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3. Type

COPY A (or B):PACTERM.COM

and press the ENTER key. This

will copy PACTERM.COM to your current directory (shown at your DOS

prompt).

Guided Installation

Another way to install Pacterm on your hard drive is to use the

Kantronics Pro-

gram and Information

disk to guide you through the steps, as follows:

1. Put the

Kantronics Program and Information

disk (or a backup) in a floppy

drive (e.g., A or B) and, if you are not already there, change to the floppy

drive where you put this disk (e.g., type and enter

A:

or

B:

as appropriate),

2. Type

TNC

and press the ENTER key, to start the TNC program, and use the

on-screen menus to select

PACTERM

, then

INSTALL PACTERM

, and

then follow the on-screen instructions,

3. Type and enter the drive to which you want Pacterm copied (e.g.,

C

), which

can be any drive (except the floppy drive with the

Kantronics Program and

Information

disk it it) that has the space for it,

4. Next, type and enter the directory or subdirectory (e.g.,

\PACTERM

) to

which you want Pacterm (the program) copied. If you specify a directory or

subdirectory that does not already exist, the installation program will create it

and then copy PACTERM.COM there.

5. Check the on-screen confirmation of the installation and EXIT to DOS.

Saving Pacterm on a Floppy Disk

You may use the Pacterm program on the backup copy of the “Kantronics

Program and Information: Disk 1" disk or on another floppy disk (a disk to which

you have copied the file named “PACTERM.COM”). In this case, you do not

need to do anything special to install it. Just follow the “Starting Pacterm”

instructions given below.

Installing Pacterm

Pacterm v 2.0

KAM’98 v 8.3

73

User’s Guide

Содержание KAM 98

Страница 1: ...Hardware Specifications Kantronics 1202 E 23rd Street Lawrence Kansas 66046 Orders Inquiries 785 842 7745 FAX 785 842 2031 e mail sales kantronics com website www kantronics com Service Technical Sup...

Страница 2: ...ntronics Co Inc 1202 E 23rd Street Lawrence KS 66046 Copyright 1998 by Kantronics Co Inc All Rights Reserved Contents of this publication or the firmware within the KAM 98 may not be re produced in an...

Страница 3: ...at Kantronics in order for you to receive warranty service Refer to the warranty policy in this manual for further information Mail form and sales receipt to Kantronics 1202 E 23rd Street Lawrence KS...

Страница 4: ...User s Guide ii KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 5: ...E or its Documentation are transferred from Kantronics to you 2 Term This License Agreement is effective until terminated You may termi nate this Agreement by destroying the PROM or diskette and docum...

Страница 6: ...on provide you with upgrades of the SOFT WARE and or Documentation if you have provided Kantronics your completed Warranty registration with a copy of your receipt showing the amount you paid LICENSEE...

Страница 7: ...entation Conventions 15 Differences from the KAM Plus 16 Package Contents 17 Additional Parts For Your Multi Mode Radio Station 18 Our Assumptions About You 18 Basic Components of Your Station 19 Insi...

Страница 8: ...44 Purchase Your Serial Cable 45 Make Your Serial Cable 45 Installing the RS 232 Cable 47 Install Software and Configure Your KAM 98 49 Connect Your KAM 98 to Your Transceiver 51 Parts for Connecting...

Страница 9: ...ands Overview 81 On Screen Help 81 From MAIN Menu BACKSPACE Go to Terminal Screen 81 From Terminal Screen F1 Go to MAIN Menu 81 Commands Setup Using the MAIN Menu 82 F3 Select TNC Use Default Packet 8...

Страница 10: ...ut Nothing Happens 95 Problem Your Computer Freezes Up 95 Problem You Are Getting Bad or Intermittent Data 95 Problem Your TNC Stops Behaving Normally 96 Getting Started 97 The Front Panel of the KAM...

Страница 11: ...n 117 Calling CQ 117 Answering a CQ 118 Mode B FEC Operation 119 Mode B SELFEC Operation 119 Receiving Mode B SELFEC 119 Transmitting Mode B SELFEC 120 Listen AMTOR operation 120 Notes on AMTOR operat...

Страница 12: ...Packet Modes of Operation 143 Overview of Packet Communication 143 Introduction 143 Information is Organized into Packets 143 Your Packet Unit is a Terminal Node Controller TNC 143 Protocol for Amate...

Страница 13: ...ntroduction 160 Using Your PBBS 160 PBBS Commands 162 B ye 162 E dit n BPTYNFH tocall fromcall BBS old new 162 H elp 162 J heard 162 J heard S hort 162 J heard L ong 163 L ist x y 163 L ist call 163 L...

Страница 14: ...tting Parameters in the TNC 183 GPS Unit Initialization from the TNC 184 GPS Operations 184 Starting the TNC in GPS Mode 184 Exiting GPS Mode 185 Other GPS Features 185 Slotted Beacons 185 Tracking Wi...

Страница 15: ...ASCII Mode 1200 Baud 211 Copying Weather Broadcasts NWS EMWIN 211 Kantronics Host Mode Operation 211 KISS Mode 212 XKISS Extended KISS Mode 214 DAMA Slave Mode Capacity 215 What is DAMA 215 What Does...

Страница 16: ...nd Held Radios 332 Optional Connections to DB 9 Radio Port 333 Applying Power through the DB 9 connector 333 Resetting the KAM 98 through the DB 9 connector 333 Appendix B Advanced Information 334 Ass...

Страница 17: ...e to Make a Connect 346 Cannot Transmit 347 Cannot Return to Command Mode 347 Getting Out of Host Mode 348 Appendix E Additional Information 350 Specifications 350 Messages from the KAM 98 351 ASCII C...

Страница 18: ......

Страница 19: ...arranty Period it will at its option repair or replace the defective Ap plicable Product at no charge to you excluding in bound shipping charges 3 EXCLUSIVE REMEDY Repair or replacement of the Applica...

Страница 20: ...entation are sold to the consumer purchaser and become property of the purchaser Firmware and software are licensed for use by the consumer purchaser in return for a fee included in the purchase price...

Страница 21: ...hat the functions contained in any software will meet your requirements or achieve your intended results or that operation of any software will be uninterrupted or error free or without effect upon ot...

Страница 22: ...ur Warranty Registration card and copy of proof of purchase establishing purchase date 8 NON ASSIGNMENT This Limited Warranty is not assignable by you Any attempt to assign or transfer any of the righ...

Страница 23: ...to the Kantronics wiring instructions in this manual Verify your terminal baud rate It may be useful to perform a Hard Reset See Hard Reset section If service or repairs still appear necessary after...

Страница 24: ...he problem unit name firmware version computer type computer software used and if possible a list of current parameter values for your unit as shown in a DIS PLAY listing Be sure to include a return f...

Страница 25: ...tlined below It will save both you the customer and Kantronics unnecessary difficulties and expense All returns must be shipped to the factory at 1202 East 23rd Street Lawrence KS 66046 U S A All expe...

Страница 26: ...ailable in case we need to contact you a correct and full address for return method of payment to be used for any charges if MasterCard or VISA include expiration date a brief description of the probl...

Страница 27: ...television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate...

Страница 28: ...l RF environment and may be causative factors in RFI induced problems The suggestions given here may assist in resolving RFI problems you may encounter in your unique station Use shielded cable for al...

Страница 29: ...ket modes of operation are described briefly in this chapter and covered in detail in the chapter on non packet modes of operation Commands for each mode are documented in the Commands chapter KAM 98...

Страница 30: ...ng the GPS device at the RS 232 port or at the AUX port where a second serial input port in available Users may also configure the KAM 98 as an APRS digipeater All UI digipeater commands including Wid...

Страница 31: ...Other operations The KAM 98 also supports WEFAX EMWIN HOST mode and the KISS protocal all of which are discussed in this manual Software control The KAM 98 can be controlled with terminal communicati...

Страница 32: ...work node point for other stations using KA NODE and or the optional K Net feature serving as a data gathering or control device at a remote location And much more Overview of This User s Guide Manual...

Страница 33: ...d in the KAM 98 documentation To indicate a particular key the name of the key is given in capitals For exam ple press the ENTER key Sometimes you will need to hold down one key on the computer while...

Страница 34: ...h covers HF and 2 meters with the flip of a switch is one such radio The AFSK modem is also enhanced compared to the KAM Plus All 4 and 6 pole filters have been replaced with sharper 8 pole filters Th...

Страница 35: ...sumes Finally as above the KAM 98 adds some new commands not found in the KAM Plus and deletes some found there For example the SHIFT command used in the KAM Plus has been eliminated mark and space to...

Страница 36: ...or VHF transceivers or a transceiver that can do both Microphone Mic or accessory jack connectors for your radios A computer or other RS 232 terminal device A serial modem cable used to connect the KA...

Страница 37: ...tion ra dio station has three basic parts a transceiver with an antenna a device such as the KAM 98 called a TNC i e Terminal Node Controller which is a combination modem and special purpose micro com...

Страница 38: ...onsisted primarily of a modem for communicating with a transceiver and a special purpose microprocessor called a PAD i e packet assembler disassembler used to process packets of informa tion and commu...

Страница 39: ...2K of RAM e g to a c c om m oda te a big g er Ma ilbox PBBS Mem ory used for interna l func tions e g storing pa ra m eter setting s a ssem bling a nd dissa ssem bling pa c kets storing da ta from pa...

Страница 40: ...called terminal units and did nothing but interface a teletype machine or computer operating as a dumb terminal and an HF radio In the late 1970s home computing began to emerge and many small compute...

