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 168                                                                                               N5511A Phase Noise Test System User’s Guide

Residual and Additive Noise Measurement Fundamentals
What is Residual Noise?

What is Residual Noise? 

Residual or two-port noise is the noise added to a signal when the signal is 

processed by a two-port device. Such devices include amplifiers, dividers, 

filters, mixers, multipliers, phase-locked loop synthesizers or any other 

two-port electronic networks. Residual noise is composed of both AM and FM 

components.

The noise mechanisms 

Residual noise is the sum of two basic noise mechanisms: 

— additive noise
— multiplicative noise

Additive noise

Additive noise is the noise generated by the two-port device at or near the 

signal frequency which adds in a linear fashion to the signal. See 

Figure 7-1

.

Figure 7-1 

Additive noise components

Содержание N5511A

Страница 1: ...User s Guide Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System...

Страница 2: ...S government customers under its standard commercial license which is embodied in its End User License Agreement EULA a copy of which can be found at http www keysight com find sweula The license set...

Страница 3: ...To receive the latest updates by email subscribe to Keysight Email Updates at the following URL http www keysight com find MyKeysight Information on preventing instrument damage can be found at www ke...

Страница 4: ...4...

Страница 5: ...rify License Key is Installed 29 Powering the System Off 30 3 Phase Noise Basics What is Phase Noise 32 Ideal vs Real Word Signals 33 Phase terms 34 4 Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Feature...

Страница 6: ...ocking 76 Adding Isolation 76 Increasing the PLL Bandwidth 77 Inserting a Device 79 An attenuator 79 An amplifier 80 Evaluating Noise Above the Small Angle Line 82 Determining the Phase Lock Loop band...

Страница 7: ...s 186 System connections 186 8 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel 188 Required equipment 188 Connections 188 Configuring Equipment 189 Measurement Procedure 190...

Страница 8: ...Using an External AM Detector 258 Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines 260 User entry of phase detector constant 261 Double Sided Spur 263 Single Sided Spur 267 12 AM Noise Measurement Examp...

Страница 9: ...e Noise Level of Various Keysight Sources 330 Increase in Measured Noise as Ref Source Approaches DUT Noise 331 Approximate Sensitivity of Delay Line Discriminator 332 AM Calibration 333 Voltage Contr...

Страница 10: ...ice 359 Proper Connector Torque 359 Connector Wear and Damage 359 2 92 Connector Precautions 359 Cleaning Procedure 360 General Procedures and Techniques 361 Connector Removal 362 Instrument Removal 3...

Страница 11: ...Contents N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 11...

Страница 12: ...12 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Contents...

Страница 13: ...13 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 1 Getting Started Introduction on page 14 Documentation Map on page 15 Additional Documentation on page 16 System Overview on page 17...

Страница 14: ...e basics and measurement fundamentals to get you started Use Table 1 1 on page 15 as a guide to Learning about the N5511A phase noise test system Learning about phase noise basics and measurement fund...

Страница 15: ...e Measurement Fundamentals Chapter 6 Absolute Measurement Examples Chapter 7 Residual and Additive Noise Measurement Fundamentals Chapter 8 Residual Measurement Examples Chapter 9 FM Discriminator Fun...

Страница 16: ...uide Getting Started Additional Documentation Additional Documentation The N5511A system documentation includes Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System Installation Guide Keysight N5511A Series Phase...

Страница 17: ...ruments to work in the system This stand alone instrument architecture easily configures for various measurement techniques including the absolute phase noise PLL reference source technique and delay...

Страница 18: ...ise systems The N5511A system uses a LAN or USB GPIB port to communicate with the assets in the system However the N5511A system and N5510 software are backwards compatible with earlier E5505A systems...

Страница 19: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 19 Getting Started System Overview Figure 1 2 Keysight E5505A system comparison to N5511A system...

Страница 20: ...ivalent system instrument model numbers System or Instrument Number Old Number Phase Noise Test System N5511A E5505A 50 kHz 40 GHz phase detector M9550A N5500A 201 50kHz 26 5 GHz Baseband Test Set FFT...

Страница 21: ...Guide 2 Introduction Introducing the GUI on page 22 Designing to Meet Your Needs on page 24 N5511A Operation A Guided Tour on page 25 Powering the System On on page 26 Starting the Measurement Softwa...

Страница 22: ...tting lost in the defining process The system provides three default segment tables To obtain a quick look at your data select the fast quality level If it is important to have more frequency resoluti...

Страница 23: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 23 Introduction Introducing the GUI Figure 2 1 N5510 graphical user interface GUI...

Страница 24: ...m to a proficient user of the system s basic measurement capabilities Beginning The section N5511A Operation A Guided Tour contains a step by step procedure for completing a phase noise measurement Th...

Страница 25: ...iscover that the phase noise measurement system offers enormous flexibility for measuring the noise characteristics of your signal sources and two port devices Required equipment The equipment shipped...

Страница 26: ...op right of the rack to the on position 2 Verify that all instrument power switches are on 3 Allow the system to warm up for 30 minutes Before applying power make sure the AC power input and the locat...

Страница 27: ...t Technologies Inc has not provided internet security software for this N5511A Phase Noise Test System Connecting the PC to a Local Area Network LAN without first installing internet security software...

Страница 28: ...N5510 icon on the desktop shortcut shown above or navigate to the N5510 User Interface through the Windows start menu Click Start All Programs Keysight N5510 N5510 User Interface 2 When the program st...

Страница 29: ...he Keysight License Manager to see the license keys installed Start All Programs Keysight License Manager Keysight License Manager 4 Verify the licenses are installed Figure 2 5 Keysight License Manag...

Страница 30: ...tart icon then shut down Always shut down the N5510 software before powering off the N5511A system 2 Use the Start menu to shut down the PC Press the power switch on each instrument to the off positio...

Страница 31: ...31 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 3 Phase Noise Basics What is Phase Noise on page 32 Ideal vs Real Word Signals on page 33 Phase terms on page 34...

Страница 32: ...t some amount of frequency instability This stability can be broken down into two components long term stability short term stability Figure 3 1 Frequency Stability Long term stability describes the f...

Страница 33: ...ractice however there are always small unwanted amplitude and phase fluctuations present on the signal An actual signal is better modeled by Where E t Amplitude fluctuations and randomly fluctuating p...

Страница 34: ...tion of the source under test in the frequency or time domain Since frequency and phase are related to each other all of these terms are also related Spectral density One fundamental description of ph...

Страница 35: ...quency domain L f is an indirect measurement of noise energy easily related to the RF power spectrum observed on an RF analyzer Figure 3 5 shows that the National Institute of Standards and Technology...

Страница 36: ...y presented logarithmically as a spectral density plot of the phase modulation sidebands in the frequency domain expressed in dB relative to the carrier per Hz dBc Hz as shown in Figure 3 6 This chapt...

Страница 37: ...t indicates a relative level of 45 dBc Hz at a 1 Hz offset 45 dB more noise power at a 1 Hz offset in a 1 Hz bandwidth than in the total power of the signal which is of course invalid Figure 3 7 shows...

Страница 38: ...38 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Phase Noise Basics What is Phase Noise...

Страница 39: ...s on page 40 Viewing Markers on page 40 Display Preferences on page 41 Omitting Spurs on page 43 Displaying the Parameter Summary on page 45 Exporting Measurement Results on page 47 Saving Measurement...

Страница 40: ...access the marker function on the View menu click Markers In the dialog box containing Marker buttons at the bottom of the application up to nine markers may be added To add a marker click Add Marker...

Страница 41: ...splay colors are highly customizable Navigate to View Display Parameters The following menu will appear allowing the ability for the user to customize the colors of various items on the display Figure...

Страница 42: ...42 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features Figure 4 4 Display Preferences Window...

Страница 43: ...ded results without displaying any spurs that may be present The ability to omit or view spurs is conditional on the Mark Spurs option under the Type and Range tab of the measurement definition being...

Страница 44: ...without spurs See Figure 4 6 Figure 4 6 Graph displayed without spurs 4 To re display the spurs check Spurs in the Display Preferences dialog box This feature can also be accessed by right clicking on...

Страница 45: ...Parameter Summary The Parameter Summary function allows you to quickly review the measurement parameter entries that were used for this measurement The parameter summary data is included when you pri...

