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Figure. 5.2.3 - 74. Three-phase power (S) calculation.

Figure. 5.2.3 - 75. Three-phase active power (P) calculation.

In these equations, phi (φ) is the angle difference between voltage and current.

Figure. 5.2.3 - 76. Three-phase reactive power (Q) calculation.

Active power can be to the forward or the reverse direction. The direction of active power can be

indicated with the power factor (Cos (φ), or Cosine phi), which is calculated according the following

formula:

The direction of reactive power is divided into four quadrants. Reactive power may be inductive or

capacitive on both forward and reverse directions. Reactive power quadrant can be indicated with Tan

(φ) (tangent phi), which is calculated according the following formula:

Q-C215

-C215

Instruction manual

Version: 2.07

Содержание AQ-C215

Страница 1: ...AQ C215 Capacitor bank protection IED Instruction manual ...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...49OL 102 5 4 2 2 Capacitor bank current unbalance protection Iuc 46C 107 5 4 3 Non directional overcurrent protection I 50 51 111 5 4 4 Non directional earth fault protection I0 50N 51N 117 5 4 5 Negative sequence overcurrent phase current reversal current unbalance protection I2 46 46R 46L 122 5 4 6 Harmonic overcurrent protection Ih 50H 51H 68H 127 5 4 7 Overvoltage protection U 59 134 5 4 8 Und...

Страница 4: ... 8 5 Digital input module optional 303 8 6 Digital output module optional 306 8 7 Point sensor arc protection module optional 307 8 8 RTD input module optional 308 8 9 Serial RS 232 communication module optional 309 8 10 LC or RJ45 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional 310 8 11 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional 311 8 12 Double RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communicati...

Страница 5: ...34 9 2 1 10 Sequence voltage protection U1 U2 47 27P 59NP 335 9 2 1 11 Line thermal overload protection TF 49F 336 9 2 1 12 Non directional undercurrent protection I 37 336 9 2 1 13 Arc fault protection IArc I0Arc 50Arc 50NArc optional 337 9 2 1 14 Voltage memory 337 9 2 2 Control functions 338 9 2 2 1 Setting group selection 338 9 2 2 2 Object control and monitoring 338 9 2 2 3 Switch on to fault...

Страница 6: ...he warranty obligations of the manufacturer Arcteq Relays Ltd The manufacturer expressly disclaims any and all liability for any damages and or losses caused due to a failure to comply with the instructions contained herein or caused by persons who do not fulfil the aforementioned requirements Furthermore the manufacturer shall not be liable for possible errors in this document Please note that yo...

Страница 8: ...agram and application example with wiring Revision 2 01 Date 6 11 2019 Changes First revision of AQ C215 Added description for LED test and button test Complete rewrite of every chapter Improvements to many drawings and formula images Order codes revised Added double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module and Double RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module descriptions Revision 2 02 Date ...

Страница 9: ...urrent range Added inches to Dimensions and installation chapter Added raising frames wall mounting bracket combiflex frame to order code Added logical input and logical output function descriptions Additions to Abbreviations chapter Added button test description to Local panel structure chapter Added Fault register view to Basic configuration chapter Added parameter descriptions to General menu I...

Страница 10: ...Improved descriptions generally in many chapters Improved readability of a lot of drawings and images Order codes have been revised Added new trip detections and fault types to measurement value recorder Added user description parameter descriptions for digital inputs digital outputs logical inputs logical outputs and GOOSE inputs Added function block diagram Arc point sensor HSO1 and HSO2 positio...

Страница 11: ...ent transformer supervision DG Distributed generation DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DI Digital input DO Digital output DOL Direct on line DR Disturbance recorder DT Definite time FF Fundamental frequency FFT Fast Fourier transform FTP File Transfer Protocol GI General interrogation HMI Human machine interface HR Holding register HV High voltage HW Hardware IDMT Inverse definite minimum ...

Страница 12: ...MS Root mean square RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol RTD Resistance temperature detector RTU Remote terminal unit SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition SG Setting group SOTF Switch on to fault SW Software THD Total harmonic distortion TRMS True root mean square VT Voltage transformer VTM Voltage transformer module VTS Voltage transformer supervision A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Ve...

Страница 13: ...re are modular the hardware modules are assembled and configured according to the application s I O requirements and the software determines the available functions There are up to three 3 option card slots available for additional I O or communication cards for more comprehensive monitoring and control applications This manual describes the specific application of the AQ C215 capacitor bank prote...

Страница 14: ...Sixteen 16 freely configurable LEDs with programmable legend texts 3 Three 3 object control buttons Choose the controllable object with the Ctrl Ctrl button and control the breaker or other object with the I I and O O buttons 4 The L R L R button switches between the local and the remote control modes 5 Eight 8 buttons for IED local programming the four navigation arrows and the E Ent nter er butt...

Страница 15: ...fferent if you have changed the view with AQtivate s Carousel Designer tool Figure 4 2 1 2 Basic navigation general The Home Home button switches between the quick display carousel and the main display with the six 6 main configuration menus General Protection Control Communication Measurements and Monitoring Note that the available menus vary depending on the device type You can select one of the...

Страница 16: ...n configuration menus 4 3 General menu The General main menu is divided into two submenus the Device info tab presents the information of the device while the Function comments tab allows you to view all comments you have added to the functions Figure 4 3 4 General menu structure A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 14 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 17: ...ticker located on the side of the unit Time synchronization source 0 Internal 1 External NTP 2 External Serial 3 IRIG B 0 Internal If an external clock time synchronization source is available the type is defined with this parameter In the internal mode there is no external Timesync source IRIG B requires a serial fiber communication option card Enable stage forcing 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled...

Страница 18: ...set to 0 s this feature is not in use LED test 0 1 Activated 0 When activated all LEDs are lit up LEDs with multiple possible colors blink each color Reset latches 0 1 Reset 0 Resets the latched signals in the logic and the matrix When a reset command is given the parameter automatically returns back to Measurement recorder 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables the measurement recorder tool furt...

Страница 19: ...activation submenu as well as the submenus for all the various protection functions categorized under the following modules Arc protection Current Voltage Frequency Sequence and Supporting see the image below The available functions depend on the device type in use A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 17 ...

Страница 20: ... is disabled by default When you activate one of the stages its activated menu appears in the stage specific submenu For example the I overcurrent protection stage can be found in the Current module whereas the U undervoltage protection stage can be found in the Voltage module Figure 4 4 9 Submenus for Stage activation A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 18 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 21: ...current stages through the Current module and selects the I stage for further inspection Figure 4 4 10 Accessing the submenu of an individual activated stage Each protection stage and supporting function has five sections in their stage submenus Info Settings Registers I O and Events Figure 4 4 11 Info The Info section offers many details concerning the function and its status A AQ Q C215 C215 Ins...

Страница 22: ...gs displays the setting group that is currently in use and its settings other setting groups can be set in the Settings section While the function is activated and disabled in the Stage activation submenu you can disable the function through the Info section Function mode at the top of the section Figure 4 4 12 Settings The stage settings vary depending on which protection function they are a part...

Страница 23: ... data There are twelve 12 registers and each of them includes data like the pre fault value the fault value the time stamp and the active group during the trigger Data included in the register depend on the protection function You can clear the the operation register by choosing Clear registers Clear General event register stores the event generated by the stage These general event registers canno...

Страница 24: ... stage is blocked internally DI or another signal you can configure an output to indicate the stage that is blocked A connection to an output can be either latched x or non latched x Blocking input control allows you to block stages The blocking can be done by using any of the following digital inputs logical inputs or outputs the START TRIP or BLOCKED information of another protection stage objec...

Страница 25: ...ory which can be accessed in the Events view in the user view section 4 5 Control menu Main menu The Control main menu includes submenus see the image above for enabling the various control functions and objects Controls enabled for enabling and controlling the setting groups Setting groups for configuring the objects Objects for setting the various control functions Control functions and for conf...

Страница 26: ...nu see the section Objects below for more information Setting groups Figure 4 5 17 Setting groups submenu The Setting groups submenu displays all the information related to setting group changing such as the following A Activ ctive se e set tting gr ting group oup displays the current active setting group SG1 SG8 F For orce se ce set tting gr ting group change oup change this setting allows the ac...

Страница 27: ...t history Setting group 1 SG1 has the highest priority while Setting group 8 SG8 has the lowest priority Setting groups can be controlled with pulses or with both pulses and static signals see the image below Figure 4 5 18 Example of setting group SG changing Objects Figure 4 5 19 Objects submenu Each activated object is visible in the Objects submenu By default all objects are disabled unless spe...

Страница 28: ... A Additional sta dditional stat tus inf us informa ormation tion gives feedback from the object on whether the opening and closing are allowed or blocked whether the object is ready and whether the synchronization status is ok Use synchr Use synchrocheck ocheck and Use Ob Use Object r ject read eady y closing the object is forbidden when the sides are not synchronized or when the object is not re...

Страница 29: ...gth defines the maximum length of Open and Close commands If the status has changed before the maximum pulse length has elapsed the pulse is cut short Contr Control t ol termina ermination timeout tion timeout If the status of the object does not change during the set time an Open Close request failed event is recorded After the set delay if the controlled object does not respond accordingly the p...

Страница 30: ...s well as to user configurable LEDs A connection to an output can be either latched x or non latched x Object blocking is done in the Blocking input control subsection It can be done by any of the following digital inputs logical inputs or outputs object status information as well as stage starts trips or blocks Figure 4 5 22 Registers section A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 28 Ar...

Страница 31: ...d off You can activate the desired events by masking them x Please remember to save your maskings by confirming the changes with the check mark icon If you want to cancel the changes select the strike through circle to do so Only masked events are recorded to the event history which can be accessed in the Events view in the user view section Control functions Once a control function has been activ...

Страница 32: ...tude between Peak to peak TRMS or RMS the default is RMS the available magnitudes depend on the function Sta Statistics tistics indicates the number of function starts trips and blocks can be cleared through Clear statistics Clear Mea Measur surements ements displays the measurements carried out by the function A Activ ctive se e set ttings tings displays the setting group that is currently in use...

Страница 33: ...ed in the Registers section you can find both Operation event register and General event register Operation event register stores the function s specific operation data There are twelve 12 registers and each of them includes data like the pre fault value the fault value the time stamp and the active group during the trigger Data included in the register depend on the control function You can clear...

Страница 34: ...ge is blocked internally by a digital input or another signal you can configure an output to indicate the stage that is blocked A connection to an output can be either latched x or non latched x Blocking input control allows you to block stages The blocking can be done by using any of the following digital inputs logical inputs or outputs the START TRIP or BLOCKED information of another protection...

Страница 35: ... can be accessed in the Events view in the user view section Device I O Figure 4 5 30 Device I O submenu The Device I O submenu is divided into the following nine sections Digital inputs Digital outputs mA Outputs LED settings Device I O matrix Programmable control switch Programmable Mimic Indicator Logic signals and GOOSE matrix Please note that digital inputs logic outputs protection stage stat...

Страница 36: ... value The activation time of an input is 5 10 ms The release time with DC is 5 10 ms while with AC it is less than 25 ms The first three digital inputs don t have activation and release threshold voltage settings as these have already been defined when the unit was ordered Digital input statuses can be checked from the corresponding subsection Digital input status The Digital input descriptions s...

Страница 37: ...ection lists NO NOTE TE An NC signal goes to the default position NO if the relay loses the auxiliary voltage or if the system is fully reset However an NC signal does not open during voltage or during System full reset An NC output signal does not open during a Communication or Protection reset Figure 4 5 33 LED settings section The LED settings section allows you to modify the individual label t...

Страница 38: ...l stays active until the triggering signal deactivates and the latched function is manually cleared You can clear latched signals by entering the mimic display and the pressing the Back Back button on the panel Figure 4 5 35 Programmable control switch section Programmable control switches PCSs are switches that can be used to control signals while in the mimic view These signals can be used in a ...

Страница 39: ...SE input signal status bits the status of a bit is either 0 or 1 64 quality bits for GOOSE input signals the status of a bit is either 0 or 1 Logical input signals can be used when building a logic with the AQtivate setting tool The status of a logical input signal can be changed either from the mimic or through SCADA By default logical inputs use Hold mode in which the status changes from 0 to 1 ...

Страница 40: ...th ON and OFF events and they can be masked on when necessary they are masked off by default NO NOTE TE Please refer to the System integration chapter for a more detailed description of the use of logical signals 4 6 Communication menu The Communication main menu includes four submenus Connections Protocols General IO and Realtime signals to Comm All devices can be configured through the Ethernet ...

Страница 41: ...s of RS 485 port in the back panel of the unit Bitrate displays the bitrate of the RS 485 serial communication interface 9600 bps as standard although can be changed to 19 200 bps or 38 400 bps if an external device supports the faster speed Databits Parity and Stopbits these can be set according the connected external devices Protocol by default the device does not have any serial protocol activa...