Страница 41: ...et radio for those who are new to packet radio and those who want to review the topic Topics covered are Sending a message from one station to another Details about packets A brief discussion of proto...

Страница 42: ...LLO message from the time it is created by W XI to when it is read by KB NYK Step 1 Before this message can be transmitted from a source station to a destination station via an intermediate sta tion a...

Страница 43: ...ction is processed by W XI s TNC the TNC assumes that the operator wants to begin sending messages So the TNC 1 puts a mes sage on the computer monitor confirming that W XI is now connected through in...

Страница 44: ...ets use the AX 25 standard but it is possible to use another standard or pro tocol e g TCP IP on top of AX 25 in which case the packet is referred to by the name of the highest level pro tocol Step 7...

Страница 45: ...eries of 1 s and 0 s in the incoming bit stream and identifies the burst as an AX 25 packet of information containing the message HELLO Also and most significantly N GZZ registers that the packet desi...

Страница 46: ...packet addressed to it Since the digipeated packet originally came from KB NYK to whom he is connected and since the packet contains an acknowledgment for data that he had recently sent W XI s TNC ca...

Страница 47: ...t any back and forth coordination with any receiving station Stations receiving these packets can check to see if the packets are correct i e the same bit pattern is re ceived as when they were sent b...

Страница 48: ...the parties or until the sender times out after trying a number of times to get feedback and not succeeding Hint In most cases communication by packet radio is like mail not the tele phone in that it...

Страница 49: ...otocol Now it is useful to give a brief discussion of this protocol and another that fits within it Packet Communication Introduction KAM 98 v 8 3 31 User s Guide An AX 25 information packet also call...

Страница 50: ...ver sion 1 Alternatives to AX 25 TCP IP and the KISS protocol The TCP IP Transmission Control Proto col Internet Protocol suite of protocols require functionality not found in native AX 25 packets so...

Страница 51: ...een the KAM 98 and the computer connect the Radio port on the KAM 98 to an HF or VHF radio Note that a variety of devices other than an HF or VHF radio can be at tached to the Radio port connector e g...

Страница 52: ...tion This section describes the basic components needed for your multi mode digital radio station and the connections between components that will be involved in the installation of your station The K...

Страница 53: ...oices in cabling a KAM 98 to your transceiver 1 via the MIC and speaker jacks or 2 via a data jack There are advantages and disadvantages of using both methods The straightforward and traditional way...

Страница 54: ...dios may limit data transmission format there to either AFSK or FSK some other limitations may apply also and you ll generally have to program a set of switches in the radio to set parameters for vari...

Страница 55: ...ty 1 44MB floppy drive Hard drive optional You do not need to use a hard drive with the Information and program disk or other communication program If you want to gain speed and convenience by using y...

Страница 56: ...rs significantly more functionality than does the start up program Note Users of Windows 3 1 or above have another alternative The Win dows Accessories includes a basic terminal program called TERMINA...

Страница 57: ...as a TNC a less familiar term GPS Device Optional The KAM 98 works with Global Positioning System GPS devices that 1 sup port the NMEA 0183 standard and 2 have a dataport through which they com munic...

Страница 58: ...onne c tions on ba c k Power cube Power a da ptor 120 Va c 12 Vdc with ca ble a ssembly 120 V a c 2 1 mm power ja ck a nd stra nded 2 conductor wire Shielded RS 232 ca ble Com pute r GPS Port DB 25 fe...

Страница 59: ...for details on wiring the AUX connector to an external auxiliary device such as a remove sensing and or control device optional how to connect a GPS device to the KAM 98 s computer port or to the AUX...

Страница 60: ...and 18 22 gauge stranded 2 conductor cable to connect to a 12 Vdc power supply on your bench The steps are Step 1 Build a cable by attaching the supplied 2 1 mm power jack to a user supplied 18 22 ga...

Страница 61: ...eps are Step 1 A You may order from Kantronics as an option a Kantronics 120 Vac to 12Vdc 300mA power adapter or Step 1 B You may purchase the needed 120 Vac to 12Vdc 300mA power adapter from a third...

Страница 62: ...98 and your computer communicate with each other via a serial com munication cable connecting the KAM 98 s Computer port and a serial COM port on your computer This connection is shown in the diagram...

Страница 63: ...that if you are making their own cable you are familiar with the pro cess and just need to know 1 what parts are needed and 2 how the parts are connected Parts needed a male DB 25 connector to connec...

Страница 64: ...mputer has a 25 pin connector or a 9 pin connector and on how many wires are in the cable you only need 5 wires connected for KAM 98 operations but you may connect more wires to use the cable for othe...

Страница 65: ...using a PC compatible computer the wiring required between your computer and your KAM 98 is the same wiring you would use for an external telephone modem This cable should be available from your compu...

Страница 66: ...mes have female DB 25 connectors Do not connect the KAM 98 to a female DB 25 connector on the computer unless you are sure it is a serial COM port not a parallel LPT port Step 4 Check the connectors a...

Страница 67: ...ting KAM 98 parameter values Your KAM 98 ships with a basic terminal communication program called Pacterm 2 0 that will get your multi mode digital radio station up and running If you are already fami...

Страница 68: ...ill be asked to en ter your CALLSIGN which your KAM 98 will then use until otherwise notified So be prepared to enter your CALLSIGN when asked to do so IMPORTANT Now go to the Pacterm 2 0 chapter to u...

Страница 69: ...ransmission As illustrated in the diagram on page 40 the transceiver cable connects to the Radio port on the KAM 98 via a male DB 9 connector shipped with your KAM 98 Two separate cables also supplied...

Страница 70: ...i plug and cable which plugs into your trans ceiver s speaker jack and connects to the DB 9 connector supplied with your KAM 98 Note A DB 9 connector for the AUX port is not shipped with the KAM 98 bu...

Страница 71: ...ulation modulator input or TX audio would be connected to the TXA transmit audio pin on the KAM 98 PTT push to talk SEND or standby would be connected to the PTT pin on the KAM 98 Ground or PTT ground...

Страница 72: ...ceiver documentation or transceiver dealer for exact instructions on which connections you need to make as you wire your transceiver cable assembly Note If you need further assistance on your radio ca...

Страница 73: ...Yaesu diagrams pag G8 Connect Your KAM 98 to Your Transceiver Installing Your KAM 98 KAM 98 v 8 3 55 User s Guide...

Страница 74: ...ICOM diagrams page G9 Installing Your KAM 98 Connect Your KAM 98 to Your Transceiver User s Guide 56 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 75: ...Kenwood diagrams page G10 Connect Your KAM 98 to Your Transceiver Installing Your KAM 98 KAM 98 v 8 3 57 User s Guide...

Страница 76: ...se for wiring your assembly identify and make a note of the connector to the tip of your external speaker plug which will be wired to pin 5 receive audio on the KAM 98 s DB 9 Radio port identify and m...

Страница 77: ...nector pin 1 transmit audio and make a note of the color of the wire you used pin 3 Push To Talk and make a note of the color of the wire you used and for base and mobile units pin 9 ground for microp...

Страница 78: ...ble supplied with the KAM 98 or an appropriate third party speaker plug and the notes taken earlier to do the following wiring to the DB 9 connector Step 1 Locate the wire that connects to the tip of...

Страница 79: ...of the assembly use one of the screws to connect the two brackets passing the screw through the hole on the thin side of one bracket and attaching it screwing it into the threads to the other bracket...

Страница 80: ...into the slot at the wide end of the shell with pins facing away from the shell and cables resting inside the shell with the backplane of the DB 9 connector fitting behind the lip that protrudes slig...

Страница 81: ...ed Connecting Your Transceiver Cable Assembly Now you are ready to use this cable assembly to finish assembling your multi mode digital radio station which may use an HF HF VHF or VHF trans ceiver Ste...

Страница 82: ...available from Radio Shack Assembly Follow the guidelines in the previous section for wiring the KAM 98 DB 9 Radio Port side of your DATA JACK cabling assembly Then wire up the data jack end of the c...

Страница 83: ...the point at which the KAM 98 s RCV LED lit up turned ON Step 8 Slowly turn the transceiver s squelch control clockwise until the KAM 98 s RCV LED goes OUT turns OFF Now the squelch control and volume...

Страница 84: ...c drive LEVEL is set as you would in voice mode With most trans ceivers the ALC meter reading should be set to full scale See the CALIBRATE command in the Command Reference for details For FM packet o...

Страница 85: ...need to remove the computer s serial modem cable from the KAM 98 s Computer port and replace it with the GPS s cable before you can use the GPS device with the KAM 98 you will need to use your comput...

Страница 86: ...station For more information on installation topics see the Advanced Installation Ap pendix Your KAM 98 is now installed and ready to use You may now go to the Getting Started chapter to learn how to...

Страница 87: ...de digital TNCs to operate in HF non packet modes After getting started you do not need to limit yourself to Pacterm 2 0 The TNC will operate with a wide range of terminal communication programs some...

Страница 88: ...a from your TNC VIEW PRINT and or SAVE information sent from your TNC to your computer End a session either of two ways Disconnect and EXIT to DOS EXIT directly to DOS Other uses of Pacterm are as fol...

Страница 89: ...TERMINAL Screen to control the session and communicate with the TNC 6 If you get the Pacterm Cannot Communicate screen the first time you try to go to the TERMINAL Screen be sure the TNC is turned ON...

