 CABLES Pg69e Figure 2 63 Device Connections for R...

Страница 140: ...igure 2 64 Device Response in the Frequency Domain 5 To transform the data from the frequency domain to the time domain press 6 To view the time domain over the length 4 meters of the cable under test press The stop time corresponds to the length of the cable under test The energy travels about 1 foot per nanosecond or 0 3 meter in free space Most cables have a relative velocity of about 0 66 the ...

Страница 141: ...s a relative velocity of 1 Velocity Factor i where cr is the relative permittivity of the cable dielectric 8 lb position the marker on the reflection of interest press GiGJ and turn the front panel knob or enter a value from the front panel keypad In this example the velocity factor was set to one half the actual value so the marker reads the time and distance to the reflection 9 To position a mar...

Страница 142: ... not always a simple two port w It may be difficult to make repeatable on wafer contacts due to the size of the device contact pads Due to the simplicity of the calibration standards TRL or LRM calibrations may be used for non coaxial applications such as on wafer measurements This type of calibration with time domain gating and a variety of probe styles can provide optimal accuracy in on wafer me...

Страница 143: ...frequency offset mode n Isolation 0 LO to RF isolation q RF feedthrough Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results conta...

Страница 144: ... the analyzer R channel input is less than 10 dBm and greater than 35 dBm Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses By choosing test frequencies frequency list mode you can reduce the effect of spurious responses on measurements by avoiding frequencies that produce IF signal path distortion Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals By placing Wers between the mixer s IF port and the receiver...

Страница 145: ...ither I 0 or M J N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R R IN 1 pg622e Figure 3 l Down Converter Port Connections h m up convefier measurement where the eey sele ed the nohtion on the setup diagram indicates that the analyzer s source frequency is labeled IF connecting to the mixer IF port and the analyzer s receiver frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port Because the RF frequency can be gre...

Страница 146: ...ese losses the traces associated with the R channel have been offset 16 dE higher As a result power measured directly at the R channel via the R CHANNEL IN port will appear to be 16 dD higher than its actual value If power meter calibration is not used this offset in power must be accounted for with a receiver calibration before performing measurements The following steps can be performed to obser...

Страница 147: ...ical to avoid receiver saturation effects The minimum signal level must be greater than 35 dBm to provide sufficient signal for operation of the phaselock loop 5 You cannot trust R channel power settings without knowing about the offset involved Perform a receiver calibration to remove any power offsets by pressing Once completed the R channel should display 0 dRm Changing power ranges will requir...

Страница 148: ... analyzer is specified at f 1 dB over any given source frequency This may give a maximum 2 dB error for a mixer transmission test setup Al dR for the source over the IF range during measurement and fl dB over the RF range during measurement Higher measurement accuracy may be obtained through the use of power meter calibration You can use power meter calibration to correct for power offsets losses ...

Страница 149: ...is mode of operation allows you to offset the analyzer s source by a Rxed value above or below the analyzer s receiver That is this allows you to use a device input frequency range that is different from the receiver input frequency range The following procedure describes the swept IF frequency conversion loss measurement of a broadband component mixer 1 Set the LO source to the desired CW frequen...

Страница 150: ......

Страница 151: ... analyzer wilI automatically interpolate this calibration 12 13 lb calibrate the R channel over the IF range press Once completed the display should read 0 dBm Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 6 for the one sweep power meter calibration over the RF range POWER METER NETWORK ANALYZER 0 I Ic POW N OR 3 dB pg626e Figure 3 6 EXTERNAL LO SOURCE Connections for a One Sweep Power Meter Calibrati...

Страница 152: ...R FREO OFFS ON off LO MENU DOWN CONVERTER UP CONVERTER RF LO RF LO VIEW MEASURE RETURN pg6155d FIXED LO 1 GHz LO POWER 13 dBm pg627e Figure 3 8 Measurement Setup from Display 16 To view the measurement trace press 17 To perform a one sweep power meter calibration over the RF frequency range press Note Do not reduce the number of points to perform this power meter calibration Reducing the number of...

Страница 153: ...ain output power input power In this measurement you set the input power and measured the output power Figure 3 9 shows the absolute loss through the mixer versus mixer output frequency If the mixer under test contained built in amplification then the measurement results would have shown conversion gain Making Mixer Measurements 3 l1 ...

Страница 154: ...nalyzer s A or B channel with a reference mixer providing input to the analyzer s R channel for phaselock This example describes the swept IF conversion loss measurement of a mixer and filter The output filtering demonstrates the analyzer s ability to make high dynamic range measurements lb avoid the complexity of performing a separate power meter calibration over the RF frequency range while the ...

Страница 155: ...comea mode number is displayed HP 436A or HP 438A 437 _ 2 w n 8 Perform a one sweep power meter calibration over the IF frequency range at 0 dBm Note Because power meter calibration requires a longer sweep time you may want i I I i i to reduce the number of points before pressing After the power meter calibration is finished return the number of points to its original value and the analyzer will a...

Страница 156: ...nalyzer parameters jgg p To calibrate the B channel over the IF range press Once completed the analyzer should display 0 deem Make the connections shown in Figure 3 12 Set the Lo source to the desired CW frequency and power level For this example the values are as follows n CW frequency 1500 MHz n source power 13 dBm 3 14 Making Mixer Measurements ...

Страница 157: ... frequency range The source frequency range can be determined from the following equation receiver frequency range 100 1000 MHz Lo frequency 1500 MHz 1 6 2 5 GHz 16 To view the conversion loss in the best vertical resolution press F igure 3 13 shows the conversion loss of this low side Lo mixer with output filtering Notice that the dynamic range from the pass baud to the noise floor is welI above ...

Страница 158: ...Figure START 100 000 000 MHZ STOP 1 000 000 ocin MHZ 3 13 Example of Swept IF Conversion Loss Measurement 3 16 Making Mixer Measurements ...

Страница 159: ...etup The following sequence initializes and calibrates the network analyzer It then initializes the two external sources prior to measurement This sequence includes n putting the network analyzer into tuned receiver mode n setting up a frequency list sweep of 26 points n performing a response calibration n prompting the user to connect a mixer to the test set up n inimg a loop counter value to 26 ...

Страница 160: ...3 14 Connections for a Response Calibration 4 Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence 1 Note To enter the following sequence commands that require titling an external keyboard may be used for convenience Performing a Response Calibration _ LMeas a jjj Q i _ i POW LEV 6DBM 3 18 Making Mixer Measurements ...

Страница 161: ...sing and Conflguring the Two Sources Disp a im c L A I i _ i g FEQ MODE CW CW 500MHZ F REQ CW STEP 1OOMHZ igpg ii i i pJg jp fJ g I19 Lxl i r POW LEV 13DBM j i i A i p m 3 fi 121 xl _ _ _ __I _i gi i A 2 _ j z A _ i A L _ ___ _ _ xL L 4 NS I i y x i g m Igpggg ijpw anE _ Ld _ i __ sE j MODE CW CW 6OOMBZ F REQ CW STEP 1OOMHZ ggggg c p w _ A_ 2 fwJ g mx3 DDrt Ixl A _ _ _ _ r m r m ii _ A I a _ _ f i...

Страница 162: ...HERAL HPIB ADDR 19x1 TITLETO PERIPHERAL TITLE FREQ MODE CW CW 1OOMHZ TITLE TO PERIPHERAL CALIBRATE RESPONSE CAL STANDARD DONECAL CLASS TITLE CONNECT MIXER PAUSE LOOP COUNTER 26x1 SCALE DIV 2x1 REFERENCE POSITION 0x1 REFERENCE VALUE 20x1 MANUAL TRG ON POINT TITLE FREQ MODECW CU5OOMHZ FREQ CW STEP 1OOMHZ TITLETOPERIPHERAL TITLE POW LEVl3DBM PERIPHERAL HPIB ADDR 21x1 TITLETOPERIPHERAL 3 20 Making Mix...

Страница 163: ...re made and the loop counter value is equal to zero This sequence includes n taking data n incrementing the source frequencies w decrementing the loop counter n labeling the screen 1 Press the following keys on the analyzer to create sequence 2 Note To enter the following sequence commands that require titling an external keyboard may be used for convenience Making Mixer Measurements 3 21 ...

Страница 164: ...NTERoOTHENDO SEQUENCE2 TITLE MEASUREMENT COMPLETED 2 Press the following keys to run the sequences When the prompt CONNECT MIXER appears connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3 15 NETWORK ANALYZER EXT EXT REFERENCE REFERENCE 10dB EXTERNAL RF SOURCE 6 dB 3 dB EXTERNAL LO SOURCE pg632e Figure 3 15 Connections for a Conversion Loss Using the Tuned Receiver Mode When the sequences are finished you ...

Страница 165: ... 3 16 Example Fixed IF Mixer Measurement Figure 3 16 Example Fixed IF Mixer Measurement The displayed trace represents the conversion loss of the mixer at 26 points Each point corresponds to one of the 26 different sets of RF and LO frequencies that were used to create the same tied IF frequency Mating Mixer Measurements 3 23 ...

Страница 166: ...del Nnmber ANZAC MCD 123 USefIll Group Freqaency Bange DeLay 03 to 3 Gllz 5 ns Mini ircui ZFM 4 dc to 1250 MHz 6 ns Set the LO source to the desired CW frequency and power level For this example the LO source is set to the following values CW frequency 1000 MHz power 13 dRm Initialize the analyzer by pressing Q From the front panel of the HP 8753E set the desired receiver frequency and source outp...

Страница 167: ...gure 3 17 Counections for a Group Delay Measurement 5 To set the frequency offset mode LO frequency from the analyzer press _ _ i_ _ _ m JpJ _ _ _ _ _ 6 To select the converter type and a high side LO measurement configuration press 7 lb select the format type press jz DELAY ii Making Mixer Measurements 3 26 ...

Страница 168: ...st vertical resolution Ctll PRm Cor Del Smo Hld Ofs CENTER 300 000 000 GHz SPAN lOO 000 000 GHz Figure 3 18 Group Delay Measurement Example The displayed measurement trace shows the device under test delay relative to the calibration mixer This measurement is also useful when the device under test has built in llltering which requires 30 dl3 range the maximm of R input PORT 1 to PORT 2 range is lO...

Страница 169: ...and phase 1 Repeat steps 1 through 8 of the previous Group Delay Measurements section with the following exception In step 7 select w I2 i i 2 ce the analyzer ha displayed the meauementres s pressIDioplay 3 Replace the calibration mixer with the mixer under test The resulting trace should represent the amplitude and phase tracking of the two mixers Making Mixer Measurements 3 27 ...

Страница 170: ...ession point See Figure 3 19 Input Signal RF Input Signal RF pb6100d Figure 3 19 Conversion Loss and Output Power as a Function of Input Power Level Example Notice that the IF output power increases linearly with the increasing RF signal until mixer compression begins and the mixer saturates The following example uses a ratio of mixer output to input power and a marker search function to locate a ...

Страница 171: ...urement 5 lb view the absolute input power to the analyzer s R channel press o se 6 To store a trace of the receiver power versus the source power into memory and view data memory press This removes the loss between the output of the mixer and the input to the receiver and provides a linear power sweep for use in subsequent measurements 7 Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 21 Making Mixer M...

Страница 172: ...pression Measurement 8 To set the frequency offset mode Lo frequency press 9 To select the converter type press 10 Ib select a low side Lo measurement conflguration press In this low side Lo up converter measurement the analyzer source frequency is offset lower than the receiver frequency The analyzer source frequency can be determined from the following equation receiver frequency 800 MHz Lo freq...

Страница 173: ...r s output power as a function of its input power press i i i __ _ _ I _ _ I s L iiAs ii A z A i 12 lb set up an active marker to search for the 1 dB compression point of the mixer press 13 Press The measurement results show the mixer s 1 dB compression point By changing the target value you can easily locate other compression points for example 0 5 dB 3 dB See Figure 3 22 14 Read the compressed p...

Страница 174: ...Figure 3 23 Example Swept Power Conversion Compression Measurement 3 32 Making Mixer Measurements ...

Страница 175: ...Signal Flow in a Mixer Example The RF and Lo feedthrough signals may appear at the mixer IF output together with the desired IF signal The Lo to RF isolation and the Lo feedthrough are typically measured with the third port terminated in 50 ohms Measurement of the RF feedthrough is made as the Lo signal is being applied to the mixer LO to RF Isolation 1 Initialize the analyzer by pressing m 2 Ib s...

Страница 176: ...rements Refer to Chapter 5 Optinking Measurement Results 6 Make the connections as shown in Figure 3 26 NETWORK ANALYZER LO RF T I F 5orl LOAD pg638e Figure 3 26 Connections for a Mixer Isolation Measurement 7 Tb adjust the display scale press The measurement results show the mixer s LO to RF isolation ...

Страница 177: ...ode 1 Select the CW Lo frequency and source power from the front panel of the external source CW frequency 300 MHz Power 10 dBm 2 Initialize the analyzer by pressing B 3 To select the analyzer s frequency range and source power press This signal stimulates the mixer s RF port 4 To select a ratio measurement press Note Isolation is dependent on Lo power level and frequency To ensure good test resul...

Страница 178: ...TERNAL SOURCE pg639e Figure 3 29 Connections for a Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement 8 Connect the external LO source to the mixer s LO port 9 The measurement results show the mixer s RF feedthrough Note You may see spurious responses on the analyzer trace due to interference caused by LO to IF leakage in the mixer This can be reduced with averaging or by reducing the IF bandwidth 3 36 Making Mixer...

Страница 179: ...Example Mixer RF Feedthrough Measurement You can measure the IF to RF isolation in a similar manner but with the following modifications n Use the analyzer source as the IF signal drive n View the leakage signal at the RF port Making Mixer Measurements 3 37 ...

Страница 180: ...o a plotter q Outputting plot files from a PC to an HPGL compatible printer 0 Outputting single page plots using a printer 0 Outputting multiple plots to a single page using a printer q Plotting Multiple Measurements per page from disk q Titling the displayed measurement q Con the analyzer to produce a time stamp q Aborting a print or plot process q Printing or plotting the list values or operatin...

Страница 181: ...or using particular functions E Chapter 8 Menu Maps n shows softkey menu relationships m Chapter 9 Key Definitions describes all the front panel keys softkeys and their corresponding HP IB commands n Chapter 11 Compatible Peripherals lists measurement and system accessories and other applicable equipment compatible with the analyzers An HP IB programming overview is also included 4 2 Printinfl Plo...

Страница 182: ...ces w plotters with HP IB interfaces w plotters with parallel interfaces w plotters with serial interfaces Refer to the Compatible Peripherals chapter for a list of recommended peripherals Conf uring a Print Function All copy coniiguration settings are stored in non volatile memory Therefore they are not affected if you press Preset or switch off the analyzer power 1 Connect the printer to the int...

Страница 183: ... Enter the HP IB address of the printer followed by I i yf s z b press m md if t ye is no extend controller coMeCt ed to the HP IB bus c Press m and if there is an external controller connected to the __ i I ii i HP IB bus p L n Choose if your printer has a parallel centronics interface and then configure 1 1 r the print function as follows m m z I Press m and then select the parallel port interfa...

Страница 184: ...andshake takes place in the hardware rather than the A Ai _ iirmware or software it is the fastest transmission control method Defining a Print Function Note The print definition is set to default values whenever the power is cycled However you can save the print deiinition by saving the instrument state y q dP 0 Choose lfyou me using ablack ad white printer or you wantjust i ii u _ black and whit...

Страница 185: ...t Values for Printing Parameters PrintingParameter Default Printer Mode Monochrome Auto Feed O N Printer Colors Channel l Channel 3 Data Magenta Channel l Channel 3 Memory Green Channel 2 Channel4 Data Blue Channel 2 Channel4 Memory Red Graticule cyan WaTning Black l t Bl lCk Ref Line Black Printing One Measurement Per Page 1 ContQure and detie the print function as explained in Configuring a Prin...

Страница 186: ... ameasurement onthe asthdfpage l I c ii 4 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy F igure 4 2 shows an example of a hardcopy where two measurements appear __ i ii 5 Press m to print a measurement on the second half page Note This feature will not work for all printers due to differences in printer resolution 1 rn REF I 7 1 7 215 rn I I i i i i i i iU pg6 148d Figure 4 2 Pri...

Страница 187: ......

Страница 188: ...e used for printing or plotting n Choose if your phter has a sefid m 232 interface and then conwe the pmt function as follows y 2 _ a Press and enter the printer s baud rate followed by xl b lb select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printer press A I z ii z transmit control handshaking protocol tfi the correct method appears 0 If you choose q the handshake method allow...

Страница 189: ...aJ purpose 1 A ss I O and cannot be used for printing or plotting z _ w Choose j if your plotter ha a s d ES 232 interface ad then con e the plot i function as follows a fiess and enter the plotter s baud rate followed by ml ss _ w b To select the transmission control method that is compatible with your plotter press wa nsl control ha n h ng protocol mtiI the correct method appears q If you choose...

Страница 190: ...o the analyzer internal disk drive Choose if you will plot to a disk drive at is external to the analyzer Then confIgure the disk drive as follows a press md enter the Hp Ifj ad es to the disk __ _ _ _ _ _ drive default is 00 followed by GiJ b Press Local DISK UNIT NUMBER and enter the drive where your disk is located __ followed by XJ C If your storage disk is partitioned press IRIl E Ji and ente...

Страница 191: ...displayed text to appear on your plot This B s i aL does not include the marker values or softkey labels _ i 7 q Choose if you want the displayed markers and marker values to appear on s _ A ss i A A 1 i your plot M A R K E R O N GRATICULE REFERENCE LINE TIME DATE T E X T DATA CHI START 1 078 9 STOP 1 505 3 Figure 4 4 Plot Components Available through Definition pg6150d Selecting Auto Feed 3 Mtil ...

Страница 192: ...rocessor or graphics presentation programs different colors may be assigned to the pen numbers Yhble 4 2 Default Pen Numbers and Corresponding Colors Pen Color NUdX Z I 3 I blue I mble 4 S Default Pen Numbers for Plot Elements Corresponding Key Plot Element Measurement Data Trace Displayed Memory Trace Graticule and Reference Line Displayed lht Displayed Markers and Valuer land3 Chamnel2md4 Pen Nu...

Страница 193: ...type see Figure 4 5 followed by 0 Select to modify the line type for the memory trace Then enter the h vi s I new line type see F igure 4 5 followed by lhble 4 4 Default Line Types for Plot Elements ti A 7 pg6135d Note Figure 4 5 Line Types Available You must deGne the line types for each measurement channel channel 1 and channel 2 4 14 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Страница 194: ...of Pl and P2 on the plotter while maintaining the exact same aspect ratio as the display Bi 7 s q Choose ifyouw t the outer limits ofthegatic to correspond to i I i the defined Pl and P2 scaling point on the plotter Intended for plotting on preprinted rectangular or polar forms P2 P2 pg6157d 0 Choose for nom plotting _ _ _ i ctez I Choose for plotting Jy on sp en s me slower speed A A A i A A c A ...

Страница 195: ...ing One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter 1 Configure and define the plot as explained in Configuring a Plot Function and Defining a Plot Function located earlier in this chapter 0 If you d r the press after the message COPY i w _ OUTPUT COMPLETED appears 4 16 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Страница 196: ...e following quadrants are available q f J I q i i ii ii r A iii A ii s s 0 i i ii i A A A ii a The selected quadrant will appear in the brackets under 2J Q Ej i pg65e Figure 4 7 Plot Quadrants 5 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy i _ 6 press ad oose mother qua at where youwa ntto place the played measurement 7 Repeat the previous three steps until you have captured the...

Страница 197: ...4 l 8 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Страница 198: ... LIF format PLOT00 FP for a DOS format if there were no previous plot files saved to the disk The figure below shows the three parts of the file name that is generated automatically by the analyzer whenever a plot is requested The two digit sequence number is incremented by one each time a file with a default name is added to the directory O U T P U T F O R M A T C O D E T H A T I N D I C A T E S ...

Страница 199: ...on must have an import filter for HPGL often times call HGL Two such applications from the Lotus suite of products are the word processor AmiPro and the graphics presentation package Freelance Graphics n Note Lotus applications are not supported by Hewlett Packard The following procedures are provided for informational use only Other applications or other versions of the same application may funct...

Страница 200: ... select paper type rotation landscape or portrait and pen colors You will probably need to change pen colors Note The network analyzer uses pen 7 for text The default color in Ami Pro for pen 7 is aqua which is not very readable against the typical white background You may want to change pen 7 to black 5 After all selections have been made the fle is imported and rendered in a small graphics frame...

Страница 201: ...he TEXT pull down menu select FONT b Select the type face and size Fourteen point text is a good place to start c Click OK to resize the font w If you wish to modify the color of the displayed text perform the following steps a From the ARRANGE pull down menu select UNGROUP b Highlight a piece of text c From the STYLE pull down menu select ATTRIBUTES d Select the desired text color and click OK e ...

Страница 202: ...Most editors allow the inclusion of escape sequences For example in the MS DOS editor DOS 5 0 or greater press CNTRL P hold down the CTRL key and press P followed by the ESCape key to create the escape character 2 Nametheflehpglinit able 4 6 EIPGL Initialization Commands Command Remark esoE conditional page eject eso 12A page size 8 5 x 11 eso llO landscape orientation lower case 1 one capital 0 e...

Страница 203: ...the plot llle to the printer Step 6 Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer You can output plot files to an HPGL compatible printer using the DOS command line and the files created in the previous steps This example assumes that the escape sequence flies and the plot Bles are in the current directory and the selected printer port i...

Страница 204: ...nd all the requested plot Illes to the spooler rem append the formfeed sequence to the spooler rem copy the hle to the printer rem rem This routine uses COPY instead of PRINT because COPY rem will not return until the action is completed PRINT rem will queue the file so the subsequent DEL will likely rem generate an error COPY avoids this rem echo off type hpglinit spooler for i in 1 do type i spo...

Страница 205: ...er is incremented by one each time a tie with a default name is added to the directory PLOTBOFPX uluuu O P T I O N A L C H A R A C T E R T H A T INDKATES T H E F I L E IS PART OF A MULTiPLE FILE PLOT ON THE USER GENEWTED SAME GRATICULE O U T P U T F O R M A T C O D E T H A T I N D I C A T E S T H E P L O T Q U A D R A N T P O S I T I O N O R F U L L P A G E P L O T F I L E S S E Q U E N C E N U M ...

Страница 206: ...il you have saved all the data that you want to put on the same page Renaming the files as shown below allows you to use the provided program that organizes and plots the files according to the llle naming convention I Plot File Recognized Filename 1 IFirst File Saved PLOTOOFPA I 1 Second File Saved 1 PLJYIOOFPB I 1 Third File Saved I PL0TOOFPC I 1 Fourth File Saved I PL0TOOFPD I The figure below ...

Страница 207: ...ot Quadrants 4 Press me an yzer assigns the first av able default flenme for the sele ed quadrant For example the analyzer would assign PLOTOlLU if there were no other left upper quadrant plots on the disk 5 Make the next measurement that you want to see on your hardcopy 6 Repeat this procedure for the remaining plot liles that you want to see as quadrants on a page If you want to see what quadran...

Страница 208: ...e rest of the characters in your title You can enter a title that has a maximum of 50 characters Press if you enter an incorrect character _ _ 6 Press j P to complete the title entry Note Titles may also be entered using the optional external keyboard Caution _ _ _ _ _ y The j SJZJK and Q J E keys are not intended for creating display titles _ i v Those keys are for creating commands to send to pe...

Страница 209: ...wu s listing of the measured data points and their appear on your hardcopy This list will o include the limit test information if you have the limits function activated q Choose if you want a tabular listing of the parameters for both _ __il i j i_i _ measurement channels to appear on your hardcopy The parameters include operating parameters marker parameters and system parameters that relate to t...

Страница 210: ...mined by the number of measurement points that you have selected under the LMenu key If You Want the Entire List of Values Choose 8X UC to print all pages of the listed values Note If you are printing the list of operating parameters only the llrst four pages are printed The fifth page system parameters is printed by displaying that page _ A and then pressing T B J E i i ss Printing Plotting and S...