Страница 46: ...er s Guide Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features 2 The Parameter Summary Notepad dialog box appears The data can be printed or changed using standard Notepad functionality See Figure 4 9...

Страница 47: ...Results The Export Measurement Results function exports data in one of three types Exporting Trace Data Exporting Spur Data Exporting X Y Data 1 To export measurement results on the File menu point to...

Страница 48: ...oise Test System User s Guide Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features Exporting Trace Data 1 On the File menu point to Export Results then click on Trace Data See Figure 4 11 Figure 4 11 Tr...

Страница 49: ...ise Test System User s Guide 49 Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features Exporting spur data 1 On the File menu point to Export Results then click on Spur Data See Figure 4 12 Figure 4 12 Sp...

Страница 50: ...e Noise Test System User s Guide Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features Exporting X Y Data 1 On the File menu point to Export Results then click on X Y Data See Figure 4 13 Figure 4 13 X Y...

Страница 51: ...lect Use Title as Filename to name the file using the title of the graph Figure 4 14 Saving Measurement State Recall Measurement State A pnx file can be opened to recall a previously saved state Navig...

Страница 52: ...initiated Don t Automatically Clear Graph when restarting a measurement the default behavior is for the current trace to be cleared To retain the trace uncheck this option Don t Automatically change P...

Страница 53: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 53 Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features Toolbar Figure 4 16 Toolbar selections...

Страница 54: ...54 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Expanding Your Measurement Experience GUI Features...

Страница 55: ...it on page 60 What Sets the Measurement Noise Floor on page 63 Selecting a Reference Single Channel on page 65 Estimating the Tuning Constant on page 71 Tracking Frequency Drift on page 72 Changing th...

Страница 56: ...cillator VCO In a PLL configuration the reference source is locked in quadrature with the DUT which means that the signal from the references is 90 degrees out of phase with the DUT The signals from t...

Страница 57: ...tput will be represented as 3 Noise contributed from the channel internally is added to the overall output The FFT output can be represented as a sum When using the PLL technique in a single channel c...

Страница 58: ...es Two separate reference sources are required to provide a reference to each of the phase detectors The result of this setup is having two separate single channel measurements with a common DUT signa...

Страница 59: ...ch of the channels in a dual channel measurement can be represented as follows The two outputs are cross correlated resulting in the phase noise of the DUT A dual channel measurement removes the uncor...

Страница 60: ...es the relationship that typically exists between the VCO s peak to peak tuning range and the tuning range of the system The system s drift tracking range is limited to a small portion of the peak tun...

Страница 61: ...s Capture Range Once the loop is locked the frequency of the beat note must remain within the drift tracking range for the duration of the measurement In Figure 5 6 the ranges calculated in the previ...

Страница 62: ...eference source selection the most critical aspect of your measurement setup Specifying your VCO Source When you set up your PLL measurement you need to know four things about the tuning characteristi...

Страница 63: ...t port of the system s phase detector Table 5 1 shows the amplitude ranges for the L and R ports If the L port Reference Input signal is within the amplitude range shown in Table 5 1 the signal level...

Страница 64: ...e noise level of the source you are using as the reference source sets the noise floor for the measurement When you set up your measurement you want to use a reference source with a noise level that i...

Страница 65: ...T noise approaches reference noise Using a Similar Device The test system performs best when you are able to use a device similar to the DUT as the reference source for your PLL measurement Of course...

Страница 66: ...est the N5511A measurement sensitivity starts at the DUT phase noise performance level This means the cross correlation process starts out at this sensitivity and this system sensitivity only improves...

Страница 67: ...n a dramatic reduction in measurement time 40 second to get to a 184 dBc Hz correlated device noise floor Figure 5 10 Using a 100 MHz High Performance DUT Example 2 Using a 9 6 GHz high performance DU...

Страница 68: ...el Example 3 Using a 10MHz high performance DUT as both REF1 and REF2 significantly reduces the number of cross correlations resulting in a dramatic reduction in measurement time 20 minutes to get to...

Страница 69: ...timate what the drift range of the sources you are using will be over the measurement period thirty minutes maximum Details on the relationship between the capture and drift tracking ranges and the tu...

Страница 70: ...ts relative to center voltage of the VCO tuning curve Other User VCO Source Estimated within a factor of 2 10 to 10 See Figure 5 13 1 E 6 Measure Table 5 2 Tuning Characteristics of Various VCO Source...

Страница 71: ...selected in the Calibration Process menu Table 5 3 lists the calibration method choices and the tuning constant accuracy required for each Table 5 3 VCO tuning constant calibration method VCO Tuning C...

Страница 72: ...st set s phase detector must remain throughout the measurement period In addition the beat note signal must remain within the system s Capture Range 5 of the PTR during the time it takes the system to...

Страница 73: ...measurement period The length of the measurement period is primarily a function of the frequency offset range specified for the measurement Start to Stop Frequency Action If beat note drift exceeds t...

Страница 74: ...d value is used to determine the system s PTR PTR VCO Tuning Constant X Voltage Tuning Range From the PTR the phase noise software derives the capture and drift tracking Ranges for the measurement The...

Страница 75: ...t level must remain constant across its tuning range As long as these qualifications are met and the software does not indicate any difficulty in establishing its calibration criteria an increase in P...

Страница 76: ...ation The best way to prevent injection locking is to isolate the output of the source being injection locked typically the DUT by increasing the buffering at its output This can be accomplished by in...

Страница 77: ...the frequency of the beat note just prior to where the injection locking occurs as the beat note is tuned toward 0 Hz 2 Multiply the injection locking bandwidth by 2 to determine the minimum PLL bandw...

Страница 78: ...78 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Fundamentals Minimizing Injection Locking Figure 5 16 Peak tuning range PTR Required by injection locking...

Страница 79: ...e has sufficient output amplitude to maintain the required signal level at the test set s phase detector input port The signal level required for the measurement depends on the noise floor level neede...

Страница 80: ...t the output of the source Note however that the noise of the inserted amplifier is also summed into the measured noise level along with the noise of the source in a single channel measurement Use the...

Страница 81: ...Figure 5 19 Dual Channel Configuration When a measurement is configured in such manner the noise contribution from the amplifiers is removed by cross correlation due to their noise being uncorrelated...

Страница 82: ...d until the hardware Connect Diagram appears on the display Determining the Phase Lock Loop bandwidth 1 Determine the Peak Tuning Range PTR of your VCO by multiplying the VCO Tuning Constant by the Tu...

Страница 83: ...iterion level shown on the graph in Figure 5 21 The average noise level of the signal must remain below the small angle line at all offset frequencies beyond the PLL bandwidth The small angle line app...

Страница 84: ...factor of ten by selecting FREQ and SPAN Continue comparing the noise level to the graph 7 Continue to increase the span width and compare the noise level out to 100 kHz If the noise level exceeds the...

Страница 85: ...eed to consider one of the following measurement options 1 Evaluate your source using the noise data provided by the RF analyzer in the procedure you just performed 2 Increase the PTR if possible to p...

Страница 86: ...absolute measurements various parameter of the reference need to be measured The type of calibration to be used is determined by the system configuration and equipment availability User calibrations...

Страница 87: ...s the power splitter output it replaces requires a power meter Searching for the beat note will require that you adjust the center frequency of one of the sources above and below the frequency of the...

Страница 88: ...88 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Fundamentals Calibration Figure 5 24 Beat Note Single Channel...

Страница 89: ...Your Measurement Results if you are not familiar with the relationship between the PLL capture range and the peak tuning range of the VCO The beat note frequency is set by the relative frequency diff...

Страница 90: ...you are able to locate the beat note but it distorts and then disappears as you adjust it towards 0 Hz your sources are injection locking to each other Set the beat note to the lowest frequency possi...

Страница 91: ...ur Single sided spur method and double sided spur method are the two most accurate calibration methods Figure 5 26 shows the setup for a measurement using the single channel single sided spur calibrat...

Страница 92: ...ar to the others except that an additional source and a power splitter have been added so that the spur can be summed with the input carrier frequency Advantages Calibration is done under actual measu...

Страница 93: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 93 Absolute Measurement Fundamentals Calibration Figure 5 28 Define Measurement Menu Cal Known Spurs Parameters...