Страница 90: ...k Copying files from a floppy to your hard drive You may install Pacterm on your hard drive by simply copying the Pacterm program file to the drive and directory or subdirectory of your choice as foll...

Страница 91: ...e drive to which you want Pacterm copied e g C which can be any drive except the floppy drive with the Kantronics Program and Information disk it it that has the space for it 4 Next type and enter the...

Страница 92: ...ly e g cable is plugged in securely There are no other faults in the normal operations of the components or connections between them When you first try to communicate with the TNC Pacterm checks for a...

Страница 93: ...and directory from which you start Pacterm For example suppose the program PACTERM COM is in C COMM i e drive C directory COMM and you are on directory SAVEBUFF on a disk in drive A A SAVEBUFF In this...

Страница 94: ...her it is readable or garbled on your screen enter the character SHIFT 8 key combination 3 When the AUTOBAUD routine receives the character from the serial port it uses that character to determine Pac...

Страница 95: ...ut these parameters and knowing how to reconfigure your TNC gives you more control in using it with Pacterm Required TNC Parameter Settings To work with Pacterm the following TNC parameter settings ar...

Страница 96: ...ical note XFLOW controls whether or not software flow control is ON If XFLOW is set to OFF the following parameters should also be set to 0 zero XON XOFF START and STOP FILTER OFF default 8BITCONV ON...

Страница 97: ...scribed on the MAIN Menu except SETUP functions and ESC The MAIN Menu Screen As shown below the MAIN Menu screen shows all the functions available in Pacterm and serves as a Help screen as well Each M...

Страница 98: ...d data to send it later OFLIN Shows whether the user has set Pacterm to request the TNC to send data START or not to send data STOP The current status of Output Control Functions If the PRINT request...

Страница 99: ...M port and BAUD rate are set up as you need MAIN Menu keys except those used for SETUP or for EXIT to DOS can also be used to go to the Terminal Screen From Terminal Screen F1 Go to MAIN Menu After yo...

Страница 100: ...rt each session F3 Select TNC Use Default Packet Pressing F3 switches back and forth between two uses of your TNC with Packet communication default or with HF Non Packet communication The current sett...

Страница 101: ...ially the same as bits per second Press F8 to step through the available baud rates Pacterm s current BAUD rate is shown on the MAIN Menu Since data flows back and forth between Pacterm and your TNC b...

Страница 102: ...control signal is shown on the right end of the status line RTS is shown if RTS is ON CTS is shown if CTS is ON F5 Pacterm to TNC Offline or Online Default Pressing F5 from either the MAIN Menu or the...

Страница 103: ...that try to connect The status of this command START or STOP is shown on the Status Line Technical note START is a request for the TNC to send any new data to Pacterm Before new data will actually be...

Страница 104: ...equires you may get print outs by copying material to the Holding Buffer saving it as a file then using any text editor or word processor to bring in the ASCII file and print it Caution Using ALT P to...

Страница 105: ...the Holding Buffer before you use this command F2 Holding Buffer SAVE and CLEAR Press F2 to SAVE the current contents of the Holding Buffer to a file in the cur rent directory or to the current direct...

Страница 106: ...able to save the file or if the drive door is open you will get the standard DOS message Not ready reading drive n Abort Retry Fail If you can fix the problem e g shut the door or insert a disk with e...

Страница 107: ...m your computer to your TNC which is then responsible for sending it on to your transceiver for transmission 1 Use Pacterm to put your TNC in either Conversation Mode or Transparent Mode connection wi...

Страница 108: ...n To send such a file successfully add an EOF code e g by using an appropriate word pro cessor Commands Exiting The following exit commands are available in Pacterm F9 Switch Your TNC to Command Mode...

Страница 109: ...new Pacterm session Hint If your TNC is turned OFF when you press F10 your computer may freeze up when these commands are sent by Pacterm Try turning the TNC back ON and using F10 again to EXIT If th...

Страница 110: ...rom the keyboard Commands that Work Differently in HF Non Packet Mode When Pacterm is in HF non packet mode the following commands have an X added to the string of characters they send to the TNC F9 G...

Страница 111: ...ead This command can be used with all the HF Non Packet modes listed above ALT R sends a CTRL C R sequence to the TNC This will immediately return the TNC to the receive mode even if there is still da...

Страница 112: ...TY ASCII and AMTOR modes ALT S n Speed Change This command can be used with the following HF Non Packet modes RTTY ASCII and CW ALT S n sends a CTRL C n sequence to the TNC where n is a number from 0...

Страница 113: ...ce on the current COM port e g a mouse or an internal phone modem So if the device on the current COM port is not a TNC Pacterm will be running under a misunderstanding and in this case your computer...

Страница 114: ...on response garbled data or partially garbled data may indicate the TNC has been switched to HOST or KISS mode and needs to be switched back to NEWUSER or TERMINAL See the TNC doc umentation for instr...

Страница 115: ...et installed your station including Pacterm 2 0 commu nication software and learned how to use Pacterm 2 0 we suggest that you do so before continuing with this chapter Material covered here includes...

Страница 116: ...n the re is a n HF T OR m ode or pa c ke t c onne c tion to the s m a ilbox i e PBBS Y e llow LED BLINKS whe n the re is unre a d m a il for you in your m a ilbox a nd the re is c urre ntly no c onne...

Страница 117: ...SERVED DUPLICATION PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF KANTRONICS cmd The last line of this message cmd is the KAM 98 s report that it is now in Command mode which means that it is now expecting informat...

Страница 118: ...will return to the COMMAND mode when a disconnect occurs When you are in COMMAND mode you may switch to CONVERS mode just by giving the command K or CONVERS If you are in the CONVERS mode and want to...

Страница 119: ...ds it is capable of carrying out Note To switch to the full command set of the KAM 98 get in COMMAND Mode Ctrl C or press F9 in Pacterm 2 0 and give the command INTFACE TERMINAL To switch back give th...

Страница 120: ...OST KISS XKISS or GPS Default is NEWUSER which makes available just the basic commands listed here Configure your TNC RESET MYCALL DAYTIME TXDELAY DWAIT Restart the modem equivalent to turning your TN...

Страница 121: ...imposed to insure that digipeaters have priority access to the radio frequency ECHO When ON characters you type on the keyboard will be echoed back to your terminal When OFF characters you type will...

Страница 122: ...M 98 commands Check Your KAM 98 s Version Number and ID To check your KAM 98 s version number and ID all you need to do is ask to see the current setting of the command called VERSION Step 1 Go to COM...

Страница 123: ...on your monitor For example if you type INTFACE you will see INTFACE NEWUSER if you are currently in the NEWUSER mode As explained in the Command Reference chapter the DISPLAY command can be used to s...

Страница 124: ...mailbox built in to the KAM 98 This is an internal connect so your radio does not need to be connected to do it Step 1 Go to COMMAND mode if you are not already there where you will see the cmd promp...

Страница 125: ...other user First return to command mode by typing a Ctrl C on your keyboard To do this hold down the control key usually marked Ctrl and type the letter C Then let go of the control key You should now...

Страница 126: ...ingle Sideband transceiver SSB radio set in lower sideband LSB mode to copy these signal modes with the KAM 98 RTTY transmissions are a steady sequence of 2125 and 2295 Hertz tones Pactor signals soun...

Страница 127: ...e left most and right most bargraph LEDs light At this point you should begin to see copy on your computer screen To quit copying Pactor enter Ctrl C X As before you went to Pactor the command prompt...

Страница 128: ...ault VHF setting hbaud 300 1200 mark 2125 1300 space 2295 2100 maxframe 1 4 paclen 64 128 persist 192 63 slottime 5 10 SWP 17 17 50 17 17 108 Now that you have converted your KAM 98 for VHF operation...

Страница 129: ...o an appropriate frequency Step 1 Set MONITOR to ON if it is not already ON Step 2 Disconnect from any other station or mailbox Step 3 As packets are received you will see them displayed on your scree...

Страница 130: ...may need to use a relay station called a digipeater to con tact another station This is similar to using a voice repeater when the station you want to talk to is out of simplex range To connect to a s...

Страница 131: ...may wish to explore with the help of other sections of this manual include doing hard and soft resets communicating via digipeaters relays with a distant station using network nodes and working with...

Страница 132: ...Getting Started Other Topics User s Guide 114 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 133: ...LL RIGHTS RESERVED DUPLICATION PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF KANTRONICS Any time you want to operate the KAM 98 in a particular non packet mode you must start from the command prompt in Packet mode...

Страница 134: ...epted practice in AMTOR is to use the first letter of your callsign and the last three letters of your callsign as your AMTOR SELCAL The KAM 98 will automatically assign you SELCAL using this method b...

Страница 135: ...ng FEC calling CQ transmit FEC to call CQ and respond to a Mode A link request from another station NOTE You will not be able to monitor or transmit FEC from this mode if ARQBBS is ON If AUTOSTRT is O...

Страница 136: ...ata At the end of the contact QSO one of the two stations must break the link This is equivalent to hanging up a phone at the end of a conversation To break the link with your KAM 98 type Ctrl C D the...

Страница 137: ...station Since FEC can be copied by several stations at the same time you would use this mode to have a conversation with numerous stations at the same time a round table discussion NOTE If AUTOSTRT is...

Страница 138: ...essage The selcal is transmitted each time you start a new transmission while in the the SELFEC mode To cancel SELFEC mode type Ctrl C X to return to the Command mode Listen AMTOR operation To enter L...