Страница 211: ...ect printer or plotter type n If you are using a laser printer for plotting and the printer is outputting partial plots the printer may require more memory and or the page protection activated Note Consult your printer manual for information on upgrading memory and how to activate page protection n Make sure that the analyzer address setting for the peripheral corresponds to the actual HP IB addre...

Страница 212: ... power is switched off the internal non volatile memory is retained by a battery The data retention time with the 3 V 1 2 Ah battery is as follows Temperature at 70 OC 250 days 0 68 year characteristically Temperature at 40 OC 1244 days 3 4 years characteristically Temperature at 25 OC 10 years characteristically What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk You can save an instrument state and or measuremen...

Страница 213: ...specific analyzer settings that can be saved refer to the output commands located in the Command Reference chapter of the HP 8753E Network Analyzer Programmer s Guide For an example program refer to Saving and Recalling Instruments States in the Programming Examples chapter of the HP 8753E NetworkAnalgzw Programmer s Guide 4 34 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...

Страница 214: ...ter cont rouer to be evolved in a i ii A i peripheral access operations y r n Choose to aIlow yourself to control the analyzer over HP IB and also allows the analyzer to take or pass control 2 _ _ Press jj i A vu A A i n A u The analyzer saves the state in the next available register if you are saving to internal memory or saves the state to disk Although one lile is shown to represent an instrume...

Страница 215: ...odifying the recalled measurement including the ability to view all four S parameters This is because the raw data array has the least amount of processing associated with it Conversely if you choose to save the format array your modification of the recalled measurement will be limited by all the processes that are associated with that measurement result However the format array is appropriate if ...

Страница 216: ...1 If you want to title the displayed measurement refer to Titling the Displayed Measurement located earlier in this chapter 3 Choose one of the following disk drives a Connect an external disk drive to the analyzer s HP IB connector and coniigure as follows lilii ___ b press ad enter the ive where your Sk is located i i _ z A A ii A w followed by XJ _ _ _ c If your storage disk is partitioned pres...

Страница 217: ... illes half the size of the LIF files Note l ding may store data to disk in the S2P ASCII data format See ASCII Data Formats _ _ _ _ If you s me use gaptics wea is saved Refer to the HP 87533 Network Aruzlgm Programmer s G de for information on using display graphics The measurement display is not saved with this selection Refer to the information located earlier in this chapter for a procedure th...

Страница 218: ...File keywords refer to Appendix A The CITIFile Data Format and Keyword Reference S2P Data Format This format creates component data files that describe frequency dependent linear network parameters for 2 port components These hles are assigned a hlename with the sulhx S and are only outputted that is they cannot be read in by the analyzers Up to two S2P files are saved Sl for channel 1 and S2 for ...

Страница 219: ... be saved at the same time lb be consistent with previous versions the CITIfiIe data saved wiII represent the DATA array corrected data without effects of electrical delay or port extensions Here is an S2P example fiie for an 11 point measurement of a 20 dB attenuator t HZ S DB R 5 0 Network Analyzer HP8753E 0611 50000000 56 74 15 178 20 219 2 0132 20 15 1 6658 36 188 123 52 250000000 53 015 1 733...

Страница 220: ...contains data only You must create a new file lb Delete an Instrument State File q Press the QD keys or the front panel knob to highl ht the name of the file that you want to delete ii _ _ ii ccw y j i __ _ Press I to delete a of the ties that m e up the i _ _ selected instrument state Printing Platting and Saving Measurement Results 4 41 ...

Страница 221: ...w filenam p ssing when the arrow points to each chara er Press if you enter L ii i e i n A _ u an incorrect character After you have selected all the characters in the new fllename press i Note Renaming ties may also be done by using the optional external keyboard 2 Choose from the following storage devices _ _ q _ _ i i _ i _ q _i ii _ _ r q 3 Press the QJJ Q keys or the front panel knob to highl...

Страница 222: ...tem extensions as the analyzer does not support this format If Yim Are Using an External Disk Drive n Make sure that the analyzer is in system controller mode by pressing m I w u _ T 2 i ii w n Make sure that you have connected the disk drive to ac power switched on the power and connected an HP IB cable between the disk drive and the analyzer w Make sure that the analyzer recognizes the disk driv...

Страница 223: ...sponse correction w Frequency response and isolation correction n One port reflection correction n Full two port correction w TRL and TRM error correction n Modifying calibration kit standards n Power meter measurement calibration q Calibrating for noninsertable devices w Adapter removal n Matched adapters n Modify the Cal kit thru definition q Maintaining testport output power during sweep retrac...

Страница 224: ...nnecting Cables Cables connecting the device under test to the analyzer can contribute random errors to your measurement You should frequently do the following n inspect for lossy cables w inspect for damaged cable connectors n practice good connector care techniques n minin e cable position changes between error correction and measurements w inspect for cables which dramatically change magnitude ...

Страница 225: ...ing an error correction procedure or when there is no active correction Using port extensions is similar to using electrical delay However using port extensions is the preferred method of compensating for test fixture phase shift Ihble 5 l explains the difference between port extensions and electrical delay Ihble 5 1 Differences between PORT EXTENSIONS and ELECI IUCAL DELAY Bldn meet i _ _ __ m Th...

Страница 226: ...cs can be affected by the following factors n Adapting to a different connector type or impedance n Connecting a cable between the test device and an analyzer test port n Connecting any attenuator or other such device on the input or output of the test device If your test setup meets any of the conditions above the following system characteristics may be affected n amplitude at device input n freq...

Страница 227: ...ne or line frequency response reflect match or thru forward and reverse reflect match Stamkrd DWiCeS Thru for transmission open or short for reflection Same as response plus isolation standard load Short and open and load Note F requency response calibration is not as accurate as other calibration methods Error Correction Stimulus State Error correction is only valid for a specific stimulus state ...

Страница 228: ...sfully performed a calibration Note If you enter the opposite amount of electrical delay that was used by the analyzer during calibration then the short calibration standard will appear to be perfect The open calibration standard has additional phase shift caused by fringing capacitance See Calibration Considerations in Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts n Chrifyhg We N Connector Sex Whe...

Страница 229: ...nt can be yd ued so that in polated _ eflor co e ion is on or off Press 22 C i s Ms i A w iiii A A L i s i i I 1 1 gJ g f p q y to configure the preset tate of m i L l i i i interpolated error correction Optimizing Measurement Results 5 7 ...

Страница 230: ... frequency response and isolation correction n one port reflection correction n full two port correction n TRL LRM correction n modifying calibration kit standards n power meter measurement calibration procedure Note If you are making measurements on uncoupled measurement channels you must make a correction for each channel 6 8 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Страница 231: ...eters that you want for the device measurement power sweep type number of points or IF bandwidth q To access the measurement error correction menus press Lcal 0 If your calibration kit is different than the kit speci ed under the softkey press If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibration Standards procedure located later in this chapter 0 T...

Страница 232: ...surement The analyzer underlines the softkey that you selected after it llnishes the measurement and computes the error coefficients Note This calibration allows only one standard to be measured If you press the wrong key for a standard start over with step 6 Do not use a thru standard for a reflection response correction Note You can save or store the measurement correction to use for later measu...

Страница 233: ... between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters or cables that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device where you will connect your device under test NETWORK ANALYZER T E S T P O R T P O S S I B L E ADAPTERS pg611e Figure 5 2 Standard Connections for Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements 6 Ib measure t...

Страница 234: ...alibration See Power Meter Measurement Calibration located later in this chapter 2 lb set the analyzer test port power to 0 dBm press __ 1Menu i i 3 Make a thru connection between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters or cables that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device where you will connect your device under test ...

Страница 235: ...the receiver calibration for transmission measurements You can connect and measure your device under test Note The accuracy of the receiver calibration will be nearly the same as the test port power accuracy and the test port power accuracy can be significantly improved by performing a power meter source calibration as described later in this chapter Optimizing Measurement Results 6 13 ...

Страница 236: ... I leave the instrument default setting q If you want to make a reflection measurement on PORT 2 in the reverse direction S press 3 Set any other measurement parameters that you want for the device measurement power sweep type number of points IF bandwidth 4 To access the measurement correction menus press Ical _ I __ _ 6 If your calibration kit is different than the kit specified under the softke...

Страница 237: ...hes the measurement and computes the error coefficients 9 Connect the load calibration standard to the test port 10 lb measure the standard for the isolation portion of the correction press 11 To compute the response and directivity error coefficients press The analyzer displays the corrected SH or S data The analyzer also shows the notation Cor to the left of the screen indicating that the correc...

Страница 238: ...sted in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibration Kit Standards procedure located later in this chapter 6 To select a response and isolation correction press 7 Make a thru connection between the points where you will connect your device under test Note Include any adapters that you will have in the device measurement That is connect the standard device to the particular connector where...

Страница 239: ...i i c 11 Ib measure the calibration standard press 12 Return the averaging to the original state of the measurement For example reduce the averaging factor by at least four times or turn averaging off 13 To compute the isolation error coefficients press The analyzer displays the corrected data trace The analyzer also shows the notation Cor at the left of the screen indicating that the correction i...

Страница 240: ... other measurement parameters that you want for the device measurement power number of points IF bandwidth 4 To access the measurement correction menus press Ical P 5 If you dbrationkit is different thm the kit specified m r the softkey _ A z A n i press 3 g sele you type of kit f m w s i _ sA _ 5 If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying Calibratio...

Страница 241: ... Disconnect the open and connect a short circuit to the test port 10 lb measure the standard when the displayed trace has settled press z g g _ y _ The analyzer measures the short circuit and underlines the J RZ softkey _ _ _ 11 Disconnect the short and connect an impedance matched load to the test port 12 When the displayed trace settles press _ The analyzer measures the load and underlines the Q...

Страница 242: ...later measurements Refer to the Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results chapter for procedures 14 This completes the one port correction for reflection measurements You can connect and measure your device under test 5 20 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Страница 243: ... Set any measurement parameters that you want for the device measurement power format number of points or IF bandwidth 2 lb access the measurement correction menus press If your type of calibration kit is not listed in the displayed menu refer to the Modifying CaIibration Kit Standards procedure located later in this chapter 4 To select the correction type press 5 Connect a shielded open circuit t...

Страница 244: ...led press ___ The analyzer measures the load and underlines the softkey 11 Repeat the open short load measurements described above but connect the devices in turn c A C g Y Z Y _ _ __ to pORT 2 ad use the a s keys i I i A A ss i c A Li _ 7 x i i C s Include any adapters that you would include in your device measurement 12 To compute the reflection correction coefficients press 13 V s the trms ssio...

Страница 245: ......

Страница 246: ...RT 2 8 9 10 j _ The line data is measured and the rrrxs and softkey s _ L w A A i z labels are underlined RI measure the ISOLATION class press n You could choosenot to perform the isolation measurement by pressing _ _ w _ A As L i ii s i Note You should perform the isolation measurement when the highest dynamic range is desired Ib perform the best isolation measurements you should reduce the syste...

Страница 247: ...RM Error Correction 1 YOU must have a TRM cabration kit defined and saved in the as shown in Modifying Calibration Kit Standards n located later in this section Note This must be done before performing the following sequence i r z y _ _ _ 2 press caL l l m j gJjr f j L 22 iii _ s _ i z _ _ _ i A ___i i i iii _ _ 3 To measure the TRM THRU connect the zero length transmission line between the two te...

Страница 248: ...class can actually degrade the overaIl measurement performance If you are in doubt of the isolation measurement quality you should omit the isolation portion of this procedure 14 You may repeat any of the steps above There is no requirement to go in the order of steps When the analyzer detects that you have made all the necessary measurements the message me will show PRESS DONE IF FINISHED WIJ lj ...

Страница 249: ......

Страница 250: ... on the analyzer screen Use the entry keys on the analyzer front panel to change the value b Repeat e modi cation for gji gpJ and f Ns 9 A 7 This step applies only to the load Go to the next step if you selected any other standard Enme that the correct load type b underlined g f F s or i ws bw _ z m t z 2 pg y z y 8 press s ad observe the value on t analyzer screen m s _ _ a A a u A u c A i Li cha...

Страница 251: ...efined calibration kit This example procedure shows you how to dellne a calibration kit to utilize a set of TRL THRU REFLECT LINE standards This example TRL kit contains the following n zero length THRU n flush short for the REFLECT standard 0 second offset n 50 ohm transmission line with 80 ps of offset delay for the LINE Note Hewlett Packard strongly recommends that you read product note 851OSA ...

Страница 252: ...Standards to the Various TRL Classes 8 lb assign the calibration standards to the various TRL calibration classes press A _ I I y i i _ J iqfg I c i T i i s 9 Since you previously designated standard l for the REFLECT standard press 10 Since you previously designated standard 6 for the LINE MATCH standard press fidm ac I w xl 11 Since you previously designated standard 4 for the THRUILINE standard...

Страница 253: ...his example procedure shows you how to dehne a calibration kit to utilize a set of TRM THRU REFLECT MATCH standards This example TRM kit contains the foliowing n zero length THRU n flush short for the REFLECT standard 0 second offset n 50 ohm termination for the MATCH inhnlte length line Note Hewlett Packard strongly recommends that you read product note 8510 8A before you attempt to modify the st...

Страница 254: ...e new label press Assign the Stadards to the Various TRM Classes 8 To assign the calibration standards to the various TRL calibration classes press 9 Since you previously designated standard l for the REFLECT standard press mil 10 Since you previously designated standard 3 for the LINE MATCH standard press Xl S i _ 11 Since you previously designated standard 4 for the THRWLINE standard press 12 To...

Страница 255: ...el titles an external keyboard may be used for convenience I _ _ r i 13 Press gg gg ffjm i i i 14 Change the label of the TRL REFLECT class to TRMSHORT 15 Change the label of the TRL LINE OR MATCH class to TRIMLOAD Optimizing Measurement Results 5 33 ...

Страница 256: ......

Страница 257: ...y value The analyzer also automatically interpolates the values between correction factor data points If you only enter one frequency segment the analyzer assumes that the single value is valid over the entire frequency range of the correction yg y xj After you have entered all the frequency segments press ii i Editing Frequency Segments 1 Access e Segment Modify Menu by pressing LCal or depending...

Страница 258: ...ues at several frequencies using up to 55 segments enhancing power accuracy The analyzer shows the notation EMPTY if you have not entered any segment information 2 To create thefirst segment press V K J and enter a frequency of a correction factor data point followed by the appropriate key J Irln_u Lk m ii I I 3 Press I and enter the power loss that corresponds to the attenuation of the directiona...

Страница 259: ...ration 1 Calibrate and zero the power meter 2 Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 5 8 3 Select the HP 8753E as the system controller 4 Set the power meter s address z 5 led the appropriate power meter by pressing until the come model number is displayed HP 436A or HP 438A 437 i i i A s i_ i_ i 6 Set test port power to the approximate desired corrected power _ _ 7 Press Cal and enter the test ...

Страница 260: ...as in a leveling application using the continuous sample mode When the analyzer is in this mode it continuously checks power at every point in each sweep You must keep the power meter connected as shown in Figure 5 9 This mode is also known as power meter leveling and the speed is limited by the power meter Note You may level at the input of a device under test using a 2 resistor power splitter or...

Страница 261: ...lyzer test port power to the desired level _ _ IMenu 1 enter power level Ixl Connect the power sensor to the analyzer test port 1 To apply the one sweep mode press Note Because power meter calibration requires a longer sweep time you may want _ _ _ to reduce the number of points before pressing After the i i A A x iiA u s u i i power meter calibration is finished return the number of points to its...

Страница 262: ...a transmission test configuration Therefore the device is considered to be noninsertable and one of the following calibration methods must be performed n adapter removal n matched adapters w modify the cal kit thru definition NETWORK ANALYZER REFERENCE P O R T 1 REFERENCE pg645e Figure 5 10 Noninsertable Device 640 Optimizing Measurement Results ...

Страница 263: ...rming a 2 port error correction for each connector type w Specified electrical length of adapter A3 within f 114 wavelength for the measurement frequency range For each port a separate 2 port error correction needs to be performed to create two calibration sets The adapter removal algorithm uses the resultant data from the two calibration sets and the nominal electrical length of the adapter to co...

Страница 264: ...or type at port 1 Note When using adapter removal calibration you must save calibration sets to the internal disk not to internal memory Caution Do not mistake the Iine switch for the disk eject button See the figure below If the Iine switch is mistakenly pushed the instrument wiII be turned off losing all settings and data that have not been saved D I S K E J E C T B U T T O N 1 L I N E SWITCH 3 ...

Страница 265: ...type at port 2 6 Save the results to disk Name the fSle PORTB 7 Determine the electrical delay of adapter A3 by performing steps 1 through 7 of Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition Remove the Adapter When the two sets of error correction fles have been created now referred to as cal sets the adapter may be removed This provides a quick reference guide to using e adapter _ _ removal technique n i s 2...

Страница 266: ...ation in this register is not the calibration created by adapter removal rather it is a scratch calibration You may wish to delete the register or re save the new calibration in this register as shown in the following step _ _ s i 16 fb save the rest s of the new cd set press Cv i A T x u ii I w A ii g x i i i m N E T W O R K A N A L Y Z E R D U T pg649e Figure 5 14 Cklibrated Measurement Verify t...

Страница 267: ... 40 50 ASSIGN ONa TO 716 60 70 Select internal disk 80 90 OUTPUT ONa INTD t 100 110 Assign file 1 to the filename that has a 2 port 120 caI previously performed for Port l s connector 130 140 OUTPUT ONa TITFl FlODCAL1 150 160 Recall the cal set for Port 1 170 180 OUTPUT ONa CALSPORT 190 200 Assign file 112 to the filename that has a 2 port 210 cal previously performed for Port 2 s connector 220 23...

Страница 268: ... LENGTH OF ADAPTERS MUST BE EQJAl 3 MEASURE DUT USING ADAPTER 6 pg6136d Figure 5 15 Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices Ib use this method refer to Figure 5 15 and perform the following steps 1 Perform a transmission calibration using the first adapter 2 Remove adapter A and place adapter B on port 2 Adapter B becomes the effective test port 3 Perform a reflection calibration 4 Measure the test ...

Страница 269: ...he B adapter 4 Measure the delay of the adapter by pressing G AY 5 Divide the resulting delay measurement by 2 6 Determine the offset delay of the calibration short by examming the dehne standard menu see Dehne Standard Menus 7 Subtract the short offset delay from the value calculated in step 5 This corresponds to the delay of adapter B 8 Modify the calibration kit thru de8nition by entering in th...

Страница 270: ...mes and the larger the error in the test channel The HP 8753E network analyzers do not sweep at a constant rate The frequency range is covered in several bands and the sweep rate may be different in each band So if an operator sets up a broadband sweep with the minimum sweep time the error in measuring a long device will be different in each band and the data will be discontinuous at each band edg...

Страница 271: ...he difference in delay times between the paths to the R channel and the B channel These times can be equalized by adding a length of cable to the R channel which has approximately the same delay as the device under test This length of cable can be inserted between the R CHANNEL IN and OUT connectors on the front panel of the analyzer The delay of this cable must be less than 5 s Optimizing Measure...

Страница 272: ...increase the throughput of the measurement by allowing the user to specify narrow bandwidths only where needed a For in depth information on swept list mode refer to Swept List Frequency Sweep in Chapter 6 Application and Operation Concepts n n For more information on making measurements with swept list mode refer to Measurements Using the Swept List Mode in Chapter 2 Making Measurements 2 The fre...

Страница 273: ...fy the frequency span to ehminate as many band switches as possible while maintaining measurement integrity Refer to the following table to identify the analyzer s band switch points lhble 5 5 Band Switch Points I Band I Frequency Span I Ol MHz to 3 MHz 3 MHz to 3 3 MHz 3 3 MHz to 16 MHz 16 MHz to 31 MHz 31 MHz to 61 MHz 61 MHz to 121 MHz 121 MHz to 178 MHz 178 MHz to 296 MHz 296 MHz to 536 MHz 53...

Страница 274: ...aging Fktor By reducing the averaging factor number of sweeps or switching off averaging you can increase the analyzer s measurement speed The time needed to compute averages can also slow the sweep time slightly in narrow spans 2 Enter an averaging factor that is less than the value displayed on the analyzer screen and press Lxl Ib Reduce the Number of Measurement Points 2 Enter a number of point...

Страница 275: ...sweep type y z I q Select I for the fastest sweep for a given number of fixed points _ _ select for the fastest sweep when spe jc non be ly spaced frequency __ ___ A _ points are of interest q sled for the test sweep when the frequency pohb of inter we h tl e i lower part of the frequency span selected lb View a Single Measurement Channel Viewing a single channel will increase the measurement spee...

Страница 276: ...tween the test ports on every sweep The measurement stays on the active port after an initial cycling between the ports The fastest measurements can be made by using this type of test set switching Pressing the m key or changing to a different S parameter measurement will cause the test set to switch and cycle between the ports n Continuous In this mode the analyzer will switch between the test po...

Страница 277: ...4 lb enter the number of sweeps press Optimizing Measurement Results 5 55 ...

Страница 278: ...PUT DAMAGE LEVEL 26 dBm To Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Since the dynamic range is the difference between the analyzer s input level and its noise floor using the following techniques to lower the noise floor will increase the analyzer s dynamic range changing SystemBandwidth Each tenfold reduction in IF receiver bandwidth lowers the noise floor by 10 dB For example changing the IF bandwidth fr...

Страница 279: ...th value that you want followed by a Narrower system bandwidths cause longer sweep times When in auto sweep time mode the analyzer uses the fastest sweep time possible for any selected system bandwidth Auto sweep time mode is the default preset analyzer setting Reducing Receiver Crosstalk To reduce receiver crosstalk you can do the following n Perform a response and isolation measurement calibrati...

Страница 280: ...Using blank display may speed up recall times OpZdOM Channel Points Raw lbtallmle Bedl only Time onset w s BlankOR BlankOn BlamkOS Blank011 I Recall and Sweep1 I DualChan 1 1601 1 On 1 338 1 011 1 397 1 678 1 I Recall and Sweep1 I DualChan 1 1601 1 Off 1 669 1 A41 1 218 1 208 1 I Sweep only no Recall l I DualChan I 1601 I n a I 41 43 I norecall I nod I I Recall and Sweep1 I DualChan 201 On 1 3Q2 1...

Страница 281: ...output These spurs can become apparent in iilter measurements when filters have greater than 80 dB rejection Spur avoidance slightly moves the frequency of both oscillators such that the source frequency remains the same but the spurious mixing products shift out of the measurement receiver range The calculation of the exact frequency points where the shifting must occur stored Optimizing Measurem...

Страница 282: ...onsiderations w Reference documents Where to Look for More Information Additional information about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas m Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 3 Mixer Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements of mixers n Ch...

Страница 283: ... system A detailed block diagram of the analyzer is provided in the HP 87533iVetwork AruzZgwr Semrice ouide together with a theory of system operation PHASE LOCK pg636d Figure 6 1 Simpliried Block Diagram of the Network Analyzer System The Built In Synthesized Source The analyzer s built in synthesized source produces a swept RF signal or CW continuous wave signal in the range of 30 kHz to 3 0 GHz...

Страница 284: ...er mixers for the R A and B inputs The signals are sampled and mixed to produce a 4 kHz IF intermediate frequency A multiplexer sequentially directs each of the three signals to the ADC analog to digital converter where it is converted from an analog to a digital signal The signals are then measured and processed for viewing on the display Both amplitude and phase information are measured simultan...

Страница 285: ...ng most of the response functions and the order in which they are performed Figure 6 2 is a data processing flow diagram that represents the flow of numerical data from IF detection to display The data passes through several math operations denoted in the figure by single line boxes Most of these operations can be selected and controlled with the front panel response block menus The data stored in...

Страница 286: ...onverted nearly simultaneously lF Detection This detection occurs in the digital hlter which performs the discrete Fourier transform DFT on the digital words The samples are converted into complex number pairs real plus imaginary R jX The complex numbers represent both the magnitude and phase of the IF signaL If the AUX INPUT is selected the imaginary part of the pair is set to zero The DFT hlter ...