Страница 42: ...n over Ethernet and can be used simultaneously with the ethernet based communication protocols IEC 61850 Ethernet based communication protocol Modbus TCP Ethernet communication protocol Modbus RTU Serial communication protocol IEC103 Serial communication protocol IEC101 104 The standards IEC 60870 5 101 and IEC 60870 5 104 are closely related On the physical layer the IEC 101 protocol uses serial ...

Страница 43: ...s is defined in the Transformers submenu while the system nominal frequency is specified in the Frequency submenu Other submenus are mainly for monitoring purposes Transformers Figure 4 7 41 Transformers section Transformers menu is used for setting up the measurement settings of available current transformer modules or voltage transformer modules Some unit types have more than one CT or VT module...

Страница 44: ... factors VT module Figure 4 7 43 VT module section Voltage transformer settings include voltage measurement mode selection voltage transformer nominal settings and voltage channel polarity switching Voltage transformer setting defines what kind of voltages are connected to the VT module card The voltages are three line to line voltages three line to neutral voltages two line to line voltages leavi...

Страница 45: ...urements use the fixed sampling mode as the default and System nominal frequency should be set to the desired level When Sampling mode is set to Tracking the device uses the measured frequency value as the system nominal frequency There are three frequency reference channels f Ref1 fRef2 and fRef3 With these parameters it is possible to set up three voltage or current channels to be used for frequ...

Страница 46: ...d Phase angle and they display the RMS TRMS and peak to peak values amplitude and power THD values as well as the angle of each measured component Sequence currents has also been further divided into the four above mentioned sections and it calculates the positive negative and neutral sequence currents Harmonics displays current harmonics up to the 31st harmonic for the three phase current IL1 IL2...

Страница 47: ...it and secondary voltages as well as phase angles Sequence voltages displays the per unit primary and secondary voltages as well as phase angles and it calculates the positive negative and neutral sequence voltages System voltages displays primary voltage magnitudes and primary voltage angles Harmonics displays harmonics up to the 31st harmonic for all four voltages U1 U2 U3 U4 each component can ...

Страница 48: ...by which the power and energy calculations are made In the settings you can also activate and then set the parameters for the Energy dose counter mode Power measurements displays all three phase powers as well as the powers of individual phases Energy measurements displays the three phase energy as well as the energies of the individual phases Impedance calculations Figure 4 7 48 Impedance calcula...

Страница 49: ...primary and secondary of the positive sequence as well as its primary and secondary impedances and the impedance angle Phasors Figure 4 7 49 Phasors submenu The Phasors submenu holds the vector displays for voltages and currents as well as the various calculated components the IED may have e g power impedance Phasors are helpful when solving incorrect wiring issues 4 8 Monitoring menu The Monitori...

Страница 50: ...e the section Monitor functions below for more information Monitor functions Figure 4 8 52 Monitor function view Configuring monitor functions is very similar to configuring protection and control stages They too have the five sections that display information Info set the parameters Settings show the inputs and outputs I O and present the events and registers Events and Registers A AQ Q C215 C215...

Страница 51: ...er of recordings currently in the disturbance recorder s memory Recorder trigger shows which signals or other states has been selected to trigger the recording digital input logical input or output signals of a stage object position etc by default nothing triggers the recorder Recording length displays the length of a single recording and can be set between 0 1 1800 seconds Recording mode can be s...

Страница 52: ...hout problems If you see something out of the ordinary in the Device diagnostics submenu and cannot reset it please contact the closest representative of the manufacturer or the manufacturer of the device itself 4 9 Configuring user levels and their passwords As a factory default no user level is locked with a password in an IED In order to activate the different user levels click the L Lock ock b...

Страница 53: ...ord is being changed must be unlocked As mentioned above the access level of the different user levels is indicated by the number of stars The required access level to change a parameter is indicated with a star symbol if such is required As a general rule the access levels are divided as follows User Can view any menus and settings but cannot change any settings nor operate breakers or other equi...

Страница 54: ...escriptions etc and can operate breakers and other equipment Super user Can change any setting and can operate breakers and other equipment NO NOTE TE Any user level with a password automatically locks itself after half an hour 30 minutes of inactivity A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 52 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 55: ...Negative sequence overcurrent phase current reversal current unbalance protection HOC 4 Ih Ih Ih Ih 50H 51H 68H Harmonic overcurrent protection The detection and blocking or tripping based on a selectable harmonic The phase currents and the residual currents have separate stages NUC 1 I 37 Undercurrent protection TOLF 1 TF 49F Line thermal overload protection OV 4 U U U U 59 Overvoltage protection...

Страница 56: ...recorder THD Total harmonic distortion VREC Measurement value recorder 5 2 Measurements 5 2 1 Current measurement and scaling The current measurement module CT module or CTM is used for measuring the currents from current transformers The measured values are processed into the measurement database and they are used by measurement and protection functions It is essential to understand the concept o...

Страница 57: ...ng to its ratios This current is measured by the protection relay NOM NOM The nominal primary current of the protected object For the measurements to be correct the user needs to ensure that the measurement signals are connected to the correct inputs that the current direction is connected to the correct polarity and that the scaling is set according to the nominal values of the current transforme...

Страница 58: ...hase current transformers are 10 A 12 5 A 15 A 20 A 25 A 30 A 40 A 50 A 60 A and 75 A as well as their decimal multiples while the secondary current ratings are 1 A and 5 A Other non standard ratings can be directly connected as the scaling settings are flexible and have large ranges For example the ring core current transformer ratings may vary Ring core current transformers are commonly used for...

Страница 59: ...s to CT nominal Once the setting have been sent to the device relay calculates the scaling factors and displays them for the user The CT scaling factor P S describes the ratio between the primary current and the secondary current The per unit scaling factors Ipu scaling for both primary and secondary values are also displayed in this case they are the set primary and secondary currents of the CT I...

Страница 60: ...e current CTs are connected to the module via a Holmgren summing connection which requires the use of coarse residual current measurement settings the I01 CT settings are set according to the phase current CTs ratings 100 5 A Figure 5 2 1 59 Residual I01 CT scaling coarse The ring core CT is connected to the CTM directly which requires the use of sensitive residual current measurement settings the...

Страница 61: ...nit system in the relay is scaled either to the CT nominal or to the object nominal making the settings input straightforward Example of zero sequence CT scaling Zero sequence CT scaling ZCT scaling is done when a zero sequence CT instead of a ring core CT is part of the measurement connection In such a case the zero sequence CT should be connected to the I02 channel which has lower CT scaling ran...

Страница 62: ...current amplitude in all phases does not match the injected current The scaling settings may be wrong check that the settings match with the connected current transformer Measurement Transformers Phase CT scaling Also check that the Scale meas to In is set accordingly If possible check the actual CTs and their ratings as there may have been a need to change the original plan The measured current a...

Страница 63: ...surement Phasors and check the Phase current vectors diagram When all connections are correct the diagram symmetric feeding should look like this See the following tables for the most common problems with phase polarity and network rotation mixed phases The following image presents the most common problems with phase polarity Problems with phase polarity are easy to find because the vector diagram...

Страница 64: ...problems can be difficult to find because the measurement result is always the same in the relay If two phases are mixed together the network rotation always follows the pattern IL1 IL3 IL2 and the measured negative sequence current is therefore always 1 00 in p u A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 62 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 65: ...IL2 Polarity 0 1 Invert 0 The selection of the second current measurement channel s IL2 polarity direction The default setting is for the positive current to flow from connector 3 to connector 4 with the secondary currents starpoint pointing towards the line IL3 Polarity 0 1 Invert 0 The selection of the third current measurement channel s IL3 polarity direction The default setting is for the posi...

Страница 66: ...flow from connector 9 to connector 10 CT scaling factor P S A relay feedback value the calculated scaling factor that is the ratio between the primary current and the secondary current Measurements The following measurements are available in the measured current channels Table 5 2 1 10 Per unit phase current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Phase current ILx Pha curr ILx In 0 000 1250...

Страница 67: ...up to 31st measurement in p u from the residual current channel I01 or I02 Peak to peak current I0x P P curr I0x In 0 00 500 00 0 01 The peak to peak current measurement in p u from the residual current channel I01 or I02 Table 5 2 1 15 Primary residual current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary residual current I0x Pri Res curr I0x A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS current...

Страница 68: ... current Table 5 2 1 19 Primary sequence current measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary positive sequence current Pri Positivesequence curr A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary measurement from the calculated positive sequence current Primary negative sequence current Pri Negative sequence curr A 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary measurement from the calculated negative sequence curren...

Страница 69: ...mum harmonic A 0 00 100000 00 0 01 Displays the maximum harmonics value of the selected current input ILx or I0x Fundamental frequency Ixx fundamental A 0 00 100000 00 0 01 Displays the current value of the fundamental frequency RMS from the selected current input ILx or I0x Ixx harmonics 2nd 31st harmonic A 0 00 100000 00 0 01 Displays the selected harmonic from the current input ILx or I0x Ixx A...

Страница 70: ... to neutral voltage When connecting voltage directly measuring mode must be set to 3LN U4 mode The rated primary and secondary voltages of the VT need to be set for the relay to know the primary and per unit values In modern protection devices this scaling calculation is done internally after the voltage transformer s primary and secondary voltages are set Normally the primary line to line voltage...

Страница 71: ...ase wiring is incorrect all polarities can be individually switched by 180 degrees in the relay If the protection is voltage based the supervised voltage can be based either on line to line voltages or on line to earth voltages This selection is defined in the Measured magnitude of each protection stage menu separately Protection Voltage protection stage menu INFO see the image below The number of...

Страница 72: ...age menu Settings Fault loops are either line to line or line to neutral according to the Measured magnitude setting As a default the activation of any one voltage trips the voltage protection stage Figure 5 2 2 69 Selecting the operating mode There are several different ways to use all four voltage channels The voltage measurement modes are the following 3LN U4 three line to neutral voltages and ...

Страница 73: ...e note that U0 can only be measured by using a single channel In the image below is an example of 2LL U0 SS that is two line to line measurements with the zero sequence voltage and voltage from side 2 for Synchrocheck Since U0 is available line to neutral voltages can be calculated Figure 5 2 2 71 2LL U0 SS settings and connections The image collection below presents the relay s behavior when nomi...

Страница 74: ...oubleshooting When the measured voltage values differ from the expected voltage values the following table offers possible solutions for the problems Problem Check Resolution The measured voltage amplitude in all phases does not match the injected voltage The scaling settings or the voltage measurement mode may be wrong check that the settings match with the connected voltage transformer Measureme...

Страница 75: ...de U0 or SS 0 Not Used 1 U0 2 SS 0 Not Used The voltage channel U4 can be used to measure zero sequence voltage U0 or the Synchrocheck voltage SS If neither is needed the default option Not Used should be active U0 U4 Measured from 0 Broken Delta 1 Neutral point 2 Open delta 0 Broken delta Defines how the secondary voltage is scaled to the primary Does not affect how protection operates it only af...

Страница 76: ...ling factor for the primary voltage s per unit value VT scaling factor p u Sec A relay feedback value the scaling factor for the secondary voltage s per unit value U3 VT scaling factor P S U0 SS A relay feedback value the scaling factor that is the ratio between the U3 channel s primary and secondary voltages This setting is only valid if the 2LL U3 U4 mode is selected U3 scaling factor p u Pri A ...

Страница 77: ... Un 0 00 500 0 0 01 The measurement in p u from the calculated negative sequence voltage Zero sequence voltage Zero seq Volt p u Un 0 00 500 0 0 01 The measurement in p u from the calculated zero sequence voltage Table 5 2 2 29 Primary sequence voltage measurements Name Unit Range Step Description Primary positive sequence voltage Pos seq Volt pri V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary measurement fro...

Страница 78: ...this is kV System voltage magnitude UL23 System volt UL23 mag V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS line to line UL23 voltage measured or calculated You can also select the row where the unit for this is kV System voltage magnitude UL31 System volt UL31 mag V 0 00 1000000 00 0 01 The primary RMS line to line UL31 voltage measured or calculated You can also select the row where the unit for this i...

Страница 79: ...2 2 33 Primary system voltage angles Name Unit Range Step Description System voltage angle UL12 System volt UL12 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary line to line angle UL12 measured or calculated System voltage angle UL23 System volt UL23 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary line to line angle UL23 measured or calculated System voltage angle UL31 System volt UL31 ang deg 0 00 360 0 0 01 The primary...

Страница 80: ...e input Ux Ux Amplitude THD 0 000 100 000 0 001 Amplitude ratio THD voltage Recognized by IEC Ux Power THD 0 000 100 000 0 001 Power ratio THD voltage Recognized by the IEEE 5 2 3 Power and energy calculation The relays that are equipped with both a voltage and a current measurement card can calculate power and can therefore have power based protection and monitoring functions the number of availa...