Страница 139: ...es are as follows Ctrl C A Abort link Ctrl C D Break link and remain in AMTOR Standby Ctrl C E Return to receive mode when transmit buffer is empty Ctrl C I Invert received MARK SPACE signals and inve...

Страница 140: ...ica tion to your terminal ASCII 110 The KAM 98 is now in the receive mode and will decode a properly tuned ASCII signal and display the information on your terminal Note If AUTOSTRT is ON received ASC...

Страница 141: ...ter transmit mode Ctrl C X Exit ASCII mode and return to Command mode packet Ctrl C n Change operating speed n speed baud 1 45 2 50 3 57 4 75 5 100 6 110 7 150 8 200 9 300 0 ASCBAUD CW Operation At th...

Страница 142: ...tly key the radio into transmit set the CWPTT command ON and be sure you have the PTT line of the KAM 98 con nected to the PTT input to your radio In this mode you do not need the radio set for VOX op...

Страница 143: ...you have returned to receive If it is ON the bargraph will go dark and the transmit LED will light up when you are transmitting Receiving CW During reception you may find that the station transmitting...

Страница 144: ...Golay error correction coding forms the basis for G TOR short for Golay TOR G TOR is an innovation of Kantronics intro duced in 1994 first in the KAM Plus The benefits of G TOR are exceptional compare...

Страница 145: ...070 MHz AMTOR G TOR Pactor 14 070 14 085 MHz RTTY 14 080 14 095 MHz Packet 14 095 14 111 MHz G TOR Operation The G TOR protocol is a linked mode where two stations communicate with each other Although...

Страница 146: ...TOR G TOR signals are similar to AMTOR or Pactor signals in that MARK and SPACE tones are used Hence the bargraph indicator will be lit at both ends when properly tuned When you are linked to another...

Страница 147: ...he Ctrl C D directive This will send the proper QRT frame to the other sta tion and return your KAM 98 to G TOR Standby mode Alternatively you may use the Ctrl C X directive which will also break the...

Страница 148: ...to another station who is using a KAM 98 you will normally commu nicate with the operator at the other end If that station has the ARQBBS com mand ON you will automatically be connected to the PBBS an...

Страница 149: ...7 8 or 9 This has been proven to allow links on very short paths with very slow radios If you use an external power amplifier with your HF transceiver you may set a time delay to key your transmitter...

Страница 150: ...ms support this fea ture Procomm Plus for instance sends a modem break when you press Alt B If your communications program does not support the modem break you will not be able to leave the data trans...

Страница 151: ...erally located on the coastlines The same format is now being used by the American Radio Relay League ARRL to trans mit bulletins on a daily basis These bulletins are transmitted during scheduled tele...

Страница 152: ...orm warnings C Ice reports D Search and Rescue Information E Meteorological forecasts F Pilot messages G Decca message H LORAN C message I Omega message J Differential Omega message Z QRU no message o...

Страница 153: ...rol key when you type the X Before entering the NAVTEX mode while you still have the command prompt you may specify which stations you wish to receive using the NAVSTA com mand For instance if I wish...

Страница 154: ...tate allowing several stations to copy the transmission This is referred to as the FEC mode and is the mode used for calling CQ or for other broadcast transmis sions Receiving stations do not use memo...

Страница 155: ...rt of the conversation and want to receive from the other station type Ctrl C E This causes the KAM 98 to send a request for the other station to begin transmit ting data a changeover You then become...

Страница 156: ...ses are as follows Ctrl C A Abort a link or abort an attempt to link after the first invalid response code Ctrl C D Disconnect Ctrl C E Changeover from ISS to IRS ARQ mode when transmit buffer is empt...

Страница 157: ...haracters contained in your MYAUTOST parameter To transmit RTTY type Ctrl C T This causes the KAM 98 to key your trans mitter the bargraph in the KAM 98 goes dark and the transmit LED light Type the m...

Страница 158: ...d automatically sends FIGS JJJJJSSSSS LTRS over the radio This is an attention signal B When you first enter the transmit mode with Ctrl C T the KAM 98 will transmit 5 SPACES followed by CR CR LF befo...

Страница 159: ...after 69 charac ters have been received from your terminal without a carriage return These com mands insure your transmitted data meets the guidelines To receive exactly what the other station is sen...

Страница 160: ...blank page Non Packet Modes of Communication RTTY Operation User s Guide 142 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 161: ...ed to get to the destination and some control information A checksum is a complicated mathematical formula that produces a number based on the combination of characters that are in the packet This num...

Страница 162: ...operation or to a combination SSB FM transceiver such as the ICOM 706 In each case the modem within the KAM 98 must be programmed to accommo date either HF or VHF packet Three hundred baud HF packet...

Страница 163: ...rompt to your screen that looks like this cmd Connected vs Unproto There are two ways to send data in packet radio connected or unproto uncon nected In the Connected Mode you first establish a connect...

Страница 164: ...Mode so that what you are typing to the TNC will be interpreted as data to be sent out on the air and not as commands To do this type K CR Now anything you type will be packetized and sent out on the...

Страница 165: ...ugh you have not pressed the return or ENTER key When you have finished your conversation you need to end the connection To do this you go into the Command Mode and type a d for Disconnect Remember to...

Страница 166: ...the station you wish to connect to A space must be typed after the C and on both sides of the v but digis are separated by commas A path can also be used with the Unproto command U CQ V NOM LCH SLI B...

Страница 167: ...more than one person at the same time Single port TNCs such as the KPC 3 Plus support 26 streams on the one port Multi port TNCs e g KPC 9612 Plus support 26 streams per port The command MAXUSERS dete...

Страница 168: ...s parameter comes defaulted OFF so the stream designators are only shown when a change in streams occurs Turning this command ON will make the stream de signators show on every connected packet receiv...

Страница 169: ...o key up the radio to transmit The algorithm used with the PERSIST and SLOTTIME parameters helps avoid collisions by randomizing the wait time before transmitting The more random the timing the less c...

Страница 170: ...nt it will wait FRACK seconds for the acknowledgment If the acknowledgment is not received it will either send a poll or retransmit the packet depending on the setting of AX25L2V2 When digis are used...

Страница 171: ...receive frame 4 rr4 If this acknowledgment is sent and station A did not receive it station A will again send frame 3 Since station B already received frame 3 he would acknowledge it with the form I v...

Страница 172: ...data is sent than will fit in the buffer the extra data will be lost To make sure each device gets all the data it should from the other device the two devices can tell each other to start and stop s...

Страница 173: ...u are in Transparent Mode sending a file the computer does not need to tell the TNC to stop and start since you are sending the file By turning TRFLOW OFF and TXFLOW ON the TNC will accept START and S...

Страница 174: ...he whole line with Ctrl X And if you really want to transmit one of these characters you can always precede it with a PASS character Transparent Mode was designed for the sending of files whether they...

Страница 175: ...after the three Ctrl C s is not there the TNC assumes that they are data and sends them to the radio so be sure to al low at least one second before and after the three Ctrl C s Remote Access to Your...

Страница 176: ...in remote access you must send the following string sAs0oT Note that case is significant and spaces are considered valid characters If you fail to properly decode the password the TNC will send three...

Страница 177: ...m the remote TNC When you give any command the response is limited to 300 characters so some com mands will not fully display their response If you give the command DISPLAY the full list will begin bu...

Страница 178: ...mailbox is compatible with the large community bulletin board sys tems RLI MBL etc and will allow them to forward mail for you directly into your TNC You may also place messages in your mailbox and i...

Страница 179: ...command Let s assume you want to send a message to KB NYK You would now use the Send Private command SP KB NYK and the TNC responds with SUBJECT Now enter a short subject line Just a quick question T...

Страница 180: ...connecting directly are as follows B ye This command is entered by the PBBS user to disconnect from the PBBS E dit n BPTYNFH tocall fromcall BBS old new This command is available only to the system o...

Страница 181: ...s of the messages if any L ist call Allows you to list only those messages in the mailbox which are addressed to a specific callsign or which were sent by a specific callsign To list only those messag...

Страница 182: ...he PBBS K ill n Deletes message number n from the mailbox You may only delete TRAFFIC messages PRIVATE messages addressed TO or FROM you or BULLETINS you sent The SYSOP may delete any message includin...

Страница 183: ...ot already read S end call Sends a PRIVATE message to the callsign specified Using S end is the same as using the SP command SB cat The SB Send Bulletin command is used to send a BULLETIN to the PBBS...

Страница 184: ...TRAFFIC this should be NTSxx where xx is the two letter POSTAL code for the state mid is the MESSAGE ID assigned to the message by the originator bid is the BULLETIN ID assigned to the message by the...

Страница 185: ...or warded until the SYSOP has edited the message header and changed the H flag This gives the SYSOP full control over the messages relayed by his station Messages entered from the local keyboard conne...

Страница 186: ...owing status characters in the sec ond position H This is a personal message that has an BBS field but is being held for review by the SYSOP before it may be forwarded N This message is a Personal mes...

Страница 187: ...see the section titled Remote Sysop Access to your PBBS for more detail The TYPE of the message B Bulletin P Private T Traffic The STATUS of the message Y Yes it has been read N No it has not been re...

Страница 188: ...command When you give the SYSOP command the PBBS will send you a password verification string which must be properly responded to in order to gain SYSOP access This is ex plained in detail later Let s...

Страница 189: ...rchical address con tact your local packet BBS sysop and ask what the proper addressing is for your location The PHEARD command will show you the callsigns of stations recently connect ing to your mai...

