
The Calibration Standards
During measurement calibration, the analyzer measures actual, well-defined standards and
mathematically compares the results with ideal “models” of those standards. The differences
are separated into error terms which are later removed during error-correction. Most of the
differences are due to systematic errors-repeatable errors introduced by the analyzer, test set,
and cables-which are correctable.
The standard devices required for system calibration are available in compatible calibration
kits with different connector types Each kit contains at least one short circuit, one open
circuit, and an impedance-matched load. In kits that require adapters for interface to
the test set ports, the adapters are phase-matched for calibration prior to measurement of
noninsertable and non-reversible devices. Other standard devices can be used by specifying
their characteristics in a user-defined kit, as described later in this section under “Modifying
Calibration Kits
The accuracy improvement of the correction is limited by the
of the standard devices,
and by the connection techniques used. For maximum accuracy, ensure that the connectors are
clean and use a torque wrench for
connections.
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards
In order for the response of a reference standard to show as a dot on the smith chart display
format, it must have no phase shift with respect to frequency. Standards that exhibit such
“perfect” response are the following:
n
short (with no offset)
n
type-N
short (with no offset)
There are two reasons why other types of reference standards show phase shift after
calibration:
The reference plane of the standard is
offset from the mating plane of the test
port. Such devices exhibit the properties of a
length of transmission line, including a
certain amount of phase shift.
n
The standard is an open termination, which by
exhibits a certain amount of fringe
capacitance (and therefore phase shift). Open terminations which are offset from the mating
plane
exhibit a phase shift due to the offset in addition to the phase shift caused by the
fringe capacitance.
The most important point to remember is that these properties will not affect your
measurements. The analyzer compensates for them during measurement. As a result, if these
standards are measured after a calibration, they will not appear to be “perfect” shorts or
opens, This is an indication that
working
and that it has successfully
performed a calibration. Figure 6-48 shows sample displays of various calibration standards
after calibration.
Application and Operation Concepts
Содержание HP 8753E
Страница 61: ......
Страница 138: ...Figure 2 62 aw000024 Gating Effects in a Frequency Domain Example Measurement Making Measurements 2 87 ...
Страница 150: ......
Страница 174: ...Figure 3 23 Example Swept Power Conversion Compression Measurement 3 32 Making Mixer Measurements ...
Страница 187: ......
Страница 197: ...4 l 8 Printing Plotting and Saving Measurement Results ...
Страница 245: ......
Страница 249: ......
Страница 256: ......
Страница 277: ...4 lb enter the number of sweeps press Optimizing Measurement Results 5 55 ...
Страница 399: ......
Страница 475: ......
Страница 476: ...pb611ld 8 2 Menu Maps ...
Страница 477: ......
Страница 478: ...84 Menu Maps ...
Страница 480: ......
Страница 487: ......
Страница 488: ...8 14 MenuMaps ...
Страница 489: ...I r RETURN pg657e Menu Maps 8 15 ...
Страница 565: ... Ittble 9 2 Softkey Locations Softkey Front Panel Access Key B 76 Key Definitions ...
Страница 566: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions 8 77 ...
Страница 567: ...9 79 Key Definitions ...
Страница 568: ...Key Definitions 8 78 ...
Страница 569: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey A i _ 8 80 Key Definitions ...
Страница 570: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 81 ...
Страница 571: ...Ylhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Front Panel Access Key iii3 SJ G J ZiJ GiJ Ical m 9 82 Key Definitions ...
Страница 572: ...lhble 9 2 Softkey Lacations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 83 ...
Страница 573: ... I ble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access K e y 84 I ey Definitions ...
Страница 574: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions g 86 ...
Страница 575: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey FFont Panel Access Key 9 86 Kay Definitions ...
Страница 576: ... ble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 9 87 ...
Страница 577: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Fanel Access Key B 88 Key Definitions ...
Страница 578: ...l hble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Key Definitiins 8 W ...
Страница 579: ... lhble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Rmel Access Key WI Key Definitions ...
Страница 580: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions Ml ...
Страница 581: ... able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Key Definitions ...
Страница 582: ...able 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Front Panel Access Key Key Definitions 943 ...
Страница 583: ...7hble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued I Softkey Front Panel Access Key 944 Key Definitions ...
Страница 584: ... Ihble 9 2 Softkey Locations continued Softkey Key Definitions 9 96 ...
Страница 671: ......
Страница 672: ......
Страница 673: ......