Страница 81: ...rection The direction of active power can be indicated with the power factor Cos φ or Cosine phi which is calculated according the following formula The direction of reactive power is divided into four quadrants Reactive power may be inductive or capacitive on both forward and reverse directions Reactive power quadrant can be indicated with Tan φ tangent phi which is calculated according the follo...

Страница 82: ...s φ and tan φ are calculated in the same way as in the line to neutral mode Troubleshooting Check the Troubleshooting section in chapters Current measurement and scaling and Voltage measurement and scaling for more information Most power and energy measurement problems are usually related to the same issues i e wiring errors wrong measurement modes faulty frequency settings etc Settings Table 5 2 ...

Страница 83: ...tes what the power VA quadrant is at that moment Reset energy calculators Reset 3ph Energies 0 1 Reset 0 Resets the memory of the three phase energy calculators Goes automatically back to the state after the reset is finished Phase active energy measurement 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables disables the active energy per phase measurement Phase reactive energy measurement 0 Disabled 1 Enable...

Страница 84: ... cards are available Table 5 2 3 38 Three phase power calculations Name Unit Range Step Description 3PH Apparent power S kVA 1x106 1x106 0 01 The total three phase apparent power in kilo volt ampere 3PH Active power P kW 1x106 1x106 0 01 The total three phase active power in kilowatts 3PH Reactive power Q kVar 1x106 1x106 0 01 The total three phase reactive power in kilovars 3PH Apparent power S M...

Страница 85: ...exported Imported Q while Export P kVarh or MVarh 999 999 995 904 00 999 999 995 904 00 0 01 Total amount of imported reactive energy while active energy is exported Reactive energy Q balance while export P kVarh or MVarh 999 999 995 904 00 999 999 995 904 00 0 01 The sum of imported and exported reactive capacitive energy while active power is exported Exported Q while Import P kVarh or MVarh 999...

Страница 86: ...mported Imported Q while Import P Lx kVarh or MVarh 1x109 1x109 0 01 The imported reactive energy of the phase while active energy is imported Reactive energy Q balance while Import P Lx kVarh or MVarh 1x109 1x109 0 01 The sum of the phase s imported and exported reactive energy while active energy is imported Apparent Energy S while Export P Lx 1x109 1x109 0 01 The apparent energy of the phase wh...

Страница 87: ...3PH Q H Q 0 01 Mvar L1 T L1 Tan an 1 00 L2 T L2 Tan an 0 83 L3 T L3 Tan an 0 11 3P 3PH T H Tan an 0 00 L1 Cos L1 Cos 0 71 L2 Cos L2 Cos 0 77 L3 Cos L3 Cos 0 99 3P 3PH Cos H Cos 0 87 Voltages line to line Currents UL12 100 00 V 30 00 IL1 2 5 A 0 00 UL23 100 00 V 90 00 IL2 2 5 A 120 00 IL3 2 5 A 120 00 Name Values 3PH S 20 00 MVA 3PH P 17 32 MW 3PH Q 0 00 Mvar 3PH Tan 0 00 3PH Cos 0 87 A AQ Q C215 C...

Страница 88: ...een achieved by adjusting the sample rate of the measurement channels according to the measured system frequency this way the FFT calculation always has a whole power cycle in the buffer The measurement accuracy is further improved by Arcteq s patented calibration algorithms that calibrate the analog channels against eight 8 system frequency points for both magnitude and angle This frequency depen...

Страница 89: ...y tracking quality 0 No trackable channels 1 Reference 1 trackable 2 Reference 2 trackable 3 References 1 2 trackable 4 Reference 3 trackable 5 Reference 1 3 trackable 6 References 2 3 trackable 7 All references trackable Defines the frequency tracker quality If the measured current or voltage amplitude is below the threshold the channel tracking quality is 0 and cannot be used for frequency track...

Страница 90: ...urable this value returns to value set to System nominal frequency parameter f atm Display 0 000 75 000Hz 0 001Hz Frequency measurement value used in display When frequency is not measurable this value is 0 Hz f measurement from 0 Not measurable 1 Avg Ref 1 2 Avg Ref 2 3 Avg Ref 3 4 Track Ref 1 5 Track Ref 2 6 Track Ref 3 7 Fast Ref 1 8 Fast Ref 2 9 Fast Ref 3 Displays which reference is used for ...

Страница 91: ...ows the value set into this parameter Clear events 0 1 Clear 0 Clears the event history recorded in the AQ 200 device LCD Contrast 0 255 120 Changes the contrast of the LCD display Return to default view 0 3600s 0s If the user navigates to a menu and gives no input after a period of time defined with this parameter the unit automatically returns to the default view If set to 0 s this feature is no...

Страница 92: ...ture is composed of analog measurement values being compared to the pick up values and operating time characteristics The protection function is run in a completely digital environment with a protection CPU microprocessor which also processes the analog signals transformed into the digital form A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 90 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 93: ...ntage value before the function takes action The function constantly calculates the ratio between the pick up parameter set by the user and the measured magnitude Xm The reset ratio of 97 is built into the function and is always relative to the Xset value If a function s pick up characteristics vary from this description they are defined in the function section in the manual Figure 5 4 1 78 Pick u...

Страница 94: ...ction causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s common and global testing mode is activated The variables users can set are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to reach ...

Страница 95: ...for the time counter The selection is made between dependent IDMT and independent DT characteristics Definite min operating time delay 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 040s When the Delay type parameter is set to DT this parameter acts as the expected operating time for the protection function When set to 0 s the stage operates instantaneously without any additional delay When the parameter is set to 0 00...

Страница 96: ...ly the Param option allows the tuning of the constants A B and C which then allows the setting of characteristics following the same formula as the IEEE curves mentioned here This setting is active and visible when the Delay type parameter is set to IDMT and the Delay curve series parameter is set to IEEE Time dial setting k 0 01 25 00s 0 01s 0 05s Defines the time dial multiplier setting for IDMT...

Страница 97: ...ges The setting parameters and their ranges are documented in the chapters of the respective function blocks Table 5 4 1 47 Inverse operating time formulas for nonstandard characteristics RI type RD type Used to get time grading with mechanical relays Mostly used in earth fault protection which grants selective tripping even in non directional protection t Operating delay s k Time dial setting Im ...

Страница 98: ...n of the timer Op Time calculation reset after release time 0 No 1 Yes 1 Yes Operating timer resetting characteristics selection When active the operating time counter is reset after a set release time if the pick up element is not activated during this time When disabled the operating time counter is reset directly after the pick up element is reset Continue time calculation during release time 0...

Страница 99: ...ick up release delay counter is reset at signal drop off Figure 5 4 1 84 Delayed pick up release delay counter value is held during the release time A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 97 ...

Страница 100: ...without injecting any current into the relay with stage forcing To enable Stage forcing set the Enable stage forcing to ENABLED in the General menu After this it is possible to control the status of a protection function Normal Start Trip Blocked etc in the Info page of the function NO NOTE TE When Stage forcing is enabled protection functions will also change state through user input Injected cur...

Страница 101: ... in the design of capacitor banks The fuse design affects the unit s failure mode and influences the design of the bank protection The capacitor unit can be externally or internally fused An external fuse protects each capacitor unit whereas an internal fuse protects each individual capacitor element inside the capacitor unit When a capacitor element failure occurs in an internally fused capacitor...

Страница 102: ...ne to line voltage With only one series group of units unbalance detection is not required for protection Some larger banks use an H configuration in each phase with a current transformer connecting the two legs to compare the current down each leg When a capacitor fuse operates some current flows through the current transformer This arrangement is used in large banks with many capacitor units von...

Страница 103: ...voltages and currents can influence the operation of the unbalance relay unless a power frequency band pass or other appropriate filtering is provided A About the r bout the rela elay opera y operating time ting time The time delay of the unbalance relay trip should be minimized to reduce damage from an arcing fault within the bank s structure as well as to prevent the remaining capacitor units ex...

Страница 104: ...T mode The IDMT operation supports both IEC and ANSI standard time delays as well as custom parameters The function includes CT saturation checking which allows the function to start and operate accurately during CT saturation The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude selection input magnitude processing saturation check threshold comparator block signal check time delay char...

Страница 105: ...surement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3RMS RMS measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms IL1TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L1 A current 5ms IL2TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms IL1PP Peak to peak measurement of phase L1 A current 5ms IL2PP Peak to peak measurement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3PP Peak to peak measurement of phase L3 C curr...

Страница 106: ...l is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 2 1 52 Information displayed by the function Name Range St...

Страница 107: ...by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can set are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the deviceminimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics for trip and reset This function supports defin...

Страница 108: ...he testing of the expected operating time with the given Imeas Iset value with an online relay The IDMT curve formula used to calculate the segment timing behaviour is shown below Below is an example of the programmable curve settings with three separate operating time segments 1 RED Imeas Iset 1 0 2 0 IDMT IEC NI time dial k 0 05 IDMT constant A 0 14 IDMT constant B 0 02 IDMT constant C 0 0001 2 ...

Страница 109: ...er content Table 5 4 2 1 56 Register content Date and time Event Fault type Pre trigger current Fault current Pre fault current Trip time remaining Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name L1 E L1 L2 L3 Start trip 20 ms current Start Trip current Start 200 ms current 0 1800 s Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 2 2 Capacitor bank current unbalance protection Iuc 46C The capacitor bank current unbalance...

Страница 110: ...RT and TRIP events simultaneously with an equivalent time stamp The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the ALARM START ALARM START TRIP and BLOCKED events Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values The monitored magnitude is equal to RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fa...

Страница 111: ... function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 2 2 59 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description IUC condition 0 Normal 1 Blocked 2 StartOn Alarm 3 StartOn Alarm Trip 4 StartOn Trip 5 AlarmOn 6 StartOn 7 StartOn AlarmOn 8 TripOn 9 AlarmOn TripOn ...

Страница 112: ...king signal it resets and the release time characteristics are processed similarly to when the pick up signal is reset The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s ...

Страница 113: ...ion The available phase current magnitudes are equal to RMS values to TRMS values including harmonics up to 32nd or to peak to peak values The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or user defined logic can change function parameters while the function is running The non directional overcurrent fun...

Страница 114: ...g current measurement values However when the peak to peak mode is selected for the function s Measured magnitude setting the values are taken directly from the samples The user can select the monitored magnitude to be equal either to RMS values to TRMS values from the whole harmonic specter of 32 components or to peak to peak values A 20ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre ...

Страница 115: ...atio between the Iset and the measured magnitude Im for each of the three phases The reset ratio of 97 is built into the function and is always relative to the Iset value The setting value is common for all measured phases and when the Im exceeds the Iset value in single dual or all phases it triggers the pick up operation of the function Table 5 4 3 65 Pick up settings Name Description Range Step...

Страница 116: ...ivated when the pick up element activates a START signal is generated and the function proceeds to the time characteristics calculation Table 5 4 3 67 Internal inrush harmonic blocking settings Name Range Step Default Description Inrush harmonic blocking internal only trip 0 No 1 Yes 0 No Enables and disables the 2nd harmonic blocking 2nd harmonic blocking limit Iharm Ifund 0 10 50 00 Ifund 0 01 I...

Страница 117: ...rs four 4 independent stages the events are segregated for each stage operation The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 4 3 68 Event messages Event block name Event names NOC1 Start ON NOC1 Start OFF NOC1 Trip ON NOC1 Trip OFF NOC1 Block ON NOC1 Block OFF NOC1 Phase A Start ON NOC1 Phase A Start OFF NOC1 Phase B Start ON NOC1 Phase B...

Страница 118: ...Start ON NOC3 Phase A Start OFF NOC3 Phase B Start ON NOC3 Phase B Start OFF NOC3 Phase C Start ON NOC3 Phase C Start OFF NOC3 Phase A Trip ON NOC3 Phase A Trip OFF NOC3 Phase B Trip ON NOC3 Phase B Trip OFF NOC3 Phase C Trip ON NOC3 Phase C Trip OFF NOC4 Start ON NOC4 Start OFF NOC4 Trip ON NOC4 Trip OFF NOC4 Block ON NOC4 Block OFF NOC4 Phase A Start ON NOC4 Phase A Start OFF NOC4 Phase B Start ...

Страница 119: ... analog measurement channels are I01 and I02 residual current measurement and I0Calc residual current calculated from phase current The user can select these channels to use RMS values TRMS values including harmonics up to 32nd or peak to peak values The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or use...

Страница 120: ... user can select the monitored magnitude to be equal either to RMS values to TRMS values or to peak to peak values TRMS mode uses values from the whole harmonic spectrum of 32 components Peak to peak mode picks measurement values directly from the samples A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 4 70 Measurement inputs of the I0 function Sig...

Страница 121: ...al settings for the function s NEF1 and NEF2 instances Name Range Default Description Functionality 0 Earth fault protection 1 Capacitor unbalance 0 Earth fault protection Selects the functionality for the NEF1 and NEF2 stages in capacitor protection relays Natural unbalance compensation 0 Not used 1 In use 0 Not used Selects whether the natural unbalance compensation is in use When the compensati...