Страница 94: ...lower sideband Figure 5 29 Single Sided Spur When the phase modulation is detected in the phase detector the AM component is rejected This detection process reveals the lower sideband but reduces the...

Страница 95: ...from the Measured Beat Note section on page 87 The resultant sideband spurs from the phase modulation must have amplitudes that are 100 dB and 20 dB relative to the carrier amplitude Advantages Calib...

Страница 96: ...e to the carrier as well as the modulating rate is entered in the software under the Cal tab In the example in Figure 5 33 the system measures a tone at 40 dBc Figure 5 33 Known Spur Parameters The sy...

Страница 97: ...System User s Guide 6 Absolute Measurement Examples Example Overviews on page 98 Input Ports on page 99 Single Channel Measurement on page 100 Dual Channel EFC on page 117 Dual Channel DCFM on page 13...

Страница 98: ...sing beat note user calibration method and EFC tuning mode Dual Channel using EFC Dual channel measurement of an E8257D PSG UNY at 1 GHz using beat note user calibration method and EFC tuning mode The...

Страница 99: ...can be overwritten by manually selecting the detector to be utilized in the measurement setup as long as the input signal is within the hardware specifications of the detector input Low Frequency Inp...

Страница 100: ...signal generator as a reference source and one PSG as the device under test DUT Required equipment Two SMA 3 5 mm cables ideal lengths approximately 20 inch One BNC to BNC cable Two signal sources on...

Страница 101: ...e M9550A phase detector module inside the PNTS chassis to the EFC port at the back of the REF PSG as reference source using the BNC to BNC cable 2 DUT to Sig RF on PNTS Connect the RF output of the DU...

Страница 102: ...Equipment Configure the DUT and source for this measurement 1 Set up DUT PSG Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 11 dBm RF On Off RF ON Mod On Off MOD OFF 2 Set up REF PSG Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm RF On...

Страница 103: ...ingle Channel Measurement Measurement Procedure Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and then select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measurement...

Страница 104: ...ngle segment measurement method where every segment is captured independently and after the previous segment has been measured this is how E5500 works Fast is multi segment where segments are being me...

Страница 105: ...Measurement Examples Single Channel Measurement Source Calibration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference sources Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current windo...

Страница 106: ...ou are using To change these values refer to Table 6 1 below Table 6 1 Tuning Characteristics for Various Sources VCO Source Carrier Freq Tuning Constant Hz V Center Voltage V Voltage Tuning Range V I...

Страница 107: ...lute Measurement Examples Single Channel Measurement Cal Configuration Navigate to the Cal tab The following window will appear Figure 6 4 Cal Tab For this lab we will use Beat Note Cal Refer to the C...

Страница 108: ...urement 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Settings Phase Detector Constant Derive detector constant from measured beat note 2 Configure VCO Tune Constant Settings VCO Tune Constant Measure VCO tune...

Страница 109: ...oise Test System User s Guide 109 Absolute Measurement Examples Single Channel Measurement Block Diagram Configuration Navigate to the Block Diagram tab The following window will appear Figure 6 5 Blo...

Страница 110: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples Single Channel Measurement 1 Phase Detector Phase Detector Automatic Detection Selection 2 Test Set Tune Voltage VCO Tune Mode...

Страница 111: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 111 Absolute Measurement Examples Single Channel Measurement Configure Graph Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 6 6 Graph Tab...

Страница 112: ...the title to whatever you want but it is quite helpful to set the title to correspond to the measurement you are making e g center frequency DUT absolute residual measurement number of FFT points etc...

Страница 113: ...a noise floor level that is below the expected noise floor of your DUT The Checking the Beat Note procedure below will provide you with an opportunity to estimate the measurement noise floor that your...

Страница 114: ...played use an oscilloscope connected to the Monitor port on the test set or a counter to check the beat note being created between the reference source and your DUT Figure 6 8 Oscilloscope displaying...

Страница 115: ...e resulting beat note will be very close to 0 Hz Searching for the beat note will require that you adjust the center frequency of one of the sources above and below the frequency of the other source u...

Страница 116: ...ton when you have completed the beat note check and are ready to make the measurement When the measurement is complete refer to Chapter 14 Evaluating Your Measurement Results for help in evaluating yo...

Страница 117: ...res two references and the DUT This example steps through measuring a E8257D PSG UNY as a DUT using two other E8257D PSG UNYs as references Required equipment Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System K...

Страница 118: ...configuration for a Dual Channel EFC measurement Figure 6 12 Dual Channel EFC Measurement Setup Connectors on M9550A Connects to Green EFC Out on rear of PSG Purple Oscilloscope Red DUT source RF afte...

Страница 119: ...Connect the RF output of the DUT to the RF splitter 4 Splitter to RF IN 1 Connect splitter out 1 to the RF1 LB port of the PNTS using the 12 inch cable 5 Splitter to RF IN 2 Connect splitter out 1 to...

Страница 120: ...quipment Configure the equipment to the settings for this lab 1 Power Power on all the equipment Keysight N5511A PNTS PSGs 2 Set up the DUT Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm RF On Off On 3 Set up REF 1...

Страница 121: ...les Dual Channel EFC Measurement Procedure Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and then select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measurement Type...

Страница 122: ...dependently and after the previous segment has been measured this is how E5500 measures Fast is multi segment where segments are being measured in parallel This option allows for a live view of the da...

Страница 123: ...ute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC Source Configuration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference sources Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current window The...

Страница 124: ...etector Input Frequency Detector Input Frequency 1 GHz 3 Set Reference Source Settings Frequency 1 GHz Power 14 dBm 4 VCO Tuning Parameters Nominal Tune Constant 70 Hz V Tune Range 5 V Input resistanc...

Страница 125: ...Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC Cal Configuration Navigate to the Cal tab The following window will appear Figure 6 15 Cal Tab For this tab we will use Beat Note Cal Refer to the Cal De...

Страница 126: ...FC 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Settings Phase Detector Constant Derive detector constant from measured beat note 2 Configure VCO Tune Constant Settings VCO Tune Constant Measure VCO tune const...

Страница 127: ...se Noise Test System User s Guide 127 Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC Block Diagram Configuration Navigate to the Block Diagram tab The following window will appear Figure 6 16 Block Di...

Страница 128: ...128 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC 1 Phase Detector Phase Detector Automatic Detection Selection 2 Test Set Tune Voltage VCO Tune Mode EFC...

Страница 129: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 129 Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC Configure Graph Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 6 17 Graph Tab...

Страница 130: ...e Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel EFC 1 Set Title 2 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 2 MHz 3 Set Y Scale Y Scale Maximum 0 dBc Hz Y Scale Min...

Страница 131: ...equency to create a beat note that is within the capture range of the system The phase lock loop PLL capture range is 5 of the peak tuning range of the VCO source you are using The peak tuning range f...

Страница 132: ...during calibration if the beat note of one of the references is out of the desired range The window will specify which channel needs to be tuned Figure 6 19 Manual Tune Pause Point Figure 6 20 Oscill...

Страница 133: ...our Measurement Results for help in evaluating your measurement results Figure 6 21 shows the result of this measurement example Figure 6 21 Dual Channel EFC Measurement Results Figure 6 22 shows an i...

Страница 134: ...x2 Keysight PSG E8257D E8257D E8257D signal sources x3 one PSG acting as a DUT and the other two as references REF with DCFM capability Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System Oscilloscope Keysight I...

Страница 135: ...e PNTS to the EXT1 port on the front of REF2 sources using a BNC to BNC cable 3 DUT RF to Splitter Connect the RF output of the DUT to the RF splitter 4 Splitter to RF IN 1 Connect splitter out 1 to t...

Страница 136: ...for this lab 1 Power Power on all the equipment Keysight N5511A PNTS PSGs 2 Set up the DUT Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm RF On Off On 3 Set up REF 1 Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm FM FM Dev 1 kHz...

Страница 137: ...es Dual Channel DCFM Measurement Procedure Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and then select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measurement Type...

Страница 138: ...dependently and after the previous segment has been measured this is how E5500 measures Fast is multi segment where segments are being measured in parallel This option allows for a live view of the da...

Страница 139: ...ute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM Source Configuration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference sources Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current window Th...

Страница 140: ...tector Input Frequency Detector Input Frequency 1 GHz 3 Set Reference Source Settings Frequency 1 GHz Power 14 dBm 4 VCO Tuning Parameters Nominal Tune Constant 1000 Hz V Tune Range 1 V Input resistan...