Страница 287: ...r correction is on and are accessible via HP IB If the data to memory operation is performed the data arrays are copied into the memory arrays Trace Math Operation This operation selects either the data array memory array or both to continue flowing through the data processing path In addition the complex ratio of the two data memory or the difference data memory can also be selected If memory is ...

Страница 288: ... measurements When smoothing is on each point in a sweep is replaced by the moving average value of several adjacent formatted points The number of points included depends on the smoothing aperture which can be selected by the user The effect is similar to video filtering If data and memory are displayed smoothing is performed on the memory trace only if smoothing was on when data was stored into ...

Страница 289: ...hardkeys and softkeys are used to configure a channel while it is active All of the channel specific functions that you select apply to the active channel Primary channels 1 and 2 can be made active anytime by pressing GET or iK J respectively However before you can activate auxihary channel 3 or 4 through these keys you must do two things 1 Perform or recall a full two port calibration 2 Enable t...

Страница 290: ...essing LMenu is _ ii IJ JWS you to a gn different stylus v es for each camel it s __ _ almost like having the use of a second analyzer The coupling and uncoupling of the stimulus values for the two primary channels are independent of the marker and display functions Refer to Channel Stimulus Coupling later in this chapter for a listing of the stimulus parameters associated with the coupled channel...

Страница 291: ...ve entry area When you press the units terminator key the arrow is replaced by the units you selected The units are abbreviated on the terminator keys as follows m Giga nano 109 10Bg IM u Mega micro lo6 10B6 Lk m kilo milli 103 10 3 Lxl basic units dB dBm degrees seconds Hz or dB GHz may be used to terminate unitless entries such as averaging factor Knob You can use the knob to make continuous adj...

Страница 292: ...s long as you haven t yet pressed a terminator for example if you pressed 112 but did not press m etc Turning off the Softkey Menu The key can also be used to move marker information off of the graticules and into the softkey menu area The softkey menu is turned off in this mode This function is useful when marker information obscures the display trace and you wish to see the display traces more c...

Страница 293: ...th the knob step keys or numeric keypad Current stimulus values for the active channel are also displayed along the bottom of the graticule Frequency values can be blanked for security purposes using the display menus The preset stimulus mode is frequency and the start and stop stimulus values are set to 30 kHz and 3 GHz or 6 GHz with Option 006 respectively In the time domain Option 010 or in CW ...

Страница 294: ...lowing softkeys are located within the stimulus menu n 3 provides access to the power menu i n itUowsyou to specify the sweep time n proHdes access to the trigger menu i _ P n H q C allows you to specify the number of measurement points per sweep x n allows you to cauSe ahe ent measurement to abofi md a new measurement to begin With two port error correction activated pressing this softkey causes ...

Страница 295: ...mode I w If you s 6 you c 8 enter my power level w itfi the total operating range of the instrument and the source attenuator will automatically switch to the corresponding range Each range overlaps its adjacent ranges by 15 dI3 therefore certain power levels are designated to cause the attenuator to switch to the next range so that optimum leveled performance is maintained These transition points...

Страница 296: ...witch power ranges the calibration is no longer valid and accuracy is no longer specified However the analyzer leaves the correction on even though it s invalid The annotation C will be displayed whenever you change the power after calibration TEST PORT POWER dBm 5 A RANGE NUMBER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 o i I I I I I b 5 1 0 2 5 6 0 EXAMPLE WILL SET RANGE 3 B AOJ ALC F O R T H I S L E V E L I K N I UPPER ...

Страница 297: ...ower levels for each primary channel For the channel power to be uncoupled the other channel stimulus functions must also be uncoupled I w Ai w A Test port collpling _ _ _ _ toggles between coupled and uncoupled test pofic With the test h s5 i i c i i A a i ports coupled the power level is the same at each port With the ports uncoupled you can set a different power level at each port This can be u...

Страница 298: ... analyzer s display Manual Sweep Time Mode B B W i y j A When this mode is active the softkey label reads m This mode is I _ ii i engaged whenever you enter a sweep time greater than zero This mode allows you to select a fixed sweep time If you change the measurement parameters such that the current sweep time is no longer possible the analyzer wiIl automatically increase to the next fastest sweep...

Страница 299: ... required for a CW time measurement with averaging off 12l ble 6 1 Minimum Cycle Time in seconds Number of Points IF Bandwidth 6oooHz 3700 Hz aoooIIz 11 0 0025 0 0041 0 0055 51 0 0125 0 0191 0 0256 101 0 0250 0 0379 0 0505 201 0 0500 0 0754 0 1006 401 0 1000 0 1504 0 2006 801 0 2000 0 3004 0 4005 1001 0 4000 0 6004 0 8006 6 16 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Страница 300: ...ted to allow measurement of a fully averaged trace Entering a number of groups resets the averaging counter to 1 p j i is the standard sweep mode The sweep is triggered automatically and continuously and the trace is updated with each sweep _ __ _ switches off eaemd trigger mode l s c v i isused when the sweep triggered ona e emfly generated signal b cw3 A d that is connected to the rear panel EXT...

Страница 301: ...d mode after measuring both channels once The active channel continues to be updated each sweep while the inactive channel is placed in the hold mode The status annotation tsH appears on the left side of the display If averaging is on the test set hold mode does not engage until the i 4 _ _ _ i specified number of sweeps is completed The I y ad S m i i _ see l ger Menu softkeys cm override this pr...

Страница 302: ...ber of points source power number of groups IF bandwidth sweep time trigger type gating parameters sweep type power meter calibration Coupling of the stimulus values for the two primary channels is independent of I I i i _ _ 5 m y I in the play menu and t in the marker modemenu a _ _ ii aii2s w ii1 A w s i i UL __ v activates an alternate sweep function when dual channel display is on In this mode...

Страница 303: ...n a standard graticule with ten equal horizontal divisions This is the preset default sweep type For a linear sweep sweep time is combined with the channel s frequency span to compute a source sweep rate sweep rate frequency span sweep time Since the sweep time may be affected by various factors the equation provided here is merely an indication of the ideal fastest sweep rate If the user specifie...

Страница 304: ...ate frequencies exist the analyzer makes multiple measurements on identical points to maintain the specified number of points for each subsweep Since the frequency points may not be distributed evenly across the display the display resolution may be uneven and more compressed in some parts of the trace than in others However the stimulus and response readings of the markers are always accurate Bec...

Страница 305: ...ency The subsweeps can overlap and do not have to be entered in any particular order The analyzer sorts the segments automatically and lists them on the display in order of increasing start frequency even if they are entered in center span format If duplicate frequencies exist the analyzer makes multiple measurements on identical points to maintain the specified number of points for each subsweep ...

Страница 306: ...int by point basis at specific power levels and IF bandwidth settings The total sweep is defined with a list of subsweeps The frequency subsweeps or segments can be delined in any of the following terms n start stop number of points power IFBW n start stop step power IFBW n center span number of points power IFBW n center span step power IPBW See Setting Segment Power and Setting Segment IF Bandwi...

Страница 307: ...rt power is uncoupled the Y softkey can also be set independently for eachp Fore ple you may choose to set r for d A i i mc A s i _ _ _ _ forward measurements and for reverw measurements In tJ cm the power would be set according to values in the list when measuring the forward parameters When measuring the reverse parameters the power would be set according to the normal analyzer power controls Se...

Страница 308: ...ging etc CW Time Sweep Seconds me softkey turns on a sweep mode SW to a osfloscope me yzer to a single frequency and the data is displayed versus time The frequency of the CW time sweep is set with ZB Qi in the stimulus menu In this sweep mode the data is continuously sampled J at precise uniform time intervals determined by the sweep time and the number of points minus 1 The entered sweep time ma...

Страница 309: ...t values for the major response functions of the active channel are displayed in specific locations along the top of the display In addition certain functions accessed through the keys in this block are annotated in the status notations area at the left side of the display An illustration of the analyzer s display showing the locations of these information labels is provided in Chapter 1 Analyzer ...

Страница 310: ...antities using the numbering convention S out in where the first number out refers to the test device port where the signal is emerging and the second number in is the test device port where the signal is incident For example the Sparameter identifies the measurement as the complex ratio of the signal emerging at the test device s port 2 to the signal incident at the test device s port 1 Figure 6 ...

Страница 311: ...owing softkeys w Refl FWD Sll A R Tram FWD S21 B R n Tram REV S12 A R n Refl REV S22 B R n ANALOG IN Aux Input CONVERSION 1 provides access to the conversion menu INPUT PORTS provides access to the input ports menu Analog In Menu This menu allows you to monitor voltage and frequency nodes using the analog bus and internal counter For more information refer to Chapter 10 Service Key Menus and Error...

Страница 312: ... and Admittance Conversions Avoid the use of Smith chart SWR and delay formats for display of Z and Y conversions as these formats are not easily interpreted Input Ports Menu This menu allows you to define the input ports for power ratio measurements or a single input for magnitude only measurements of absolute power You cannot use single inputs for phase or group delay measurements or any measure...

Страница 313: ...lay format of a particular S parameter or input is assigned to that parameter Thus if different S parameters are measured even if only one channel is used each parameter is shown in its selected format each time it is displayed The ilhrstrations below show a reflection measurement of a bandpass filter displayed in each of the available formats Log Magnitude Format __ _ The softkey displays the log...

Страница 314: ...equency Figure 6 12 illustrates the phase response of the same IIlter in a phase only format pg6170 c Figure 6 12 Phase Format Group Delay Format _ The softkey selects the group delay format with marker values given in seconds Figure 6 13 shows the bandpass Illter response formatted as group delay Group delay principles are described in the next few pages Application and Operation Concepts 6 33 ...

Страница 315: ...ve capacitive reactance The default marker readout is in ohms Q to measure resistance and reactance R jX Additional marker types are available in the Smith marker menu The Smith chart is most easily understood with a full scale value of 1 0 If the scale per division is less than 0 2 the format switches automatically to polar If the characteristic impedance of the system is not 50 ohms modify the i...

Страница 316: ...er which has zero value and the phase by the angle counterclockwise from the positive x axis Magnitude is scaled in a linear fashion with the value of the outer circle usually set to a ratio value of 1 Since there is no frequency axis frequency information is read from the markers The default marker readout for the polar format is in linear magnitude and phase A log magnitude marker and a reaUmagi...

Страница 317: ...meters and time domain transform data pg5174 c Figure 6 16 Linear Magnitude Format SWR Format I The RR softkey reformats a reflection measurement into its equivalent SWR standing wave ratio value see F igure 6 17 SWR is equivalent to 1 p l p where p is the reflection coefficient Note that the results are valid only for reflection measurements If the SWR format is used for measurements of Sal or 31...

Страница 318: ...arily used for analyzing responses in the time domain and also to display an auxiliary input voltage signal for service purposes pgf3173_c Figure 6 18 ReaJ Format Ima naryFormat me softkey displays ody the ha ginary rea ive pofiion of the measured data T on a Cartesian format This format is similar to the real format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of impedance data Ap...

Страница 319: ...er that the phase characteristic typically consists of both linear and higher order deviations from linear components The linear component can be attributed to the electrical length of the test device and represents the average signal transit time The higher order components are interpreted as variations in transit time for different frequencies and represent a source of signal distortion see Figu...

Страница 320: ...he aperture that was used to make the measurement I I I I I a Overlaid Traces b Split Display Figure 6 22 Variations in Frequency Aperture In determining the group delay aperture there is a tradeoff between resolution of tine detail and the effects of noise Noise can be reduced by increasing the aperture but this will tend to smooth out the fine detail More detail will become visible as the apertu...

Страница 321: ...ture is not constant in log and list frequency sweep modes In list frequency mode extra frequency points can be deiined to ensure the desired aperture To obtain a readout ofaperture values at different points on the trace turn on a marker Then press m i A i i Smoothing apedme becomes the adive fun ion and a the aperture is varied its value in Hz is displayed below the active entry area 640 Applica...

Страница 322: ...ne stretchers of other network analyzers Delay is annotated in units of time with secondary labeling in distance for the current velocity factor __ _ _ Witi this featwe and dti see Using Markers a equivalent length of i i A vu v w A i air filled lossless transmission line is added or subtracted according to the following formula Length meters Freq MHf x1 20083 Once the linear portion of the test d...

Страница 323: ... per channel per saved instrument state Thirty one save recall registers are available so the total number of memory traces that can be present is 128 including the four active for the current instrument state The memory data is stored as full precision complex data Memory traces must be displayed in order to be saved with instrument states Note You may not be able to store 31 instrument states if...

Страница 324: ...for each channel using HH El z HE in the marker mode menu If one or both adary channels me1 3 or 4 are enabled J jE w ill inter i i i IC a with other softkeys in the c 1 menu to produce different displays See Customizing the Display later in this chapter or Using the Four parameter Display Mode in Chapter 2 a Overlaid Traces b Split Display Figure 6 23 Dual Channel Displays hg61 Oey Dual Channel M...

Страница 325: ...oupled by stimulus to primary channels 1 and 2 respectively Decoupling the primary channels stimulus from each other does not affect the stimulus coupling between the auxiliary channels and their primary channels 644 Application and Operation Concepts ...

Страница 326: ...ction describes those functions in the ljj menu which affect the four parameter display See Using the Four Parameter Display Mode in Chapter 2 for the procedure to set up a four parameter display A full two port calibration must be active before an auxiliary channel can be enabled A full two port calibration can be performed before enabling the auxiliary channels or it may be recalled from a previ...

Страница 327: ...Paraxn Displays Softkey me menu does two things p _ _ii _ i ii n provides a quick way to set up a four parameter display w gives information for using softkeys in the j 1 menu _ _ Figure 6 24shows e first sp screen S s up options we s bed I g w _ with softkeys through is afo p a m er play where _ii _i i L ea channel is splayed onits 0 grid is so a fo p er play except _ i Ai A that channel 1 and ch...

Страница 328: ...tting up multiple channel multiple grid displays Next to each key is a description of its function 3 S c p 1 9 9 8 11 19 38 4 PRRI IMETER SHORTCUT KEYS FII I setups REQUIRE FULL Z PORT ccal ibrati on SETUP A SETUP B SETUP C Ch3 Ch4 Ch3 Ch4 Ch3 Ch4 matrix refl trans o v e r l a y SETUP D C h l Ch3 mm Ch2 Ch4 SETUP E C h l Ch2 lsl Ch3 Ch4 SETUP F C h l Ch3 BpJ pq Ch2 Csmi th lo g f o r w a r d r e v...

Страница 329: ... can be turned on or off in the memory only display mode The actual memory for storing a memory trace is allocated only as needed The memory trace is cleared on instrument preset power on or instrument state recall If sweep mode or sweep range is different between the data and memory traces trace math is allowed and no warning message is displayed If the number of points in the two traces is diffe...

Страница 330: ...ied colors are not part of a saved ii i instrument state and are lost unless saved using these softkeys The Modify Colors Menu _ _ me softkey timthe adjust splay menu provides access tothe modify _ l A A colors menu The modify colors menu allows you to adjust the colors on your analyzer s display The default colors in this instrument have been scientifically chosen to maximize your ability to disc...

Страница 331: ...0 100 100 100 100 100 0 Color is comprised of three parameters Tint The continuum of hues on the color wheel ranging from red through green and blue and back to red Brightness A measure of the brightness of the color Color The degree of whiteness of the color A scale from white to pure color The most frequently occurring color deficiency is the inability to distinguish red yellow and green from on...

Страница 332: ...he trace until the total number of sweeps is equal to the averaging factor for a fully averaged trace Each point on the trace is the vector sum of the current trace data and the data from the previous sweep A high averaging factor gives the best signal to noise ratio but slows the trace update time Doubling the averaging factor reduces the noise by 3 dB Averaging is used for ratioed measurements i...

Страница 333: ... shifts in amplitude since a vector average is being computed Figure 6 26 illustrates the effect of smoothing on a log magnitude format trace pga170 c Figure 6 26 Effect of Smoothing on a Trace IF Bandwidth Reduction IF bandwidth reduction lowers the noise floor by digitally reducing the receiver input bandwidth It works in all ratio and non ratio modes It has an advantage over averaging as it rel...

Страница 334: ...arker statistics function which computes the average value of part or all of the formatted trace If your instrument is equipped with Option 085 High Power System another way of increasing dynamic range is to increase the input power to the test device using a booster amplifier Application and Operation Concepts 6 63 ...

Страница 335: ... its stimulus value is displayed in the active entry area and can be controlled with the knob the step keys or the numeric keypad The active marker can be moved to any point on the trace and its response and stimulus values are displayed at the top right comer of the graticule for each displayed channel in units appropriate to the display format The displayed marker response values are valid even ...

Страница 336: ...one of the markers is the reference the triangle appears next to the marker number on the trace The marker values displayed in this mode are the stimulus and response values of the active marker minus the reference marker If the active marker is also designated as the reference marker the marker values are zero Fixed m r Menu me softkey fitb the delta mode menu provides z i i w i ii access to the ...

Страница 337: ...ty of searching for a specified bandwidth is also provided Tracking is available for a continuous sweep to sweep search If there is no occurrence of a specified value or bandwidth the message TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND is displayed ___ _ _ _ lb get Menu The softkey within the marker search menu provides access to the target menu This menu lets you place the marker at a specified target response value ...

Страница 338: ... enhancement also known as measurement calibration or error correction provides the means to simulate a nearly perfect measurement system For example crosstalk due to the channel isolation characteristics of the analyzer can contribute an error equal to the transmission signal of a high loss test device For reflection measurements the primary limitation of dynamic range is the directivity of the t...

Страница 339: ...ied as directivity source match load match isolation crosstalk and frequency response tracking Each of these systematic errors is described below Random and drift errors cannot be precisely quantified so they must be treated as producing a cumulative uncertainty in the measured data Directivity Normally a device that can separate the reverse from the forward traveling waves a directional bridge or...

Страница 340: ...nship between the actual input impedance of the test device and the equivalent match of the source It is a factor in both transmission and reflection measurements Source match is a particular problem in measurements where there is a large impedance mismatch at the measurement plane For example reflection devices such as filters with stop bands Load Match Load match error results from an imperfect ...

Страница 341: ...d in both the RF and IF sections of the receiver The error contributed by isolation depends on the characteristics of the test device Isolation is a factor in high loss transmission measurements However analyzer system isolation is more than sufficient for most measurements and correction for it may be unnecessary For measuring devices with high dynamic range accuracy enhancement can provide impro...

Страница 342: ...atio of the two values see Figure 6 33 Ideally R consists only of the signal reflected by the test device IA for S11 actual s K 11M f I U n k n o w n pg650d Figure 6 33 Reflection CoefHcient However ail of the incident signal does not always reach the unknown see Figure 6 34 Some of I may appear at the measurement system input due to leakage through the test set or through a signal separation devi...

Страница 343: ...y leveled at the test device input leveling cannot eliminate all power variations This re reflection effect and the resultant incident power variation are caused by the source match error ESF see F igure 6 35 1 S o u r c e Match I EDF I s 1 IA R l U n k n o w n L pg652d Figure 6 35 Source Match ESF Frequency response tracking error is caused by variations in magnitude and phase flatness versus fre...

Страница 344: ...ly measures directivity see Figure 6 37 Perfect load implies a reflectionless termination at the measurement plane All incident energy is absorbed With S11 0 the equation can be solved for Enr the directivity term In practice of course the perfect load is difficult to achieve although very good broadband loads are available in the HP 87533 compatible calibration kits l 1 0 I i3 50n S lA 0 s O ERF ...

Страница 345: ... ERF II EDF ____ EsF J pg656d Figure 6 39 Short Circuit Termination The open circuit gives the third independent condition In order to accurately model the phase variation with frequency due to fringing capacitance from the open connector a specially designed shielded open circuit is used for this step The open circuit capacitance is different with each connector type Now the values for Enr direct...

Страница 346: ...IIM EDF l ESF lL fc pb6i 13d Figure 6 40 Open Circuit Lkrmina tion This completes the calibration procedure for one port devices Application and Operation Concepts 6 66 ...

Страница 347: ...e terminated in the system characteristic impedance This termination should have as low a reflection coefficient as the load used to determine directivity The additional reflection error caused by an improper termination at the test device s output port is not incorporated into the one port error model Two Port Error Model The error model for measurement of the transmission coefficients magnitude ...

Страница 348: ...dent signal to vary as a function of test device A Also since the test setup transmission return port is never exactly the characteristic impedance some of the transmitted signal is reflected from the test set port 2 and from other mismatches between the test device output and the receiver input to return to the test device A portion of this signal may be re reflected at port 2 thus affecting M or...

Страница 349: ...he thru be known Most calibration kits assume a zero length thru For some connection types such as Type N this implies one male and one female port If the test system requires a non zero length thru for example one with two male test ports the exact electrical delay of the thru adapter must be used to modify the built in calibration kit definition of the thru Isolation EXF represents the part of t...

Страница 350: ... Load Match ELF and ELR n Transmission Tracking Err and Era n Reflection Tracking Em and ERR The analyzer s test set can measure both the forward and reverse characteristics of the test device without you having to manually remove and physically reverse the device The full two port error model illustrated in Figure 6 46 depicts how the analyzer effectively removes both the forward and reverse erro...

Страница 351: ...or Model F igure 6 47 shows the full two port error model equations for all four S parameters of a two port device Note that the mathematics for this comprehensive model use all forward and reverse error terms and measured values Thus to perform full error correction for any one parameter all four S parameters must be measured Applications of these error models are provided in the calibration proc...

Страница 352: ...rors exist due to limitations of dynamic accuracy test set switch repeatability and test cable stability These combined with random errors also contribute to total system measurement uncertainty Therefore after accuracy enhancement procedures are performed residual measurement uncertainties remain Application and Operation Concepts 6 71 ...

Страница 353: ...he change in trace during measurement of a standard is normal Response and response and isolation calibrations require measurement of only one standard device If more than one device is measured only the data for the last device is retained Omitting Isolation Calibration Isolation calibration can be omitted for most measurements except where high dynamic range is a consideration Use the following ...

Страница 354: ...ency Response of Calibration Standards In order for the response of a reference standard to show as a dot on the smith chart display format it must have no phase shift with respect to frequency Standards that exhibit such perfect response are the following n 7 mm short with no offset n type N male short with no offset There are two reasons why other types of reference standards show phase shift af...

Страница 355: ...ons exhibit a phase shift over frequency due to fringe capacitance Offset open circuits have increased phase shift because the offset acts as a small length of transmission line Refer to lhble 6 4 able 6 4 Calibration Standard Types and Expected Phase Shift lbst Port Connector Type 7 mm Type N male 3 5mm male 3 6 mm female 2 4mm male 2 4mm female Type N female 760 Type N female 7 mm Ty peN male 3 ...

Страница 356: ... Type N Female 3 5 mm Male or Female Ofiet Short 7 mm or Type N Male Type N Female Open W Ql 7 J 3 5 mm Male or Female C et Open pgei 85 C Figure 6 48 Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Calibration Application and Operation Concepts 6 76 ...

Страница 357: ...an be made in measurement accuracy by using a more complete calibration routine Figure 6 49a shows a measurement in log magnitude format with a response calibration only Figure 6 491 shows the improvement in the same measurement using an SII one port calibration Figure 6 50a shows the measurement on a Smith chart with response calibration only and Figure 6 50b shows the same measurement with an SU...

Страница 358: ...Chart F igure 6 51 shows the response of a device in a log magnitude format using a response calibration in Figure 6 51a and a full two port calibration in Figure 6 51b pg681d Figure 6 51 Response versus Full Two Port Calibration Application and Operation Concepts 6 77 ...

Страница 359: ...n is on measurement calibrations are valid only for a specific stimulus state which must be set before a calibration has begun The stimulus state consists of the selected frequency range number of points sweep time output power and sweep type Changing the frequency range number of points or sweep type with correction on invalidates the calibration and turns it off Changing the sweep time or output...