Страница 190: ...o be sent to a user who connects to your PBBS by using the PTEXT command This command accepts up to 128 charac ters as a text string to be sent to the user immediately after the SID is sent If it beco...

Страница 191: ...SYSOP Access to the PBBS You can gain remote SYSOP access to your PBBS e g to edit messages using the EDIT command by first connecting to your PBBS and then entering the SYSOP command When you enter t...

Страница 192: ...ge The next several fields separated by periods are the state two letter postal abbreviation coun try and continent In this case since Texas is so large it is sub divided into smaller areas These are...

Страница 193: ...S Date Time Subject 59765 B 1491 NASA N5IST ALLUS 1004 1529 GALILEO STATUS 09 30 93 59764 BNL 468 WX N0NEJ 1012 1017 KC Forecast 10 12 400am 59763 BNL 659 WX N0NEJ 1012 1017 MO Forecast 10 12 400am 59...

Страница 194: ...see the complete information BBS systems allow a sec ond version of the READ command RH or V that will display more routing in formation A routing list from a bulletin appears below R 931012 1107 2726...

Страница 195: ...BBS That BBS will then address the message to you using the BBS and hierarchical routing information in the last R line of the message you sent A user may also simply use the send private command SP...

Страница 196: ...le EVERY BBS in West Texas would have to know how to send messages to your callsign not just to your HOME BBS One solution to this is to include the callsign of your HOME BBS as part of your HTEXT Thi...

Страница 197: ...ositioning System GPS was developed initially for military use by the U S Department of Defense to provide worldwide positioning and naviga tional information for U S military forces Since then a broa...

Страница 198: ...ns your Kantronics TNC is ide ally suited as a mate for your GPS unit Over time a number of software pro grams will be developed by amateurs to use packet and GPS One shareware program that has emerge...

Страница 199: ...232 that is they provide for signals that swing plus and minus approximately 8 volts Check your GPS manual before connecting this port to your GPS device to make sure that it is capable of handling th...

Страница 200: ...ach of the Location Text buffers set the beacon rates for each Location Text buffer you are using enter the unproto paths for each Location Text buffer you are using You determine which GPS strings wi...

Страница 201: ...nces from the GPS unit You can set up to four strings to be stored one each in the LT buffers The command would be GPSHEAD n string where n is the LT buffer number and string is the name of the GPS st...

Страница 202: ...LT 1 and LT 2 buffers whenever they are transmitted as set by the BLT com mand GPS Unit Initialization from the TNC Some GPS receivers require reception of a special string of characters for initial i...

Страница 203: ...so before you can use the three Ctrl C characters to exit GPS mode you must set your RS232 baud rate in your computer to the same as the ABAUD setting in your TNC Other GPS Features Slotted Beacons Th...

Страница 204: ...expecting data only from a GPS unit hence it cannot process any normal commands Should you need to change any of the TNC commands however there are two options 1 exit the GPS Mode using a terminal or...

Страница 205: ...g GPS commands are listed here for convenience and explained in detail in the Command Reference section BLT n EVERY AFTER hh mm ss START hh mm ss n 1 4 This command sets the interval between beacons f...

Страница 206: ...racters This is an immediate command which sends the text string from the serial port of the TNC to the attached device e g GPS unit Also see the GPS setting for the INTFACE command When this command...

Страница 207: ...Of course this requires the acceptance and use of standards for naming and using digipeating stations by both the position re porting stations and the digipeating stations Common standards have been e...

Страница 208: ...uted for the alias in the digipeated frame See the example shown below and the command description for more detail UIFLOOD and UITRACE are a bit more exotic Each provides for multi hop digipeating wit...

Страница 209: ...peated according to the rules that apply to MYALIAS Using UI Digipeat Commands UIDIGI UIFLOOD and UITRACE The following are actual monitored outputs of a lab system consisting of one po sition reporti...

Страница 210: ...C UI 5 N GZZ GPS A B C UI 5 N GZZ GPS C A TRACE UI 5 N GZZ GPS B C A UI 5 N GZZ GPS C B TRACE UI 5 N GZZ GPS A C B UI 5 N GZZ GPS C A B UI 5 N GZZ GPS C B A UI 5 All digis hear the first UI frame and...

Страница 211: ...peated their MYCALL and include the new to be digipeated and decremented field of WIDE4 3 Note that each digi hears the UI frames repeated by the others but does not digipeat those in turn since a tim...

Страница 212: ...peats a digi from A and decrements TRACE to TRACE4 2 Since there are only three digipeaters in our example system TRACE4 1 is the last digi address noted Configuring Digis for HF VHF Gateway Operation...

Страница 213: ...98 improves GPS function ality in several ways Using a Second Serial Port A second read only serial port configured in firmware is supported at pin 3 of the AUX port of the KAM 98 This second read on...

Страница 214: ...anges required are to turn on and configure this port using the GPSPORT command The GPSPORT command allows you to configure a baud rate of 300 600 1200 2400 or 4800 for the GPS device use normal or in...

Страница 215: ...of the location text buffers after each beacon and the verification of checksums of the fix strings if they were included in the NMEA 0183 strings received With the CLEAR option in the beacon locatio...

Страница 216: ...roceedings 1994 Technical Information Collins J et al GPS Theory and Practice Second Edition Springer Verlag 1993 Etherington Michael FM subcarrier network extends differential GPS nationwide Mobile R...

Страница 217: ...d node At the same time KA Nodes are useful in that they are more efficient than digipeaters in using channel time while not requiring the effort and time required to maintain a full node When packet...

Страница 218: ...ake care of it The following material is provided to assist you in configuring your KA Node and telling others how to connect to and use it A listing of the node commands for users follows Configuring...

Страница 219: ...e material that follows is meant for those using your KA Node i e connecting to it You may use this material as a guide to using someone else s node or in connecting to your own node from another loca...

Страница 220: ...ad heard nothing it would respond with NO KNOWN NODES You may instead wish to know what other stations the KA Node has heard lately This would be accomplished by sending a J for the JHEARD command The...

Страница 221: ...and and must be spelled out entirely For instance if you tell the KA Node C KB5EEG and then decide to abort the connect your next entry must be ABORT Any other entry will cancel any possible abort of...

Страница 222: ...age from the KA Node saying DISCON NECTED BY call AT NODE MYNODE In other words if you connected from Lawrence Kansas to a KA Node in Lincoln Nebraska and then told that KA Node to connect to someone...

Страница 223: ...knowledgment of packets For example suppose you just connected to node LAWKAN and wish to cross connect to N GZZ whose station is tuned to the frequency of the other port of the node Just issue X N GZ...

Страница 224: ...ll appears in the JHEARD list to the port indicated for other stations you can determine whether to CONNECT or XCONNECT to the station of your choice KA Node Commands for Remote Use When accessed by r...

Страница 225: ...isconnect Help Causes the KA Node to send a brief help list showing all commands available with the options and a short description of each command Jheard Short Long Causes the KA Node to transmit its...

Страница 226: ...the same list without dates and times The long JHEARD L version of this command will also show the destination field and any digipeaters used Nodes Short Long Causes the node to return a list of KA N...

Страница 227: ...r and additional circuitry that converts the analog voltage presented at two specified inputs into digital values from 0 to 255 You can then use these digital values reported in binary as an approxima...

Страница 228: ...details needed to adapt these broad capacities to your own situation with your own sensors controls and remote locations Packet Modes of Operation Other Modes of Operation User s Guide 210 KAM 98 v 8...

Страница 229: ...f the content of the products is up to the software For updated information on EMWIN and software to copy its modes search the Internet To copy the broadcasts simply cable together the equipment menti...

Страница 230: ...acterm it may send these characters au tomatically or it may require that you carry out this same procedure to get out of HOST mode and to COMMAND mode See Appendix D for details on this pro cedure KI...

Страница 231: ...any message or any prompt back from the TNC it will now be in KISS mode If you turn your unit off while it is it INTERFACE KISS mode it will still be in KISS mode when you turn it back on To get out...

Страница 232: ...gton CT ARRL 1987 XKISS Extended KISS Mode The TNC also supports the G8BPQ multi drop KISS Mode called extended KISS XKISS With this mode the TNC can be connected to a G8BPQ node along with the other...

Страница 233: ...transmissions from all stations connected to the node By local agreement users do not connect directly to each other they connect only through the master DAMA was developed in Germany by NORD LINK Ref...

Страница 234: ...are connected to each other using a standard NET ROM type protocol For the DAMA system to work effectively each slave associates with only one master node and connects only to that master If an end us...

Страница 235: ...lution Proceedings of the 14th Computer Networking Conference American Radio Relay League Newington CT USA 06111 Rech Wolf Henning N1EOW DF9IC and Kneip Johannes DG3RBU The German Central Eu ropean Pa...

Страница 236: ...as tested with TheNetNode firm ware Version 1 56 TFKISS Version 2 0 and by volunteer testers in Europe with firmware used in existing DAMA networks Kantronics cannot be responsible for subsequent chan...

Страница 237: ...memory i e in an EPROM If you change any setting or value the new setting or value will be stored in bat tery backed RAM and will be the value used at future power on The availability of the commands...

Страница 238: ...y optionally be used with the command Values that need to be entered as they are shown or by using the short form indicated by the underlined character s are shown in CAPS as in ON OFF Parameter names...

Страница 239: ...g types exceptions are discussed when they are encountered in the command listing n range Any number within the range is permissible The unit of measure seconds ms baud count etc for the number will b...