Страница 141: ...Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM Cal Configuration Navigate to the Cal tab The following window will appear Figure 6 26 Cal Tab For this tab we will use Beat Note Cal Refer to the Cal D...

Страница 142: ...CFM 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Settings Phase Detector Constant Derive detector constant from measured beat note 2 Configure VCO Tune Constant Settings VCO Tune Constant Measure VCO tune cons...

Страница 143: ...se Noise Test System User s Guide 143 Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM Block Diagram Configuration Navigate to the Block Diagram tab The following window will appear Figure 6 27 Block D...

Страница 144: ...144 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM 1 Phase Detector Phase Detector Automatic Detection Selection 2 Test Set Tune Voltage VCO Tune Mode DCFM...

Страница 145: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 145 Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM Configure Graph Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 6 28 Graph Tab...

Страница 146: ...Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples Dual Channel DCFM 1 Set Title 2 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 2 MHz 3 Set Y Scale Y Scale Maximum 0 dBc Hz Y Scale Min...

Страница 147: ...Menu Measure New Measurement Connection Diagram If connection diagram is enabled see Chapter 4 Expanding Your Measurement Experience verify the connections as indicated by the diagram and click Conti...

Страница 148: ...ure range and the peak tuning range of the VCO The beat note frequency is set by the relative frequency difference between the two sources If you have two very accurate sources set at the same frequen...

Страница 149: ...xamples Dual Channel DCFM When the measurement is complete refer to Chapter 14 Evaluating Your Measurement Results for help in evaluating your measurement results Figure 6 31 shows the result of this...

Страница 150: ...Keysight Infinivision MSO X 3054A or similar with high impedance inputs SMB BNC cables x2 to connect monitor outputs to oscilloscope Power Divider operational at carrier frequency To prevent damage t...

Страница 151: ...nfiguration used for an OCXO Dual Channel measurement Figure 6 32 OCXO Dual Channel measurement configuration Connectors on M9550A Connects to Green Vtune port of reference Purple Scope monitor Red DU...

Страница 152: ...output of the DUT to the RF splitter 4 Splitter to RF IN 1 Connect splitter out 1 to the RF1 LB port of the PNTS using the 12 inch cable 5 Splitter to RF IN 2 Connect splitter out 1 to the RF1 LB port...

Страница 153: ...Channel Measurement Configuring Equipment Configure the equipment to the settings for this lab 1 Power Power on all the equipment Keysight N5511A PNTS DUT OCXO Reference OCXOs Allow for oscillators t...

Страница 154: ...O Dual Channel Measurement Measurement Procedure Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and then select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measuremen...

Страница 155: ...red independently and after the previous segment has been measured this is how E5500 measures Fast is multi segment where segments are being measured in parallel This option allows for a live view of...

Страница 156: ...asurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement Source Configuration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference sources Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current win...

Страница 157: ...Set Detector Input Frequency Detector Input Frequency 10 MHz 3 Set Reference Source Settings Frequency 10 MHz Power 10 dBm 4 VCO Tuning Parameters Nominal Tune Constant 7 Hz V Tune Range 5 V Input re...

Страница 158: ...te Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement Cal Configuration Navigate to the Cal tab The following window will appear Figure 6 35 Cal Tab For this tab we will use Beat Note Cal Refer to the...

Страница 159: ...asurement 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Settings Phase Detector Constant Derive detector constant from measured beat note 2 Configure VCO Tune Constant Settings VCO Tune Constant Measure VCO tun...

Страница 160: ...Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement Block Diagram Configuration Navigate to the Block Diagram tab The following window will appear Figure 6 36 B...

Страница 161: ...Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 161 Absolute Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement 1 Phase Detector Phase Detector Automatic Detection Selection 2 Test Set Tune Voltage VCO Tune Mod...

Страница 162: ...2 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement Configure Graph Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 6 37 Graph T...

Страница 163: ...t System User s Guide 163 Absolute Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement 1 Set Title 2 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 2 MHz 3 Set Y Scale Y Scale Maximum 0 dBc Hz Y Sca...

Страница 164: ...range for your VCO can be estimated by multiplying the VCO tuning constant by the tune range of VCO Refer to Chapter 14 Evaluating Your Measurement Results if you are not familiar with the relationshi...

Страница 165: ...beat note of one of the references is out of the desired range The window will specify which channel needs to be tuned Figure 6 38 Manual Tune Pause Point When the measurement is complete refer to Cha...

Страница 166: ...166 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Absolute Measurement Examples OCXO Dual Channel Measurement...

Страница 167: ...and Additive Noise Measurement Fundamentals What is Residual Noise on page 168 Fundamental Measurement Technique on page 170 Assumptions on page 172 Frequency translation devices on page 173 Calibrati...

Страница 168: ...s dividers filters mixers multipliers phase locked loop synthesizers or any other two port electronic networks Residual noise is composed of both AM and FM components The noise mechanisms Residual noi...

Страница 169: ...ct origin of this noise component is unknown The second in the case of amplifiers or multipliers is noise which may modulate an RF signal by the multiplication of baseband noise with the signal This m...

Страница 170: ...hase shift can be accomplished using line stretchers Figure 7 3 Quadrature Technique When measuring a two port device the source noise in each of the two phase detector paths is correlated at the phas...

Страница 171: ...ch of the two phase detectors Similarly the signal that passes through the DUT is split to the RF inputs of each of the two phase detectors Quadrature is established separately for each of the phase t...

Страница 172: ...urce AM noise is comparatively small A typical mixer type phase detector only has about 20 to 30 dB of AM noise rejection If the AM component of the signal is greater than 20 to 30 dB above the residu...

Страница 173: ...l a possible but not recommended assumption is that the noise of each DUT is half the measured result or 3 dB less All that really can be concluded is that the noise level of one of the DUTs is at lea...

Страница 174: ...tional devices are needed These are inserted in the LO paths for each channel These translating devices need not be identical to the DUT but must have the same translating factor Performance of each o...

Страница 175: ...rom for calibrating a two port measurement The configuration for each method is provided on the following pages Once configured the application provides instructions while performing the calibration T...

Страница 176: ...mentals Calibrating the Measurement Figure 7 8 Calibration Selections The method used will mainly be determined by the sources and equipment available to you When calibrating the system for measuremen...

Страница 177: ...nto the phase detector and the test configuration Advantages Easy method for calibrating the measurement system Requires little additional equipment only an RF power meter to manually measure the driv...

Страница 178: ...f dual channel measurement separated by 0 1 Hz to 50 MHz at the phase detector The calibration source output power must be manually adjusted to the same level as the power splitter output it replaces...

Страница 179: ...cceptable range the calibration constant will be measured The calibration source is then removed the splitter s termination removed and this path of the splitter is connected directly to the LO input...

Страница 180: ...uration This technique requires you to adjust off of quadrature to both the positive and the negative peak output of the Phase Detector This is done by either adjusting the phase shifter or the freque...

Страница 181: ...a mathematical representation of DC peak voltage cal Measuring the peak positive voltage means adjusting the phase shifter s so that the LO path of each channel is in phase with the RF path into the m...

Страница 182: ...ated out Disadvantages Requires RF source used to have modulation capabilities else a phase modulator which operates at the desired carrier frequency Requires audio calibration source Requires RF spec...

Страница 183: ...the phase modulator to both LO channel paths Figure 7 13 Single Channel Measurement with Phase Modulator Figure 7 14 shows the setup for a dual channel residual measurement where the stimulus provides...

Страница 184: ...signal You will find that the equipment setup for this calibration option is similar to the others except that an additional source and a power splitter have been added so that the spur can be summed...

Страница 185: ...The RF calibration source should be adjusted such that the sidebands are between 30 and 60 dB below the carrier and the frequency offset of the spur between 10 Hz and 50 MHz Enter the offset and rela...

Страница 186: ...is important to keep your equipment connected until the measurements have been made all problems corrected and the results have been evaluated to make sure that the measurement is valid If the equipme...

Страница 187: ...187 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 8 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel on page 188 Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel on page 202...

Страница 188: ...damentals for more information about residual phase noise measurements Required equipment RF amplifier Stimulus source at frequency under test for this example an E8257D PSG will be used RF calibratio...