Страница 360: ...ents The accuracy of interpolated error correction improves as the phase shift and amplitude change between adjacent points decrease When you use the analyzer in linear frequency sweep perform the original calibration with at least 67 points per 1 GHz of frequency span for greatest accuracy with interpolated error correction Interpolated error correction is available in three sweep modes linear fr...

Страница 361: ...s a normalization for frequency response and crosstalk errors in transmission measurements or frequency response and directivity errors in reflection measurements This procedure may be adequate for measurement of well matched high loss devices S11 and S22 One Port Calibration me Sll and Ss2 one p cabration procedures a iv by pressing the c ii iii ii _ or softkey w hin the c b e menu provide e iv y...

Страница 362: ...bration activated by pressing the softkey within the calibrate menu provides the ability to make calibrations using the TRL or LRM method For more information refer to TRL LRM Calibration located later in this section Application and Operation Concepts 6 81 ...

Страница 363: ... softkey with the cd kit menu provides access to the select cal kit menu This menu allows you to select from several default calibration kits that have different connector types These kits have predeiined standards and are valid for most applications It is not possible to overwrite these standard de ritions The numerical definitions for most Hewlett Packard calibration kits can be referenced in th...

Страница 364: ...ber that the more closely the model describes the actual performance of the standard the better the calibration Example The 7 mm load is determined to be 50 4 ohms instead of 50 0 ohms Definitions The following are definitions of terms n A standard represented by a number 1 S is a specific well defined physical device used to determine systematic errors For example standard 1 is a short in the 3 5...

Страница 365: ...follows 1 short m 2 open m 3 broadband load 4 t h r u 5 sliding load 6 lowband load 7 short f 8 open 0 Note Although the numbering sequences are arbitrary confusion can be mhdmized by using consistency However standard 5 is always a sliding load leads to the specify class menu After the aa s me mo fied use this key to specify a class to group certain standards _ _ _ leads to the label class menu t...

Страница 366: ...aterial of each calibration standard or from its actual measured response The parameters of the standards can be listed in lhble 6 5 TIhble 6 5 Standard DelInitions System a Disk F ile Name Calibration Kit Label r STND LABEL aEnsure system ZQ of network analyzer is set to this value bOpen short load delay thru or arbitrary impedance oad or arbitrary impedance only dArbitrary impedance only device ...

Страница 367: ...rmination capacitance at all frequencies for compatible calibration kits The capacitance model is a cubic polynomial as a function of frequency where the polynomial coefficients are user deflnable The capacitance model equation is C CO Cl x F C2 x F2 C3 x P where F is the measurement frequency The terms in the equation are defined with the specify open menu as follows J allows you to enter the CO ...

Страница 368: ...ction standards the offset is assumed to be between the measurement plane and the terminating element of the standard one way only For transmission standards the offset is assumed to exist between the two reference planes in effect the offset is the thru For both reflection and transmission the offset is entered as a one way offset Three characteristics of the offset can be defined its delay lengt...

Страница 369: ...ectangular waveguide This causes the 7 Label Standard Menu This menu allows you to label reference individual standards during the menu driven measurement cahbration sequence The labels are user de table using a character set shown on the display that includes letters numbers and some symbols and they may be up to ten characters long The analyzer will prompt you to connect standards using these la...

Страница 370: ...mber of standards that can be assigned to a given class may vary from none class not used to one simplest class to seven When a certain class of standards is required during calibration the analyzer will display the labels for all the standards in that class except when the class consists of a single standard This does not however mean that all standards in a class must be measured during calibrat...

Страница 371: ...is is the load I allows you to enter the standard numbers for the forward transmission thru i i i i 7 calibration For default calibration kits this is the thru L _ W lows you to enter the standard numbers for the reverse tramion calibration For default calibration kits this is the thru i j W ows you to enter the Stan d numbers for the forward match tb calibration For default calibration kits this ...

Страница 372: ...user dehned calibration kit its performance should be checked before making device measurements lb check the accuracy that can be obtained using the new calibration kit a device with a well deiined frequency response preferably unlike any of the standards used should be measured The verification device must not be one of the calibration standards measurement of one of these standards is merely a m...

Страница 373: ...he system at the desired measurement plane of the device In microstrip a short circuit is inductive an open circuit radiates energy and a high quality purely resistive load is difficult to produce over a broad frequency range The Thru Reflect Line TRL 2 port calibration is an alternative to the traditional SOIX Full 2 port calibration technique that utilizes simpler more convenient standards for d...

Страница 374: ... it For example the forward reflection tracking Em is represented by the product of 10 and O1 Also notice that the forward source match Esr and reverse load match ELR are both represented by 11 while the reverse source match EsR and forward load match ELF are both represented by 22 In order to solve for these eight unknown TRL error terms eight linearly independent equations are required The first...

Страница 375: ...IsoIation Two additional measurements are required to solve for the isolation terms EXF and ExR Isolation is characterized in the same manner as the Full 2 port calibration Forward and reverse isolation are measured as the leakage or crosstalk from port 1 to port 2 with each port terminated The isolation part of the calibration is generally only necessary when measuring high loss devices greater t...

Страница 376: ...pletely remove the effects due to the mismatch of the fixture Note Because the TRL technique relies on the characteristic impedance of transmission lines the mathematically equivalent method LRM for line reflect match may be substituted for TRL Since a well matched termination is in essence an insnitely long transmission line it is well suited for low RF frequency calibrations Achieving a long lin...

Страница 377: ...are the same for source match and load match so the TRL CAL routine will correct for their effects Although the fixed attenuators improve the raw mismatch of the network analyzer system they also degrade the overah measurement dynamic range This effective mismatch of the system after calibration has the biggest effect on reflection measurements of highly reflective devices Likewise for well matche...

Страница 378: ... in the measured phase q P must be identical on both ports q If the reflect is used to set the reference plane the phase response must be well known and specified q Z0 of the line establishes the reference impedance of the measurement i e Sll 2 0 The calibration impedance is defined to be the same as Z0 of the line If the ZO is known but not the desired value i e not equal to 50 a the SYSTEMS ZO s...

Страница 379: ...e of interest Note these phase values can be fN x 180 degrees where N is an integer If two lines are used LRL the difference in electrical length of the two lines should meet these optimal conditions Measurement uncertainty will increase significantly when the insertion phase nears zero or is an integer multiple of 180 degrees and this condition is not recommended For a transmission media that exh...

Страница 380: ...nstant for microstrip is 6 5 then the effective velocity factor equals 0 39 1 square root of 6 5 Using the first equation with a velocity factor of 0 39 the initial length to test would be 1 95 cm This length provides an insertion phase at 1000 MHz of 60 degrees at 2000 MHz 120 degrees the insertion phase should be the same as the air line because the velocity factor was accounted for when using t...

Страница 381: ... coverage limitations which makes it more convenient in some measurement situations Additionally because TRL requires a different physical length for the thru and the line standards its use becomes impractical for fixtures with contacts that are at a fixed physical distance from each other For information on how to modify calibration constants for TRL LRM and how to perform a TRL or TRM calibratio...

Страница 382: ...d of the thru provided the phase response offset delay reactance values and standard type of the reflect standard is known and is specified in the calibration kit dehnition Note Dispersion Effects Dispersion occurs when a transmission medium exhibits a variable propagation or phase velocity as a function of frequency The result of dispersion is a non linear phase shift versus frequency which leads...

Страница 383: ...nsitive to actual input power for proper operation n when you require a reference for receiver power calibration Calibrated Power Level By setting the analyzer calibrated power to the desired value at the power meter this power level will be maintained at that port during the entire sweep First set the source power so that the power at the test device is approximately correct This reduces residual...

Страница 384: ...e sweep types the values in the power setting array are increased or decreased to reflect the new power level Some accuracy is lost when this occurs Power Meter Calibration Modes of Operation cOntinuous Sample Mode Each Sweep You can set the analyzer to update the correction table at each point for sweep as in a leveling appEation using the tkey In this mode the mdyzer checks the power level at ev...

Страница 385: ... to connecting and meas g the test device see F igure 6 56 The speed of the calibration will be slow while power meter readings are taken see Ihble 6 7 However once the sample sweep is finished subsequent sweeps are power corrected using the data table and sweep speed increases significantly Once the initial sweep is taken sample and sweep correction is much faster than continuous sample correctio...

Страница 386: ...ling factor must be entered using the loss sensor list menu Non linearities in either the directional coupler or power splitter can be corrected in the same way Power loss information is entered in much the same way as limit line parameters Up to 12 segments may be entered each with a different attenuation value The entered data will not be lost if the instrument s power is cycled Power Sensor Cal...

Страница 387: ... HP 8485A power sensor Stimulus Parameters The time required to perform a power meter calibration depends on the source power and number of points tested The parameters used to derive the typical values in lhble 6 7 are as follows m number of points 51 300kHz to 3 GHz n test port power equal to calibration power able 6 7 Characteristic Power Meter Calibration Sweep Speed and Accuracy Power Desired...

Страница 388: ... the result depends on the amount of correction required If the selected number of readings 1 the final measurement accuracy is significantly affected by a large power change However if the selected number of readings is 1 the power change on the second or third reading is much smaller thus accuracy is much better Set source power approximately correct at the measurement port then activate power m...

Страница 389: ...ng as the chop mode to make these measurements Chop i I is the default measurement mode This mode measures both inputs A and B during each sweep Thus if each channel is measuring a different parameter and both channels are displayed the chop mode offers the fastest measurement time This is the preferred measurement mode for full two port calibrations because both inputs remain active The disadvant...

Страница 390: ... data is then used to generate a separate third cal set in which the forward and reverse match and tracking terms are as if Port 1 and Port 2 could be connected This is possible because the actual S parameters of the adapter are measured with great accuracy thus allowing the effects of the adapter to be completely removed when the third cal set is generated See Chapter 5 Matched Adapters With this...

Страница 391: ...System Limit lines and limit testing time domain operation and instrument modes w m HP IB controller modes instrument addresses and the use of the parallel port w LSep Test sequencing Information on the remaining instrument state keys can be found in the following chapters w m Chapter 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation w m Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results n Chapter 4 P...

Страница 392: ...emote command that disables the m key making it difficult to interfere with the analyzer while it is under computer control In addition the m key provides access to the HP IB menu where you can set the controller mode and to the address menu where you can enter the HP IB addresses of peripheral devices and select plotter printer ports You can also set the mode of the parallel port here The HP IB m...

Страница 393: ...eration mode except for control of the power line switch and some internal tests Pass Control Mode _ _ j _ i i iiiii i iii ii _ LC The j softkey activates the third mode of HP IB operation the pass control 1 A i a r mode In an automated system with a computer controller the controller can pass control of the bus to the analyzer on request from the analyzer The analyzer is then the controller of th...

Страница 394: ... preset or by cycling the power Using the Parallel Port The instrument s parallel port can be used in two different modes By pressing m and then ii r y _ _ toggling the softkey you cm s either the mode or the z i u A i s _ _ _ _ mode The Copy Mode The copy mode allows the parallel port to be connected to a printer or plotter for the outputting of test results lb use the parallel port for printing ...

Страница 395: ...ny combination of the three limit types Limit testing compares the measured data with the defined limits and provides pass or fail information for each measured data point An out of limit test condition is indicated in five ways with a FAIL message on the screen with a beep by changing the color of the falling portions of a trace with an asterisk in tabular listings of data and with a bit in the H...

Страница 396: ...ed in any particular order the analyzer automatically sorts them and lists them on the display in increasing order of start stimulus value For each segment the table lists the segment number the starting stimulus value upper limit lower limit and limit type The ending stimulus value is the start value of the next segment or a segment can be terminated with a single point segment You can enter limi...

Страница 397: ...is menu allows the complete limit set to be offset in either stimulus value or amplitude value This is useful for changing the limits to correspond with a change in the test setup or for device specifications that differ in stimulus or amplitude It can also be used to move the limit lines away from the data trace temporarily for visual examination of trace detail 6 l 16 Application and Operation C...

Страница 398: ...Mode This mode allows the analyzer to phase lock to an external CW signal External source mode is best used for unknown signals or for signals that drift If a synthesized external source is used the tuned receiver mode is recommended because it is faster Primary Applications External source mode is useful in several applications n when your test device is a mixer or other frequency translation dev...

Страница 399: ......

Страница 400: ...pture Ranges MO cw Fkeqnency CW e Bange Antmuatlc 60 MHz f5 MHz of nominal CW frequency 60MHz 4 10 of nominal CW frequency I Im I 0 6 to 6 MHz of nominal CW frequency If the incoming signal is not within the capture range the analyzer will not phase lock correctly Locking onto a signal with a frequency modulation component Although the analyzer may phase lock onto a signal that has FM it may not a...

Страница 401: ... two user defined variables in this mode are receiver frequency and offset frequency LC The analyzer automatically sets the source frequency equal to IF Lo or IF Lo Mixer measurements and frequency offset mode applications are explained in application note 8753 2 RF Component Measurements Mixer Measurements using the HP 8753B Network Analyzer HP part number 5956 4362 This application note was writ...

Страница 402: ...ect only the receiver The ORset Frequency L0 This frequency value is the difference between the source and receiver frequencies Note The analyzer s source locks to the receiver f the Lo frequency regardless of the offset value you selected Once the source is phase locked and sweeping the analyzer s source frequency is not known precisely As the Lo frequency changes the source tracks it to maintain...

Страница 403: ...the 1 to 5 MHz accuracy requirement Error Message If you connect your test device before you switch on the frequency offset function the error message PHASE LOCK CAL FAILED appears on the screen This is normal and fl J appear when you press the il s y ii s i i ii ws A Spurious Signal Passband Frequencies Unwanted mixing products or spurious Lo signals at specific frequencies can cause measurement ...

Страница 404: ...he second or third harmonic on the other channel The analyzer measures the second harmonic on one channel while measuring the third harmonic on the other channel using the o featme the mdyzer meaSuTeS the fundamental on cJ annel 1 s __ _ i__i __ while measuring the second or third harmonic in dBc on channel 2 using the featme the analyzer couples power between channels 1 and 2 This is useful when ...

Страница 405: ...e upper frequency range of the instrument or system 3 or 6 GHz and by the harmonic being displayed The 6 GHz operation requires an HP 87533 Option 006 Table 6 9 shows the highest fundamental frequency for maximum frequency and harmonic mode lhble 6 9 Maximum Fundamental Frequency using Harmonic Mode HarmolliC bhximum Fundamental Frequency I Measnred HP 876IE HP 875i E Accuracy and input power Refe...

Страница 406: ...pulse or step into the test device and observing the response in time with a receiver similar to an oscilloscope In contrast the analyzer makes swept frequency response measurements and mathematically transforms the data into a TDR like display The Transform Menu y _ The analyzer s transform menu can be accessed by pressing G Z This i menu consists of the following softkeys The analyzer has three ...

Страница 407: ...t device and mathematically calculate the inverse Fourier transform of the data to find the time domain response The analyzer s internal computer makes this calculation using the chirp Z Fourier transform technique Ihe resulting measurement is the fully error corrected time domain reflection or transmission response of the test device displayed in near real time Figure 6 62 illustrates the frequen...

Страница 408: ... test device impulse response Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor A marker provides both the time x2 and the electrical length x2 to a discontinuity To determine the physical length rather than the electrical length change the velocity factor to that of the medium under test 2 Enter a velocity factor between 0 and 1 0 1 0 corresponds to the speed of light in a vacuum Most cables have a velocity...

Страница 409: ...he bandpass reflection response horizontal axis In bandpass reflection measurements the horizontal axis represents the time it takes for an impulse launched at the test port to reach a discontinuity and return to the test port the two way travel time In Figure 6 62 each connector is a discontinuity Interpreting the bandpass reflection response vertical axis The quantity displayed on the vertical a...

Страница 410: ... Note that in time domain transmission measurements the value displayed is the actual delay not x2 The marker provides the propagation delay in both time and distance Marker 2 in Figure 6 63 left indicates the main path response through the test device which has a propagation delay of 655 6 ns or about 196 5 meters in electrical length Marker 4 in Figure 6 63 right indicates the triple travel path...

Страница 411: ... described above me softkey perfoms i I T this function automatically the stop frequency is set close to the entered stop frequency and the start frequency is set equal to stop n If the low end of the measurement frequency range is critical it is best to calculate approximate v es for the St ad stop frequencies before pressing and calibrating This avoids distortion of the measurement results Ib se...

Страница 412: ... mode the frequency domain data is taken at harmonically related frequencies and extrapolated to dc Because this results in the inverse Fourier transform having only a real part the imaginary part is zero the most useful low pass step mode format in this application is the real format It displays the response in reflection coefficient units This mode is similar to the traditional TDR response whic...

Страница 413: ... A V R LO N E G A T I V E L E V E L S H I F T N E G A T I V E PEAK A I N D U C T O R P O S I T I V E P E A K P O S I T I V E T H E N N E G A T I V E PEAK5 C A P A C I T O R N E G A T I V E P E A K N E G A T I V E T H E N P O S I T I V E P E A K S pgE127d Figure 6 66 Simulated Low Pass Step and Impulse Response Waveforms Real Format F igure 6 67 shows example cables with discontinuities faults usin...

Страница 414: ...put response The low pass step mode extends the frequency range of this type of measurement to 3 GHz 6 GHz with an analyzer Option 006 The step input shown in Figure 6 68 is the inverse Fourier transform of the frequency domain response of a thru measured at calibration The step rise time is proportional to the highest frequency in the frequency domain sweep the higher the frequency the faster the...

Страница 415: ...ponse vertical axis In the real format the vertical azis displays the transmission response in real units for example volts For the amplifier example in Figure 6 68 if the amplifier input is a step of 1 volt the output 2 4 nanoseconds after the step indicated by marker l is 5 84 volts In the log magnitude format the ampliher gain is the steady state value displayed after the initial transients die...

Страница 416: ...tinuity p 0 50 However the second discontinuity appears as a 25 reflection p O 25 because only half the incident voltage reached the second discontinuity Note This example assumes a loss less transmission line Real transmission lines with non zero loss attenuate signals as a function of the distance from the reference plane As an example of masking due to line loss consider the time domain respons...

Страница 417: ...ly spaced responses The effects of the Gnite impulse width cannot be improved without increasing the frequency span of the measurement see IMAe 6 12 4 WINDOWING SIDELOBES pg665d Figure 6 71 Impulse Width Sidelobes and Windowing n Sidelobes The impulse sidelobes limit the dynamic range of the time domain measurement by hiding low level responses within the sidelobes of higher level responses The ef...

Страница 418: ...isted in Table 6 12 Or you can use the knob to select any windowing pulse width or rise time for a step stimulus between the softkey values The time domain stimulus sidelobe levels depend only on the window selected _ _ _ is essentially no window Consequently it gives the highest sidelobes the preset mode gives reduced sidelobes and is the mode most often used _ fJqjgfmi window gives the minimum s...

Страница 419: ...AF is the spacing between frequency data points number of points 1 example Measurement range frequency span Hz Measurement 201 points 1 MHz to 2 001 GHz Range or number of points 1 frequency span 201 1 10 xl 106 Or 2 x 109 100 x lo seconds Electrical length range x the speed of light 3 x l m s 100 x lo 6 x 3 x l m s 30 meters In this example the range is 100 ns or 30 meters electrical length To pr...

Страница 420: ...pan two equal responses can be distinguished when they are separated by at least 2 94 cm Using the low pass mode the low pass frequencies are slightly different with a minimum windowing function you can distinguish two equal responses that are about 1 38 centimeters or more apart For reflection measurements which measure the two way time to the response divide the response resolution by 2 Using th...

Страница 421: ...ncy span that is wider than the test device bandwidth to achieve better resolution Range resolution Time domain range resolution is defined as the ability to locate a single response in time If only one response is present range resolution is a measure of how closely you can pinpoint the peak of that response The range resolution is equal to the digital resolution of the display which is the time ...

Страница 422: ...ve the effect of the connector so that we can see the frequency response of just the airline and termination Figure 6 75 shows the gate applied to the connector discontinuity Figure 6 75d shows the frequency response of the airline and termination with the connector gated out GATING OPERATION Frequency Domo i n I___ t pb666d Figure 6 75 Sequence of Steps in Gating Operation Setting the gate Think ...

Страница 423: ...the knob to position the gate markers around the desired portion of the time domain trace Transforming CW Time Measurements Into the Frequency Domain The analyzer can display the amplitude and phase of CW signals versus time For example use this mode for measurements such as amplifier gain as a function of warmup time i e drift The analyzer can display the measured parameter e g amplifier gain for...

Страница 424: ...CW frequency For example with a center frequency of 0 Hz the CW frequency 250 MHz in the example is in the center of the display If the center frequency entered is a positive value the CW frequency shifts to the right half of the display a negative value shifts it to the left half of the display The span value entered with the transform on is the total frequency span shown on the display Alternati...

Страница 425: ... i i ic iiiii L I is the normal preset state h which both the mpl ad phase components of any test device modulation appear on the display displays only the amplitude modulation as illustrated in F igure 6 79a A displays only the phase modulation as shown in Figure 6 79b 1 i i i i iii i i i i I a Amplitude Modulation Component b Phase Modulation Component Figure 6 79 Separating the Amplitude and Ph...

Страница 426: ...r less on either side of the center frequency see Figure 6 80 That is choose a total span of 2 kHz or less pged ee c Figure 6 80 Range of a Forward Transform Measurement lb increase the frequency domain measurement range increase the span The maximm range is inversely proportional to the sweep time therefore it may be necessary to increase the number of points or decrease the sweep time Because in...

Страница 427: ...t output GPIO bus to read five ITL input bits in a decision making function and send eight ITL output bits to control a peripheral Note Product note 8753 3 RF Component Measurements Applications of the Test Sequence Function provides practical applications examples for test sequencing This note was written for the HP 8753B but also applies to the HP 8753E In Depth Sequencing Information Features T...

Страница 428: ...Title You can append a sequentially increasing or decreasing numeric value to the title of stored data by _ _ i_ _ pla g a C 1 co and after the title string you i 2 u a a _ a i A r i must limit the title to three characters if you will use it as a disk tile name The three character title and five digit loop counter number reach the eight character limit for disk flle names This feature is useful i...

Страница 429: ... be accessed bypressing i h the Sequencing menu l TL Output for Controlling Peripherals Right TTL compatible output lines can be used for controlling equipment connected to the _ __ __ p elpofi Bypressing you m access the eys edbelow t t control the individual output bits Refer to Figure 6 81 for output bus pin locations lets you set a single bit 0 _ 7 to high on the output bus _ leti you set a sw...

Страница 430: ...ns for ITL high n volts H 2 7 volts V n current 20 microamps A Electrical specifications for ITL low n volts L 0 4 volts v n current 0 2 milliamps mA b 1 I I i 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 3 2 1 0 PARALLEL IN E TS PARALLEL OUT BITS pg6129d Figure 6 81 Parallel Port Input and Output Bus Pin Locations in GPIO Mode Application and Operation Concepts 6 146 ...

Страница 431: ...ion makiug fimctions jump to a softkey location not to a specmc sequence title Limit test loop counter and do sequence commands jump to any sequence residing in the specilled sequence position 1 through 6 These commands do not jump to a specific sequence title Whatever sequence is in the selected softkey position will run when these commands are executed Having a sequence jump to itself A decision...

Страница 432: ... sequence filename menu press V This menu presents two choices supplies a nitme for the saved state and or data me This dso brings up the Title Pile Menu suppfies a name for the plot file generated by a plot to commd 6 i v i A i w w i A A A i This also brings up the Title File Menu The above keys show the current filename in the 2nd line of the softkey When titling a file for use in a loop functio...

Страница 433: ... command is seen The etx is the ASCII value 3 not the ASCII character 3 The analyzer title function does not have the ASCII value 3 so the instrument allows the LB y co and to be terminated Me the co ad accessed by pressing I J _ gfj g g g z gj i_i i_i_ 1__ Entering Sequences Using HP IB You can create a sequence in a computer controller using HP IB codes and enter it into the analyzer over HP IB ...