Страница 122: ...cted operating time 1800 000 1800 000 s 0 005 s Displays the expected operating time when a fault occurs When IDMT mode is used the expected operating time depends on the measured current value If the measured current changes during a fault the expected operating time changes accordingly Time remaining to trip 0 000 1800 000 s 0 005 s When the function has detected a fault and counts down time tow...

Страница 123: ...nd reset This function supports definite time delay DT and inverse definite minimum time delay IDMT For detailed information on these delay types please refer to the chapter General properties of a protection function and its section Operating time characteristics for trip and reset Events and registers The non directional earth fault function abbreviated NEF in event block names generates events ...

Страница 124: ...rent magnitudes There are two possible operating modes available the I2 mode monitors the negative sequence current while the I2 I1 mode monitors the ratio between the negative sequence current and the positive sequence current The relay calculates the symmetrical component magnitudes in use from the phase current inputs IL1 IL2 and IL3 The zero sequence current is also recorded into the registers...

Страница 125: ...the I2 function Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values and always uses calculated positive and negative sequence currents In the broken conductor mode I2 I1 the function also uses the RMS values of all phase currents to check the minimum current Zero sequence and component sequence angles are used for fault registering and for fault analysis processing A 20 ms ave...

Страница 126: ...START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 4 5 81 Information displayed by the function Name...

Страница 127: ... no additional time delay simultaneously with the start signal Definite time operation DT gives the TRIP signal after a user defined time delay regardless of the measured current as long as the current is above or below the iset value and thus the pick up element is active independent time characteristics Inverse definite minimum time IDMT gives the TRIP signal after a time which is in relation to...

Страница 128: ... option the function does not trip if the input signal is not re activated while the release time count is on going Events and registers The current unbalance function abbreviated CUB in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in START TRIP and BLOCKED The user can select the status ON or OFF for messages in the main event buffer The function offers four 4 independ...

Страница 129: ...p 20ms current Start Trip current Start 200ms current I1 I2 IZ mag and ang 0 ms 1800s Setting group 1 8 active 5 4 6 Harmonic overcurrent protection Ih 50H 51H 68H The harmonic overcurrent function is used for non directional instant and time delayed overcurrent detection and clearing The number of stages in the function depends on the relay model The function constantly measures the selected harm...

Страница 130: ...asic design of the protection function is the three pole operation The inputs of the function are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed current magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED signals which can be used for direct I O controlling and user logic programming The function generates general tim...

Страница 131: ... harmonic component or to the harmonic component percentage content compared to the RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 6 84 Measurement inputs of the Ih function Signal Description Time base IL1FFT The magnitudes RMS of phase L1 A current components Fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 6th harmonic...

Страница 132: ...rent components Fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 6th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic 11th harmonic 13th harmonic 15th harmonic 17th harmonic 19th harmonic 5 ms I01FFT The magnitudes RMS of residual I01 current components Fundamental 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 6th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic 11th harmonic 13th harmonic 15th harmonic ...

Страница 133: ...eral settings The function can be set to monitor the ratio between the measured harmonic and either the measured fundamental component or the per unit value of the harmonic current The user must select the correct measurement input Table 5 4 6 85 Operating mode selection settings Name Range Default Description Harmonic selection 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic 4th harmonic 5th harmonic 6th harmonic 7th ...

Страница 134: ...age monitoring The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active Read only parameters The relay s Info page displays useful real time information on the state of the protection function It is accessed either through the relay s HMI display or through the setting tool softwa...

Страница 135: ...als from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics for trip and reset This function supports definite time delay DT and inverse definite minimum time delay IDMT For detailed information on these delay types please refer to the chapter General propert...

Страница 136: ...n U U U U The function constantly measures phase voltage magnitudes or line to line magnitudes Overvoltage protection is based on line to line RMS measurement or to line to neutral RMS measurement as the user selects If the protection is based on line to line voltage overvoltage protection is not affected by earth faults in isolated or compensated networks The blocking signal and the setting group...

Страница 137: ...for the START TRIP and BLOCKED events The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the overvoltage function Figure 5 4 7 96 Simplified function block diagram of the U function Measured input The function block uses analog voltage measurement values The monitored magnitudes are equal to RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data re...

Страница 138: ... P P voltages The selection of the AI channel in use is made with a setting parameter In all possible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms from START or TRIP event Figure 5 4 7 97 Selectable measurement magnitudes with 3LN U4 VT connection Figure 5 4 7 98 Selectable measurement magnitudes with 3LL U4 VT connection P E voltages...

Страница 139: ... Uset value in single dual or all voltages it triggers the pick up operation of the function Table 5 4 7 92 Pick up settings Name Description Range Step Default Operation mode Pick up criteria selection 0 1 voltage 1 2 voltages 2 3 voltages 0 1 voltage Uset Pick up setting 50 00 150 00 Un 0 01 Un 105 Un The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of ...

Страница 140: ...up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function has been activated before the blocking signal it resets and the release time characteristics are processed similarly to when the pick up signal is reset The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the sta...

Страница 141: ...0s 0 01s 0 05s This setting is active and visible when IDMT is the selected delay type Time dial multiplier setting for IDMT characteristics IDMT Multiplier 0 01 25 00s 0 01s 1 00s This setting is active and visible when IDMT is the selected delay type IDMT time multiplier in the Um Uset power Table 5 4 7 95 Setting parameters for reset time characteristics Name Range Step Default Description Rele...

Страница 142: ...ts and registers The overvoltage function abbreviated OV in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in START TRIP and BLOCKED The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The function offers four 4 independent stages the events are segregated for each stage operation The events triggered by the function are recorded wi...

Страница 143: ...ion is based on line to line voltage undervoltage protection is not affected by earth faults in isolated or compensated networks Undervoltage protection has two blocking stages internal blocking based on voltage measurement and low voltage or external blocking e g during voltage transformer fuse failure The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of th...

Страница 144: ...lock diagram of the undervoltage function Figure 5 4 8 100 Simplified function block diagram of the U function Measured input The function block uses analog voltage measurement values The monitored voltage magnitudes are equal to RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 8 98 Measurement inputs of the U function Signal Description ...

Страница 145: ...s The selection of the AI channel in use is made with a setting parameter In all possible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms from START or TRIP event Figure 5 4 8 101 Selectable measurement magnitudes with 3LN U4 VT connection Figure 5 4 8 102 Selectable measurement magnitudes with 3LL U4 VT connection P E voltages not avail...

Страница 146: ...tages it triggers the pick up operation of the function Table 5 4 8 100 Pick up settings Name Description Range Step Default Uset Pick up setting 0 00 120 00 Un 0 01 Un 60 Un U Block setting Block setting If set to zero blocking is not in use The operation is explained in the next chapter 0 00 100 00 Un 0 01 Un 10 Un The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal ...

Страница 147: ...he pick up setting value Expected operating time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s Displays the expected operating time when a fault occurs When IDMT mode is used the expected operating time depends on the measured voltage value If the measured voltage changes during a fault the expected operating time changes accordingly Time remaining to trip 1800 000 1800 000s 0 005s When the function has detected a fault...

Страница 148: ...ocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics for trip and reset The operating timers behavior during a function can be set for TRIP signal and also for the release of the function in case the pick up element is reset before the trip time has been reached There are three...

Страница 149: ...lement is released If activated the START signal is reset after a set release time delay Time calc reset after release time 1 No 2 Yes 2 Yes Operating timer resetting characteristics selection When actived the operating time counter is reset after a set release time if the pick up element is not activated during this time When disabled the operating time counter is reset directly after the pick up...

Страница 150: ...voltage Block ON UV3 Undervoltage Block OFF UV4 Start ON UV4 Start OFF UV4 Trip ON UV4 Trip OFF UV4 Block ON UV4 Block OFF UV4 Undervoltage Block ON UV4 Undervoltage Block OFF The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers this information is available for all provided instances separately The register of the function records the ON event process data for START...

Страница 151: ... stages of the function U0 U0 U0 U0 The function constantly measures phase to earth voltage magnitudes and calculates the zero sequence component Neutral overvoltage protection is scaled to line to line RMS level When the line to line voltage of a system is 100 V in the secondary side the earth fault is 100 of the Un and the calculated zero sequence voltage reaches 100 3 V 57 74 V Below is the for...

Страница 152: ...ollowing input magnitude selection input magnitude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The inputs for the function are the following operating mode selections setting parameters digital inputs and logic signals measured and pre processed voltage magnitudes The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED signals which can be used for dir...

Страница 153: ...ible input channel variations the pre fault condition is presented with a 20 ms averaged history value from 20 ms from a START or TRIP event General settings The following general settings define the general behavior of the function These settings are static i e it is not possible to change them by editing the setting group Table 5 4 9 107 General settings of the function Name Range Default Descri...

Страница 154: ...p setting 0 0 1 000 000 0V 0 1V Primary voltage required for tripping The displayed pick up voltage level depends on the chosen U0 measurement input selection on the pick up settings and on the voltage transformer settings Expected operating time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s Displays the expected operating time when a fault occurs When IDMT mode is used the expected operating time depends on the measure...

Страница 155: ...to the set pick up voltage Uset and the measured voltage Um dependent time characteristics The IDMT function follows this formula Where t operating time k time dial setting Um measured voltage Us pick up setting a IDMT multiplier setting The following table presents the setting parameters for the function s time characteristics Table 5 4 9 109 Setting parameters for operating time characteristics ...

Страница 156: ...ues until a set release time has passed even if the pick up element is reset The user can reset characteristics through the application The default setting is a 60 ms delay the time calculation is held during the release time In the release delay option the operating time counter calculates the operating time during the release When using this option the function does not trip if the input signal ...

Страница 157: ...r instant and time delayed voltage protection It has positive and negative sequence protection for both overvoltage and undervoltage the user selects the needed function Each device with a voltage protection module has four 4 available stages of the function The function constantly measures the RMS value of phase to earth voltage magnitudes or line to line and neutral voltage magnitudes to calcula...

Страница 158: ...re 5 4 10 111 Close distance short circuit between phases 1 and 3 Negative sequence voltage calculation Below is the formula for symmetric component calculation and therefore to negative sequence voltage calculation In what follows are three examples of negative sequence calculation negative sequence component vector A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 156 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 159: ...n instant or time delayed mode In time delayed mode the operation can be selected between definite time DT mode and inverse definite minimum time IDMT The operational logic consists of the following input magnitude selection input magnitude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The inputs for the function are the following operating mode se...

Страница 160: ...s The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the sequence voltage function Figure 5 4 10 115 Simplified function block diagram of the U1 U2 function Measured input The function block uses analog voltage measurement values and always uses RMS values A 20 ms averaged value of the selected magnitude is used for pre fault data registering Table 5 4 10 113 Measurement inputs o...

Страница 161: ...t triggers the pick up operation of the function Table 5 4 10 115 Pick up settings Name Description Range Step Default Pick up terms Selects whether the function picks up when the monitored voltage is under or over the set pick up value Over Under Over Uset Pick up setting 5 00 150 00 Un 0 01 Un 105 Un Ublk Undervoltage blocking visible when the pick up term is Under 0 00 80 00 Un 0 01 Un 5 Un The...

Страница 162: ...me is left before tripping occurs Umeas Uset at the moment 0 00 1250 00Um Uset 0 01Um Uset The ratio between the measured voltage and the pick up value Function blocking The block signal is checked in the beginning of each program cycle The blocking signal is received from the blocking matrix in the function s dedicated input If the blocking signal is not activated when the pick up element activat...

Страница 163: ...DMT function follows one of the following formulas Where t operating time k time dial setting Um measured voltage Us pick up setting a IDMT multiplier setting The following table presents the setting parameters for the function s time characteristics Table 5 4 10 117 Setting parameters for operating time characteristics Name Range Step Default Description Delay type 1 DT 2 IDMT 1 DT Selection of t...

Страница 164: ...inues until a set release time has passed even if the pick up element is reset The user can reset characteristics through the application The default setting is a 60 ms delay the time calculation is held during the release time In the release delay option the operating time counter calculates the operating time during the release When using this option the function does not trip if the input signa...

Страница 165: ...etting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or user defined logic can change function parameters while the function is running The function s outputs are START TRIP and BLOCKED signals which can be used for direct I O controlling and user logic programming The undercurrent function uses a total of eight 8 separate setting groups...

Страница 166: ...urrent before action from the function The function constantly calculates the ratio between the Iset and the measured magnitude Im for each of the three phases The reset ratio of 103 is built into the function and is always relative to the Iset value The setting value is common for all measured phases When the Im exceeds the Iset value in single dual or all phases it triggers the pick up operation...

Страница 167: ...ivated before the blocking signal it resets and the release time characteristics are processed similarly to when the pick up signal is reset The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch si...