Страница 189: ...xample Single Channel Configuring Equipment Set Up stimulus PSG Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm Set SSB Cal Tone Set the cal source to be at a 1 kHz offset from the stimulus carrier at the output of...

Страница 190: ...ent Procedure Start the N5510 application Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measurement The follow...

Страница 191: ...ent Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel 1 Choose Measurement Type Measurement Type Residual Phase Noise without using phase locked loop 2 Choose Channel Setup Channel Setup Single 3...

Страница 192: ...asurement Example Single Channel Source Configuration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference source REF Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current window and the f...

Страница 193: ...User s Guide 193 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel Cal Confirmation Navigate to the Cal tab from the Define Measurement window The following window will appea...

Страница 194: ...er s Guide Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Cal Derive detector constant from single sided spur 2 Known Spur Parameters Am...

Страница 195: ...er s Guide 195 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel Block Diagram Set Up Choose the Block Diagram tab from the Define Measurement window The following window will...

Страница 196: ...tem User s Guide Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel 1 Phase Shifter Select Manual from the Phase Shifter pull down 2 Phase Detector Select Automatic Detector fr...

Страница 197: ...se Test System User s Guide 197 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel Graph Configuration Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 8 6 Gra...

Страница 198: ...de Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Single Channel Set the graph parameters for graph display 1 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 1 Hz X Scale Maximum 20 MHz 2 Set Y Scale Y Scale...

Страница 199: ...the Do you want to perform a New Calibration and Measurement prompt appears click Yes When the Connect Diagram dialog box appears click on the hardware down arrow and select your hardware configurati...

Страница 200: ...Refer to Chapter 7 Residual and Additive Noise Measurement Fundamentals for more information about residual phase noise measurements calibration types If the software prompts to Establish Quadrature M...

Страница 201: ...the RF from the calibration source Figure 8 8 Apply Modulation The system will prompt you to Remove Modulation Turn off calibration source RF Figure 8 9 Remove Modulation The system will now measure...

Страница 202: ...mentals for more information about residual phase noise measurements Required equipment RF amplifier Stimulus source at frequency under test for this example an E8257D PSG will be used RF calibration...

Страница 203: ...Example Dual Channel Configuring Equipment Set Up stimulus PSG Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm Set SSB Cal Tone Set the cal source to be at a 1 kHz offset from the stimulus carrier at the output of t...

Страница 204: ...nt Procedure Start the N5510 application Measurement Type and Range At the top of the main application window click Define and select Measurement from the drop down menu Define Measurement The followi...

Страница 205: ...Example Dual Channel 1 Choose Measurement Type Measurement Type Residual Phase Noise without using phase locked loop 2 Choose Channel Setup Channel Setup Single 3 Cross correlations FFT Analyzer Minim...

Страница 206: ...asurement Example Dual Channel Source Configuration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference source REF Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current window and the fol...

Страница 207: ...m User s Guide 207 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel Cal Confirmation Navigate to the Cal tab from the Define Measurement window The following window will appear...

Страница 208: ...ser s Guide Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Cal Derive detector constant from single sided spur 2 Known Spur Parameters Amp...

Страница 209: ...ser s Guide 209 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel Block Diagram Set Up Choose the Block Diagram tab from the Define Measurement window The following window will...

Страница 210: ...stem User s Guide Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel 1 Phase Shifter Select Manual from the Phase Shifter pull down 2 Phase Detector Select Automatic Detector fro...

Страница 211: ...Guide 211 Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel Graph Configuration Navigate to the Graph tab The following window will appear Figure 8 15 Graph Confirmation Set th...

Страница 212: ...Test System User s Guide Residual Measurement Examples Amplifier Measurement Example Dual Channel 1 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 1 Hz X Scale Maximum 20 MHz 2 Set Y Scale Y Scale Minimum 30 dBc Hz Y Sc...

Страница 213: ...the Do you want to perform a New Calibration and Measurement prompt appears click Yes When the Connect Diagram dialog box appears click on the hardware down arrow and select your hardware configuratio...

Страница 214: ...ditive Noise Measurement Fundamentals for more information about residual phase noise measurements calibration types If the software prompts to Establish Quadrature Manually adjust the phase differenc...

Страница 215: ...urement Example Dual Channel The system will then prompt you to Apply Modulation to the Carrier At this moment turn on the RF from the calibration source Figure 8 17 Apply Modulation The system will p...

Страница 216: ...mple Dual Channel The system will now measure the noise data The segment data will be displayed on the computer screen as the data is taken until all segments have been taken over the entire range you...

Страница 217: ...217 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 9 FM Discriminator Fundamentals The Frequency Discriminator Method on page 218...

Страница 218: ...criminator Figure 9 1 converts short term frequency fluctuations of a source into voltage fluctuations that can be measured by a baseband analyzer The conversion is a two part process first converting...

Страница 219: ...surement is made System sensitivity A frequency discriminator s system sensitivity is determined by the transfer response As shown below it is desirable to make both the phase detector constant K and...

Страница 220: ...be measured without compensating for the sin x x response For example a 200 ns delay line will have better sensitivity close to carrier than a 50 ns delay line but will not be usable beyond 2 5 MHz of...

Страница 221: ...y line and LZ is the attenuation of the delay line Taking the derivative with respect to the length L to find the maximum of this equation results in LZ 8 7 dB of attenuation The optimum sensitivity o...

Страница 222: ...ase detector compression point Improved sensitivity can be achieved by reducing the length of the delay or by using a more efficient line so that the signal level out is 5 7 dBm or 8 7 dB below the mi...

Страница 223: ...FM Discriminator Measurement Examples Introduction on page 224 FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration on page 225 FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement u...

Страница 224: ...rift tracking The setup for a discriminator measurement uses a delay line to convert frequency fluctuations to phase fluctuations and a phase shifter to set quadrature at the phase detector Figure 10...

Страница 225: ...apply a signal beyond the systems specifications Refer to the data sheet for power specifications To ensure accurate measurements allow the DUT and measurement equipment to warm up at least 30 minute...

Страница 226: ...Figure 10 2 shows the noise floor of the discriminator for given delay times t 2 Determine the length of coax required to provide the necessary delay Eight feet of BNC cable will provide 12 ns of dela...

Страница 227: ...ble Sided Spur Calibration Define the measurement Measurement Type and Range From the Define menu navigate to the Measurement window Refer to Figure 10 3 1 Choose the Type and Range tab 2 From the Mea...

Страница 228: ...r Single Channel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration Source Calibration 1 Choose the Source tab Refer to Figure 10 4 2 Enter the carrier center frequency of your DUT 5 MHz to 1 6 GHz Enter...

Страница 229: ...odulated calibration source into a spectrum analyzer and measure the 1st modulation sideband frequency and power relative to the carrier s frequency and power Enter the parameters in the following ste...

Страница 230: ...annel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration Block Diagram Configuration 1 Choose the Block Diagram tab Refer to Figure 10 6 2 From the Reference Source pull down select Manual 3 From the Pha...

Страница 231: ...riminator Single Channel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration Configure Graph 1 Choose the Graph tab Refer to Figure 10 7 2 Enter a graph description of your choice Figure 10 7 Select Graph...

Страница 232: ...specified because they are more widely available Using BNC cables may degrade the close in phase noise results and while adequate for this example should not be used for an actual measurement on an un...

Страница 233: ...iminator Measurement Examples FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration Beginning the measurement 1 From the View menu choose Meter to select the quadrature meter...

Страница 234: ...riminator Measurement Examples FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement using Double Sided Spur Calibration 2 From the Measurement menu choose New Measurement 3 When the Do you want to perform a Ne...

Страница 235: ...ed Spur Calibration 4 When the Connect Diagram dialog box appears click on the hardware pull down arrow and select your hardware configuration from the list See Figure 10 9 Figure 10 9 Setup diagram f...

Страница 236: ...g the measurement The calibration procedure determines the discriminator constant to use in the transfer response by measuring the system response to a known FM signal 2 Establish quadrature by adjust...

Страница 237: ...n until all segments have been taken over the entire range you specified in the Measurement definition s Type and Range When the measurement is complete When the measurement is complete refer to Chapt...