Страница 434: ...pg6137d Figure 6 82 Amplifier Parameters The analyzer allows you to make a swept frequency measurement of an amplifier s second or third harmonic as shown in F igure 6 83 21 Jun 1 9 9 4 12 41 19 Cl l1 B M log MAG 10 dB REF 0 dB 1 25 744 dB CH2 B log MAG 10 dB REF 0 dB I 51 569 dB PRm H 2 PRm H 3 CHl START START 20 000 20 000 000 000 MHz MHz STOP STOP 1 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 MHz MHz CH2 START S...

Страница 435: ...mpHer Measurement of 2nd and 3rd Harmonic Distortion dBc Gain Compression Vector network analyzers are commonly used to characterize amplifier gain compression versus frequency and power level This is essentially linear characterization since only the relative level of the fundamental input to the fundamental output is measured The narrowband receiver is tuned to a precise frequency and as a resul...

Страница 436: ...TART 5 0 dBm c w 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MHZ STOP 1 0 0 dBm Figure 6436 Swept Power Measurement of Amplifier s Fundamental Gain Compression and 2nd Harmonic Output Level In a compression measurement it is necessary to know the RF input or output power at a certain level of gain compression Therefore both gain and absolute power level need to be accurately characterized Uncertainty in a gain compressio...

Страница 437: ...lyzer is capable of using an external HP IB power meter and controlling source power directly Figure 6 87 shows a typical test configuration for setting a precise leveled input power at the device input list NETWORK ANALYZER UNDER TEST P O W E R S E N S O R POWER METER pg6138d Figure 6 87 Configuration for Setting RF Input using Automatic Power Meter Calibration 6 166 Application and Operation Con...

Страница 438: ...igher or lower in frequency than the LO The RF frequencies needed are calculated by the analyzer Tuned Receiver The analyzer s tuned receiver mode allows you to tune its receiver to an arbitrary frequency and measure signal power This is only possible if the signal you want to analyze is at an exact known frequency Therefore the RF and LO sources must be synthesized and synchronized with the analy...

Страница 439: ...ation Accuracy Considerations In mixer transmission measurements you have RF and LO inputs and an IF output Also emanating from the IF port are several other mlxing products of the RF and LO signals In mixer reflection measurements leakage signals from one mixer port propagate and appear at the other two mixer ports These unwanted mixing products or leakage signals can cause distortion by mixing w...

Страница 440: ...add to overall measurement uncertainty To reduce the measurement errors associated with the interaction between mixer port matches and system port matches you can place attenuators at all of the mixer s ports Figure 6 89 shows a plot of swept conversion loss where no attenuation at mixer ports was used The ripple versus frequency is due to source and load mismatches pg6162 c Figure 6 89 Conversion...

Страница 441: ...ng was neglected I j j j j i i j j II I Ii I I I I I Example of Conversion Loss versus Output Frequency Without Correct IF Signal Path Filtering Figure 6 91 shows the same mixer s conversion loss with the addition of a low pass filter at the mixer s IF port pge1a 1 c Figure 6 91 Example of Conversion Loss versus Output Frequency With Correct IF Signal P I Filtering and Attenuation at all Mixer Por...

Страница 442: ...ermines which direction the internal source must sweep in order to achieve the requested IF frequency For example to measure the lower sideband of a mixer where the RF signal is below the LO RF Lo the internal source must sweep backwards See the examples in Figure 6 92 Example of an Upconverter with RF LO Figure 6 92 Examples of Up Converters and Down Converters In standard mixer measurements the ...

Страница 443: ...the notation on the analyzer s setup diagram indicates that the analyzer s source frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port and the analyzer s receiver frequency is labeled IF connecting to the mixer IF port Because the RF frequency can be greater or less than the set LO frequency in this type of i 1 A I I measurement you a s either or NETWORK ANALYZER R IN pg622e Figure 6 93 Down Co...

Страница 444: ...ng to the mixer IF port and the analyzer s receiver frequency is labeled RF connecting to the mixer RF port Because the RF frequency can be greater or less xn the set LO frequency in this type of y _ measurement you can select either j F CV or k I i i NETWORK ANALYZER I R INI pg623e Figure 6 94 Up Converter Port Connections Application and Operation Concepts 6 l 63 ...

Страница 445: ... pg6105d Figure 6 96 Main Isolation lkrms Isolation is the amount of attenuation provided when a signal is applied to one port of a mixer and measured at another port Figure 6 96 shows the three main isolation terms LOFeedthru LOtoRFLedage LO feedthru or LO to IF isolation is the amount the Lo signal that is attenuated when it reaches the IF port LO to RF isolation is the amount the LO power is at...

Страница 446: ... accuracy SWR Return Loss Reflection coeflkient I is defined as the ratio between the reflected voltage Vr and incident voltage Vi Standing wave ratio SWR is deilned as the ratio of maximum standing wave voltage to the minimum standing wave voltage and can be derived from the reflection coeflicient r using the equation shown below Return loss can be derived from the reflection coefficient as well ...

Страница 447: ...onversion loss Ib set up for a conversion compression measurement first measure the conversion loss of the mixer under test Set up for a CW measurement at the frequency of interest Sweeping the RF drive level over a 25 dB span soon shows the power level at which the conversion loss increases by 1 dB With power meter calibration controlling the RF drive level and the receiver calibrated to measure ...

Страница 448: ...SS 1 0 dB IF REFERENCE C A L I B R A T I O N M I X E R CONVERTER pg633e Figure 6 98 Connections for an Amplitude and Phase Tracking Measurement Between Two Mixers Phase Linearity and Group Delay Group delay is the rate of change of phase through a device with respect to frequency d dw Traditionally group delay has been used to describe the propagation delay Tg and deviation from linear phase throu...

Страница 449: ...ion mixer with very small group delay as the calibration standard An important characteristic to remember when selecting a calibration mixer is that the delay of the device should be kept as low as possible Ib do this select a mixer with very wide bandwidth wider bandwidth results in smaller delay 6 166 Applicationmd OperationConcepts ...

Страница 450: ...l add with the true reflected signal from the device causing an error in the measured data Overall directivity is the limit to which a device s return loss or reflection can be measured Therefore it is important to have good directivity to measure low reflection devices For example a coupler has a 7 mm connector and 40 dB directivity which is equivalent to a reflection coeflkient of p O Ol dlrecti...

Страница 451: ...oss or electrical length and a flat frequency response to prevent distortion of the actual signal A perfect match to both the instrument and the test device eliminates reflected test signals The signal should be effectively coupled into the test device rather than leaking around the device and resulting in crosstalk from input to output Repeatable connections are necessary to ensure consistent dat...

Страница 452: ...to a Network Analyzer from Microwaves and RF January 1991 Fixtures and Non Coaxial Measurements Hewlett Packard Company Applying the HP 8510 TRL Calibration for Nor oar I Measurements n Product Note 8510 8A HP publication number 5091 36453 February 1992 Hewlett Packard Company Measuring Chip Capacitors with the HP 8520C Network Analyzers and Inter Continental Microwave Test Fixtures Product Note 8...

Страница 453: ...cements in On Wafer Probing Calibration Techniques n Hewlett Packard RF and Microwave Measurement Symposium paper 1991 Lautzenhiser S A Davidson D Jones Improve Accuracy of On Wafer Tests Via LRM Calibration Reprinting from Microwaves and RF HP publication number 5052 1286 January 1990 On Wafer Calibration Practical Considerations n HP 8510 8720 News HP publication number 5001 6837 February 1993 6...

Страница 454: ...rection Dynamic range is limited by the maximum test port power and the receiver s noise floor able 7 1 HP 8753E Dynamic Range Frequency Range 30 kHz to 300 kHz 3OOkHzt 1 3GHz 1 3GHzto3GHz 3GHzto6GHz Typical WOdB 30kHzto5OkHz t 100 dB 300 kHz to 16 MHz due to fixed spun 1 105 dB Option 075 Dynamic Range 100 dB 110 dBt 110 dB 105 dB Speoifisations and Measurement Unwrtainties 7 l ...

Страница 455: ...o 300 kFIzt 300 kHz to 1 3 GHz 1 3 GHz to 3 GHz 66 dB 61 dB 55 dB f0 001 dB fO 006 dB 61 dB 49 dB 61 dB fO 005 dB ho 009 dB These characteristics apply for an environmental temperature of 26 f 6 C with less than 1 C deviation from the calibration temperature t Typical Performance HP8753E With HP85031 B Calibration Kit 0 01 10 10 30 SO 70 90 S21 Transmission Coefficient dJ3 HP8753E Wlth HP85031 B C...

Страница 456: ... GHz Directivity 20 dBi 35 dB 30 dB 26 dB Source match 18 dB 16 dB 16 dB 14 dB Load match 18 dBf 18 dB 16 dB 14 dB Reflection tracking f2 6 dB f1 6 dB il 6 dB f2 6 dB Transmission tracking f2 6 dB fl 6 dB fl 6 dB f2 6 dB Crosstalk 90 dB 100 dB 100 dB 90dB Applies at 26 f6 C t Typical lOdB 3OkHzto6OkHz t 16 dB 30 kHz to 60 kHz Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties 7 3 ...

Страница 457: ... match 60 dB 50 dB 47 dB 40 dB Reflection tracking fO 006 dB f0 009 dB fO 019 dB f0 070 dB Fransmission tracking ho 014 dB f0 013 dB f0 026 dB f0 066 dB Applies at 26 f6 C t Typical performance HP8753E With HP85032B Calibration Kit HP8753E With HP85032B Calibration Kit G G 1 0 is 8 9 2 e g 0 1 2 1 s J c 3to13ccMM 5 1 3to3wz 1 3to304 b A 3b6GM 0 01 0 1 10 10 30 50 70 90 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 Transm...

Страница 458: ...dB Source match 49 dB 44 dB 41 dB 37 dB Load match 49 dB 46 dB 44 dB 38 dB Reflection tracking fO O1O dB f0 005 dB f0 007 dB fO 009 dB lkansmission tracking f0 016 dB f0 014 dB f0 022 dB f0 048 dB Applies at 26 f6 C t Typical Performance HP8753E With HP85033D Calibration Kit HP8753E With HP85033D Calibration Kit 10 30 50 70 90 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 Transmission Coeffkient dB S21 Transmission Coeff...

Страница 459: ... f6 C t Typical Performance Frequency Range 30 kEz to 300 kEzt 300 kEz to 1 3 GHz 1 3 GHz to 3 GHz 48 dB 48 dB 43 dB 47 dB 41 dB 36 dB 48 dB 48 dB 43 dB 60 004 dB fO O1O dB f0 019 dB fO 018 dB 9 0 016 dB f0 033 dB HP8753E With HP85036B Calibration Kit HP8753E With HP85036B Calibration Kit 10 30 50 70 S21 Transmission Coefftcient dB 0 1 10 10 30 50 70 S21 Transmission Coeffkient dB HP8753E Wiih HP8...

Страница 460: ...on tracking Transmission tracking Crosstalk Applies at 26 f6 C t Typical Performance t 15dB 30kHzto6OkHz 30 kuz to 300 kuzt 20dB 10 dB 14 dB f2 6 dB f2 6 dB 90 dB Frequency Range 300 kllz to 1 3 GHz 36 dB 16 dB 18 dB il 6 dB il 6 dB 100 dB 1 3 GHz to 3 GHz 30 dB 16 dB 16 dB il 6 dB f1 5 dB 100 dB Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties 7 7 ...

Страница 461: ...nce 30 kEz to 300 kHzt 46 dB 40 dB 46 dB f0 0060 dB f0 033 dB Frequency Range 300 kEz to 1 0 GHz 45 dB 40 dB 46 dB fO 0060 dB f0 019 dB 1 0 GHz to 3 GHz 40 dB 30 dB 40 dB f0 0240 dB f0 067 dB HP8753E Wiih HP85039B Calibration Kit HP8753E With HP85039B Calibration Kit G 03101ooowtz x Ito3GM 10 30 50 70 90 S21 Transmission Coeffkknt dB 10 10 30 50 70 90 S21 Transmission Cc icient dB HP8753E Wlth HP8...

Страница 462: ...S 2 Due to limitations on available industry standards the guaranteed performance of the instrument cannot be verified outside the factory Field procedures can verify performance with a confidence prescribed by available standards S 3 These specifications are generally digital functions or are mathematically derived from tested specifications and can therefore be verified by functional pass fail t...

Страница 463: ...ut level S l Impedance Standard 6Oohms 16dESreturnlossto3GHz T 14dBreturnlossto6GHz T Impedance Option 076 76ohms lOdBreturnlossto3OOkHz T 16dBreturnloseto3GHz T IPECTRAL PURITY CHA WTERIsIICS 2nd Harmonic 16 MHz to 3 GHz at 10 dBm output level at 0 dE m output level at 10 dBm output level 3rd Harmonic 16 MHz to 2 Ghz 26 dJ3c S 1 40 dBc T 60 dHc T at 10 dBm output level at 0 dBm output level at 10...

Страница 464: ... S l Sl T T S l T s1t s1t T 3GHzto6GHz 3 kHz IF bandwidth 77 dESm s 1t 10 Hz IF bandwidth 07 dBm s1t 106 dBm T Frequency Response 26 f6 C 3OOkHzto3GHz 3GHzto6GHz fl dB s1t f2 dB s1t InternalIy Generated JSarmonics option 002 2nd Harmonic at 8 dBm input level at 0 dBm input level at 16 dBm input level 3rd Harmonic at 8 dBm input level at 0 dBm input level at 16 dBm input level Harmonic Measurement ...

Страница 465: ... kBz Setting Time Auto 5ooms Manual 5onls Frequency Readout Accuracy auto 0 1 Input Frequency Margin Manual 0 6 to 5 MHz Auto 550 MI IA f6 MB2 of nominal CW frequency 50 MI k flO of nominal CW frequency Accuracy see Magnitude Characteristics and Phase Charactmistics S l Sl S l S l T T T S l T T T T T T T T T The BP 8763E RF source characteristics in this mode are dependent on the stability of the ...

Страница 466: ...curacy 0 3 to 3000 MHz HP8753E Magnitude Dynamic Accuracy 3 8 GHz 0 01 0 01 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Test Port Power dBm Test Port Power dBm Trace Noiset 3OOkHztoSGHz 3GHzt 06GHz Reference Level Resoltiion Stability 3OOkHzto3GHz 3GHzto6GIIz 0 006 dB rms s 1 O OlO dB rms s l f500 dJ3 53 0 001 dB s 3 0 02 dBPC I 0 04 dB w T HAsE cEABAcTEBIsTIcs Display ...

Страница 467: ...8753E Phase Dynamic Accuracy 0 3 to 3000 MHz HP8753E Phase Dynamic Accuracy 3 8 GHz LOdBm 1odL3m 9 2OdBm 10 20dBm G a 6 e z 1 9 0 1 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Test Port Power dBm Test Port Power dBm Trace Noise 5 dBm into l t Port ratio measurement 3OOkHzto3GHz 0 038 orms S l 3GHzto6GHz 0 070 arms S l Reference Level f600 o g 3 Resolution 0 01 o s 3 sta...

Страница 468: ...re than 180 o f phase change within the minimum aperture 6 e awl4 S 3 l he following graph shows group delay accuracy with 7 mm full Z port calibration and a 10 Hz IF bandwidth Insertion loss is rssumed to be 2 dB and electrical length to be ten meters HP8753E Typical Group Delay Accuracy 100 Group Delay Accuracy vs Aperture n general the following formula can be used to determine the accuracy in ...

Страница 469: ...201 77 77 145 46 11 15 22 147 401 1601 127 428 127 428 244 845 91 17 25 40 289 392 52 79 137 1142 HP 87533 Sll l port calibration with a 6 kHz IF bandwidth Includes system retrace time but does not ncltie bandswitch time Time domain tins is assumed off HP 8753E S21 measurement with full 2 port calibration wing a 6 kHz IF bandwidth Includes system retrace ime and RF switching time but does not incl...

Страница 470: ...center pin protrusion o ooo to 0 003 in Probe Power 15 V f2 400 mA combined load for both probe connections 12 6 V f5 5 300 mA combined load for both probe connections Rear Panel Connectors External Reference Frequency Input EXT REF INPUT Frequency 1 2 5 and 10 MHz 200 Hz at 10 MHz Level 10 dBm to 20 dBm typical Impedance 50 n High Stability Frequency Reference Output 10 MHz Option lD6 Frequency 1...

Страница 471: ...d of sweep TI L signal For use with part handlers Limit lkst output LIMIT TEST This connector outputs a TTL signal of the limit test results Pass lTL high fail TTL low Test Port Bias Input BIAS CONNECIJ Maximum voltage 30 Vdc Maximum current no degradation in RF specifications f200 mA Maximum current fl A Video Output VGA OUT The VGA OUT connector drives VGA compatible monitors with these characte...

Страница 472: ...een or blue n more than one occurance of 2 consecutive stuck pixels n stuck pixels less than 6 5 mm apart HP IB This connector lows communication with compatible devices including external controllers printers plotters disk drives and power meters Parallel Port This connector is used with parallel or Centronics interface peripherals such as printers and plotters It can also be used as a general pu...

Страница 473: ...175T Dust the environment should be as dust free as possible Enclosure protection IP code 2 0 according to IEC 529 Operating Conditions Operating temperature o to55OC Error Corrected temperature range fl C of calibration temperature Humidity 5 to 95 at 40 C non condensing Altitude 0 to 4500 meters 15 000 feet Non Operating Storage Conditions Temperature 40 C to 70 OC Humidity 0 to 90 relative at 6...

Страница 474: ...ront and rear panel protrusions pb69ld Physical Dimensions Internal Memory Data Retention Time with 3 V 1 2 Ah Battery Temperature at 70 OC 250 days 0 68 year Temperature at 40 OC 1244 days 3 4 years Temperature at 25 OC 10 years Analyxer power is switched off All time values are characteristic Specifications and Measurement Unoertaiaties 7 21 ...

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Страница 476: ...pb611ld 8 2 Menu Maps ...

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Страница 478: ...84 Menu Maps ...

Страница 479: ...ED RE r SEL QUAD c 1 DEFINE PLOT RETURN RETURN b DEFINE PRINT LIST MENU A I 7 LIST VALUES OP PARMS MKRS etc NEXT PAGE PREVIOUS PAGE PRINT ALL MONOCHROME PRINT MONOCHROME I I DEFINE PRINT PRINT COLORS MENU MENU 1I 1 PRINT MONOCHROME coiok CHl DATA c 1 CHl MEM c 1 LIST COLORS MENU AUTO FEED ON off PRINT COLORS PLOT RESTORE DISPLAY CH2 DATA c I WHITE CYAN MAGENTA BLUE YELLOW GREEN RED BLACK GRAT I CU...

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Страница 481: ...R PLOTTER __ PLTR PORT LISTENER PORT I HPIB USE PASS PRINTER _ CONTROL PORT PARALLEL SET ADDRESSES u ADDRESS SERIAL DISK PARALLEL ADDRESS DISK c 1 CONTROLLER HP 18 DIAG ADDRESS PLOTTER on OFF P MTR HP B BAUD RATE DISK UNIT POWER MTR XMIT CNTRL NUMBER c 1 1 1 VOLUME NUMBER RETURN RETURN PRINTER PORT MENU PRNTR TYPE c 1 PRNTR PORT HPIB PARALLEL SERIAL PRINTER BAUD RATE XMIT CNTRL c 1 RETURN pg6 18e ...

Страница 482: ...TAPGET S E A R C H L E F T S E A R C H R I G H T o n O F F R E T U R N R E T U R N MARKERS D SCRE E ONT I NUOUS DISP M K R S O N o f f MARKERS COUPLFD I UNCOUPLED POLAR MKR MENU S M I T H M K R MENU S T A T S o n O F F XAR WKER INU L I N MKf LOG MKR Re Im M K R kRKER ENU MARKEF 1 01 I OFF n MODE MENU MKR ZERO L RETURN IXED WKER IN F I X E D M K R ST I MULUS FI XED MKR VALUE F I X E D M K R AUX VAL...

Страница 483: ...R THE SYSTEM HARDKEY 1 IS TURNED TO ON F BAMETER RefI FWD 511 A R Trans FWIj 521 B p Trans REV Sl2 A y RefI REV 522 B p ANALOG IN A i Input r r 1 3NVERSION NV OFF I Z Ref I I Z Trans I Y Ref I I Y Tr0 s I 1 s RETURN r 4 PARAMETEA I pR T PORTS B R A B TESTPORT 1 2 pg66d Menu Maps 8 8 ...

Страница 484: ... PREVIOUS RANGES s INGLE ALL SEGMENT MlFNll _ _ SINGLE SEG SWEEP 1 ALL SEGk SWEEP RIGGER ENU YEEP TYPE NU DIT LIST ENU EDIT SUBSWEEP MENU I B SEGMENT START SEGMENT HOLD I SINGLE I NUMBER of GROUPS I CONTINUOUS LIN FREQ 4 STOP CENTER LOG F l I IST FREQ CSWEPT I POWER SWE P CW TIME DELETE ADD I SPAN L RETURN NUMBER of POINTS STEP SIZE J J MORE DONE TRIGGER TRIG OFF I EXT TRIG ON SWEEP EXT TRIG ON PO...

Страница 485: ...DISK EXTERdL CONFiGURE EXT DISK SEQUENCE MENU FILENAME MEN TITLE FILE MENU DISK CONFIGURE EXT DISK d ADDRESS DISK FILENAME F LE0 SELECT LETTER DISK UNIT PLOTNAME NUMBER PLOTFlLE VOLUME BACK NUMBER SPACE LOOP COUNTER RETURN ERASE TITLE THESE LABELS ONLY APPEAR IF THE PARTKULAR REGlSTER HAS BEEN SAVED N INTERNAL MEMORY DOES NOT APPEAR DUR NG SEQUENCE MODIFKATION C ONLY APPEARS DURING SEQUENCE MODIFI...

Страница 486: ... U S E R D E F I N E D SEQUENCE THAT WILL SUR E P O W E R O F F pb6107d Sea I e R e f SCPLE REF MENU A U T O S C A L E SCALE DlV R E F E R E N C E POSITiON R E F E R E N C E VALUE MARKER R E F E R E N C E ELECTRIML D E L A Y PHASE O F F S E T SCALE REF M O R E M E N U COAX I AL D E L A Y WAVEGU I DE D E L A Y R E T U R N pb64d 8 12 MenuYaps ...

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Страница 488: ...8 14 MenuMaps ...

Страница 489: ...I r RETURN pg657e Menu Maps 8 15 ...

Страница 490: ...this chapter is located in the following areas w Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saying Measurement Results contains instructions for saying to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements w Chapter 5 Optimizmg Measurement Results describes...

Страница 491: ... For editing a test sequence this key can be used to scroll through the displayed sequence has two independent functions H modifies entries and test sequences n moves marker information off of the graticules The backspace key will delete the last entry or the last digit entered from the numeric keypad The backspace key can also be used in two ways for modifying a test sequence w deleting a single ...

Страница 492: ...s are shown relative to this point The notation AREF A is displayed at the top right comer of the graticule Pressing this softkey turns on the fixed marker Its stimulus and response values can then be changed using the llxed marker menu which is accessed with e _ i softkey described below Alternatively the fixed marker can be _ ___ ___ i _ set to the current adive ker position using the softkey in...

Страница 493: ...he HP IB address the analyzer wiIl use to communicate with the power meter used in service routines presents a menu for adjusting display intensity colors and accessing save and recall functions for modified LCD color sets leads to the beginning of the adjustment tests These tests generate correction constants that are used by the analyzer retrieves the full frequency list sweep measures only one ...

Страница 494: ... on or off for the active channel Avg is displayed in the status notations area at the left of the display together with the sweep count for the averaging factor when averaging is on The sweep count for averaging is reset to 1 whenever an instrument state change affecting the measured data is made i i At the St of the averaging or following _ y i i _ i 9 averaging starts at 1 and averages each new...