Страница 168: ...an integral function which tells this function apart from a normal overcurrent function and its operating principle for overload protection applications The thermal image for the function is calculated according to the equation described below Where θt Thermal image status in percentages of the maximum thermal capacity available θt 1 Thermal image status in a previous calculation cycle the memory ...

Страница 169: ...r conditions considering the prevailing conditions in the thermal replica are compensated with the ambient temperature coefficient which is constantly calculated and changing when using RTD sensor for the measurement When the ambient temperature of the protected object is stable it can be set manually e g underground cables The ambient temperature compensation takes into account the set minimum an...

Страница 170: ...ions apply the temperature correction factor is 1 0 Figure 5 4 12 119 Ambient temperature coefficient calculation a three point linear approximation and a settable correction curve As can be seen in the diagram above the ambient temperature coefficient is relative to the nominal temperature reference By default the temperature reference is 15 C underground cables which gives the correction factor ...

Страница 171: ...rmed in a similar manner to the figure above in a datasheet provided by the manufacturer Figure 5 4 12 121 Settings of the function s ambient temperature coefficient curve The temperature and correction factor pairs are set to the function s settable curve A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 169 ...

Страница 172: ...kSF correction factor is used for non changing corrections its calculation is explained later in this manual Calculating correction factors for a cable or overhead installation requires the consulting of the datasheet for the technical specifications of the used cable This information is usually provided by the cable manufacturer For example cable data may be presented as in the figures below an e...

Страница 173: ...perature is 15 C The most important parameters for setting a working thermal image are the cable s current and the installation place In addition to the above mentioned current carrying capacity table the manufacturer should also provide data to allow for fine tuning the thermal image Equally important to the ampere temperature values are the presumptive conditions under which the given continuous...

Страница 174: ...nufacturers may give additional information on how to correct the the current carrying capacity to match the changed conditions Below is an example of the correction factors provided a manufacturer Prysmian for correcting the current carrying capacity A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 172 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 175: ...Figure 5 4 12 125 Example of correction factors for the current carrying capacity as given by a manufacturer A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 173 ...

Страница 176: ...tion is flat Its current carrying capacity is 575 A in 65 C and 680 A in 90 C The reference temperature for ground installation is 15 C Let us calculate an estimation of the time constant τ based on the known one second short circuit current related to In If the manufacturer has not provided the time constant it can be estimated from the maximum permissable short circuit current usually a one seco...

Страница 177: ...ed when the cable is loaded with a stable current for time equalling five times the time constant τ This uses approximately 71 of the thermal capacity According to the datasheet this current should set the temperature around 65 C therefore the model overprotects by three degrees A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 175 ...

Страница 178: ...h a cross section of 500 mm2 is installed with no adjacent cables k 1 into a ground consisting of dry gravel and clay k 0 85 and into the depth of 1 5 meters k 0 95 The cable s 1 s permissible short circuit current is 71 4 kA and its insulation is XLPE The cable s screen circuit is open and the laying formation is flat Its current carrying capacity is 575 A in 65 C and 680 A in 90 C The reference ...

Страница 179: ...ith the nominal current one can see the actual current carrying capacity of the cable is much lower than in the presumptive conditions A normal loading current can now warm up the cable too much and threaten its withstandability If the kSF had not been set the thermal image would show a temperature of appr 68 C instead of the real temperature of 96 C A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 0...

Страница 180: ...stead of the 680 A current given in the initial data Estimating trip time Calcula Calculat ted e ed eff ffectiv ective nominal curr e nominal current ent IN kSF tambfact INom Where IN calculated effective nominal current kSF the service factor kamb the ambient temperature factor INom the nominal current of the protected device Calcula Calculat ted end hea ed end heating ting A AQ Q C215 C215 Instr...

Страница 181: ...th the formula above in seconds when replacing the θCalc with the value of the thermal level which from the tripping time is wanted to be calculated in per unit value Function inputs and outputs The blocking signal and the setting group selection control the operating characteristics of the function during normal operation i e the user or user defined logic can change function parameters while the...

Страница 182: ...asurement values The function block uses TRMS values from the whole harmonic specter of 32 components Table 5 4 12 126 Measurement inputs of the TF function Signal Description Time base IL1 TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L1 A current 5ms IL2 TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L2 B current 5ms IL3 TRMS TRMS measurement of phase L3 C current 5ms RTD Temperature measurement for the ambient correction 5ms...

Страница 183: ...this value This setting is visible if Estimate is selected for the Set or Estimate tau setting kSF service factor 0 01 5 00 0 01 1 00 The service factor which corrects the value of the maximum allowed current according to installation and other conditions varying from the presumptive conditions Cold reset default theta 0 0 150 0 0 1 60 0 The thermal image status in the restart of the function IED ...

Страница 184: ...the user settable ambient temperature coefficient curve This setting is visible if Ambient lin or curve is set to Set curve Amb temp k1 k10 0 01 5 00 1 00 0 01 The coefficient value for the temperature reference point The coefficient and temperature reference points must be set as pairs This setting is visible if Ambient lin or curve is set to Set curve Add curvepoint 3 10 0 Not used 1 Used 0 Not ...

Страница 185: ...active when the pick up element activates a BLOCKED signal is generated and the function does not process the situation further If the START function has been activated before the blocking signal it resets and processes the release time characteristics similarly to when the pick up signal is reset The blocking of the function causes an HMI display event and a time stamped blocking event with infor...

Страница 186: ...sible only when there is a setting fault TF Setting alarm 0 Ambient setting ok 1 Inconsistent setting of ambient k Indicates if ambient k setting has been set wrong Visible only when there is a setting fault Table 5 4 12 132 Measurements Name Range Description values Currents 0 Primary A 1 Secondary A 2 Per unit The active phase current measurement from IL1 A IL2 B and IL3 C phases in given scalin...

Страница 187: ... number of times the function trips has been blocked Events and registers The line thermal overload protection function abbreviated TOLF in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in TRIP and BLOCKED signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp...

Страница 188: ...t is important to detect the arc as fast as possible in order to minimize its effects Using arc sensors to detect arc faults is much faster than merely measuring currents and voltages In busbar protection IEDs with normal protection can be too slow to disconnect arcs within a safe time frame For example it may be necessary to delay operation time for hundreds of milliseconds when setting up an ove...

Страница 189: ...protection card s sensor channel detects pressure ARC Binary input signal The arc protection card s binary input is energized I I0 Arc Ph curr START I I0 Arc Res curr START The measured phase current or the residual current is over the set limit I I0 Arc Ph curr BLOCKED I I0 Arc Res curr BLOCKED The phase current or the residual current measurement is blocked by an input I I0 Arc Zone 1 TRIP I I0 ...

Страница 190: ...N OFF events to the common event buffer from each of the 26 output signals The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also a resettable cumulative counter for the TRIP and BLOCKED events for each zone Example of scheme setting The following examples helps the user better understand how the arc protection function is set In the examples AQ 101 models are used to extend the protection of Zone 2 ...

Страница 191: ...urrent and master trip signals to the AQ 101 arc protection relays The AQ 100 series units send out test pulses in specific intervals to check the health of the wiring between the AQ 100 series units The parameter I I0 Arc Self supervision test pulse should be activated when connecting the AQ 100 series units to the AQ 200 series arc protection card to prevent the pulses from activating ArcBI1 The...

Страница 192: ...s have a pressure sensing sensor enable it the same way as the regular light sensors If either phase overcurrent or residual overcurrent is needed for the tripping decision they can be enabled in the same way as light sensors in the zone When a current channel is enabled the measured current needs to be above the set current limit in addition to light sensing Measured input Arc protection uses sam...

Страница 193: ...nnel 4 sensor status Pick up The pick up of each zone of the Iarc I0arc function is controlled by one of the following the phase current pick up setting the residual current pick up setting or the sensor channels The pick up setting depends on which of these are activated in the zone Table 5 4 13 138 Enabled Zone pick up settings Name Description Range Step Default Phase current pick up The phase ...

Страница 194: ... 4 Enabled Pressure detected in sensor channel 4 trips the zone 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Zone1 2 3 4 DI Enabled Arc protection option card digital input function selection Light In mode trips the zone when digital input is active In Current In mode digital input must be active at the same time as any of the sensor channels for the zone to trip 0 Disabled 1 Light In 2 Current In 0 Disabled T...

Страница 195: ...event with information of the startup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can set are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set...

Страница 196: ...annel 1 Light ON ARC1 Channel 1 Light OFF ARC1 Channel 1 Pressure ON ARC1 Channel 1 Pressure OFF ARC1 Channel 2 Light ON ARC1 Channel 2 Light OFF ARC1 Channel 2 Pressure ON ARC1 Channel 2 Pressure OFF ARC1 Channel 3 Light ON ARC1 Channel 3 Light OFF ARC1 Channel 3 Pressure ON ARC1 Channel 3 Pressure OFF ARC1 Channel 4 Light ON ARC1 Channel 4 Light OFF ARC1 Channel 4 Pressure ON ARC1 Channel 4 Pres...

Страница 197: ...terms are met In close in faults the system voltage on the secondary side may fall down to a few volts or close to nothing In such cases when the measured voltage is absent the fault direction cannot be solved As backup non directional protection can be used for tripping but in such cases the selectivity of the network will reduce However an angle memory for voltage can be used to prevent this fro...

Страница 198: ...nd in the device s I O matrix While voltage memory is active voltages are absent and therefore angle measurement is not possible Healthy state angles before a fault are used during a fault This is why a drift between the assumed voltage angle and the actual measured phase current angle takes place While voltage memory is used the angle of phase currents drifts approximately one degree for each pas...

Страница 199: ...seconds The function supports the definite time DT delay type It depends on the application for how long the memory should be used During massive bolted faults the fault should be cleared and the breaker opened as soon as possible therefore a short operating time for voltage memory is usually applied A typical delay for voltage memory is between 0 5 1 0 s When the operating time passes and voltage...

Страница 200: ...ected OFF M1VT1 Frequency tracked from CT ON M1VT1 Frequency tracked from CT OFF M1VT1 Using Voltage memory ON M1VT1 Using Voltage memory OFF M1VT1 Voltage memory blocked ON M1VT1 Voltage memory blocked OFF 5 5 Control functions 5 5 1 Common signals Common signals function has all protection function start and trip signals internally connected to Common START and TRIP output signals When any of th...

Страница 201: ... HMI display or through the setting tool software when it is connected to the relay and its Live Edit mode is active Table 5 5 1 145 Information displayed by the function Name Range Step Description Common signals condition 0 Normal 1 Start 2 Trip Displays status of the function Function blocking Common signals function itself doesn t have blocking input signals Blocking of tripping should be done...

Страница 202: ... the wanted quantity of setting groups as a number in the communication bus or in the local HMI or by selecting the wanted setting group from Control Setting groups When the forcing parameter is enabled the automatic control of the local device is overridden and the full control of the setting groups is given to the user until the Force SG change is disabled again Setting groups can be controlled ...

Страница 203: ... group SG1 Displays which setting group is active Force setting group 0 None 1 SG1 2 SG2 3 SG3 4 SG4 5 SG5 6 SG6 7 SG7 8 SG8 0 None The selection of the overriding setting group After Force SG change is enabled any of the configured setting groups in the relay can be overriden This control is always based on the pulse operating mode It also requires that the selected setting group is specifically ...

Страница 204: ... requests with a lower priority than SG1 SG2 and SG3 will be processed Setting group 5 0 Not active 1 Active 0 Not active The selection of Setting group 5 SG5 Has the fourth lowest priority input in setting group control Can be controlled with pulses or static signals If static signal control is applied SG6 SG7 and SG8 requests will not be processed Setting group 6 0 Not active 1 Active 0 Not acti...

Страница 205: ...tate of the Petersen coil connection When the connection is done with one wire the setting group change logic can be applied as shown in the figure above The status of the Petersen coil controls whether Setting group 1 is active If the coil is disconnected Setting group 2 is active This way if the wire is broken for some reason the setting group is always controlled to SG2 A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruc...

Страница 206: ...Figure 5 5 2 140 Setting group control two wire connection from Petersen coil status A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 204 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 207: ... With a two wire connection the state of the Petersen coil can be monitored more securely The additional logic ensures that a single wire loss will not affect the correct setting group selection The application controlled setting group change can also be applied entirely from the relay s internal logics For example the setting group change can be based on the cold load pick up function see the ima...

Страница 208: ...ns the inverted signal NOT as well as the use of logics in setting group control One could also have SG2 be the primary SG while the ON signal would be controlled by the higher priority SG1 this way the setting group would automatically return to SG2 after the automatic control is over Events The setting group selection function block abbreviated SGS in event block names generates events from its ...