Страница 238: ...requency 100 E 6 Hz Minimum Number of Averages 4 FFT Quality Normal Swept Quality Fast 2 Sources Tab Carrier Source Frequency 1 027 E 9 Hz Power 19 dBm Detector Input Frequency 1 027 E 9 Hz 3 Cal Tab...

Страница 239: ...1 027GHz 19 dBm out VCO DSS Graph Type Single sideband Noise dBc Hz X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 100 E 6 Hz Y Scale Minimum 10 dBc Hz Y Scale Maximum 190 dBc Hz Normalize trace data to a 1 H...

Страница 240: ...loss in the delay line Verify that the signal source will be able to provide a power level at the output of the delay line of between 5 and 17 ICBM Be sure to take into account an additional 4 to 6 d...

Страница 241: ...inator Single Channel Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration in the power splitter The loss across 8 feet of BNC cable specified in this example is negligible The test set Signal and Refe...

Страница 242: ...e and Deviation Calibration Define the measurement Measurement Type and Range From the Define menu navigate to the Measurement window Refer to Figure 10 12 1 Choose the Type and Range tab 2 From the M...

Страница 243: ...ingle Channel Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration Source Calibration 1 Choose the Source tab Refer to Figure 10 13 2 Enter the carrier center frequency of your DUT 5 MHz to 1 6 GHz Ent...

Страница 244: ...t using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration Cal Configuration 1 Choose the Cal tab Refer to Figure 10 14 2 Select Derive constant from FM rate and deviation as the calibration method 3 Set the FM Rate t...

Страница 245: ...el Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration Block Diagram Configuration 1 Choose the Block Diagram tab Refer to Figure 10 15 2 From the Reference Source pull down select Manual 3 From the P...

Страница 246: ...inator Single Channel Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration Configure Graph 1 Choose the Graph tab Refer to Figure 10 16 2 Enter a graph description of your choice Figure 10 16 Select Gr...

Страница 247: ...n specified because they are more widely available Using BNC cables may degrade the close in phase noise results and while adequate for this example should not be used for an actual measurement on an...

Страница 248: ...nator Measurement Examples FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration Beginning the measurement 1 From the View menu choose Meter to select the quadrature mete...

Страница 249: ...minator Measurement Examples FM Discriminator Single Channel Measurement using FM Rate and Deviation Calibration 2 From the Measurement menu choose New Measurement 3 When the Do you want to perform a...

Страница 250: ...eviation Calibration 4 When the Connect Diagram dialog box appears click on the hardware pull down arrow and select your hardware configuration from the list See Figure 10 18 Figure 10 18 Setup diagra...

Страница 251: ...ing the measurement The calibration procedure determines the discriminator constant to use in the transfer response by measuring the system response to a known FM signal 2 Establish quadrature by adju...

Страница 252: ...n until all segments have been taken over the entire range you specified in the Measurement definition s Type and Range When the measurement is complete When the measurement is complete refer to Chapt...

Страница 253: ...p Frequency 100 E 6 Hz Minimum Number of Averages 4 FFT Quality Normal Swept Quality Fast 2 Sources Tab Carrier Source Frequency 1 027 E 9 Hz Power 19 dBm Detector Input Frequency 1 027 E 9 Hz 3 Cal T...

Страница 254: ...1 027GHz 19 dBm out VCO DSS Graph Type Single sideband Noise dBc Hz X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 100 E 6 Hz Y Scale Minimum 10 dBc Hz Y Scale Maximum 190 dBc Hz Normalize trace data to a 1 H...

Страница 255: ...nt Fundamentals AM Noise Measurement Theory of Operation on page 256 Amplitude Noise Measurement on page 257 Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines on page 260 User entry of phase detector con...

Страница 256: ...unction between the known signal and the measured baseband signal is calculated Phase noise measurement In the case of small angle phase modulation 0 1 rad the modulation sideband amplitude is constan...

Страница 257: ...detector with an AM detector the AM noise measurement can be calibrated in the same way as PM noise measurement except the phase modulation must be replaced with amplitude modulation The AM noise meas...

Страница 258: ...an AM detector filter Keysight 70429A K21 The detector for example is an 33330C Low Barrier Schottky Diode Detector The Schottky detectors will handle more power than the point contact detectors and...

Страница 259: ...mixer products The AC load on the detector is 50 set by the input impedance of the LNA in the test system The 50 ohm load increases the detector bandwidth up to more than 100 MHz N5511A has an intern...

Страница 260: ...In a dual channel configuration the internal noise floor can be reduced by cross correlation and can thus make these power considerations less critical An amplifier amplifiers if dual channel must be...

Страница 261: ...of leveled outputs the AM detector sensitivity will always be essentially the same Very quick method of estimating the equivalent phase detector constant Disadvantages It is the least accurate of the...

Страница 262: ...AM Noise Measurement Fundamentals Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines 4 Measure the noise data and interpret the results The measured data will be plotted as single sideband AM noise in dB...

Страница 263: ...ed spur method and the single sided spur method are the two most accurate methods for this reason Disadvantages Required that the DUT have adjustable AM which may also be turned off Requires the AM of...

Страница 264: ...ed in an absolute or residual measurement as AM is not being suppressed in this measurement See Figure 11 8 Figure 11 8 AM Detector removes carrier 4 Reconnect the AM detector and enter the carrier to...

Страница 265: ...his method is identical to method 1 however a reference with modulation capabilities is used to calibrate the measurement 1 Connect the device under test in a single channel or dual channel configurat...

Страница 266: ...gure 11 10 AM Detector removes carrier 4 Enter the carrier to sideband ratio and offset frequency then measure the calibration constant 5 Remove the AM source and reconnect the DUT 6 Measure noise dat...

Страница 267: ...tector are calibrated out The double sided spur method and the single sided spur method are the two most accurate methods for this reason Disadvantages Requires 2 RF sources which must be between 10 H...

Страница 268: ...ded spur ratio and the spur offset at the input to the AM detector with an RF spectrum analyzer See Figure 11 13 The spur should be adjusted such that it is between 30 and 60 dBc with a carrier offset...

Страница 269: ...Fundamentals Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines Figure 11 14 AM Detector removes carrier 5 Reconnect DUT signal to the AM detector s 6 Begin measurement following on screen instructions fo...

Страница 270: ...270 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide AM Noise Measurement Fundamentals Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines...

Страница 271: ...271 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 12 AM Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples on page 272...

Страница 272: ...ired equipment This measurement requires an E8257D in addition to the phase noise test system and your DUT You also need the coaxial cables and adapters necessary to connect the DUT and reference sour...

Страница 273: ...for this lab 1 Power Power on all the equipment Keysight N5511A PNTS E8257D PSG 2 Set up the DUT carrier signal Frequency 1 GHz Amplitude 14 dBm RF On Off On 3 Set up modulating tone AM AM Depth 1 5...

Страница 274: ...ment Procedure Measurement Type and Range File New Do you want to see the measurement parameters to default values Yes At the top of the main application window click Define and then select Measuremen...

Страница 275: ...independently and after the previous segment has been measured Fast is multi segment where segments are being measured in parallel This option allows for a live view of the data acquisition of the mea...

Страница 276: ...Examples Source Calibration Next we will configure the settings for the DUT and the reference sources Navigate to the Source tab at the top of the current window This window will appear Figure 12 3 So...

Страница 277: ...Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples Cal Configuration Navigate to the Cal tab This window will appear Figure 12 4 Cal Tab For this tab we will use Beat Note Cal Refer to the Cal...

Страница 278: ...ide AM Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples 1 Configure Phase Detector Constant Settings Phase Detector Constant Derive detector constant from double sided spur 2 Configure Known S...

Страница 279: ...Guide 279 AM Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples Block Diagram Configuration Navigate to the Block Diagram tab This window will appear Figure 12 5 Block Diagram Tab 1 Phase Detec...

Страница 280: ...280 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide AM Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples Configure Graph Navigate to the Graph tab This window will appear Figure 12 6 Graph Tab...

Страница 281: ...t System User s Guide 281 AM Noise Measurement Examples AM Noise Measurement Examples 1 Set Title 2 Set X Scale X Scale Minimum 10 Hz X Scale Maximum 2 MHz 3 Set Y Scale Y Scale Maximum 0 dBc Hz Y Sca...