Страница 495: ...ystem Pressing any front panel key will restore the default display operation adjusts the brightness of the color being modified See Adjusting Color for an explanation of using this softkey for color modification of display attributes is used to enter the CO term in the definition of an OPEN standard in a calibration kit which is the constant term of the cubic polynomial and is scaled by 10 15 is ...

Страница 496: ... by Hewlett Packard this default selection establishes the TRL LRM LINE MATCH standard as the characteristic impedance allows you to modify the characteristic impedance of the system for TRL LRM calibration leads to the calibration menu which provides several accuracy enhancement procedures ranging from a simple frequency response calibration to a full two port calibration At the completion of a c...

Страница 497: ...ed by an amber LED adjacent to the corresponding channel key When the LED is constantly lit channel 2 is active When it is flashing channel 4 is active The front panel keys allow you to control the active channel and all of the channel specific functions you select apply to the active channel Note The LX and than keys retain a history of the last active channel For example if channel 2 has been en...

Страница 498: ... than 0 will result in bit 0 being cleared deletes ail segments in the list clears a sequence from memory The titles of cleared sequences will remain in load store and purge menus This is done as a convenience for those who often reuse the same titles dehnes the standard and the offset as coaxial This causes the analyzer to assume linear phase response in any offsets applies a linear phase compens...

Страница 499: ...ter to count the Al4 fractional N VCO frequency at the node shown on the overall block diagram switches the internal counter off and removes the counter display from the LCD toggles the channel coupling of stimulus values With _ __ _ _ ___ the preset condition both channels have i _ _ the same stimuhis values the inactive channel takes on the stimulus values of the active channel is used to set th...

Страница 500: ... an external controller and cannot be read back by the analyzer presents the sequencing decision making menu decrements the value of the loop counter by 1 returns all the display color settings back to the factory set default values that are stored in non volatile memory resets the plotting parameters to their default values resets the printing parameters to their default values leads to the defin...

Страница 501: ...tiple of 8 The minimum number is 8 and there is no practical maximum limit Set the directory size before initializing a disk specifies the number of the disk unit in the disk drive that is to be accessed in an external disk store or load routine I his is used in conjunction with the HP IB address of the disk drive and the volume number to gain access to a specific area on a disk The access hierarc...

Страница 502: ... standards are measured and turns error correction on finishes response calibration after all standards are measured and turns error correction on terminates the sequencing edit mode Gnishes TRLLRM two port calibration after all standards are measured and turns error correction on sets the analyzer s source higher than the analyzer s receiver for making measurements in frequency offset mode toggle...

Страница 503: ...ep mode is selected with the soft y deebed below v _ adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the DUT It simulates a variable length lossless transmission line which can be added to or removed from a receiver input to compensate for interconnecting cables etc This function is similar to the mechanical or analog line stretchers of other network analyzers Delay is annotated in units of t...

Страница 504: ...and or data file Brings up the TITLE F ILE MENU provides access to the hle utilities menu defines the load in a calibration kit as a fixed not sliding load is used only with a polar or Smith format It changes the auxiliary response value of the fixed marker This is the second part of a complex data pair and applies to a magnitude phase marker a real imaginary marker an R jX marker or a G jB marker...

Страница 505: ...r the data Various rectangular and polar formats are available for display of magnitude phase impedance group delay real data and SWR specifies whether or not to store the formatted data on disk with the instrument state brings up a menu for formatting a disk causes subsequent disk initialization to use the DOS disk format causes subsequent disk initialixation to use the LIF disk format ____ __ is...

Страница 506: ... forward frequency response in a two port calibration displays the complex admittance values of the active marker in rectangular form The active marker values are displayed in terms of conductance in Siemens susceptance and equivalent capacitance or inductance Siemens are the international units of admittance and are equivalent to mhos the inverse of ohms The Smith chart graticule is changed to ad...

Страница 507: ...weeping and taking data The notation Hid is displayed at the left of the graticule If the indicator is on at the left side of the display trigger a new sweep with iFKQ toggles the HP IB diagnostic feature debug mode This mode should only be used the tist time a program is written if a program has already been debugged it is unnecessary When diagnostics are on the analyzer scrolls a history of inco...

Страница 508: ...QUENCE 1 through 6 When the value of the loop counter is no longer zero the sequence in the specified position will nm _ _ _ displays only the imaginary reactive portion of the measured data on a Cartesian format This format is similar to the real format except that reactance data is displayed on the trace instead of impedance data increments the value of the loop counter by 1 initiahzes the disk ...

Страница 509: ...constructing a label for the user modified cal kit If a label is supplied it will appear as one of the five softkey choices in the select cal kit menu The approach is similar to deiining a display title except that the kit label is limited to ten characters The function is similar to defining a display title except that the label is limited to ten characters draws a quarter page plot in the lower ...

Страница 510: ...splayed plot and a hard copy plot The limit fail beeper sounds if it is turned on In a listing of values using the copy menu an asterisk is shown next to any measured point that is out of limits A bit is set in the HP IB status byte puts the result of a limit test into the display title leads to the limit type menu where one of three segment types can be selected activates a linear frequency sweep...

Страница 511: ...for each segment in a swept list measurement enables or disables the ability to set independent power levels for each segment in a swept list measurement When on sets power range mode to manual to set a range for the power values The range can be chosen using the PTFR MGE key The power values can be entered using the key If ports are uncoupled the power can be set independently for each port i Whe...

Страница 512: ...he analyzer is remotely controlled over HP IB by a computer The exception to this is when local lockout is in effect this is a remote command that disables the m key making it difficult to interfere with the analyzer while it is under computer control Let G m4 activates a logarithmic frequency sweep mode The source is stepped in logarithmic increments and the data is displayed on a logarithmic gra...

Страница 513: ...e or two power sensors Each function provides up to 12 separate frequency points called segments at which the user may enter a different power loss or calibration factor The instrument interpolates between the selected points Two power sensor lists are provided because no single power sensor can cover the frequency range possible with an HP 8753E Option 010 only sets the transform to low pass impu...

Страница 514: ... of the active marker When power sweep in engaged the CW frequency will already be selected adjusts the electrical delay to balance the phase of the DUT This is performed automatically regardless of the format and the measurement being made Enough line length is added to or subtracted from the receiver input to compensate for the phase slope at the active marker position This effectively flattens ...

Страница 515: ...he step keys or the numeric keypad The marker response and stimulus values are displayed in the upper right hand comer of the screen turns on marker 2 and makes it the active marker If another marker is present that marker becomes inactive and is represented on the display as A turns on marker 3 and makes it the active marker turns on marker 4 and makes it the active marker turns on marker 5 and m...

Страница 516: ...meter data This softkey will also override the test set hold mode which inhibits continuous switching of either the test port transfer switch or step attenuator The measurement configurations which cause this are described in Test Set Attenuator Test Port Transfer Switch and Doubler Switch Protection at the beginning of this section This softkey will override the test set hold mode for one measure...

Страница 517: ...ing delta mode off in the delta marker menu or turning all the markers off with the UL WF softkey leads to the modify cal kit menu where a default cal kit can be user modified present a menu for color modification of display elements Refer to Adjusting Color for information on modifying display elements sets the analyzer to network analyzer mode activates the sequence edit mode and presents the ne...

Страница 518: ...he user should initially set the source power so that it is approximately correct at the device under test If power uncertainty at the device under test is expected to be greater than a few dH it is recommended that the number of readings be greater than 1 selects the calibration standard load as being offset is used to specify the one way electrical delay from the measurement reference plane to t...

Страница 519: ...ent parameters defines the standard type as an open used for calibrating reflection measurements Opens are assigned a terminal impedance of infinite ohms but delay and loss offsets may still be added Pressing this key also brings up a menu for defining the open including its capacitance gets data from an HP IB device set to the address at which the analyzer expects to lind a power meter The data i...

Страница 520: ...s pen number 7 and for channel 2 is pen number 7 selects the number of the pen to plot the memory trace The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 5 and for channel 2 is pen number 6 selects the number of the pen to plot the text The default pen for channel 1 is pen number 7 and for channel 2 is pen number 7 adds or subtracts a phase offset that is const ant with frequency rather than linear This...

Страница 521: ... the plotter configures the analyzer for a plotter that has a parallel centronics interface confIgures the analyzer for a plotter that has a serial RS 232 interface selects a pen plotter such as the HP 7440A HP 747OA HP 7475A or HP 7550B as the plotter type selects a PCL5 compatible printer which supports HP GL 2 such as the LaserJet III or LaserJet 4 for a monochrome plotter type or the DeskJet 1...

Страница 522: ...may be used to compensate for attenuation non linearities in either a directional coupler or a power splitter Up to 12 segments may be entered each with a different frequency and power loss value toggles between A or 384 J These power meters are HP IB compatible with the analyzer The model number in the softkey label must match the power meter to be used turns on a power sweep mode that is used to...

Страница 523: ...color printer The printer output is always in the analyzer default color values This command does not work with a black and white printer prints the displayed measurement results in color is used to select the print colors menu sets the print command to default to a black and white printer prints the displayed measurement results in black and white prints any sequence currently in memory to a comp...

Страница 524: ...r range 7 when in manual power range specifies whether or not to store the raw data ratioed and averaged on disk with the instrument state selects whether sampler and attenuator offsets are ON or OFT By selecting raw offsets OFT a full two port error correction can be performed without including the effects of the offsets It also saves substantial time at recalls and during frequency changes Raw o...

Страница 525: ...ian format This is similar to the linear magnitude format but can show both positive and negative values It is primarily used for analyzing responses in the time domain and also to display an auxiliary input voltage signal for service purposes Press this key after selecting the 6le associated with port 1 error correction for adapter removal calibration Press this key after selecting the llle assoc...

Страница 526: ...ll triangle just outside the graticule on the left side for channel 1 and the right side for channel 2 changes the value of the reference line moving the measurement trace correspondingly In polar and Smith chart formats the reference value is the same as the scale and is the value of the outer circle defines the measurement as SU the complex reflection coefficient magnitude and phase of the test ...

Страница 527: ...nse and isolation measurement calibration for measurement of devices with wide dynamic range This procedure effectively removes the same frequency response errors as the response calibration In addition it effectively removes the isolation crosstalk error in transmission measurements or the directivity error in reflection measurements As well as the devices required for a simple response calibrati...

Страница 528: ...nts of one port devices or properly terminated two port devices at port 1 of an S parameter test set or the test port of a transmission reflection test set is used to enter the standard numbers for the Rrst class required for an SII l port calibration For default cal kits this is the open is used to enter the standard numbers for the second class required for an S11 l port calibration For default ...

Страница 529: ...les between two selections for plot scale FULL and GRAT is the normal scale selection for plotting on blank paper It includes space for all display annotations such as marker values stimulus values etc The entire display Ills within the user defined boundaries of Pl and P2 on the plotter while maintaining the exact same aspect ratio as the display expands or reduces the horizontal and vertical sca...

Страница 530: ...rement that activates the alternate port and then re enter the edit list menus c _ i This key is disabled if is set to _ _ _ _ 7 i sets the frequency or power span of a subsweep about a specified center frequency sets the start frequency of a subsweep sets the stop frequency of a subsweep leads to the select quadrant menu which provides the capability of drawing quarter page plots This is not used...

Страница 531: ...ges the frequency sweep to harmonic intervals to accommodate time domain low pass operation option 010 If this mode is used the frequencies must be set before calibration allows you to set the hour in the analyzer s internal clock allows you to set the minutes in the analyzer s internal clock allows you to set the month in the analyzer s internal clock sets the measurement reference plane to the T...

Страница 532: ...t line and has the same limit values as the flat line the single point is not displayed as 9 and S The indication for a sloping line segment in the displayed table of limits is SP enables a measurement of a single segment of the frequency list without loss of calibration The segment to be measured is selected using the entry block In single segment mode selecting a measurement calibration will for...

Страница 533: ... is on turns the smoothing function on or off for the active channel When smoothing is on the annotation Smo is displayed in the status notations area turns the source power on or off Use this key to restore _ _ power after a power trip has occurred See the RE WK key _ description inserts a space in the title is used along with the IcenterJ key to define the frequency range of the stimulus When th...

Страница 534: ...stics are absolute values the delta marker here serves to detlne the span For polar and Smith chart formats the statistics are calculated using the first value of the complex pair magnitude real part resistance or conductance After each standard is deflned including offsets press _ _ g p c j to temate the smdwd definition _ _ _ returns to the define standard menu is used to end the specify offset ...

Страница 535: ...e This allows limits already defined to be used for testing in a different stimulus range Use the entry block controls to specify the offset required is used to define the stop frequency of a frequency range When the 3GJ key is pressed it becomes the active function The value is displayed in the active entry area and can be changed with the knob step keys or numeric keypad sets the stop frequency ...

Страница 536: ...e normally used for remote programming of the analyzer In this mode the analyzer and all peripheral devices are controlled from the external controller The controller can command the analyzer to talk and the plotter or other device to listen The analyzer and peripheral devices cannot talk directly to each other unless the computer sets up a data path between them This mode allows the analyzer to b...

Страница 537: ... a number of sweeps mode when full 2 port correction is enabled Use for fast 2 port calibration presents the service test menu selects all the non data display text for color modification For example operating parameters brings up the print color definition menu The default color for text is black a calibration standard type measures all four S parameters in a TRIJLRM calibration turns the time st...

Страница 538: ... the analyzer Z A a C i l i j commands This L _ i __ _ __ _ I i _ softkey is generally used for two purposes w Sending a title to a printer when a CR LF is not desired n Sending commands to an HP IB device outputs a title string to any device with an HP IB address that matches the address set with the analyzer m commands Tl feey i r is generally used for two purposes n Sending a title to a printer...

Страница 539: ...s used to enter the standard numbers for the TRL REFLECT class sets the ITL output TEST SEQ BNC on the back of the analyzer high sets the TI L output TEST SEQ BNC on the back of the analyzer low sets the analyzer to function as a tuned receiver only disabling the source allows the marker stimulus values to be controlled independently on each channel sends the sum frequency of the RF and Lo to the ...

Страница 540: ...ess direct peripheral access is required selects the A or B power sensor calibration factor list for use in power meter calibration measurements is used to select the preset condition deilned by the user is used to define kits other than those offered by Hewlett Packard enters the velocity factor used by the analyzer to calculate equivalent electrical length in distance to fault measurements using...

Страница 541: ...width search The bandwidth search feature analyzes a bandpass or band reject trace and calculates the center point bandwidth and Q quality factor for the specified bandwidth Bandwidth units are the units of the current format turns on the bandwidth search feature and calculates the center stimulus value bandwidth and Q of a bandpass or band reject shape on the trace The amplitude value that define...

Страница 542: ...seful because it reduces the sidelobes of the measurement somewhat is used to terminate basic units dB dBm Hz dE GHz degrees or seconds It may also be used to terminate unitless entries such as averaging factor toggles the PLOTTER PRINTER serial port data transmit control mode between the Xon Xoff protocol handshake and the DTR DSR data terminal ready data set ready hardwire handshake converts ref...

Страница 543: ...ode Off DEL0 Delta Reference Marker 1 I ___ _ DELRl L Delta Reference Marker 2 Delta Reference Marker 3 Delta Reference Marker 4 Delta Reference Marker 5 Delta Reference Delta Fixed Marker Inverted S Parameters Channel Position Channel Position Channel Position Channel Position Measure Channel A Ratio of A to B RatioofAtoR Adapter Coax Adapter Waveguide Adapter Delay Add Address of Controller Addr...

Страница 544: ... Off Averaging Restart Average Measure Channel B RatioofBtoR Background Intensity Bandpass Beep Done On Beep Done Off BeepF ilOn Beep Fail Off Beep Warn On Beep Warn Off Blank Display On Brightness co n rm Cl ln c2 l m c3 93 m Command ANAB ANAI STDTARBI Asss PUITRAUTFON PwrRAUTF0FF PRNTRAUTFON PRNTRAUTOFF AUTO AUXC AVERFACT AVERON AVEROFF AVERREST MENUAVG MEASB BR BACI BANDPASS BEEPDONEON BEEPDONE...

Страница 545: ...bration Kit CALKUSED i zD i iY line impedance CALZINE gj i gj g f j System impedance CALZSYST P 1 i f g Calibrate None CALN i i m Center list freq subsweep CENT m Chan 3 Channel 1 Active GHAN1 cHANi JChan 3 3 Channel 3 Active CHAN 3 i T f jj Channel 1 Data Print Color PCOLDATAl gg g I tftx Channel 1 Data Limit Line COLOCHlD P I Q JipJq Channel 1 Memory COLOCHlM A i Jf J i Channel 1 Memory Color PC...

Страница 546: ...Bit CLEABIT k LEAE LXGT Clear List CLEAL w Yv B CE Clear Sequence CLEASEn Icoa COaX COAX CifixAL niLAT Coaxial Delay COAD rcol il Jli Color COLOR E Continue Sequence CONS D Continuous CONT D E i OktiJ Conversion Off CONVOFF _copyJ COPY MENUCOPY D ag g Correction On CORRON i 2 Correction Off CORROFF Coupled Channel On COUCON Coupled Channel Off coucoFT CWPrequency CWF REQ CW Time CWTIME Ratio D2 to...

Страница 547: ...tory Size Disk Unit Number DEFS DELA SDEL CLEARALL LIMD DEMOAMPL DEMOOFF DEMOPHAS DIRS DISCUNIT Display Markers On Display Markers Off Display Display Data Do Sequence Done Done Done l Port Calibration Done 2 Port Calibration Done Response Done Response Isolation Cal Done Sequence Modify Done TRL LRM Down Converter Dual Channel On Dual Channel Off Duplicate Sequence Calibrate Each Sweep Edit DISM ...

Страница 548: ...File Name File 0 F ixed Load Fixed Marker Auxiliary Value Fixed Marker Position Fixed Marker Stimulus Fixed Marker Value Flat Line Format Format Array On Format Array Off Format DOS Format LIF Format External Disk Format Internal Disk Format Internal Memory Frequency Offset On Command EDITLIST ELED EMIB TILHPUL 3 TTLLPULS ENTO EX ITPOIN EXlTON PORTA PORTB PORT1 PORTRn PORT2 PORlTn POREON POREOFF E...

Страница 549: ... mif TmJ ii Specify Forward Match Forward Match Thru SPECFWDM SPEClTFM FWDM I lY T JiJ V Label Class Label Forward Transmission LABEFWDT LABETTFI FUR lT AlB Specify Class Specify Forward Transmission SPECFWDT SPECTI FI Forward Transmission Thru G jB Marker Readout Gate Center Gate Span Gate Start Gate Stop Gate On Gate Off FWDT SMIMGB GATECENT GATESPAN GATESTAR GATESTOP GATEOON GATEOOFF Gate Shape...

Страница 550: ...elect Internal Memory Interpolation On Interpolation Off Isolation Isolation Isolation Done Isolation Standard Kit Done Label Kit Label Standard Left lower Left Upper LimitLineOn Limit Line Off Limitlkston Limit Test off Linear Frequency Linear Magnitude Linear Marker HARMOFF HARMSEC HARMTHIR HOLD DEBUON DEBUOFF IFBW IFITFAIL IFITPASS IFLCEQZE IFLCNEZE IMAG INCRLOOC INTE INTD INTM CORION CORIOFF I...

Страница 551: ...d No Offset Load Offset Load Sequence From Disk Local Logarithmic Frequency Logarithmic Magnitude Logarithmic Marker Loop Counter Loss Low Pass Impulse Low Pass Step Lower Limit Manual Trigger On Point Marker Marker to Center Marker to CW Marker to Delay Command LINTDATA LINTMEMO LISTFREQ LISIFBWMOFF LISIFBWMON LISPWRMOFF LISPWRMON LImELsrp LISlTYPELSWP LISV TRLLl LOCONTON LOCONTOFF ADDRLSRC STDTL...

Страница 552: ...oupled Maximum Frequency Measure Measure Restart Memory Middle Value Minimum Minimum Frequency Marker Search Off Marker Zero Modify Kit Network Analyzer New Sequence Modify Sequence Display Next Page of I b r Listing Number of Groups Number of Points Number of Readings Off MARKMIDD MARKREF MARKSPAN MARKSTAR MARKSTIM MARKSTOP MARK1 MARK2 MARK3 MARK4 MARK5 MARKOFF MENUMRKF MARKCONT MARKCOUP MARKDISC...

Страница 553: ...t parallel port to GPIO mode Parallel Out All Pause Pause to Select Pen Number Data Pen Number Graticule Pen Number Marker Pen Number Memory Pen Number Text Phase Phase Offset Plot Plot Data On Plot Data Off Plot Graticule On Plot Graticule Off Plot Memory On Plot Memory Off Plot Marker ON Plot Marker Off OFLS OFSD OFLD OFSL OFSZ OMII CALIONE2 PWMCONES OPEP PMTRTI IT PARAIN IFBIHIGH IFBILOW PARALC...

Страница 554: ...inter Polar Port Power Coupled Port Power Uncoupled Power Power Fixed Power Sweep Mode Power Meter Power Meter 436A Power Meter 437B 438A Power Ranges Power Sweep Factory Preset Factory Preset Previous Page Print Entire List Color Print Entire List Monochrome TITP PLOSFMT PLOSSLOW PTEXTON PTEXTOFF PIXTRBAUD PEITRFORF PITPRTDISK PIJ PRTHPIB PIXPRTPARA PIXPRTSERI PIJrrYPPIxR PIJTYPHPGL POLA PORTPCPL...

Страница 555: ... On Power Loss Off Power Range Auto Power Range Man Power Meter Calibration Power Meter Calibration Off Measure Channel R R jX Marker Readout Power Range 0 Power Range 1 Power Range 2 Power Range 3 Power Range 4 Power Range 5 Power Range 6 Power Range 7 Raw Array On Raw Array Off Command PRIC PRINALL PRIS PRINALL PRINSEQn PRNTRBAUD PRNTRFORF PRNPRTHPIB PRNPRTPARA PRNPRTSERI PRNTYPDJ PRNTYPEP PRNTY...

Страница 556: ...ecall State Receiver Calibration Reference Line Reference Line Reference Position Reference Value Reflection Forward Sll A R Reflection Reverse S22 B R Reflection Remove Adapter Reset Color Response Response Response Response and Isolation Response and Isolation RAWOFFON RAWOFFSOFF POLMRI REFT REAL RECO RECAl RECAB RECAS RECA4 RECA5 RECAG RECA7 RECA RECAREG REIC PCOLRFZL COLOREFL REFP REFV RFLP Sl...

Страница 557: ... 2 gt pjp jg g ia_ i Label Class S Specify Class kg Label Class it Specify Class f Label Class f Specify Class 2 y a zi B _ y j a g pg g i i i Specify Reverse Transmission Reverse Transmission Thru RF Greater Than LO RF Less Than LO Riit Lower Right Upper s11 l Port A Reflected Forward Match A Reflected Forward Match SllB Line Forward Match SllB Line Forward Match S11 C Line Forward Transmission I...

Страница 558: ... Save ASCII Format Save Using Bii Scale Division Scale Plot Full Scale Plot Graticule Scale Reference Search Left Search Right Search Maximum Search Minimum Search Off Second Harmonic Segment Center Segment IF Bandwidth Segment Power Segment Span Segment Start Command LABESBBA LABETRRM SPECS22A SPECTRRM LABESBXB LABETLRM SPECSBBB SPECTLRM LABESBBC LABETLRT SPECSXBC SPECTLRT TRLR2 SAMCON SAMCOFF sv...

Страница 559: ...le Select Sequence 3 to Title Select Sequence 4 to Title Select Sequence 5 to Title Select Sequence 6 to Title Set Bit Set Date Set Frequency Low Pass Set Reference Reflect Set Reference Thru Set Time Set Impedance Show Menus S i i e Siie Point Single Segment Sweep SlidiIlg Slope Slope On Slope On SEQ2 2 SEQ3 Q3 SEW 4 SEQ5 Q5 SEQ6 6 TITSEQl TITSEQ2 TITSEQ3 TITSEQ4 TITSEQ5 l ITf SETBIT SETDATE SETF...