Страница 209: ...F SGS SG8 Request ON SGS SG8 Request OFF SGS Remote Change SG Request ON SGS Remote Change SG Request OFF SGS Local Change SG Request ON SGS Local Change SG Request OFF SGS Force Change SG ON SGS Force Change SG OFF SGS SG Request Fail Not configured SG ON SGS SG Request Fail Not configured SG OFF SGS Force Request Fail Force ON SGS Force Request Fail Force OFF SGS SG Req Fail Lower priority Reque...

Страница 210: ... control can be done by local control or by remote control Local manual control can be done by relays front panel HMI or by external push buttons connected to relays digital inputs Manual remote control can be done through one of the various communication protocols available Modbus IEC101 103 104 etc The function supports the modes Direct control and Select before execute while controlled remotely...

Страница 211: ...e is in Local status Object name Objectx The user set name of the object at maximum 32 characters long Object type 0 Withdrawable circuit breaker 1 Circuit breaker 2 Disconnector MC 3 Disconnector GND 1 Circuit breaker The selection of the object type This selection defines the number of required digital inputs for the monitored object This affects the symbol displayed in the HMI and the monitorin...

Страница 212: ...2 1 Displays the number of successful Open requests Close requests 0 232 1 Displays the number of successful Close requests Open requests failed 0 232 1 Displays the number of failed Open requests Close requests failed 0 232 1 Displays the number of failed Close requests Clear statistics 0 1 Clear 0 Clears the request statistics setting them back to zero 0 Automatically returns to after the cleari...

Страница 213: ...Tx The physical Open command pulse to the device s output relay Objectx Close command Objectx Close Command The physical Close command pulse to the device s output relay Table 5 5 3 153 Operation settings Name Range Step Default Description Breaker traverse time 0 02 500 00 s 0 02 s 0 2 s Determines the maximum time between open and close statuses when the breaker switches If this set time is exce...

Страница 214: ...sical digital input e g RTU Objectx REMOTE Open control input The remote Open command from a physical digital input e g RTU Objectx Application Close The Close command from the application Can be any logical signal Objectx Application Open The Close command from the application Can be any logical signal Blocking and interlocking The interlocking and blocking conditions can be set for each controll...

Страница 215: ...enerates events and registers from the status changes in monitored signals as well as control command fails and operations The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values A AQ...

Страница 216: ...1 OBJ5 Close Command Off OBJ1 OBJ5 Open Blocked On OBJ1 OBJ5 Open Blocked Off OBJ1 OBJ5 Close Blocked On OBJ1 OBJ5 Close Blocked Off OBJ1 OBJ5 Object Ready OBJ1 OBJ5 Object Not Ready OBJ1 OBJ5 Sync Ok OBJ1 OBJ5 Sync Not Ok OBJ1 OBJ5 Open Command Fail OBJ1 OBJ5 Close Command Fail OBJ1 OBJ5 Final trip On OBJ1 OBJ5 Final trip Off OBJ1 OBJ5 Contact Abrasion Alarm On OBJ1 OBJ5 Contact Abrasion Alarm Of...

Страница 217: ...tion The function can be used to control protection functions or it can be used to directly trip a breaker if any of the connected protection functions starts during the set SOTF time The operation of the function is instant after the conditions are met and any one signal connected to the Function input input activates The inputs of the function are the following initiating blocking setting group ...

Страница 218: ...on input activates the function s instant trip if applied when the function is calculating the SOTF time Settings The switch on to fault function has one setting and it determines how long the function remains active after it has been triggered If the inputs receive any of the set signals during this time the function s trip is activated Table 5 5 4 158 Settings of the function Name Range Step Def...

Страница 219: ...F1 SOTF Block OFF SOF1 SOTF Active ON SOF1 SOTF Active OFF SOF1 SOTF Trip ON SOF1 SOTF Trip OFF The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The register of the function records the ON process data of ACTIVATED events The table below presents the structure of the function s register content Table 5 5 4 161 Register content Date and time Event Used SG SOTF rem...

Страница 220: ...ts of the mA output card 2 Enable mA output channels 7 and 8 Table 5 5 5 163 Settings for mA output channels Name Range Step Default Description Enable mA output channel 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables and disables the selected mA output channel If the channel is disabled the channel settings are hidden Magnitude selection for mA output channel 0 Currents 1 Voltages 2 Powers 3 Impedance an...

Страница 221: ...5 5 6 Programmable control switch The programmable control switch is a control function that controls its binary output signal This output signal can be controlled locally from the relay s mimic displayed as a box in the mimic or remotely from the RTU The main purpose of programmable control switches is to block or enable function and to change function properties by changing the setting group How...

Страница 222: ...Switch 3 OFF PCS Switch 4 ON PCS Switch 4 OFF PCS Switch 5 ON PCS Switch 5 OFF 5 5 7 Analog input scaling curves Sometimes when measuring with RTD inputs milliampere inputs and digital inputs the measurement might be inaccurate because the signal coming from the source is inaccurate One common example of this is tap changer location indication signal not changing linearly from step to step If the ...

Страница 223: ...put signal is out of minimum and maximum limits ASC1 4 input out of range signal is activated Curve1 4 input minimum 1 000 000 00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 0 Defines the minimum input of the curve If input is below the set limit ASC1 4 input out of range is activated Curve 1 4 input 1 000 000 00 1 000 000 00 0 00001 Displays the input measurement received by the curve Curve1 4 input maximum 1 000 000 0...

Страница 224: ...e signal output as selected Input value 1 0 4000 0 000 01 0 The measured input value at Curve Point 1 Scaled output value 1 107 107 0 000 01 0 Scales the measured milliampere signal at Point 1 Input value 2 0 4000 0 000 01 1 The measured input value at Curve Point 2 Scaled output value 1 107 107 0 000 01 0 Scales the measured milliampere signal at Point 2 Add curvepoint 3 20 0 Not used 1 Used 0 No...

Страница 225: ... control commands Logical inputs can be controlled with a virtual switch built in the mimic and from a SCADA system IEC 61850 Modbus IEC 101 etc Logical inputs are volatile signals their status will always return to 0 when the AQ 200 device is rebooted 32 logical inputs are available Logical inputs have two modes available Hold and Pulse When a logical input which has been set to Hold mode is cont...

Страница 226: ...efault Description User editable description LIx 1 31 characters Logical input x Description of the logical input This description is used in several menu types for easier identification 5 6 Monitoring functions 5 6 1 Current transformer supervision The current transformer supervision function abbreviated CTS in this document is used for monitoring the CTs as well as the wirings between the device...

Страница 227: ...ude processing threshold comparator block signal check time delay characteristics output processing The following conditions have to met simultaneously for the function alarm to activate None of the three phase currents exceeds the Iset high limit setting At least one of the three phase currents exceeds the Iset low limit setting At least one of the three phase currents are below the Iset low limi...

Страница 228: ... The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the current transformer supervision function Figure 5 6 1 151 Simplified function block diagram of the CTS function Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values the RMS magnitude of the current measurement inputs and the calculated positive and negative sequence currents The user can select what is us...

Страница 229: ...n use Selects the measurement input for the residual current If the residual current is measured with a separate CT the residual current circuit can be monitored with the CTS function as well However this does not apply to summing connections Holmgren etc If the phase current CT is summed with I01 or I02 this selection should be set to Not in use I0 direction 0 Add 1 Subtract 0 Add Defines the pol...

Страница 230: ...ed residual current If the measurement circuit is healthy the sum of these two currents should be 0 Time delay for alarm 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s 0 5s Determines the delay between the activation of the function and the alarm The pick up activation of the function is not directly equal to the START signal generation of the function The START signal is allowed if the blocking condition is not active W...

Страница 231: ...rtup current values and its fault type to be issued The blocking signal can also be tested in the commissioning phase by a software switch signal when the relay s testing mode Enable stage forcing is activated General Device The variables the user can set are binary signals from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in or...

Страница 232: ...cuit fault in phase L1 wiring In this example distinguishing between a primary fault and a secondary fault is impossible However the situation meets the function s activation conditions and if this state secondary circuit fault continues until the set time has passed the function issues an alarm This means that the function supervises both the primary and the secondary circuit A AQ Q C215 C215 Ins...

Страница 233: ...circuits and earth faults even when the fault current exceeds the Iset high limit setting Figure 5 6 1 156 Low current and heavy unbalance If all of the measured phase magnitudes are below the Iset low limit setting the function is not activated even when the other conditions inc the unbalance condition are met A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 231 ...

Страница 234: ...ured When the residual condition is added with the I0 input selection the sum of the current and the residual current are compared against each other to verify the wiring condition Figure 5 6 1 158 Broken secondary phase current wiring When phase current wire is broken all of the conditions are met in the CTS and alarm shall be issued in case if the situation continues until the set alarming time ...

Страница 235: ...this example there is a high impedance earth fault It does not activate the function if the measurement conditions are met while the calculated and measured residual current difference does not reach the limit The Isum difference setting should be set according to the application in order to reach maximum security and maximum sensitivity for the network earthing A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual...

Страница 236: ...ct Fault type Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name The phase currents L1 L2 L3 the residual currents I01 I02 and the sequence currents I1 I2 on trigger time Time remaining before alarm activation The status code of the monitored current Setting group 1 8 active 5 6 2 Voltage transformer supervision 60 Voltage transformer supervision is used to detect errors in the secondary circuit of the vo...

Страница 237: ...TART ALARM BUS ALARM LINE and BLOCKED events Figure 5 6 2 161 Secondary circuit fault in phase L1 wiring The following figure presents a simplified function block diagram of the voltage transformer supervision function Figure 5 6 2 162 Simplified function block diagram of the VTS function Measured input The function block uses analog voltage measurement values Function uses the RMS value of the vo...

Страница 238: ...n The function s pick up activates if at least one of the three voltages is under the set Voltage low pick up value or if at least two of the three voltages exceed the set Voltage high detect value The function constantly calculates the ratio between the setting values and the measured magnitude for each of the three phases Table 5 6 2 179 Pick up settings Name Range Step Default Description Volta...

Страница 239: ...by the function Name Range Step Description VTS condition 0 Normal 1 Start 2 VTLinefail 3 VTBusfail 4 Blocked Displays status of the monitoring function Bus voltages 0 Bus dead 1 Bus Live VTS Ok SEQ Ok 2 Bus Live VTS Ok SEQ Rev 3 Bus Live VTS Ok SEQ Undef 4 Bus Live VTS problem Displays the status of bus voltages Expected operating time 0 000 1800 000s 0 005s Displays the expected operating time w...

Страница 240: ...isters The voltage transformer supervision function abbreviated VTS in event block names generates events and registers from the status changes in ALARM ACTIVATED and BLOCKED signals The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both The events triggered by the function are recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 6 2 181 Event messag...

Страница 241: ...ell as the harmonic content of the monitored signals up to the 31st harmonic component When the function is activated the measurements are also available for the mimic and the measurement views in the HMI carousel The user can also set the alarming limits for each measured channel if the application so requires The monitoring of the measured signals can be selected to be based either on an amplitu...

Страница 242: ...3 164 Simplified function block diagram of the total harmonic distortion monitor function Measured input The function block uses analog current measurement values The function always uses FFT measurement of the whole harmonic specter of 32 components from each measured current channel From these measurements the function calculates either the amplitude ratio or the power ratio A 20 ms averaged val...

Страница 243: ...e phase THD alarm 0 Enabled 1 Disabled 0 Enabled Enables and disables the THD alarm function from phase currents Enable I01 THD alarm 0 Enabled 1 Disabled 0 Enabled Enables and disables the THD alarm function from residual current input I01 Enable I02 THD alarm 0 Enabled 1 Disabled 0 Enabled Enables and disables the THD alarm function from residual current input I02 Phase THD pick up 0 10 100 00 0...

Страница 244: ...s from the system The blocking signal needs to reach the device minimum of 5 ms before the set operating delay has passed in order for the blocking to activate in time Operating time characteristics for activation and reset This function supports definite time delay DT The following table presents the setting parameters for the function s time characteristics Table 5 6 3 187 Settings for operating...

Страница 245: ...ital recorder integrated to the protection relay The maximum sample rate of the recorder s analog channels is 64 samples per cycle The recorder also supports 95 digital channels simultaneously with the twenty 20 measured analog channels Maximum capacity of recordings is 100 The recorder provides a great tool to analyze the performance of the power system during network disturbance situations The r...

Страница 246: ...e 2 F tracked 3 Tracked frequency of reference 3 ISup Current measurement module voltage supply supervision CT card 1 ISup Current measurement module voltage supply supervision CT card 2 USup Voltage measurement module voltage supply supervision VT card 2 IL1 Phase current IL1 CT card 3 IL2 Phase current IL2 CT card 3 IL3 Phase current IL3 CT card 3 I01 c Residual current I01 coarse CT card 3 I01 ...