Страница 282: ...asurement Close Define Window From the File Menu Measure New Measurement When the Do you want to perform a New Calibration and Measurement prompt appears click Yes Software will prompt to turn on and...

Страница 283: ...283 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 13 Baseband Noise Measurement Example Baseband Noise with Test Set Measurement Example on page 285...

Страница 284: ...s can be performed in either single or dual channel mode The baseband noise paths are calibrated in N5511A and therefore there is no user calibration required The figures below show the configuration...

Страница 285: ...nu Define Measurement Measurement Type Baseband Noise using test set Connect a noise source to the test set using one of the configurations as shown in Figure 13 1 New Measurement Close Define Window...

Страница 286: ...6 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Baseband Noise Measurement Example Baseband Noise with Test Set Measurement Example The connection diagram will show the configuration setup Press Continu...

Страница 287: ...and Noise Measurement Example Baseband Noise with Test Set Measurement Example Figure 13 2 shows a typical phase noise curve for a baseband noise measurement using the test set Figure 13 2 Phase Noise...

Страница 288: ...st 2 Cal Tab Gain preceding noise input 0 dB 3 Block Diagram Tab Noise Source Test Set Noise Input 4 Test Set Tab Input Attenuation 0 dB LNA Low Pass Filter 20 MHz Auto checked LNA Gain Auto Gain Mini...

Страница 289: ...stem User s Guide 14 Evaluating Your Measurement Results Evaluating the Results on page 290 Gathering More Data on page 293 Outputting the Results on page 294 Graph of Results on page 295 Omit Spurs o...

Страница 290: ...File is recommended for each measurement These steps provide an overview of the evaluation process Look for obvious problems on the graph such as discontinuity breaks Compare the graph against known...

Страница 291: ...s of a similar type of circuit operating in a similar manner The reference source It is important that you know the noise and spur characteristics of your reference source when you are making phase no...

Страница 292: ...Compensation for added reference source noise For example applying to the graph the 7 dB difference in noise levels at 10 Hz reveals that the measured results should be decreased by about 1 dB at 10...

Страница 293: ...er action recommended in Problem Solving on page 302 repeating the measurement after each change allows you to check the effect that the change has had on the total noise graph To repeat a measurement...

Страница 294: ...nt Results Outputting the Results Outputting the Results To generate a printed hardcopy of your test results you must have a printer connected to the computer Using a printer To print the phase noise...

Страница 295: ...Graph of Results functions from the main graph menu You can load a result file using the File System functions and then display the results The following functions are available to help you evaluate y...

Страница 296: ...Test System User s Guide Evaluating Your Measurement Results Graph of Results 2 To remove the highlighted marker click the Delete button You may add as many as nine markers See Figure 14 6 Figure 14 6...

Страница 297: ...aluating Your Measurement Results Omit Spurs Omit Spurs Omit Spurs plots the currently loaded results without displaying any spurs that may be present 1 On the View menu click Display Preferences See...

Страница 298: ...298 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Evaluating Your Measurement Results Omit Spurs 2 In the Display Preferences dialog box uncheck Spurs See Figure 14 8 Click OK Figure 14 8 Uncheck spurs...

Страница 299: ...299 Evaluating Your Measurement Results Omit Spurs 3 The Graph will be displayed without spurs Figure 14 9 To re display the spurs check Spurs in the Display Preferences dialog box Figure 14 9 Graph...

Страница 300: ...r summary The Parameter Summary function allows you to quickly review the measurement parameter entries that were used for this measurement The parameter summary data is included when you print the gr...

Страница 301: ...s Guide 301 Evaluating Your Measurement Results Omit Spurs 2 The Parameter Summary Notepad dialog box appears Figure 14 12 The data can be printed or changed using standard Notepad functionality Figu...

Страница 302: ...ption Recommended Action Break between segments where closely spaced spurs are resolved in one segment but not in the next Closely spaced spurs that are resolved in one sweep segment but not in the ne...

Страница 303: ...uency between the phase detector portion of the measurement and the voltage controlled oscillator tune line measurement The accuracy degradation can be caused by An inaccurate Tuning or Phase Detector...

Страница 304: ...Refer to Table 14 3 The spur marking criterion is a detected upward change of more than X dB where X is the value shown below within 4 data points a single data point noise peak will not be marked as...

Страница 305: ...eases in the Peak Tuning Range set by the VCO source Shorten coaxial cables as much as possible particularly the Tune Voltage Output cable Make sure all cable connections are tight It may be possible...

Страница 306: ...of the signal To accurately plot noise that exceeds the small angle line select the Spectral Density of Phase Modulation dB Hz graph type S L raises the noise floor by 3 dB The 10 dB per decade line i...

Страница 307: ...Lock Loop Suppression on page 309 PLL suppression parameters on page 310 Ignore Out Of Lock Mode on page 312 PLL Suppression Verification Process on page 313 Blanking Frequency and Amplitude Informati...

Страница 308: ...e Advanced Functions allows you to manipulate the test system or to customize a measurement using the extended capabilities of the N5510 software This chapter describes each of these advanced function...

Страница 309: ...Loop Suppression Selecting PLL Suppression Curve on the View menu causes the software to display the PLL Suppression Curve plot as shown in Figure 15 1 when it is verified during measurement calibrat...

Страница 310: ...nge plotted for the smoothed measured loop suppression The frequency of the assumed pole is normally much greater than the Closed PLL BW and there is no loop peaking If the smoothed measured PLL suppr...

Страница 311: ...sion The Assumed Pole frequency is normally much greater than the Closed PLL BW An Assumed Pole frequency of less than 10 X PLL BW is an indication of peaking on the PLL Suppression curve For PLL BWs...

Страница 312: ...ows you to measure sources with high close in noise that normally would cause an out of lock condition and stop the measurement When Ignore Out Of Lock is selected the user is responsible for monitori...

Страница 313: ...on which is very useful in detecting errors in the phase detector constant or tune constant the tune constant linearity limited VCO tune port bandwidth conditions and injection locking conditions If t...

Страница 314: ...ression information The PLL Suppression View graph has been updated to allow measured calculated adjusted and theoretical information to be examined more closely When the Always Show Suppression Graph...

Страница 315: ...of the measured results it is used to compare with the theoretical loop suppression c Theoretical suppression curve Figure 15 6 this is the predicted loop suppression based on the initial loop parame...

Страница 316: ...316 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Advanced Software Features Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 4 Measured loop suppression curve...

Страница 317: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 317 Advanced Software Features Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 5 Smoothed loop suppression curve...

Страница 318: ...318 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Advanced Software Features Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 6 Theoretical loop suppression curve...

Страница 319: ...N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 319 Advanced Software Features Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 7 Smoothed vs theoretical loop suppression curve...

Страница 320: ...320 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Advanced Software Features Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 8 Smoothed vs Adjusted theoretical loop suppression curve...

Страница 321: ...ures Phase Lock Loop Suppression Figure 15 9 Adjusted theoretical vs theoretical loop suppression curve Accuracy degradation Accuracy specification degradation is determined by taking the larger of Ma...

Страница 322: ...ise graph See Figure 15 10 Figure 15 10 Choosing levels of security Implementing either of the secured levels described in this section is not reversible Once the frequency or frequency amplitude data...

Страница 323: ...equency and Amplitude Information on the Phase Noise Graph Secured Frequencies Cannot be Viewed When Secured Frequencies cannot be viewed is selected all frequency information is blanked on the phase...

Страница 324: ...324 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Advanced Software Features Blanking Frequency and Amplitude Information on the Phase Noise Graph Figure 15 12 Secured frequencies cannot be viewed...

Страница 325: ...aph Secured Frequencies and Amplitudes cannot be viewed When Secured Frequencies and Amplitudes cannot be viewed is selected all frequency and amplitude information is blanked on the phase noise graph...

Страница 326: ...326 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Advanced Software Features Blanking Frequency and Amplitude Information on the Phase Noise Graph...

Страница 327: ...f Various Keysight Sources on page 330 Increase in Measured Noise as Ref Source Approaches DUT Noise on page 331 Approximate Sensitivity of Delay Line Discriminator on page 332 AM Calibration on page...

Страница 328: ...phase detector in the test set Figure 16 1 illustrates the approximate noise floor of the N5500A test set for a range of R input port signal levels from 15 dBm to 15 dBm These estimates of sensitivity...