Страница 240: ...while typing an X then release both keys These special characters cannot be sent in a packet unless preceded by the pass character see the PASS command or unless you are operating in the Transparent M...

Страница 241: ...are some commands which have a parameter text string This string can be any combination of letters numbers punctuations or spaces up to 128 charac ters In order to be used all string parameters must...

Страница 242: ...command name and each parameter value must be separated from each other by at least one space To ENTER the command press the carriage return CR usually an ENTER key As soon as the CR key is pressed th...

Страница 243: ...is allowed in the packet Convers Mode and Transparent Mode If you wish to obtain 8 bit data transmission but do not want all the features of Transparent Mode set this command to ON If OFF the 8th dat...

Страница 244: ...ring AMTOR without a selcal will allow your KAM 98 to respond to a link request from another station monitor for free signals sent from shore stations or to transmit Mode B FEC AMTOR To transmit Mode...

Страница 245: ...sponse is in the form AN0 AN1 AN2 AN3 AN4 AN5 AN6 AN7 where AN0 input 0 reports a decimal number in the range of 0 255 representing the current DC voltage of an external input read from pin 1 on the A...

Страница 246: ...positions labeled R4 R8 R3 and R13 for AN0 AN1 AN2 and AN3 respectively AN4 AN5 AN6 and AN7 inputs 4 7 are connected to internal circuitry and the readings have no significance to the user AN7 can be...

Страница 247: ...he ID is set with the CWIDTEXT command Setting ARQID to 0 disables the automatic ID See also arqbbs cwid ARQTIME n n 1 10 default 2 This command sets the timeout interval when attempting to link to an...

Страница 248: ...l page 144 See also ascbaud autostrt canline hbaud pmode AUTOCR n n 0 255 default 0 A carriage return CR character is sent to the radio after n characters are typed on a line when operating RTTY ASCII...

Страница 249: ...o digipeat through other units which do not digipeat version 2 packets You may also find benefit from setting this command OFF when using several digipeaters not nodes to send packets or when conditio...

Страница 250: ...ing an external linear amplifier which requires extra key up time Repeaters using slow mechanical relays split sites or both require some amount of time to get RF on the air See also axhang AXHANG n n...

Страница 251: ...every n minutes If set to After a beacon packet will be sent ONCE after the specified interval with no channel activity The beacon frame consists of the text specified by BTEXT in a packet addressed...

Страница 252: ...optional key word START is given followed by a time in 24 hour format the beacons will not be transmitted until the specified time The beacon will then be transmitted according to the setting of the E...

Страница 253: ...igns in it s list The maximum number of callsigns allowed in BUDLIST is 10 Up to 10 callsigns may be entered at once using the format shown after the command name and the new list of from 1 to 10 call...

Страница 254: ...s CALIBRAT immediate The calibrate command may be used to send a calibrate setting signal to the ra dio You would use this to set the voltage drive level of the KAM 98 for your ra dio Follow the promp...

Страница 255: ...lay and a second one re enables the cmd prompt after the next CR See also canline cpactime sendpac CD INTERNAL EXTERNAL SOFTWARE default INTERNAL The CD command selects which carrier detect method wil...

Страница 256: ...wp CHECK n n 0 255 default 0 This timeout command is used to prevent a hang up in a connected mode when a link failure occurs as a result of conditions beyond control of the con nected stations The va...

Страница 257: ...and COMMAND is Ctrl C wait one second type a Ctrl C within one second type a second Ctrl C within one second type a third Ctrl C WAIT one second cmd prompt should appear If your computer program has...

Страница 258: ...entry character When COMMAND is set to the default value typing a Ctrl C causes the TNC to re turn to Command Mode from packet Convers Mode See CMDTIME for return ing to Command Mode from Transparent...

Страница 259: ...NOMODE is OFF The connect may result either from a con nect request received or a connect request originated by a CONNECT command If the TNC is already in Convers or Transparent Mode when the connect...

Страница 260: ...original connect CAUTION packets en route between your station and the reconnected station may be lost If CONNECT is entered with no parameters the status of the current stream is displayed See also...

Страница 261: ...and causes the KAM 98 to attempt to reconnect when it is restarted CONPERMED connections are shown with P in the status display which is gen erated by the STAT command See also status CONVERS immedia...

Страница 262: ...d to the end of the line To avoid overprinting AUTOLF may need to be ON at the re ceiving end See also autolf lfadd sendpac CRADD ON OFF default OFF When ON a carriage return will be added to every ca...

Страница 263: ...ED TO and DISCONNECTED messages on the terminal See also connect daytime disconnect mstamp CTEXT text 0 128 characters default blank Enter any combination of characters and spaces up to maximum length...

Страница 264: ...CTRL line will open These are open drain outputs and are pulled to ground when active For more in formation see the section on Connecting to your Radio in this manual Do not allow more than 200mA of c...

Страница 265: ...the CW word rate to your selected speed CWID EVERY AFTER n n 0 255 default EVERY 0 Each increment specifies 1 minute intervals A value of 0 turns the ID OFF Set ting a value greater than 0 activates...

Страница 266: ...e will not be keyed With this command OFF CW mode operation requires that your radio be in VOX op eration and CW mode and the CW key line from the KAM 98 must be con nected to your CW key jack on the...

Страница 267: ...tion once connection is es tablished with a DAMA master station When OFF the TNC operates in standard Packet mode i e CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access See also damachck DAMACHCK n n 0 to 255 default...

Страница 268: ...will force a two digit display for values under 10 If the month is entered as three ms it will be displayed as the first three characters of the month name JUL You may also enter any other text you w...

Страница 269: ...ere are two digits each for entering a year month day hour minute and optionally second Also notice that you need to use the order given here which has nothing to do with the format given in DATSTR fo...

Страница 270: ...powering off occurs and upon power on the software clock is set to the value of the BBC if installed See also wefax DBLDISC ON OFF default OFF When OFF only one disconnect command D need be given to t...

Страница 271: ...ault ON When ON any packet received that has MYCALL MYALIAS or MYNODE if KA Node is active in the digipeat list of its address field will be retransmitted Each station included in the digipeat list re...

Страница 272: ...he mypbbs command DISCONNE MYNODE x x KA Node circuit x may be any of the KA Node circuits in use designated by A B C etc This command will cause the node to disconnect the stations linked through the...

Страница 273: ...ividual parameter values can be displayed by entering DISPLAY and the com mand name followed by CR See also Display Listings section DWAIT n n 0 255 default 0 DWAIT defines a delay to be used to avoid...

Страница 274: ...ed back and displayed If you are receiving double print of characters entered at the key board turn this command OFF This corresponds to the setting in your terminal program for duplex If your program...

Страница 275: ...FF default OFF When ON this command will inhibit the printing of control characters hex 00 1F which may be present in monitored packets This will be useful if you are monitoring channel traffic which...

Страница 276: ...default 4 Each increment specifies 1 second intervals After transmitting a packet requiring acknowledgment the TNC waits FRACK seconds before incrementing the retry counter and sending the packet agai...

Страница 277: ...OFF i e half duplex the data carrier detect signal is used as a packet collision avoidance signal When ON the modem is run full duplex and carrier detect does not inhibit transmission The full duplex...

Страница 278: ...se then press the ENTER key See also blt lt ltp ltrack GPSINIT string string up to 128 characters default blank This command establishes a string which will be sent to the attached GPS unit upon power...

Страница 279: ...set GPSPORT to zero If NORMAL is specified the sense polarity of pin 3 is RS 232 the pin would be expecting RS 232 input or 0 5v input of the same polarity If INVERTED is specified the pin would be ex...

Страница 280: ...received Third GGA and GLL strings do not include a date the ZDA string does not include a valid bit and some units do not include a valid bit with the GLL string GTDOWN n n 2 30 default 6 Sets the nu...

Страница 281: ...D directive which will lave you in the G TOR Standby mode or with the Ctrl C X directive which returns you to Packet Mode cmd prompt NOTE If ARQBBS is on you cannot transmit FEC and you will not be a...

Страница 282: ...HF defaulted parame ters Mark Space SWP Slottime Persist Maxframe Paclen Hbaud See the packet section in the modes of operation chapter for further detail page 144 HEADERLN ON OFF default ON When ON...

Страница 283: ...ide hierarchical routing in formation Use this command to enter the hierarchical portion of your packet ad dress Do not enter your callsign or the first period of your packet address A hierarchical ad...

Страница 284: ...rminal or com puter running a terminal emulation program with a limited command set avail able When set to TERMINAL the full command set of the TNC is available When set to BBS the TNC deletes certain...

Страница 285: ...the modes of operation chapter of this manual NOTE After changing the setting of this command to KISS XKISS HOST or GPS a soft reset is required for the new mode to take effect see RESET for details I...

Страница 286: ...g in LAMTOR mode See also amtor fec misschar LCOK ON OFF default ON When ON no character translation occurs in the TNC If OFF lower case charac ters will be translated to upper case before being outpu...

Страница 287: ...ter to gather NMEA fix strings via the RS 232 port LLIST ON OFF NONE callsign callsign1 callsign2 default OFF NONE LLIST is used to determine which stations callsigns may NOT use your station for ANY...

Страница 288: ...f the INTFACE command is set to GPS the buffer contents will be updated automatically by the GPS data To clear one of the 4 LT strings enter LT n where n is the number of the LT string you want to cle...