Страница 247: ...o sequence current angle Res curr angle I0x Residual current angle I0x I01 I02 Res curr I0x TRMS Residual current TRMS I0x I01 I02 Res curr I0x Residual current I0x I01 I02 Res curr I0x TRMS Sec Secondary residual current TRMS I0x I01 I02 Sec Res curr I0x Secondary residual current I0x I01 I02 Res curr I0x TRMS Pri Primary residual current TRMS I0x I01 I02 Pri cal I0 Primary calculated I0 Pha Lx a...

Страница 248: ...I0x Residual Resistive Current Pri Primary residual resistive current I0x I01 I02 Pos Seq Reactive Current p u Positive sequence reactive current in per unit values I0x Residual Reactive Current Pri Primary residual reactive current I0x I01 I02 I0x Residual Resistive Current p u I0x residual resistive current in per unit values I01 I02 ILx Resistive Current Sec Secondary resistive current ILx IL1 ...

Страница 249: ...ve component I01 Enable f based functions Status of this signal is active when frequency based protection functions are enabled Table 5 6 4 193 Digital recording channels Binary signals Signal Description Signal Description DIx Digital input 1 11 Timer x Output Output of Timer 1 10 Open close control buttons Active if buttons I or 0 in the unit s front panel are pressed Internal Relay Fault active...

Страница 250: ...corder function Recorder status 0 Recorder ready 1 Recording triggered 2 Recording and storing 3 Storing recording 4 Recorder full 5 Wrong config Indicates the status of recorder Clear record 0 232 1 1 Clears selected recording If 1 is inserted first recording will be cleared from memory If 10 is inserted tenth 10th recording will be cleared from memory Manual trigger 0 1 Trig 0 Triggers disturban...

Страница 251: ... analog channels in the section titled Analog and digital recording channels Automatically get recordings 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables and disables the automatic transfer of recordings The recordings are taken from the relay s protection CPU and transferred to the relay s FTP directory in the communication CPU the FTP client then automatically loads the recordings from the relay and tra...

Страница 252: ...c nine 9 analog channels and two 2 digital channels record The calculation is as follows Therefore the maximum recording length in our example is approximately 496 seconds Application example This chapter presents an application example of how to set the disturbance recorder and analyze its output The recorder is configured by using the setting tool software or relay HMI and the results are analyz...

Страница 253: ...ing the AQviewer software see the image below However the recording must first be made accessible to AQViewer The user can read it from the device s memory Disturbance recorder Get DR files Alternatively the user can load the recordings individually Disturbance recorder DR List from a folder in the PC s hard disk drive the exact location of the folder is described in Tools Settings DR path A AQ Q ...

Страница 254: ... triggered manually or by dedicated signals Events cannot be masked off The user can select which event messages are stored in the main event buffer ON OFF or both Table 5 6 4 197 Event messages Event block name Event names DR1 Recorder triggered ON DR1 Recorder triggered OFF DR1 Recorder memory cleared DR1 Oldest record cleared DR1 Recorder memory full ON DR1 Recorder memory full OFF DR1 Recordin...

Страница 255: ...ements are recorded in the setting tool or in the relay If the recording is done in the setting tool both the setting tool software and its Live Edit mode have to be activated The user can change the recording file location by editing the Path field File names can also be changed with the File name field Hitting the Record button the big red circle starts the recorder Please note that closing the ...

Страница 256: ...TRMS Pri I Pos Seq Curr angle L2 Exp Imp Act E balance kWh Pri Pos Seq Curr I Neg Seq Curr angle L2 Exp React Cap E Mvarh Pri Neg Seq Curr I Zero Seq Curr angle L2 Exp React Cap E kvarh Pri Zero Seq Curr V Volta oltage mea ge measur surements ements L2 Imp React Cap E Mvarh Res Curr I01 TRMS Pri U1Volt Pri L2 Imp React Cap E kvarh Res Curr I02 TRMS Pri U2Volt Pri L2 Exp Imp React Cap E bal Mvarh S...

Страница 257: ...MS p u Exp Active Energy MWh Res Curr I01 TRMS U3Volt p u Exp Active Energy kWh Res Curr I02 TRMS U4Volt p u Imp Active Energy MWh Pha L1 ampl THD Pos Seq Volt p u Imp Active Energy kWh Pha L2 ampl THD Neg Seq Volt p u Exp Imp Act E balance MWh Pha L3 ampl THD Zero Seq Volt p u Exp Imp Act E balance kWh Pha L1 pow THD U1Volt Angle Exp React Cap E Mvarh Pha L2 pow THD U2Volt Angle Exp React Cap E k...

Страница 258: ...Zero Seq Curr System Volt UL1 ang S4 Measurement Res Curr I 01 TRMS Pri System Volt UL2 ang S5 Measurement Res Curr I 02 TRMS Pri System Volt UL3 ang S6 Measurement Sec Pha Curr I L1 System Volt U0 ang S7 Measurement Sec Pha Curr I L2 System Volt U1 ang S8 Measurement Sec Pha Curr I L3 System Volt U2 ang S9 Measurement Sec Res Curr I 01 System Volt U3 ang S10 Measurement Sec Res Curr I 02 System V...

Страница 259: ...Cap E bal Mvarh Motor status P P Curr I L1 L1 Exp Imp React Cap E bal kvarh Active setting group P P Curr I L2 L1 Exp React Ind E Mvarh L1 Exp React Ind E kvarh 5 6 6 Measurement value recorder The measurement value recorder function records the value of the selected magnitudes at the time of a pre defined trigger signal A typical application is the recording of fault currents or voltages at the t...

Страница 260: ...lues the relay calculates the primary and secondary values of currents voltages powers and impedances as well as other values The user can set up to eight 8 magnitudes to be recorded when the function is triggered An overcurrent fault type a voltage fault type and a tripped stage can be recorded and reported straight to SCADA NO NOTE TE The available measurement values depend on the relay type If ...

Страница 261: ...le and the negative sequence angle P Po ow wers ers Descrip Description tion S3PH P3PH Q3PH The three phase apparent active and reactive powers SL1 SL2 SL3 PL1 PL2 PL3 QL1 QL2 QL3 The phase apparent active and reactive powers tanfi3PH tanfiL1 tanfiL2 tanfiL3 The tan φ of three phase powers and phase powers cosfi3PH cosfiL1 cosfiL2 cosfiL3 The cos φ of three phase powers and phase powers Impedances...

Страница 262: ...lues Name Range Step Description Tripped stage 0 1 I Trip 2 I Trip 3 I Trip 4 I Trip 5 IDir Trip 6 IDir Trip 7 IDir Trip 8 IDir Trip 9 U Trip 10 U Trip 11 U Trip 12 U Trip 13 U Trip 14 U Trip 15 U Trip 16 U Trip 17 I0 TRIP 18 I0 Trip 19 I0 Trip 20 I0 Trip 21 I0Dir Trip 22 I0Dir Trip 23 I0Dir Trip 24 I0Dir Trip 25 f Trip 26 f Trip 27 f Trip 28 f Trip 29 f Trip 30 f Trip 31 f Trip 32 f Trip 33 P Tri...

Страница 263: ... stage that the user can program to create more advanced applications either as an individual stage or together with programmable logic The relay has ten programmable stages and each can be set to follow one to three analog measurements The programmable stages have three available pick up terms options overX underX and rate of change of the selected signal Each stage includes a definite time delay...

Страница 264: ...on generates general time stamped ON OFF events to the common event buffer from each of the three 3 output signals In the instant operating mode the function outputs START and TRIP events simultaneously with an equivalent time stamp The time stamp resolution is 1 ms The function also provides a resettable cumulative counter for the START TRIP and BLOCKED events Analog values The numerous analog si...

Страница 265: ...rrent capacitive component I02ResS I02 secondary current of a current resistive component I02CapS I02 secondary current of a current capacitive component Table 5 7 203 Voltage measurements Name Description UL12Mag UL12 Primary voltage V UL23Mag UL23 Primary voltage V UL31Mag UL31 Primary voltage V UL1Mag UL1 Primary voltage V UL2Mag UL2 Primary voltage V UL3Mag UL3 Primary voltage V UL12Ang UL12 a...

Страница 266: ...ec Resistance R L12 L23 L31 L1 L2 L3 secondary Ω XLxSec Reactance X L12 L23 L31 L1 L2 L3 secondary Ω ZLxSec Impedance Z L12 L23 L31 L1 L2 L3 secondary Ω ZLxAngle Impedance Z L12 L23 L31 L1 L2 L3 angle Table 5 7 206 Other impedances resistances and reactances Name Description RSeqPri Positive Resistance R primary Ω XSeqPri Positive Reactance X primary Ω RSeqSec Positive Resistance R secondary Ω XSe...

Страница 267: ...caled curves 1 4 Magnitude multiplier Programmable stages can be set to follow one two or three analog measurements with the PSx Measurement setting parameter The user must choose a measurement signal value to be compared to the set value and possibly also set a scaling for the signal The image below is an example of scaling a primary neutral voltage has been scaled to a percentage value for easie...

Страница 268: ... MagSet3 at the moment 5 000 000 5 000 000 The ratio between measured magnitude and the pick up setting PSx CalcMeasMag MagSet at the moment 5 000 000 5 000 000 The ratio between calculated magnitude and the pick up setting Pick up The Pick up setting Mag setting parameter controls the pick up of the PGx function This defines the maximum or minimum allowed measured magnitude before action from the...

Страница 269: ...e ov ver time er time If the measured signal changes more than the set pick up value in 20 ms the comparison condition is fulfilled The condition is dependent on direction 7 Delta abs measval C Change o hange ov ver time er time absol absolut ute e If the measured signal changes more than the set pick up value in 20 ms in either direction the comparison condition is fulfilled The condition is not ...

Страница 270: ...e recorded with a time stamp and with process data values Table 5 7 213 Event messages Event block name Event names PGS1 PS1 Start ON PGS1 PS1 Start OFF PGS1 PS1 Trip ON PGS1 PS1 Trip OFF PGS1 PS1 Block ON PGS1 PS1 Block OFF PGS1 PS2 Start ON PGS1 PS2 Start OFF PGS1 PS2 Trip ON PGS1 PS2 Trip OFF PGS1 PS2 Block ON PGS1 PS2 Block OFF PGS1 PS3 Start ON PGS1 PS3 Start OFF PGS1 PS3 Trip ON PGS1 PS3 Tri...

Страница 271: ...Block ON PGS1 PS8 Block OFF PGS1 PS9 Start ON PGS1 PS9 Start OFF PGS1 PS9 Trip ON PGS1 PS9 Trip OFF PGS1 PS9 Block ON PGS1 PS9 Block OFF PGS1 PS10 Start ON PGS1 PS10 Start OFF PGS1 PS10 Trip ON PGS1 PS10 Trip OFF PGS1 PS10 Block ON PGS1 PS10 Block OFF The function registers its operation into the last twelve 12 time stamped registers The register of the function records the ON event process data f...

Страница 272: ...time remaining Used SG dd mm yyyy hh mm ss mss Event name The numerical value of the magnitude Ratio between the measured magnitude and the pick up setting 0 ms 1800s Setting group 1 8 active A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 270 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 273: ...fines the address of the NTP client NO NOTE TE This address must be different than the relay s IP address Netmask 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 Defines the client s netmask Gateway 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 Defines the client s gateway MAC address Displays the MAC address of the client Network status 0 Running 1 IP error 2 NM error 3 GW error Displays the status or possible errors of the NTP client settin...

Страница 274: ...munication Synchronization PTP menu Table 6 1 2 218 PTP time synchronization settings Name Range Description Role 0 Auto Default 1 Master 2 Slave In Auto mode the device can take both the role of a clock source and clock consumer In Master mode the device is forced to concider it self to be a clock source In Slave mode the device is forced to be a clock consumer Mechanism 0 P2P Default 1 E2E Delay...

Страница 275: ...ght begin numbering holding register from 0 instead of 1 this will cause an offset of 1 between the relay and the master Modbus map can be edited with Modbus Configurator Tools Communication Modbus Configurator Table 6 1 3 220 Modbus TCP settings Parameter Range Description Enable Modbus TCP 0 Disabled 1 Enabled Enables and disables the Modbus TCP on the Ethernet port IP port 0 65 535 Defines the ...

Страница 276: ... I O implementation These are named I O Module A I O Module B and I O Module C Each of the modules can be configured using parameters in the following two tables Table 6 1 4 222 Module settings Name Range Description I O module X address 0 247 Defines the Modbus unit address for the selected I O Module A B or C If this setting is set to 0 the selected module is not in use Module x type 0 ADAM 4018...

Страница 277: ... from clients that are of category Station level control This would mean that other Remote control clients would not be allowed to control In Remote control mode all IEC 61850 clients of both remote and station level category are allowed to control objects Ethernet port 0 All 1 COM A 2 Double ethernet card 0 All Determines which ports use IEC61850 Configure GOOSE Subscriber from CID file allowed 0...