Страница 329: ...dians integrated over any one decade of offset frequency At approximately 0 2 radians the power in the higher order sidebands of the phase modulation is still insignificant compared to the power in th...

Страница 330: ...indicates the level of phase noise that has been measured for several potential reference sources at specific frequencies Depending on the sensitivity that is required at the offset to be measured a s...

Страница 331: ...e as Ref Source Approaches DUT Noise The graph shown in Figure 16 4 demonstrates that as the noise level of the reference source approaches the noise level of the DUT the level measured by the softwar...

Страница 332: ...to the delay line sensitivity it is apparent the delay line sensitivity is tipped up by 20 dB decade beginning at an offset of 1 2 The sensitivity graphs indicate the delay line frequency discriminat...

Страница 333: ...is used to determine the equivalent phase Detector Constant from the measured AM Detector input level or from the diode detector s DC voltage The equivalent phase detector constant phase slope is rea...

Страница 334: ...o maintain quadrature is limited to a fraction of the peak tuning range PTR to ensure that the tuning slope is well behaved and the VCO Tune Constant remains accurate After phase lock is established t...

Страница 335: ...for Center Voltage The graph in Figure 16 8 outlines the minimum to maximum Tune Range of VCO that the software provides for a given center voltage The Tune range of VCO decreases as the absolute val...

Страница 336: ...in Figure 16 9 provides a comparison between the typical phase noise level of a variety of sources and the minimum tuning range that is necessary for the test system to create a phase lock loop of suf...

Страница 337: ...n Figure 16 10 illustrates the closed Phase Lock Loop Bandwidth PLL BW chosen by the test system as a function of the Peak Tuning Range of the source Knowing the approximate closed PLL BW allows you t...

Страница 338: ...mits Due to Peak Tuning Range The graph in Figure 16 11 illustrates the equivalent phase noise at the Peak Tuning Range entered for the source due to the inherent noise at the test set Tune Voltage Ou...

Страница 339: ...M Deviation 0 10 50 600 Compute Keysight 8662 3A EFC u0 5 E 9 x 0 0 10 1E 6 Measure DCFM FM Deviation 0 10 1 K 8662 Calculate 600 8663 Calculate Keysight 8642A B FM Deviation 0 10 600 Calculate Keysig...

Страница 340: ...340 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide Reference Graphs and Tables Tuning Characteristics of Various VCO Source Options...

Страница 341: ...341 Keysight N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide 17 System Specifications System Specifications on page 342 Power requirements on page 344...

Страница 342: ...nd Pollution Degree 2 Table 17 1 Mechanical and environmental specifications Specifications Values Temperature Operating 0 C to 55 C 32 F to 131 F Non operating storage 40 C to 70 C 40 F to 158 F Alti...

Страница 343: ...ing characteristics Warm up time required 30 minutes Carrier frequency Input Range 50 kHz to 40 GHz System noise response 175 dBc Hz typically 10 kHz offsets System spurious response 120 dBc typically...

Страница 344: ...voltage The N5511A system is shipped with AC power cords appropriate for your location For information on an instrument s power line module see the instrument s separate user s guide Table 17 3 N5511...

Страница 345: ...connections N5511A System Modules on page 346 Making Connections on page 347 N5511A Two Channel Cable Connections on page 349 System Connectors on page 354 This chapter contains information and diagra...

Страница 346: ...346 N5511A Phase Noise Test System User s Guide System Interconnections N5511A System Modules N5511A System Modules Figure 18 1 N5511A System Modules...

Страница 347: ...orque the connector to the proper value Proper Connector Torque Provides more accurate measurements Keeps moisture out of the connectors Eliminates radio frequency interference RFI from affecting your...

Страница 348: ...provide a monitor to view the user interface Connect a display port cable to the M9037A controller display port connection and your monitor Figure 18 2 M9037A Controller Display Port Connect a USB ke...

Страница 349: ...11A Two Channel Cable Connections Figure 18 3 All Cables Cable colors are for identifying purposes only Cable Color Cable Group Cable Part Numbers White Clock 8120 5091 120 mm Green Phase Detector Tes...

Страница 350: ...erconnections N5511A Two Channel Cable Connections Figure 18 4 Clock Cables Clock Cable Connections All Cables Part 8120 5091 120 mm M9551A M9300A 156 kHz Clk 1 100 MHz Out 1 156 kHz Clk 1 100 MHz Out...

Страница 351: ...N5511A Two Channel Cable Connections Figure 18 5 Phase Noise Test Set 1 Cables Phase Noise Test Set 1 Cable Connections All Cables Part 8121 2175 300 mm M9551A M955xA 156 kHz IN 1 156 kHz 100 MHz 156...

Страница 352: ...N5511A Two Channel Cable Connections Figure 18 6 Phase Noise Test Set 2 Cables Phase Noise Test Set 2 Cable Connections All Cables Part 8121 2175 300 mm M9551A M955xA 156 kHz IN 2 156 kHz 100 MHz 156...

Страница 353: ...erconnections N5511A Two Channel Cable Connections Figure 18 7 FFT Data Converter Cables FFT Data Converter Cable Connections All Cables Part 8121 5091 M9551A M955xA 156 kHz CAL 1 BB Cal In DC 100 MHz...

Страница 354: ...stem Connectors The following figures and tables show the connectors and adapters for the main N5511A system It includes the type and quantity for each module in the system Figure 18 8 M9300A Connecto...

Страница 355: ...Qty Adapter Coaxial straight Female K Female K 3 Adapter Coaxial Straight Bulkhead SMB Jack MMCX Jack 50 6 GHz 1 Adapter Coaxial Straight Bulkhead SMA Jack MMCX Jack 50 6 GHz 1 RF SMB Male Straight E...

Страница 356: ...ors Figure 18 10 M9551A Connectors Table 18 4 M9551A Connectors Description Qty RF SMB Male Straight Edge mount 50 4 GHz 16 Micro USB Type B Receptacle Right angle SMT 5 POS 0 65mm 30VAC 1 8A 1 Row 1...

Страница 357: ...neral Procedures and Techniques on page 361 Instrument Removal on page 364 Instrument Installation on page 367 Using Inspecting and Cleaning RF Connectors on page 358 Repeatability on page 358 RF Cabl...

Страница 358: ...ected RF Cable and Connector Care Connectors are the most critical link in a precision measurement system These devices are manufactured to extremely precise tolerances and must be used and maintained...

Страница 359: ...e torque required depends on the type of connector Refer to Table 19 1 Do not overtighten the connector Never exceed the recommended torque when attaching cables Connector Wear and Damage Look for met...

Страница 360: ...oth or one slightly dampened with water to clean the external case parts Do not attempt to clean internally Do not allow excessive alcohol to run into the connector Excessive alcohol entering the conn...

Страница 361: ...This section introduces you to the various cable and connector types used in the system Read this section before attempting to remove or install an instrument Each connector type may have unique cons...

Страница 362: ...arefully join the connectors being careful not to cross thread them Loosen precision 3 5 mm connectors on flexible cables by turning the connector nut counter clockwise with a 5 16 inch wrench Always...

Страница 363: ...male connector center pin into the female connector Make sure the cable is aligned with the instrument connector properly before joining them Turn the silver nut clockwise by hand until it is snug th...

Страница 364: ...and Techniques then disconnect all cables on the front and on the rear panel Most cables are fairly easy to remove and reconnect and have no special considerations besides making sure you put the cab...

Страница 365: ...m the front and rear of both instruments Note the location of cables for re installation 5 Remove the four corner screws on the front of the rack panel that secures the instruments in place The screws...

Страница 366: ...nchtop Instrument Table 19 5 To remove an instrument from a benchtop system Step Notes 1 Power off each instrument in the system 2 Unplug the selected instrument s power cord from the AC power supply...

Страница 367: ...reconnect and have no special considerations besides making sure you put the cables back in the right place Semirigid cables require more care especially when reconnecting them Make sure all semirigid...

Страница 368: ...m sliding them along the support rails until they meet the rack mount ears The rack mount ears stop the instruments at the correct depth 5 Replace the rack panel in front of the instruments and secure...

Страница 369: ...This information is subject to change without notice Keysight Technologies 2019 Edition 1 September 2019 N5511 90002 www keysight com...

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