Страница 560: ...raticule Display SPLIDB Four Graticule Display SPLID4 Spur Avoidance On SMSON Spur Avoidance Off SM8OFF Start I m start Statistics On MEASTATON Statistics Off MEASTATOFF Standard Done STDD Standard Type Arbitrary Impedance STDTARHI Standard Type Delay Thru STDTDELA Standard Type Load STDTLOAD Standard Type Open STDTOPEN Standard Type Short STDTSHOR Step Size STPSIZE Stimulus Value LIMs stimulus of...

Страница 561: ... Text Print Color Text ThnlThru Time Stamp On Time Stamp Off Tint Title Title File 1 Title File 2 Title File 3 Title File 4 Title File 5 Title Sequence Title to Memory Title to Power Meter HPIB Title to HP IB Peripheral Title to HP IB Printer Tracking On SWEA SWR MENUSYST TAKCS TALKLIST SEATARG TERI TsTPPl TST PP2 TSTIOFWD TSTIOREV TSSWI CSWI COLOTEXT PCOIXEXT TRIX TIMESTAMON TIMESTAMOFF TINT TITL...

Страница 562: ... External Trigger Off Thm Reflect Line Line Reflect Match s12 TIMDTRANON TIMDTRANOFF FWDT EX ITOFF CALITRL2 Thm Reflect Line Line Reflect Match TRL Line or Match TRL Line or Match TRLThi Li TRLThI7l TRL Reflect TRL Reflect Ill Out High lTL out Low Tuned Receiver Uncoupled Up Converter Upper Lhnit Use Memory On Use Memory Off Use Pass Control SPECTRLL LABETRLL SPECTRIX LABETRIX SPECTRLR LABETRLR TT...

Страница 563: ...f Window Window Maximum Window Minimum Window Normal Transmit Control printer Transmit Control printer Transmit Control plotter Transmit Control plotter Y Reflection y Transmission Yellow Z Reflection Z Transmission ENSA ENSB VELOFACT VIEM DISCVOLU SEQWAIT COLOWARN PCOLWARN WAVE WAVD WHITE WIDV WIDTON WIDTOFF WINDOW WINDMAXI WINDMINI WINDNORM PRNHNDSHKXON PRNHNDSHKDTR PITHNDSHKXON PUI HNDSHKDTR CO...

Страница 564: ...ns The following table lists the softkey functions alphabetically and the corresponding front panel access key This table is useful in determining which front panel key leads to a specific softkey Key Definitions 8 76 ...

Страница 565: ... Ittble 9 2 Softkey Locations Softkey Front Panel Access Key B 76 Key Definitions ...

Страница 566: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions 8 77 ...

Страница 567: ...9 79 Key Definitions ...

Страница 568: ...Key Definitions 8 78 ...

Страница 569: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey A i _ 8 80 Key Definitions ...

Страница 570: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 81 ...

Страница 571: ...Ylhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Front Panel Access Key iii3 SJ G J ZiJ GiJ Ical m 9 82 Key Definitions ...

Страница 572: ...lhble 9 2 Softkey Lacations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 83 ...

Страница 573: ... I ble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access K e y 84 I ey Definitions ...

Страница 574: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions g 86 ...

Страница 575: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey FFont Panel Access Key 9 86 Kay Definitions ...

Страница 576: ... ble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 87 ...

Страница 577: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Fanel Access Key B 88 Key Definitions ...

Страница 578: ...l hble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Key Definitiins 8 W ...

Страница 579: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Rmel Access Key WI Key Definitions ...

Страница 580: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions Ml ...

Страница 581: ... able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions ...

Страница 582: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 943 ...

Страница 583: ...7hble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued I Softkey Front Panel Access Key 944 Key Definitions ...

Страница 584: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Key Definitions 9 96 ...

Страница 585: ...mation about many of the topics discussed in this chapter is located in the following areas n Chapter 2 Making Measurements contains step by step procedures for making measurements or using particular functions n Chapter 4 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements n Chap...

Страница 586: ...d For example out of paper or paper jam ADDITIONAL STANDARDSNEEDED Error Number Error correction for the selected calibration class cannot be computed until you 68 have measured all the necessary standards ADDRBSSKDTO TALK WITH NOTHING TO SAY Error Number ybu have sent a read command to the analyzer such as ENTER 716 without 31 first requesting data with an appropriate output command such as OUTPD...

Страница 587: ...ified range Refer 206 to the HP 8753E Programming and Command lilt r tiide for a list of programming commands and argument ranges ASCII MISSING BEGIN STATEMENT Error Number The CITIflle you just downloaded over the HP IB or via disk was not properly 193 organized The analyzer is unable to read the BEGIN statement ASCII MISSING CITIFILE STATEMENT Error Number The CITIflle you just downloaded over t...

Страница 588: ...n of the non volatile CMOS memory has failed The CMOS 183 memory has been cleared Refer to the HP 8753E Network Analgzer semrice Guide for battery replacement instructions See Chapter 12 Preset State and Memory Allocation for more information about the CMOS memory BATTERYLOW STORE SAVE REGS TO DISK Error Number The battery protection of the non volatile CMOS memory is in danger of failing 184 If t...

Страница 589: ...0 tracks of the double density and high density disks The older single sided disks had only 66 tracks and some disk drives were limited to accessing that number of tracks lb format the disk either choose another external disk drive or use the analyzer s internal disk drive CANNOTMODIFYFACTORYPRESET Error Number You have attempted to rename delete or otherwise alter the factory preset 199 state The...

Страница 590: ...OTFOUND Error Number Your target value for the marker search function does not exist on the current 159 data trace CONTINUOUS SWITCHINGNOTALLOWED Error Number Your current measurement requires different power ranges on channel 1 and channel 2 To protect the attenuator from undue mechanical wear test set hold 10 will be activated The tsH test set hold indicator in the left margin of the display ind...

Страница 591: ...Procedure in the Adjustments and Correction Constants chapter of the HP 8753E Network Andgzcr semvice Guide CORRECTIONON AUXCHANNEL S RESTORED Error Number This message is displayed when a calibration is restored and that calibration 214 previously had one or both auxiliary channels enabled CORRECTION TURNED OFF Error Number Critical parameters in your current instrument state do not match the 6 6...

Страница 592: ...the analyzer into CW time mode DEVICE noton notconnect wrongaddrs Error Number The device at the selected address cannot be accessed by the analyzer Verify 119 that the device is switched on and check the HP43 connection between the analyzer and the device Ensure that the device address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the device itself DIRECTORYFULL Error Number There i...

Страница 593: ...ween the analyzer and the disk drive Ensure that the disk drive address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the disk drive itself DISKRElD WRITEERROR Error Number There may be a problem with your disk Try a new floppy disk If a new floppy 189 disk does not eliminate the error suspect hardware problems DISKWEAR REPLACEDISKSOON Error Number Cumulative use of the disk is appro...

Страница 594: ...S Error Number When modifying calibration kits you can define a maximum of seven standards 72 for any class EXTERNAL SOURCE MODE REQUIRES CW TIME Error Number An external source can only be phase locked and measured in the CW time 148 sweep mode EXT SOURCE NOT READY FOR TRIGGER Error Number There is a hardware problem with the HP 8625A external source Verify the 191 connections between the analyze...

Страница 595: ...pha character FORMAT NOT VALID FOR MEASUREMENT Error Number Conversion measurements Z or Y reflection and transmission are not valid 75 with Smith chart and SWR formats FORMATTING DATA Information The list information is being processed for a list data output to a copy device Message and stored in the copy spool buffer During this time the analyzer s resources are dedicated to this task which take...

Страница 596: ...tkey at any other time returns an error message and no action is taken HP 8753 SOURCEPARAMETERSCHANGED Error Number Some of the stimulus parameters of the instrument state have been changed 61 because you have turned correction on A calibration set for the current measurement parameter was found and activated The instrument state was updated to match the stimuIus parameters of the calibration stat...

Страница 597: ... disk is damaged 4 7 INSTRUMENTSTATEMEMORYCLEARED Error Number All instrument state registers have been cleared from memory along with any 5 6 saved calibration data memory traces and calibration kit definitions Additionally all user settable selections such as HP IB addresses are set to their defaults INSUFFICIENTMEHORY Error Number Your last front panel or HP IB request could not be implemented ...

Страница 598: ...equency LISTTABLEEMPTY Error Number The frequency list is empty To implement list frequency mode add segments 9 to the list table LOGSWEEPREQUIRES2 OCTAVEMINIMUMSPAN Error Number A logarithmic sweep is only valid if the stop frequency is greater than four 150 times the start frequency For frequency spans of less than two octaves the sweep type automatically reverts to linear sweep LOWPASS FREQLIMI...

Страница 599: ...ert a disk or check the disk unit 41 number stored in the analyzer NOFAIL FOUND Service Error The self diagnose function of the instrument operates on an internal test Number 114 failure At this time no failure has been detected NOFILE FOUND ONDISK Error Number No flies of the type created by an analyzer store operation were found on the 4 5 disk or the disk drive is empty If you requested a speci...

Страница 600: ...acquired Check the signal level to the R channel input to make sure it is 35 dBm or higher Refer to the HP 87533 N work Anulgzer service Guide for troubleshooting NO SPACEFORNEW CAL CLEARREGISTERS Error Number You cannot store a calibration set due to insufficient memory You can free 7 0 more memory by clearing a saved instrument state from an internal register which may also delete an associated ...

Страница 601: ...umeric characters and underscores in disk iIle titles 4 3 or internal save register titles Other symbols are not allowed except for the underscore symbol 0PTIONALFUNCTION NOTINSTALLED Error Number The function you requested requires a capability provided by an option to the 1 standard analyzer That option is not currently installed Refer to Chapter 1 for a description of the available options OVER...

Страница 602: ...sequencing The de6nition was made under the key menus Ib access the I c i _ _ pave1 po for copy set e gle ion to PHASELOCK CAL FAILED Error Number An internal phase lock calibration routine is automatically executed at 4 power on preset and any time a loss of phase lock is detected This message indicates that phase lock calibration was initiated and the Iirst IF detected but a problem prevented th...

Страница 603: ...rror Number Phase lock has been achieved but the source may be phase locked to the 6 wrong harmonic of the synthesizer Perform the source pretune correction routine documented in the Adjustments and Correction Constants chapter in the HP 875333 Network Analyzer semrice Guide POWERMETERINVALID Error Number The power meter indicates an out of range condition Check the test setup 116 POWERMETERNOT SE...

Страница 604: ...ou set is within specifications If it is refer to the HP 8753E Network Anulym Semvice ouide for troubleshooting PRESS MENUI SELECTCW IF FREQ THENSWEPTLO Error Number When you are sweeping the RF and LO the IF must be fixed 161 PRINTABORTED Error Number When you press the m key the analyzer aborts output to the printer 25 printcolornot supporteduithEPSON Error Number You have defined the printer ty...

Страница 605: ...een the analyzer and the printer Ensure that the printer address recognized by the analyzer matches the HP IB address set on the printer itself PRINTER paper error Error Number There is a paper related problem with the parallel port printer such as a paper 171 jam or out of paper condition PRINTER power off Error Number The powertothe printer at the parallelportisoff 174 PRINT PLOTINPROGRESS ABORT...

Страница 606: ...ber set in the analyzer match the address and model number of the actual power meter RANGECAUSEDPOWERLVLCHANGEINLIST Error Number The selected power range changed the power level of one or more segments in 213 the swept list table Change the segment power or change the power range REQUESTEDDATANOTCURRENTLYAVAILABLE Error Number The analyzer does not currently contain the data you have requested Fo...

Страница 607: ...her Change the frequency ranges of the overlapping segments SELECTEDSEQUENCEISENPTY Error Number The sequence you attempted to run does not contain instnunent commands 124 SELFTESTkFAILED Service Error Internal test n has failed Several internal test routines are executed at Number 112 instrument preset The analyzer reports the iirst failure detected Refer to the HP 8753E NetworkAmlgm Semrice G de...

Страница 608: ... power Message has been automaticahv reduced The annotation PU indicates that power trip has been activated When this occurs reset the power and then press A i z oF to switch on the power Ai ii I i I J wn A w A A A i e _ _ _ STARTING COPY SPOOLER Information The analyzer is beginning to output data from the spool buffer to the copy Message device The analyzer resumes normal operation the data is b...

Страница 609: ...enu or s i A AL A i hw i L xA 7 SYNTAXERROR Error Number You have improperly formatted an HP IB command Refer to the HP87533 3 3 Network Anal zer Programming and Command Reference oui for proper command syntax SYSTCTRL ORPASSCTRLINLOCALMENU Error Number The analyzer is in talker listener mode In this mode the analyzer cannot 3 6 control a peripheral device on the bus Use the local menu to change t...

Страница 610: ...TOVER Service Error Your equipment setup for the adjustment procedure in progress is not correct Number 115 Check the setup diagram and instructions HP 8753E Network Anulgm semrice ouide Start the procedure again WAITINGFORCLEAN SWEEP Information In single sweep mode the instrument ensures that aI l changes to the Message instrument state if any have been implemented before taking the sweep The co...

Страница 611: ...YPE Error Number You have sent the data header A to the analyzer with no preceding input 32 command such as INPUDATA The instrument recognized the header but did not know what type of data to receive Refer to the HP87533 Network Anulgzer Programming and Command li wence Guide for command syntax information WRONGDISKFORMAT INITIALIZEDISK Error Number You have attempted to store load or read file ti...

Страница 612: ...er to the alphabetical listing for explanations and suggestions for solving the problems Some error numbers have been omitted due to obsoleted error messages 25 PRINT ABORTED 2 6 PLU ITER not on not connect wrong addrs 1O 28 Error Messages ...

Страница 613: ...not connected wrom addrs I I 39 I DISK HARDWARE PROBLEM I 1 40 1 DISK MEDIUM NOT INITIALIZED 1 41 1 NO DISK MEDIUM IN DRIVE I 42 I FIRST CHARACTER MUST BE A LETTER I I 43 ONLY LETTERS AND NUMBERS ARE ALLOWED I 44 I NOT ENOUGH SPACE ON DISK FOR STORE 45 NO FILE S FOUND ON DISK I 46 I ILLEGAL UNIT OR VOLUME NUMBER I 47 I INITIALIZATION FAILED I 48 I DISK IS WRITE PROTECTED 49 DISK WEAR REPLACE DISK ...

Страница 614: ...EAR REGISTERS I I 71 MORE SLIDES NEEDED I I 72 EXCEEDED 7 STANDARDS PER CLASS I 73 1 SLIDES ABORTED MEMORY REALLOCATION I I 74 CALIBRATION ABORTED I 75 I FORMAT NOT VALID FOR MEASUREMENT I 77 I WRONG DISK FORMAT INITIALIZE DISK 1 1 1 1 IDEADLOCK I 1 1 1 2 SELFTE T FAILED 1 1 1 3 ITESTABORTED 1 1 1 4 INOFAILFOUND I 115 1 TROUBLE CHECK SETUP AND START OVER I 1 116 1 POWER METER INVALID I 117 1 PWR M...

Страница 615: ...T STORE LOAD SEQUENCE INSUFFICIENT MEMORY I 130 1 D2 Dl INVALID WITH SINGLE CHANNEL I 1 131 FUNCTION NOT VALID DURING MOD SEQUENCE I I 132 I MEMORY FOR CURRENT SEQUENCE IS FULL I 133 THIS LIST FREQ INVALID IN HARM 3 GHZ RNG 140 FREQ OFFSET ONLY VALID IN NETWORK ANALYZER MODE IB COPY IN PROG ErrorMemyer 1 0 3 1 ...

Страница 616: ...S DRIVE I 187 i SWEEP MODE CHANGED TO CW TIME SWEEP 1 188 1 DIRECTORY FULL I 189 I DISK READ WRITE ERROR 1 190 1 DISK MESSAGE LENGTH ERROR 1 191 1 EXT SOURCE NOT READY FOR TRIGGER 1 192 IFILE NOT FOUND I 193 I ASCII MISSING BEGIN statement I 194 I ASCII MISSING CITIFILE statement 195 1 ASCII MISSING DATA statement I 196 I ASCII MISSING VAR statement 1032 Error Messages ...

Страница 617: ...POINTS I 1 205 ILIMIT TABLE EMPTY I 206 1 ARGUMENT OUT OF RANGE I I 207 1 POWER OUT MAY BE UNLEVELED 1 208 1 EXT R CHAN MUST BE ON FOR FREQUENCY OFFSET MODE 209 SWEEP MUST BE STEPPED FOR FREQUENCY OFFSET MODE 211 OVERLAP LIST TYPE CHANGED TO STEPPED 212 ANALOG BUS DISABLED IN 6 KHZ IF BW 213 RANGE CAUSED POWER LVL CHANGE IN LIST 214 CORRECTION ON AUX CHANNEL S RESTORED 215 CORRECTION OFF AUX CHANN...

Страница 618: ...surement Accessories Available Calibration Kits The following calibration kits contain precision standards and required adapters of the indicated connector type The standards known devices facilitate measurement calibration also called vector error correction Refer to the data sheet and ordering guide for additional information Parts numbers for the standards are in their manuals m HP 85031B 7 mm ...

Страница 619: ...t Port Return Cable Set This set consists of a pair of test port return cables that can be used in measurements of 7 mm devices They can also be used with connectors other than 7 mm by using the appropriate precision adapters HP 11867B 75 Ohm Type N Test Port Return Cable Set This set consists of test port return cables for use with the HP 8753E Option 075 Adapter Kits HP 11862B 50 to 75 Ohm Minim...

Страница 620: ...ors with TO 18 to TO 72 package dimensions and the HP 11602B accepts transistors with To 5 to TO 12 package dimensions Both IIxtures can also be used to measure other circuit elements such as diodes resistors or inductors which have 0 016 to 0 019 inch diameter leads HP 11608A Option 003 Transistor Fixture This IIxture is designed to be user milled to hold striphne transistors for S parameter meas...

Страница 621: ... IB serial and parallel peripherals Most Hewlett Packard desktop printers and plotters are compatible with the analyzer Some common compatible peripherals are listed here some are no longer available for purchase but are listed here for your reference These plotters are compatible n HP 7440A ColorPro Eight Pen Color Graphics Plotter n HP 7470A Two Pen Graphics Plotter n HP 7475A Six Pen Graphics P...

Страница 622: ...ats Using the internal disk drive is the preferred method but the capability to use external disk drives still exists Most external disks using CS80 protocol are compatible Note The analyzer does not support the LIF 1 hierarchy llle system directory format Caution Do not use the older single sided disks in the analyzer s internal drive HP IB Cables An HP IB cable is required for interfacing the an...

Страница 623: ...HP part number 08753 80131 Ihble 1 l l Keyboard lkmplate Definition Keyboard Key Name Fl F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 FlO Fll F12 Wft Fl slift F2 Shift F3 Shift F4 Shift F5 Shift F6 Shift F7 Analyzer Function Softkey 1 Softkey 2 Softkey 3 Softkey 4 Softkey 5 Softkey 6 Softkey 7 Softkey 8 xl k m w J G n Keyboaxd Kety Name Analyzer Function shift F8 g shift F9 pi Shift FlO j 1 Shift Fll IMenu Shift F12 J...

Страница 624: ...r use in developing programs for specific needs The programs are compatible with HP BASIC versions 2 0 and later QuickBASIC and QuickC and will run on an IBM PC compatible computer as well as the HP 9000 series 200 300 700 workstations using any HP 87533 compatible printer or plotter The following additional software products are also available for the HP 8753E n HP 85190A IC CAP Modeling Suite n ...

Страница 625: ... the peripheral to the corresponding interface port KEYBOARD HP I B PARALLEL RS 232 PORT SERIAL PORT pg64e Figure 11 l Peripheral Connections to the Analyzer Note The keyboard can be connected to the analyzer while the power is on or off 11 8 CompatiblePeripherals ...

Страница 626: ... your A printing results seem to be less than normal size select s _ 2 Select one of the following printer interfaces a Enter the HP IB address of the printer followed by ml yeF I _ b press ILocal and if there is no edend controller connected to z A s w r ii the HP IB bus y i c Press and if there is an external controller connected to the HP IB bus Choose if your printer has a parallel centronics ...

Страница 627: ...inter to control the data exchange by setting the electrical voltage on one line of the RS 232 serial cable Note _ Because the Vi J handshake takes place in the hardware rather than the 2 i hrmware or software it is the fastest transmission control method If the Peripheral Is a Plotter HPGIA Compatible Printer used as a plotter 1 Ress lLocal gj and then press Mtu the corred ii i A za A i i i I A A...

Страница 628: ... the print function as follows a Press md enter the printer s baud rate fouowed by a i l u i i i i ii A n b lb select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printer press transmit control _ handshaking protocol mtfl the come meaod 1 i i appears i q If you choose j J the handshake method allows the printer to control the i J data exchange by transmitting control characters to ...

Страница 629: ... plotters _ _ n If you choose the pa al pod is de ated for general purpose zA a 2 Ai 2 i i a W 1 I O and cannot be used for printing or plotting _ n Choose SRI if your printer has a serial RS 232 interface and then configure the print function as follows y _ a press ad enter the printer sbaud rate followed by _ _ _ _ _ b lb select the transmission control method that is compatible with your printe...

Страница 630: ...the instrument state tile 4 Press Local and select one of the following n Choose if there is no extemal controller coMected z n Choose when an etiemal controuer is coMected and e andyzer needs _ _ to control peripherals directly This mode causes the analyzer to request control from the external controlier whenever it needs to communicate with a peripheral If the Peripheral Is a Computer Controller...

Страница 631: ...3 mess g M E and enter the current month of the year followed xl As A i 2 w i _ 4 Press and enter the current day of the month followed by xl i j 5 Press and enter the current hour of the day O 23 followed by a ii A v A v i L 6 Press and enter the next tiedate minute followed by xl i i z k f 7 press when the went the is exactly a you have set it 8 es t appears on the softkey label i i1 iii A a 1l ...

Страница 632: ...ment results directly to a compatible printer or plotter and to store data to an external disk drive It can also control a power meter for power calibration and through a subset of HP GL Hewlett Packard Graphics Language user graphics can be plotted on the analyzer display w For more complete information on programming the analyzer remotely over HP IB refer to the HP 87533 Network Anulgzer Program...

Страница 633: ...rs w counters n tape readers The network analyzer is a talker when it sends trace data or marker information over the bus Listener A listener is a device capable of receiving device dependent data over the interface when addressed to listen There can be as many as 14 listeners connected to the interface at any given time Examples of this type of device include 1 printers n power supplies n signal ...

Страница 634: ... handshake to insure valid data HandshakeLines A three line handshake scheme coordinates the transfer of data between talkers and listeners lb insure data integrity in multiple listener transfers this technique forces data transfers to occur at the transfer rate of the slowest device connected to the interface With most computing controllers and instruments the handshake is performed automatically...

Страница 635: ...nd ail of the connected devices return to local operation This line is used by a talker to indicate the last data byte in a multiple byte transmission or by an active controller to initiate a parallel poll sequence The analyzer recognizes the EOI line as a terminator and it pulls the EOI line with the last byte of a message output data markers plots prin error messages The analyzer does not respon...

Страница 636: ...ssued No listen only mode Complete service request SRQ capabilities Complete remote local capability including local lockout Does not respond to parallel poll Complete device clear Responds to a Group Execute Trigger GET in the hold trigger mode System controller capabilities in system controller mode Pass control capabilities in pass control mode T state drivers No extended listener capabilities ...

Страница 637: ...ervice request SRQ asserted by the analyzer Bus Device Modes The analyzer uses a single bus architecture The single bus allows both the analyzer and the host controller to have complete access to the peripherals in the system Three different controller modes are possible in and HP IB system n system controller mode n talker listener mode n pass control mode GRAPHICS PLOTTER THINKJET PRINTER DISK D...

Страница 638: ...tween them This mode allows the analyzer to act as either a talker or a listener as required by the controlling computer for the particular operation in progress Pass Control Mode This mode allows the computer to control the analyzer via HP IB as with the talker listener mode but also allows the analyzer to take control of the interface in order to plot print or access a disk During an analyzer co...

