Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. DC-N2, Руководство оператора

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14-4 Acoustic Output
„
Indirect Controls
The controls that indirectly affect output are many imaging parameters. These are operating
modes, frequency, focal point positions, image depth and pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
The operating mode determines whether the ultrasound beam is scanning or non-scanning.
Thermal bioeffect is closely connected to M mode.
Acoustic attenuation of tissue is directly related to transducer frequency.
The focal point is related to active aperture of transducer and beam width.
For the higher PRF (pulse repetition frequency), the more output pulses occur over a period
of time.
„
Receiver Controls
The receiver controls (for example, gain, dynamic range, and image post-processing, etc.) do
not affect output. These controls should be used, when possible, to improve the image quality
before using controls that directly or indirectly affect output.
14.7 Acoustic Output
14.7.1 Derated Ultrasonic Output Parameters
In order to determine the relevant Ultrasonic Output Parameters, a method is used which
allows for the comparison of ultrasound systems which operate at different frequencies and
are focused at different depths. This approach, called "derating" or "attenuating", adjusts the
acoustic output as measured in a water tank to account for the effect of ultrasound
propagation through tissue. By convention, a specific average intensity attenuation value is
used, which corresponds to a loss of 0.3 dB/cm/MHz. That is, the intensity of ultrasound will
be reduced by 0.3 dB/MHz for every centimeter of travel from the transducer. This can be
expressed by the following equation:
) 10 / 3 . 0
－
(
10
z f
water atten
c
I I
× ×
× =
Where I
atten
is the attenuated intensity, I
water
is the intensity measured in a water tank (at
distance z), fc is the center frequency of the ultrasound wave (as measured in water), and z is
the distance from the transducer. The equation for attenuating pressure values is similar
except that the attenuation coefficient is 0.15 dB/cm/MHz, or one-half the intensity coefficient.
The intensity coefficient is double the pressure coefficient because intensity is proportional to
the square of pressure.
Although the attenuation coefficient chosen, 0.3 dB/cm/MHz, is significantly lower than any
specific solid tissue in the body, this value was chosen to account for fetal examinations. In
early trimester ultrasound fetal examinations, there may be a significant fluid path between
the transducer and the fetus, and the attenuation of fluid is very small. Therefore the
attenuation coefficient was lowered to account for this case.
14.7.2 Limits of Acoustic Output
In accordance with the FDA Track 3 requirements, the derating (or attenuated) approach was
incorporated into the FDA Acoustic Output Limits, as listed below. The maximum acoustic
output level from any transducer in any operating mode is expected to fall below these limits.
FDA Maximum Acoustic Output Limits for Track 3 (Attenuated Values)
Application
I
spta.3
(mW/cm
2
) I
sppa.3
(W/cm
2
)
Or
MI
Regions
(except eyes)
720
≤
190
≤
1.9