Страница 289: ...by available RAM Specifying the LT1 through LT4 parameters determines which messages will be stored in the tracking buffer If SYSOP is specified only a user with SYSOP privileges may access the track...

Страница 290: ...ange the following HF defaulted parame ters Mark Space SWP Slottime Persist Maxframe Paclen Hbaud See the packet section in the modes of operation chapter for further detail page 144 Note The TNC sped...

Страница 291: ...connections Changing the value of MAXUSERS will cause the TNC to perform a soft re set Note that you may not change the value of MAXUSERS while you are con nected since this would reset the TNC and ca...

Страница 292: ...cketed information will be added to the Information packets as appropriate UI Unconnected Information frame Is Information frame connected s send sequence number See also ax25l2v2 monitor mresp For de...

Страница 293: ...W XI If your station heard N GZZ via one of these other stations an asterisk would show by the call or alias of the last digipeater heard When listed short the asterisk would show beside N GZZ Wheneve...

Страница 294: ...layed along with the data portion of the packet Callsigns to and from fields are separated by a and the Secondary Station Identifier SSID is displayed if it is other than 0 If any data is contained in...

Страница 295: ...codes may not be redefined If you try to define a previously defined code you will get the message TX CHARACTER ALREADY DEFINED In order to delete an entry use the com mand MORSE 0 0 to clear the code...

Страница 296: ...evice busy r received sequence number RRr Receive Ready r received sequence number In addition the following bracketed information will be added to the Information packets as appropriate Isr Informati...

Страница 297: ...o be ON See also cstamp daytime monitor MXMIT ON OFF default ON When ON the KAM 98 will display transmitted packets as monitored data on your terminal Repeated packets will be displayed as they are se...

Страница 298: ...called a Secondary Station Identifier SSID and is defaulted as 0 but may be any number from 0 to 15 All packets originated by the TNC will contain this callsign in the FROM address field Any packets r...

Страница 299: ...cccccccc nnnnnnnnn callsign default based on mycall This command is used to set a SELCAL that can be used for reception of SELFEC transmissions This allows several stations to use the same group selc...

Страница 300: ...See also digipeat ndwild numnodes KA Node section MYPBBS xxxxxx n n 0 15 default mycall 1 This command is used to set the callsign address of your Personal Packet Mail box Entering a callsign with or...

Страница 301: ...use the first letter and the last three letters of your callsign as your 4 character selcal The MYSELCAL will also accept 4 or 5 digit numbers and generate the corresponding 4 character selcal automa...

Страница 302: ...nal and the message will be sent to the terminal if received again See also navtex NAVLOG immediate This command displays a list of the NAVTEX AMTEX messages which have been properly received and ther...

Страница 303: ...NAVTEX mode and will cause a soft reset See also navmsg navtex NAVTEX immediate This command will place your KAM 98 in the NAVTEX mode This allows you to copy AMTEX messages Refer to the NAVTEX sectio...

Страница 304: ...OFF When OFF the KA Node will only recognize connect requests directed to the MYNODE call When ON connect requests to any SSID of the MYNODE call will be recognized as connects to the KA Node if that...

Страница 305: ...o set the number of allowable circuits through the KA Node For example if you wish to allow up to 3 simultaneous circuits through the node set NUMNODES 3 Changing the value of NUMNODES will cause a so...

Страница 306: ...ud packet operation on HF to 1200 baud packet operation on VHF UHF remember to change the following HF defaulted parame ters Mark Space SWP Slottime Persist Maxframe Paclen Hbaud See the packet sectio...

Страница 307: ...l use the long path protocol allow ing longer distance communication You can discontinue the link attempt or break an existing link with the Ctrl C D directive which will leave you in Pactor Standby m...

Страница 308: ...ory allocated will be n kilobytes and may be lim ited by other functions that require memory e g NUMNODES and MAXUSERS Changing the size of the PBBS memory allocation will not affect the contents of t...

Страница 309: ...fter the PBBS has initiated a forward it will also request a reverse forward if PBREVERS is ON Note that full service BBS systems must be configured to al low your station to reverse forward mail to y...

Страница 310: ...with an F flag for warded When ON Private and Traffic messages will be deleted from the PBBS after they have been successfully forwarded PBLIST ON OFF NONE callsign callsign1 callsign2 default OFF NON...

Страница 311: ...EADMINE and KILLMINE But the new list will not be used with the mail status indicator until after the next disconnect from the PBBS or the next reset When PBLIST is ON the callsigns on the current PBL...

Страница 312: ...only messages addressed to the MYCALL MYPBBS or PBLIST callsigns will be accepted over the radio but a message entered from the terminal or by the SYSOP may be addressed to anyone See also mycall mypb...

Страница 313: ...nd sends the data packet With our setting of 63 the odds of this occurring after the first slottime are 1 in 4 Actually the probability is PERSIST plus 1 divided by 256 If the TNC generated random num...

Страница 314: ...Net Rom TheNet and G8BPQ nodes have a PID of CF TCP IP uses CC and CD and standard AX 25 is F0 PMODE NONE ASCII AMTOR CW FEC GTOR RTTY NAVTEX PACTOR CONV TRANS default NONE The PMODE command controls...

Страница 315: ...modes of communication appropriate for that de vice PMODE is used with all Kantonics TNCs Multi port TNCs have a PORT command used along with PMODE to specify how the TNC will be configured after pow...

Страница 316: ...text to be used for CW transmission it will cause the NEXT TWO charac ter codes to be combined For example AS will cause the codes for A and S to be combined into the wait code or AS See also morse P...

Страница 317: ...ed to be used for Pactor FEC transmissions When set to 100 all FEC transmissions will be at 100 baud and when set to 200 FEC transmissions will be at 200 baud PTHUFF ON OFF default OFF When ON this co...

Страница 318: ...supervisory information exhanged between two Pactor units is not displayed on the terminal When ON supervisory information is displayed PTSUM n n 0 120 default 5 When linked in Pactor the KAM 98 will...

Страница 319: ...y REDISPLA n n 00 FF default 12 Ctrl R This command is used to change the REDISPLAY input editing character The parameter n is the ASCII code for the character you want to type in order to REDISPLAY t...

Страница 320: ...ON OFF default OFF When OFF the TNC operating with AX25L2V2 ON does not attempt to auto matically reconnect When ON the TNC operating with AX25L2V2 ON will at tempt to automatically reconnect after R...

Страница 321: ...factory default set tings perform it s AUTOBAUD routine and erase PBBS memory deleting all messages and non default PBBS parameter settings See also reset RETRY n n 0 15 default 10 This command speci...

Страница 322: ...ected to the KAM 98 with the MYREMOTE callsign to send a string to a unit attached to the KAM 98 serial port The string content could be used to change the configuration of a GPS unit RTEXT text text...

Страница 323: ...MYREMOTE prompt prompt Case is significant and spaces are valid characters If you fail to properly decode the password the remote KAM 98 will send three new lines of numbers You will be given a maximu...

Страница 324: ...PACLEN is achieved See also cpactime cr SLOTTIME n n 0 255 default 5 We recommend that you change the HF default value 5 to 10 when operating VHF 1200 baud packet n specifies the amount of time in 10...

Страница 325: ...ions are for SPACE values from 50 through 2400 Higher values to 4000 are for experimental use See also mark shift START n n 00 FF default 11 Ctrl Q This command specifies the character sent by the com...

Страница 326: ...tream IO is the B stream which is connected to N KN KB NYK is con nected on circuit A of the KA Node All other streams node circuits the BBS and the remote access are disconnected Appending P to the c...

Страница 327: ...ault OFF When OFF the stream indicator is displayed only when a change in streams oc curs When ON the stream indicator will be displayed with every incoming packet This command takes effect only when...

Страница 328: ...igns may be entered at once using the format shown after the command name and the new list of from 1 to 10 callsigns will replace whatever list was there before The SUPLIST command can be used to add...

Страница 329: ...second number d is a penalty subtracted from the counter when a transition occurs in the middle of a bit time The t value is the threshold value when the counter total reaches this value the carrier...

Страница 330: ...an3 and an4 are the decimal readings on the corresponding analog inputs of the 68HC11F1 the KAM 98 microprocessor Hint See ANALOG command for more information bbbbbbbb is the binary reading of the 8 p...

Страница 331: ...al including all header information All packets which are also eligible for monitoring will be displayed in normal text The TRACE function may be toggled on and off when operating AMTOR ARQ G TOR or P...

Страница 332: ...puter for flow control When START and STOP are set for software flow control normally Ctrl Q and Ctrl S all characters can be received in Transparent Mode including the START and STOP characters by se...

Страница 333: ...d as a repetitive sound waste air time It may be necessary to increase your TXDELAY to allow the re ceiving station sufficient time to switch from transmit back to receive to detect your signal TXDFEC...

Страница 334: ...ing TXFLOW ON XFLOW ON and TRFLOW OFF You will not however be able to receive the START and STOP characters since your terminal program should interpret them as flow control See also trans trflow xflo...

Страница 335: ...ed to name and y is a ssid 1 7 the ssid is decrement and the UI frame is digipeated without setting the H bit When the packet is digipeated a checksum is formed over the source destina tion and data f...

Страница 336: ...esses callsigns or aliases can be specified This is referred to as a path Each callsign may also have an optional Secondary Station Identifier SSID specified as n where n 1 15 The digipeat callsigns a...

Страница 337: ...the extra is ignored and the message USERS LIMITED BY MAXUSERS will be displayed See also intface maxusers streamsw USOS ON OFF default ON When ON an unshift to letters case occurs when a space is rec...