Страница 639: ...word and the fourth mnemonic letter is the St letter of the second word For example ELED is derived from electrical delay If there are many commands grouped together in a category as in markers or plotting pen numbers the command is increased to 8 letters The first 4 letters are the category label derived using rule 1 The last 4 letters are the function specifier again derived using rule 1 As an e...

Страница 640: ...quire appendages ON OFF 1 2 etc Codes that do not have a front panel equivalent are HP IB only commands They use a similar convention based on the common name of the function Valid Characters The analyzer accepts the following ASCII characters u letters l numbers l decimal points n m semicolons n quotation marks m carriage returns CR m linefeeds LF Both upper and lower case letters are acceptable ...

Страница 641: ...FS Femtoseconds HP II3 Debug Mode An HP IB diagnostic feature debug mode is available in the HP IB menu Activating the debug mode causes the analyzer to scroll incoming HP IB commands across the display Nonprintable characters are represented with a a Any time the analyzer receives a syntax error the commands halt and a pointer indicates the misunderstood character See the HP 87533 Network Analyze...

Страница 642: ...urement Results contains instructions for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory and printing and plotting displayed measurements Types of Memory and Data Storage The analyzer utilizes two types of memory and can also utilize the internal disk drive or be connected to an external disk drive Volatile Memory This is dynamic read write memory of approximately 4 Mbytes that contains all of the...

Страница 643: ...ates calibrations and memory traces that can reside in non volatile memory at any one time is limited to 31 instrtmient states 128 calibrations 4 per instrument state including the present instrument state and 64 memory traces 4 per instrument state including the present instrument state In addition the number of instrument states and associated calibrations and memory traces are limited by the av...

Страница 644: ...ry trace array Instnmlent state N number of pointa Nx6 62 Nx6x2 62 Nx6x3 62 Nx6x12 62 Same as above in addition to regular cal Nt x 2 x number of channel 208 Nx6 62 Approximate lbtds Bytes m 2 6k 6k 10 k 19 k 6k 10 k 19 k 38 k 7k 14k 29k 68k 29 k 68 k 116 k 230 k This variable is allocated once per active channel t The number of points that was set at the time the cal was turned on If the channels...

Страница 645: ...ormat a disk See Table 12 3 for the default directory size for floppy disks and hard disks The maximum number of instrument states and calibrations that can reside on a disk is limited Bytes free is the available disk space If your disk is formatted in IJF this value is the largest contiguous block of disk space Since the analyzer is reporting the largest contiguous block of disk space you may or ...

Страница 646: ... instrument states readable by previous fhmware versions 2 Piles Rl through R8 will be saved if a full two port calibration is active If a full two port ble 12 2 SuiIix Character Definitions calibration is not active only Rl will be saved for Channel 1 and 3 and RS for Channel 2 and 4 3 These flies are written only when a a port error correction full a port or TRL has been applied If correction is...

Страница 647: ...ther state The following hints will help you avoid potential problems w If a measurement is saved with calibration and interpolated calibration on it will be restored with interpolated calibration on w A calibration stored from one instrument and recalled by a different one will be invalid lb ensure maximum accuracy always recalibrate in these circumstances n No record is kept in memory of the tem...

Страница 648: ...ons shown in Ihble 12 3 The same conditions are true following a PRES or RST command over HP IB although the self test routines are not executed You also can coniigure an instrument state and define it as your user preset state 1 Set the instrument state to your desired preset conditions 2 Save the state save recall menu 3 Rename that register to UPRESET The w key is now toggled to the WC selectio...

Страница 649: ... on Power Bangs Auto RangeO Number of Points 201 List Freq sweep Mode Swept Frequency List Frequency List Empty Preset Conditions Edit Mode Start Stop Number of ltesponse Conditions Parameter Conversion Format Display Color Selections Dual Channel Active Channel hdliary Channel Frequency Blaulz Split Display ken y Beeper Done Beeper Warning D2 Dlto D2 itle F Bandwidth IF Averaging Factor smoothing...

Страница 650: ...ff A Dn 1 GHz All Markers Ofp 1 None Continuous k 3ff k 3Y 3dB 3dB off m Hz dB 1 Degrees Preset Conditions Preset Value Marker Statistics Off Polar Marker LiuMkr Smith Marker R jK Mkr Limit Lines Limit Lines Limit lksting LimitList Edit Mode StimulM offset Amplitude Oipset LimitType Beep Fail Off Off Ewtr Upper Lower Limits OH2 OdB Sloping Line Off The Domain Transform Transform Type start Transfo...

Страница 651: ...tate Last Active State Last Active State Off Off Off OK Off Default1 Binary nternal Memory LlF D High Preset Conditions I Preset V be Sampler Correction o n Spur Avoidance on Aux Input Resolution LOW Analog Bus Node 11 Aux Input Plot Plot Data Plot Memory Plot Graticule Plotlbxt lot Marker Putofeed lot Quadrant kale Plot lot Speed en Number ChllCh3 Data Ch2lCh4 Data Chl Ch3Memory Ch2 Ch4 Memory Ch...

Страница 652: ...le SWR 1 00 0 0 1 0 able 12 4 Power on Conditions versus Preset HP IB MODE Taker listener SAVE REGISTERS Power meter calibration data and calibration data not associated with an instrument state are cleared COLOR DISPLAY Default color values INTENSITY Fbctory stored values The factory values can be changed by running the appropriate service routine Refer to the Adjustments and Correction Constants...

Страница 653: ... to defaults REGl through REG32 EXTERNAL REGISTER TITLES1 store IiIes are set to defaults FILE1 through F ILE 5 PRINT TYPE is set to default MONOCHROME PRINTING PLOTTING SETUPS are set to the following defaults PARALLEL PORT COPY PLOTTER TYPE PLOTTER PLO ITER PORT SERIAL PLU ITER BAUDRATE 9600 PLOTTER HANDSHAKE Xon Xoff PRINTER TYPE DESKJET PRINTER PORT PARALLEL PRINTER BAUD RATE 19206 PRINTER HAN...

Страница 654: ...implementation of the standard instruments and software packages using CITIfile are able to load and work with data created on another instrument or computer It is possible for example for a network analyzer to directly load and display data measured on a scalar analyzer or for a software package running on a computer to read data measured on the network analyzer Dalq Formats There are two main ty...

Страница 655: ...eld in the instrument This results in a single fiie which contains eight CITIfIIe packages The CITIfile Header The header section contains information about the data that will follow It may also include information about the setup of the instrument that measured the data The CITIiile header shown in Example 1 has just the bare minimum of information necessary no instrument setup information was in...

Страница 656: ...Keyword Reference n When reading a CITIflle unrecognized keywords should be ignored This allows new keywords to be added without affecting an older program or instrument that might not use the new keywords The older instrument or program can still use the rest of the data in the CITItlle as it did before Ignoring unknown keywords allows backwards compatibility to be maintained The CITlfile Data Fo...

Страница 657: ...E 3 1 47980E 3 3 67867E 3 0 67782E 3 3 43990E 3 0 58746E 3 2 70664E 4 9 76175E 4 0 65892E 4 9 61571E 4 END Example 3 861O Data file Example 3 shows a CITI6ie package created from the data register of an 8510 Network Analyzer in this case 10 points of real and imaginary data was stored and frequency information was recorded in a segment list table Example CITIFILE A O1 OO NA VERSIONHP8510B 05 00 NA...

Страница 658: ...TIfile implementations should strive to handle data arrays that are arranged in any order Example CITIFILE A O1 OO NA VERSION HP8510B 05 00 NAME CAL SET NA REGISTER 1 VAR FREQ MAG 4 DATA EC11 RI DATA E 2 RI DATA EC31 RI NA SWEEP TIME 9 9999873 2 NA POWER1 l OEl NA POWER2 l OEl NA PARAMS 2 NA CAL TYPE 3 NA POWER SLOPE O OEO tNA SLOPE MODE 0 NA TRIM SWEEP 0 NA SWFaEP MODE 4 NA LOWPASS FLAG 1 NA FREQ...

Страница 659: ... is used as it was in Example 4 a list of frequencies is stored in the file after the VAR LIST BEGIN statement The unsorted frequency list segments used by this instrument to create the VAR LIST BEGIN data are defined in the NA ARB_SEG statements Conclusion The descriptions and examples shown here demonstrate how CITIflle may be used to store and transfer both measurement information and data The ...

Страница 660: ...scription of the standards used DELAY TABLE Delay coefficients for calibration VAR FREQ MAG 201 defines the name of the independent variable FREQ the format of values in a VARLIST BEGIN table MAG if used and the number of data points 201 Typical names for the independent variable are FREQ in Hz TIME in seconds and POWER in dBm For the VARLIST BEGIN table only the MAG format is supported at this po...

Страница 661: ...ndent variable changes CONSTANT3 are part of the main CITIflle definition Users must not define their own CONSTANT s Use the KEYWORD device specification to create your own KEYWORD instead The NA device specification is an example of this No constants were dellned for revision A O1 OO of CITIfile CITIllle revision A O1 O1 defined the following constant CONSTANT TIME year month day hour min sets Ex...

Страница 662: ...r device measurement The residual systematic errors along with the random and drift errors continue to affect measurements after error correction adding an uncertainty to the measurement results Therefore measurement uncertainty is defined as the combination of the residual systematic repeatable random non repeatable and drift errors in the measurement system after error correction The following m...

Страница 663: ...t set Connector repeatability is the random variation encountered when connecting a pair of RF connectors Variations in both reflection and transmission can be observed The listing below shows the abbreviations used for random errors in the error models and uncertainty equations w Rnt raw noise on trace rms n Rnf raw noise on floor rms n Crrl port 1 connector reflection repeatability error n Crtl ...

Страница 664: ...o BOO Random errors such as noise and connector repeatability are generally combined in a root sum of the squares RSS manner Reflection Uncertainty Equations Total Reflection Magnitude Uncertainty Erm An analysis of the error model in Figure El yields an equation for the reflection magnitude uncertainty The equation contains all of the llrst order terms and the significant second order terms The t...

Страница 665: ...tor repeatability reflection The detailed equation for each of the previous terms is derived from the signal flow model located at the end of this appendix Reflection Phase Uncertainty Erp Reflection phase uncertainty is determined from a comparison of the magnitude uncertainty with the test signal magnitude The worst case phase angle is computed This result is combined with the error terms relate...

Страница 666: ... Ab2 S21 Random Ct 2 Rt 2 Nt 2 Ct S21J Ctml 2 Ctm2 2 CrmlS11 2 Crm2S22 2 Rt S21d Crt1 2 C d2 CrrlS11 2 Crr2S22 2 Nt EfntS21 2 Efnf2 Drift and Stability Dm2b2 S21 where Crt2 Connector repeatability transmission port 2 Crr2 Connector repeatability reflection port 2 Efnt effective noise on trace Efnf effective noise floor Crrl connector repeatability reflection Crtl connector repeatability transmissi...

Страница 667: ...ency source to port 1 Dynamic Accuracy On the following page is a typical dynamic accuracy and noise curve for the analyzer This curve is based on statistical samples of units built at the factory with an IF BW of 10 Hz Since this curve combines the effects of dynamic accuracy and noise if used in uncertainty calculations the effects of the noise terms in the corresponding equations can be elimina...

Страница 668: ...he residual errors for total system uncertainty performance The resulting total measurement uncertainty values have a confidence factor of 99 9 S parameter Values Convert the S parameters of the test device to their absolute linear terms Noise Floor and Crosstalk If a full 2 port calibration is performed the residual crosstalk term can be ignored Connect an impedance matched load to each of the te...

Страница 669: ...ble Phase Stability Port 1 Port 2 fO OQ GHz 1 fO OQO GHz 1 fO l GHz 1 fO OQ GHz 1 Dms1 2 Magnitude Drift Dn Phase Drift D n a Phase Drift with kmp Frequency 7mJn 8 5mm T y p e N 2 4 mm 65dB I 6OdB 1 6odB sol 65dB 1 60dB 1 60dB 1 60dB 1 65dD 1 6OdD 1 60dJ3 1 60dB 1 66dB 1 60dB 1 60dB 1 60dB 1 6OdB 1 54dB 1 60dB 1 6OdB 1 6OdB 1 54dB 1 60dB 1 6OdB 1 f0 03 dB I f0 03 dB I fO O1 dB I f0 03 dB I f0 03 d...

Страница 670: ...nt Connector Reflection Repeatability Port 1 f l Connector Transmission Repeatability Port 1 21 Magnitude Drift Due to lkmperature Dm 2 Phase Drift Due to lkmperature DPSl 2 Phase Drift Due to Jkmperature and kequency Dpfsl 2 Cable Reflection Stability crIIll Cable Transmission Stability c m2 Connector Reflection Repeatability Port 2 Crr2 ConnectorTram on RepeatabilityPort2 Gt2 Cable Phase Frequen...

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Страница 674: ... drift 5 2 accuracy enhancement 5 8 concepts 6 57 109 effectiveness of 6 76 channel of display l 9 entry area of display l 9 marker control 2 18 active and inactive markers 2 18 active channel keys l 4 6 8 AC voltage selector switch l 11 adapter kits 11 2 adapter removal 5 41 6 109 ADC 6 5 additional features l 2 address capability 11 18 addresses HP IB 6 112 11 21 adjust 10 MHz l 11 adjusting the...

Страница 675: ...ion measurements 6 131 reflection measurements 6 127 transmission measurements 6 129 band switch points 5 51 bandwidth system how to widen 5 52 basic measurement sequence and example 2 3 basic taiker T6 11 19 battery backup for memory 12 2 battery life 4 33 bias inputs and fuses locations 1 12 bidirectional lines 11 17 blanking the display 6 49 broad band power meter calibration connections 3 13 b...

Страница 676: ...cs interface 7 19 centronics parallel interface l 11 change system bandwidth 5 57 cl m parameters 5 5 changing the sequence title 2 73 channel 1 and 2 ratio measurement 2 8 channel display titling 2 9 channel power coupling 6 16 channel power coupling harmonic operation 6 124 channel viewing 2 6 characteristic power meter calibration speed and accuracy 5 34 characteristics 7 l characterizing micro...

Страница 677: ...calibration 3 8 receiver calibration 3 14 response calibration 3 18 3 34 3 36 second portion of conversion compression measurement 3 30 up converter port 3 3 connection techniques 2 2 connector auxiliary input 1 12 care of 2 2 care quick reference 2 2 external am 1 12 external trigger 1 12 for external monitor 1 12 for HP IB l 11 for keyboard l 11 limit test 1 12 parallel centronics interface l 11...

Страница 678: ...meters 4 6 default settings 12 7 plotter pen numbers 4 13 defined plotting components 4 12 dehne standard menus 6 85 defining a plot 4 12 the print 4 5 definition of calibration standards 5 27 delay electrical 6 41 delay block electrical 6 6 delete display option 1 13 deleting ail instrument state ties 4 41 an instrument state 4 41 a single instrument state file 4 41 frequency segments 5 36 limit ...

Страница 679: ...19 edit list menu 6 23 6 25 subsweep menu 6 24 6 25 editing a sequence 2 71 frequency segments 5 35 limits 6 115 limit segments 2 52 segments 6 l 15 test sequences 6 147 electrical delay block 6 6 electrical delay 6 41 of calibration standards 5 6 electrical length and phase distortion measurement 2 40 electricahy long devices causes of measurement problems 5 48 how to improve measurement results ...

Страница 680: ... 7 17 external controller 1 l 7 external disk 12 4 external disk drive configuration 1 l 13 how to solve problems with 4 43 external keyboard 7 19 external reference frequency input EXT REF INPUT 7 17 external source mode 6 l 17 applications 6 117 auto 6 118 capture range 6 119 CW frequency range 6 119 description 6 l 18 frequency modulation 6 119 manual 6 l 18 requirements 6 l 19 specifications 7...

Страница 681: ...ency to time domain 6 125 fringe capacitance 6 74 front panel access key for softkeys 9 75 front panel connectors 7 17 front panel features l 4 front panel key delinitions 9 2 full acceptor handshake AHl 11 19 full source handshake SHl 11 19 fuli two port calibration 6 80 error correction 5 21 G gain and reverse isolation measurement 2 59 gain compression measurement 2 55 gate flags 2 85 parameter...

Страница 682: ...an instrument state 441 delete a single instrument state file 4 41 delete limit segments 2 52 divide measurement data by the memory trace 2 8 edit a sequence 2 71 edit limit segments 2 52 edit power calibration factors 5 35 enter the power sensor calibration data 5 35 error correct for frequency response 5 9 error correct for frequency response and isolation 5 14 error correct for full two port me...

Страница 683: ... sequence 2 70 save a data trace to the display memory 2 7 save an instrument state 4 35 save measurement results 4 36 search for a target amplitude 2 34 search for bandwidth 2 35 search for maximum amplitude 2 32 search for minimum amplitude 2 33 sequence tests 2 68 set auto sweep time mode 5 51 set center frequency with markers 2 28 set CW frequency using markers 2 31 set display reference using...

Страница 684: ...mand 2 71 insertion phase and magnitude response measurement 2 37 instrument modes 6 l 17 124 external source 6 l 17 frequency offset 6 120 harmonic 6 123 network analyzer 6 l 17 tuned receiver 6 119 instrument state 6 110 116 contents 4 33 deleting all files 4 41 deleting a single IIle 4 41 memory requirements 12 3 saving 4 33 4 35 instrument state in memory 12 1 instrument states in memory 12 2 ...

Страница 685: ... 42 linear frequency sweep 6 22 linear magnitude format 6 36 line power 7 19 lines for control 11 17 lines for handshaking 11 17 line types plotter 4 14 line types available 4 14 line voltage selector switch l 11 LIN MKR 2 25 2 26 listener interface function 11 16 listen mode L 11 20 list frequency sweep increasing sweep speed 5 50 making measurements 2 61 list values printing or plotting 4 30 L l...

Страница 686: ... jX MKR 2 26 search for bandwidth 2 35 search for maximum amplitude 2 32 search for minimum amplitude 2 33 search for target amplitude 2 34 searching 2 32 search mode 6 56 set CW frequency 2 31 set display reference 2 30 set electrical delay 2 31 set frequency span 2 29 set measurement parameters 2 26 setting center frequency 2 28 setting start frequency 2 27 setting stop frequency 2 27 smith char...

Страница 687: ...range conversion loss for mixers 3 12 Lo to RF isolation for mixers 3 33 mixer 3 l mixer considerations 3 2 mixer conversion compression 3 28 mixer group delay or phase 3 24 mixer isolation 3 33 mixers tied IF 3 17 non coaxial 2 91 optimized 5 l optimizing 4 43 power meter calibration for 3 6 RF feedthrough for mixers 3 35 swept RF IF mixers 3 7 using swept list mode 2 61 using the tuned receiver ...

Страница 688: ...w RF and IF are detIned 3 2 isolation measurements 3 33 Lo to RF isolation 3 33 minimC source and load mismatches 3 2 power meter calibration 3 6 reducing the effect of spurious responses 3 2 RF feedthrough 3 35 swept RF IF measurement 3 7 mixer testing 6 157 168 accuracy 6 158 amplitude and phase tracking 6 167 attenuation 6 159 conversion compression 6 166 conversion loss 6 164 down conversion 6...

Страница 689: ...ing Iimit lines 2 54 Ofs status notation l 8 Of status notation l 8 one port calibration 6 80 one sweep power meter calibration for mixer measurements connections 3 9 on wafer measurements 2 91 operating conditions 7 20 operating parameters printing or plotting 4 30 operation frequency offset 6 120 harmonic 6 123 of the network analyzer 6 2 operational capabilities for HP IB 11 19 operation concep...

Страница 690: ...ification measurement accuracy 5 3 peripheral addresses 1 l 2 1 conIIgurations 44 4 8 11 9 connections to analyzer 4 8 peripheral equipment 6 3 peripherals 1 l l connecting 1 l 8 phase specifications 7 13 phase and magnitude response measurement 2 37 phase characteristics 7 14 phase distortion and electrical length measurement 2 40 phase format 6 33 physical dimensions 7 2 1 plot aborting 4 30 def...

Страница 691: ...s not respond to parallel poll 11 19 precautions electrostatic 7 20 pre raw data arrays 6 6 preset key location l 6 w menu map 8 12 preset state 12 7 primary channels uncoupling stimulus 6 9 primary channel stimuhrs coupling 6 21 principles of microwave connector care 2 2 print aborting 4 30 definition 4 5 multiple measurements per page 4 7 solving problems 4 32 z i amj i J use 4 31 printer color ...

Страница 692: ...3 24 modifying a sequence command 2 72 modifying calibration standards 5 27 modifying TRL calibration standards 5 29 modifying TRMM calibration standards 5 31 offsetting limit lines 2 54 outputting a single page of values 4 30 outputting multiple plots to a single page using a printer 4 25 outputting plot flies 4 20 outputting plot files from a PC to a plotter 4 22 outputting plot files from a PC ...

Страница 693: ...mory trace 2 7 procedures error correcting measurements 5 8 LC to RF isolation for mixers 3 33 mixer conversion compression 3 28 mixer RF feedthrough 3 35 power meter calibration for mixer measurements 3 6 processing details 6 5 programming 11 15 programming interface 11 15 programming specifications 7 17 programs example 1 l 7 P status notation l 9 purging a sequence from disk 2 75 purpose and us...

Страница 694: ... restarting a calibration 6 82 results of measurement saving 4 36 retention of memory data 433 reverse isolation and gain measurement 2 59 reviewing the Iimit Iine segments 2 53 RF how defined for mixers 3 2 RF feedthrough 3 35 R jX MKR 2 26 RLl complete remote local capability 11 19 RPG knob 6 10 R remote operation 11 20 RS 232 serial interface l 11 rules for code naming 11 22 running a Iimit tes...

Страница 695: ...2 1 setting measurement parameters using markers 2 26 8 6 46 p 6 46 iG 646 g 46 _ f 6 46 9 x of type N calilxation standard 5 6 SHl full source handshake 11 19 shape of gate 2 85 shipment weight 7 21 shortened sweep time 5 50 signal flow in a mixer example 3 33 single bus concept 11 20 single page of values printed or plotted 4 30 single point limits 2 51 six gigahertz operation option 1 13 slopin...

Страница 696: ...ndarddehnitions entering 5 27 exammmg 5 27 modifying 5 27 standards calibration 5 6 defining menus 6 85 start frequency set with markers 2 27 f J m a plot 4 16 a print 4 6 start values possible l 7 statistics calculation 2 36 status indicators 1 l 20 HP IB 6 l 12 status notation l 9 status notations l 8 step attenuator 6 2 switch protection 6 20 step keys 6 10 stepped list frequency sweep 6 23 ste...

Страница 697: ...20 temperature drift 5 2 test fixtures transistors 1 l 3 testing with Iimit lines 2 46 testmobile 114 test port specifications 500 7 2 specifications 7 mm 7 2 test port coupling 6 16 test port dimensions 7 17 test port power increasing 5 56 test ports 3 5 mm test port specifications 7 5 5OG type N test port specifications 7 4 75Q type F test port specifications 7 8 75Q type N test port specificati...

Страница 698: ... 35 transfer formats 7 17 transfer of data 11 17 transform 6 7 CW time to frequency domain 6 142 frequency to time domain 6 125 time to frequency domain 6 126 transform measurements forward 6 143 transform menu 6 125 transform modes time domain bandpass 6 125 time domain low pass impulse 6 125 time domain low pass step 6 125 transistor test fixtures 11 3 transmission measurements using bandpass mo...

Страница 699: ...t measurements 7 2 uncouphng stimuhls primary channels 6 9 understanding S parameters 6 29 units 11 24 units terminator 6 10 7 status notation l 9 up converter port connections 3 3 user kit modified 5 29 modifying 5 29 saving 5 29 user kit saved to disk 5 29 using AmiPro 4 21 Freelance 4 22 V valid characters 11 23 values list 4 30 vector error correction 6 6 velocity factor for time domain measur...

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