Страница 338: ...EFAX to 1280 1 See also daytweak WEFAX Reception in Packet Modes of Operations section WTEXT message up to 128 characters default DE mycall This entry specifies the text to be sent in response to a WR...

Страница 339: ...e RS 232 cable must be wired appropriately If the software flow control characters are set to 00 software flow control is not possi ble In the Transparent Mode flow control is also determined by the s...

Страница 340: ...mvpp to 280 mvpp low drive range and from approximately 20 mvpp to 4 vpp high drive range Drive range is set with jumper J8 When driving a 600 ohm load these voltages will be half the voltages given...

Страница 341: ...trl Q This command selects the character sent by the TNC to the computer to restart input from that device If set to 00 hardware flow control must be used For software flow control set this parameter...

Страница 342: ...blank page Command Reference KAM 98 Commands User s Guide 324 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 343: ...RS 232 ribbon cable in an amateur radio environment Lithium batteries can explode or leak if heated disassembled recharged exposed to fire or high temperature or inserted incorrectly Connecting to the...

Страница 344: ...to that documentation to determine the cable requirements for proper operation Some software does not support hardware flow control and may fail to operate if the RTS and CTS lines are connected The...

Страница 345: ...hardware flow control DSR DATA SET READY This line is set high to indicate that the modem is ON DCD DATA CARRIER DETECT The KAM 98 uses this pin to signal the sta tus of the current I O stream to your...

Страница 346: ...erial port configuration in your program for 8 data bits no parity and one stop bit The baud rates supported by the KAM 98 are 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 and 38400 In general you should use the...

Страница 347: ...for details Note Also see the Auxiliary Port for additional connections Pin 1 Connects to the microphone input of your radio providing the audio sig nal to be transmitted Pin 2 When a ground is appli...

Страница 348: ...to supply power to the KAM 98 using jumpers J1 and J2 See the Jumper section for details Pin 8 This pin is the CONTROL B output from the KAM 98 which may be used as a control line to your radio or ot...

Страница 349: ...ine Pin 1 This pin is analog to digital A D converter input 0 Range is 0 5 VDC See the Analog command for details Pin 2 A D input 1 Pin 3 A D input 2 Pin 4 A D input 3 Pin 5 Power may be applied to th...

Страница 350: ...cular radio it can still be installed and the transmit audio packets will pass through to the radio ICOM HT radios key the PTT by providing a low impedance path from the mic input to ground To accompl...

Страница 351: ...rom Pin 7 of the DB 9 connector you must connect J1 center pin and pin 1 J2 center pin and pin 1 Resetting the KAM 98 through the DB 9 connector To perform a soft reset from Pin 7 of the DB 9 connecto...

Страница 352: ...4 Remove the two 2 screws securing the rear panel to the case 5 Observe proper static protection precautions and gently lift the rear panel and the PC board backward and up from the case To reassembl...

Страница 353: ...98 5 Observe on the computer display your terminal program must be set at 9600 baud CHECKSUM OK RAM OK 128K BYTES PIC 00 i e firmware version of your PIC IC with 00 being the initial release REPLACE...

Страница 354: ...B random M send mark R receive S send space T send square wave or adjust XMITLVL while transmitting X exit Pressing B will transmit random bits mark and space Pressing M will transmit a constant MARK...

Страница 355: ...ualization You will see two numbers displayed each time you press R The KAM 98 is measuring the space mark square wave generated by the other station For best performance these numbers should be about...

Страница 356: ...ivide them down in voltage Choose resistance values to scale the desired input voltages to 5VDC max at the test points on the printed circuit board See the schematic for details Note Maximum input mea...

Страница 357: ...er pin to the pin labeled 1 or X 2 position 2 or Y in which the jumper connects the center pin to the pin labeled 2 or Y or 3 not connected when the jumper is parked on one pin but not connected to an...

Страница 358: ...ut for J6 to FSK Open Drain FSK or Logic drive TXD J17 Pos 2 ROM Size postion 1 up to 128K position 2 128K to 512K J18 Pos 1 Allows for external input from pin 2 of AUX port to microprocessor IRQ inpu...

Страница 359: ...board For orientation the schematic also shows the lo cations of the external parts LEDS power input and connectors as well as the CPU RAM and EPROM parts put Tom s print out here paste in same size a...

Страница 360: ...nnect DSR to DTR as well another jumper needs to be con nected to pins 3 4 Default pin 2 to pin 3 J4 key output To enable CW key output operation place a jumper in position 2 i e connecting pin 2 and...

Страница 361: ...jumper is metalised on the board to give normal AGC operation If the metal trace top side of board is cut the AGC circuit becomes simply a unity gain input buffer if R24 is 150K The need to do this w...

Страница 362: ...watchdog timer is active when connected the timer is disabled Default not connected OFF J21 signal A D input select This jumper allows for bringing the Filtered AGCed signal to an A D input of the pr...

Страница 363: ...l a 512K low power static RAM in U15 Replacing the Lithium Battery To replace the internal Lithium battery remove the cover from your KAM 98 and carefully slip the battery out of the battery holder Yo...

Страница 364: ...e Data and Ground leads are connected to the proper pins 3 If you have made a 3 wire connection to the computer serial port change to a 5 wire connection To use Pacterm 2 0 you need a 5 wire connectio...

Страница 365: ...MITOK command it must be ON to allow transmitting 2 If using a fixed level i e the RCV LED stays on all the time Receive Au dio from the radio which the volume and squelch do not change set the CD par...

Страница 366: ...essage S sent by the TNC to indicate that it is in HOST Mode If you see this message you must first exit the Host Mode before you can start talking to your unit with a program such as Pacterm 2 0 You...

Страница 367: ...When your terminal program sends these characters the TNC will switch you out of Host Mode and into Command Mode Getting Out of Host Mode Appendix D In Case of Difficulty KAM 98 v 8 3 349 User s Guide...

Страница 368: ...512K Data rate 45 to 1200 bps PTT output Open drain 50 VDC max 200 ma max Audio Output Continuously adjustable 1 mvpp to 5 vpp Output impedance 600 ohm AC coupled Modulation AFSK Audio Input Sensitivi...

Страница 369: ...BS is in use by another station Can t DISCONNECT You are not connected on this stream so therefore cannot disconnect This message will be followed by the stream and a Link state is message de scribed...

Страница 370: ...sy message See the USERS and MAXUSERS commands for setting more streams and allowing more connects at one time if desired Also be sure CONOK is ON CONNECTED to call VIA digi1 digi8 A packet connection...

Страница 371: ...be caused by a different TNC using the same callsign FRMR sent Frame reject packet has been sent due to a detected error in protocol Three bytes 6 hexadecimal characters are displayed to assist in det...

Страница 372: ...is message is output in response to the CONNECT and DISCONNECT commands if the state of the link does not permit the requested action It is prefaced by Can t CONNECT or Can t DISCONNECT as appropriate...

Страница 373: ...not able to accept any data from the radio at this time Waiting ACK and both devices busy Your TNC has sent a packet to another station and is waiting for the ac knowledgment but neither your TNC nor...

Страница 374: ...E BUFFER NOT VALID TRYING TO RECOVER When you turn on the TNC a check is made of the pointers relating to the PBBS It appears that one or more of these pointers may not be correct An attempt is made t...

Страница 375: ...ree characters to the TNC from your keyboard See the Host mode section of the manual for details Two FEND characters precede this message and one FEND character follows this message but they may not b...

Страница 376: ...ASCII Chart paste in page 1 of 2 ASCII chart Appendix E Additional Information ASCII Chart User s Guide 358 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 377: ...ASCII CHART continued paste in page 1 of 2 ASCII chart ASCII Chart Appendix E Additional Information KAM 98 v 8 3 359 User s Guide...

Страница 378: ...KAM 98 Parts Layout Appendix E Additional Information KAM 98 Parts Layout User s Guide 360 KAM 98 v 8 3...

Страница 379: ...receive 72 TNC temporary 79 TNC transmit 87 cable requirements with Pacterm 68 cable wiring RS 232 283 software settings 286 to computer DB 25 284 CALIBRATE command 211 calibration 294 296 calling CQ...

Страница 380: ...DISCONNECT 225 Disconnect and EXIT Pacterm 85 DISPLAY 226 DWAIT 114 227 ECHO 227 End of File code 83 entering commands 202 EOF 83 84 equalization 294 296 establishing communication 68 EXIT Pacterm 85...

Страница 381: ...77 186 automatic disconnect 182 commands 184 configuring 178 multi port 184 overview 177 remote use 184 using 179 using XCONNECT 183 KAM 86 Kantronics Program and Info disk 67 KISS Mode 190 KISS proto...

Страница 382: ...rver 156 pager capcode 155 paging 142 158 amateur 145 command setup 149 commercial 143 data ready transceiver 147 equipment 147 frequencies 144 numeric 143 setting up system 146 paging server PS 153 p...

Страница 383: ...e 68 RTS 78 RTTY HF non packet mode 86 run Pacterm from floppy drive 67 secondary station identifier 216 246 Select TNC use 76 SEND file to TNC 83 sending a message 18 serial communication cable 39 se...

Страница 384: ...ey up delay 275 Transparent Mode 83 95 119 getting out of 120 trouble shooting 89 90 tutorials 91 TXDELAY 115 275 type ahead buffer in Pacterm 78 UI packet 169 unconnected packet 23 UNPROTO 278 UNPROT...

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