Страница 278: ...r to the conformance statement documents www arcteq fi downloads AQ 200 series Resources 6 1 6 GOOSE Arcteq relays support both GOOSE publisher and GOOSE subscriber GOOSE subscriber is enabled with the GOOSE subscriber enable parameter at Communication Protocols IEC 61850 GOOSE The GOOSE inputs are configured using either the local HMI or the AQtivate software There are up to 64 GOOSE inputs avail...

Страница 279: ...E input in question Application ID AppID 0 0 0 3FFF Defines the application ID that will be matched with the publisher s GOOSE control block Configuration revision ConfRev 1 232 1 Defines the configuration revision that will be matched with the publisher s GOOSE control block Data index DataIdx 0 99 Defines the data index of the value in the matched published frame It is the status of the GOOSE in...

Страница 280: ...as a secondary slave station The IEC 103 protocol can be selected for the serial ports that are available in the device A primary master station can then communicate with the Arcteq device and receive information by polling from the slave device The transfer of disturbance recordings is not supported NO NOTE TE Once the configuration file has been loaded the IEC 103 map of the relay can be found i...

Страница 281: ...he total number of transmitted messages Diagnostic Received messages 0 232 1 1 Counts the total number of received messages Default variations Table 6 1 8 231 Default variations Name Range Default Description Group 1 variation BI 0 Var 1 1 Var 2 0 Var 1 Selects the variation of the binary signal Group 2 variation BI change 0 Var 1 1 Var 2 1 Var 2 Selects the variation of the binary signal change G...

Страница 282: ...0 01Hz 0 1Hz Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Current deadband 0 01 50 00A 0 01A 5A Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Residual current deadband 0 01 50 00A 0 01A 0 2A Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Voltage deadband 0 01 5000 00V 0 01V 200V Determines the data reporting deadband settings for...

Страница 283: ...04 settings Name Range Step Default Description IEC 104 enable 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Enables and disables the IEC 104 communication protocol IP port 0 65 535 1 2404 Defines the IP port used by the protocol Common address of ASDU 0 65 534 1 1 Defines the common address of the application service data unit ASDU for the IEC 104 communication protocol Measurement scaling coefficients The mea...

Страница 284: ...0 1Hz Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Current deadband 0 01 50 00A 0 01A 5A Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Residual current deadband 0 01 50 00A 0 01A 0 2A Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this measurement Voltage deadband 0 01 5000 00V 0 01V 200V Determines the data reporting deadband settings for this m...

Страница 285: ...lects the protection function and its stage to be used as the source for the fault register recording The user can choose between non directional overcurrent directional overcurrent non directional earth fault directional earth fault and fault locator functions Select record trigger 0 TRIP signal 1 START signal 2 START and TRIP signals 0 TRIP signal Selects what triggers the fault register recordi...

Страница 286: ...es U1 Pos seq V mag U2 Neg seq V mag Positive and negative sequence voltages UL1Ang UL2Ang UL3Ang UL12Ang UL23Ang UL31Ang U0Ang U0CalcAng Angles of phase voltages phase to phase voltages and residual voltages U1 Pos seq V Ang U2 Neg seq V Ang Positive and negative sequence angles Powers S3PH P3PH Q3PH Three phase apparent active and reactive power SL1 SL2 SL3 PL1 PL2 PL3 QL1 QL2 QL3 Phase apparent...

Страница 287: ...led Activates and disables the real time signals to communication Scale current values to primary 0 No 1 Yes 0 No Selects whether or not values are scaled to primary Slot X magnitude selection 0 Currents 1 Voltages 2 Powers 3 Impedance ZRX and admittance YGB 4 Others 0 Currents Selects the measured magnitude catecory of the chosen slot Slot X magnitude Described in table above Available measured v...

Страница 288: ...7 Connections and application examples 7 1 Connections of AQ C215 Figure 7 1 169 The AQ C215 variant without add on modules A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 286 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 289: ...Figure 7 1 170 The AQ C215 variant with digital input and output modules A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 287 ...

Страница 290: ...hree line to line voltages and the zero sequence voltage U4 are connected this application uses the voltage measurement mode 3LN U0 see the image below Additionally the three phase currents are also connected The digital inputs are connected to indicate the breaker status while the digital outputs are used for breaker control A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 288 Arcteq Relays Ltd I...

Страница 291: ...Figure 7 2 172 Application example and its connections A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 289 ...

Страница 292: ...pter presents the two phase three wire ARON input connection for any AQ 200 series IED with a current transformer The example is for applications with protection CTs for just two phases The connection is suitable for both motor and feeder applications A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 290 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 293: ...ough the IED s digital output and all the way to the open coil of the breaker It is recommended to supervise the health of the trip circuit when breaker is closed Trip circuit supervision with one digital input and one non latched trip output The figure below presents an application scheme for trip circuit supervision with one digital input and a non latched trip output With this connection the cu...

Страница 294: ... be added to the digital input An activation delay that is slightly longer than the circuit breaker s operations time should be enough When circuit breaker failure protection CBFP is used adding its operation time to the digital input activation time is useful The whole digital input activation time is therefore tDI tCB tIEDrelease tCBFP The image below presents the necessary settings when using a...

Страница 295: ...e IED s output relay contact opens in under 50 ms or after a set release delay that takes place after the breaker is opened This means that the open coil is energized for a while after the breaker has already opened The coil could even be energized a moment longer if the circuit breaker failure protection has to be used and the incomer performs the trip Trip circuit supervision with one digital in...

Страница 296: ...closed again The following logic scheme or similar blocks the supervision alarm when the circuit breaker is open The alarm is issued whenever the breaker is closed and whenever the inverted digital input signal TCS activates A normally closed digital input activates only when there is something wrong with the trip circuit and the auxiliary power goes off Logical output can be used in the output ma...

Страница 297: ...Figure 7 4 179 Example block scheme A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 295 ...

Страница 298: ...les such as digital I O modules integrated arc protection or another special module The only difference between the slots affecting device scalability is that Slots E and F also support communication options When an add on module is inserted into the device the start up scan searches for modules according to their type designation code If the module location or content is not what the device expec...

Страница 299: ...d OUT5 2 Scan Scans Slot A and finds the four channels of the VT module fixed for AQ X215 If the VTM is not found the device issues an alarm 3 Scan Scans Slot B which should always remain empty in AQ X215 devices If it is not empty the device issues an alarm 4 Scan Scans Slot C and moves to the next slot if Slot C is empty If the scan finds an 8DI module that is a module with eight digital inputs ...

Страница 300: ... checks which designations have been reserved by modules in previous slots and numbers the new ones accordingly Thus far this document has only explained the installation of I O add on cards to the option module slots This is because all other module types are treated in a same way For example when an additional communication port is installed into the upper port of the communication module its de...

Страница 301: ...s Model with 2 digital inputs Model with 2 digital inputs X 1 Digital input 1 nominal threshold voltage 24 V 110 V or 220 V Digital input 1 nominal threshold voltage 24 V 110 V or 220 V X 2 Digital input 2 nominal threshold voltage 24 V 110 V or 220 V GND for digital input 1 X 3 Digital input 3 nominal threshold voltage 24 V 110 V or 220 V Digital input 2 nominal threshold voltage 24 V 110 V or 22...

Страница 302: ...5 265 VAC DC and B 18 75 DC For further details please refer to the Auxiliary voltage chapter in the Technical data section of this document Digital input settings The settings described in the table below can be found at Control Device I O Digital input settings in the relay settings Table 8 2 240 Digital input settings Name Range Step Default Description DIx Polarity 0 NO Normally open 1 NC Norm...

Страница 303: ...ctor Description CTM 1 2 Phase current measurement for phase L1 A CTM 3 4 Phase current measurement for phase L2 B CTM 5 6 Phase current measurement for phase L3 C CTM 7 8 Coarse residual current measurement I01 CTM 9 10 Fine residual current measurement I02 A basic current measurement module with five channels includes three phase current measurement inputs as well as coarse and fine residual cur...

Страница 304: ...s includes four voltage measurement inputs that can be configured freely The voltage measurement module is connected to the secondary side of conventional voltage transformers VTs or directly to low voltage systems secured by fuses The nominal voltage can be set between 100 400 V Voltages are calibrated in a range of 0 240 V which provides 0 2 inaccuracy in the same range The voltage input charact...

Страница 305: ...stallation when required The properties of the inputs in this module are the same as those of the inputs in the main processor module The current consumption of the digital inputs is 2 mA when activated while the range of the operating voltage is from 0 265 VAC DC The activation and release thresholds are set in the software and the resolution is 1 V All digital inputs are scannced in 5 ms program...

Страница 306: ...0 000 s 0 001 s 0 000 s Defines the delay when the status changes from 0 to 1 DIx Drop off time 0 000 1800 000 s 0 001 s 0 000 s Defines the delay when the status changes from 1 to 0 DIx AC Mode 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 0 Disabled Selects whether or not a 30 ms deactivation delay is added to take the alternating current into account The DIx Release threshold parameter is hidden and forced to 10 of the...

Страница 307: ... DIx 1 31 characters DIx Description of the digital input This description is used in several menu types for easier identification Digital input voltage measurements Digital input option card channels measure voltage on each channel The measured voltage can be seen at Control Device IO Digital inputs Digital input voltages Table 8 5 244 Digital input channel voltage measurement Name Range Step Des...

Страница 308: ...All digital outputs are scanned in 5 ms program cycles and their contacts are mechanical in type The rated voltage of the NO NC outputs is 250 VAC DC For the naming convention of the digital inputs provided by this module please refer to the chapter titled Construction and installation For technical details please refer to the chapter titled Digital output module in the Technical data section of t...

Страница 309: ...up to three 3 light sensors serially connected to it The user can choose how many of the channels are in use The high speed outputs HSO1 and HSO2 operate only with a DC power supply The battery s positive terminal must be wired according to the drawing The NO side of the outputs 1 or 2 must be wired through trip coil to the battery s negative terminal The high speed outputs can withstand voltages ...

Страница 310: ... HSO control 8 8 RTD input module optional Figure 8 8 189 RTD input module connectors The RTD input module is an add on module with eight 8 RTD input channels Each input supports 2 wire 3 wire and 4 wire RTD sensors The sensor type can be selected with software for two groups four channels each The card supports Pt100 and Pt1000 sensors A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 308 Arcteq R...

Страница 311: ... module connectors Connector Name Description COM E Serial fiber GG PP GP PG Serial based communications Wavelength 660 nm Compatible with 50 125 μm 62 5 125 μm 100 140 μm and 200 μm Plastic Clad Silica PCS fiber Compatible with ST connectors A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 309 ...

Страница 312: ...mmunications COM F Pin 8 RS 232 RX Serial based communications COM F Pin 9 COM F Pin 10 3 3 V output spare Spare power source for external equipment 45 mA COM F Pin 11 COM F Pin 12 The option card includes two serial communication interfaces COM E is a serial fiber interface with glass plastic option COM F is an RS 232 interface 8 10 LC or RJ45 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figur...

Страница 313: ...ectors 10BASE T and 100BASE TX Both cards support both HSR and PRP protocols 8 11 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 11 193 Double ST 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module connectors Connector Description Two pin connector IRIG B input ST connectors Duplex ST connectors 62 5 125 μm or 50 125 μm multimode fiber Transmitter wavelength 1260 1360 nm nominal 1310 nm Rec...

Страница 314: ...edundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module The images below present two example configurations the first displays a ring configuration note how the third party devices are connected in a separate ring while the second displays a multidrop configuration Figure 8 11 194 Example of a ring configuration A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 3...

Страница 315: ...ble RJ45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module optional Figure 8 12 196 Double RJ 45 10 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Connector Description Two pin connector IRIG B input A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 313 ...

Страница 316: ...figurations For other redundancy options please refer to the option card LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Figure 8 12 197 Example of a multidrop configuration 8 13 Milliampere mA I O module optional Figure 8 13 198 Milliampere mA I O module connections A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 314 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 317: ... the factory or it can be upgraded in the field after the device s original installation when required The user sets the mA I O with the mA outputs control function This can be done at Control Device I O mA outputs in the relay configuration settings 8 14 Dimensions and installation The device can be installed either to a standard 19 rack or to a switchgear panel with cutouts The desired installat...

Страница 318: ...Figure 8 14 200 Device installation A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 316 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 319: ...Figure 8 14 201 Panel cutout dimensions and device spacing A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 317 ...

Страница 320: ...equency measurement range From 6 75Hz fundamental up to the 31st harmonic current Current measurement range 25 mA 250 A RMS Current measurement inaccuracy 0 005 4 000 IN 0 5 or 15 mA 4 20 IN 0 5 20 50 IN 1 0 Angle measurement inaccuracy 0 2 I 0 1 A 1 0 I 0 1 A Burden 50 60 Hz 0 1 VA Transient overreach 8 Coarse residual current input I01 Rated current IN 1 A configurable 0 1 10 A Thermal withstand...

Страница 321: ...reach 5 Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact FRONT 4 H 6 35 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 4 mm2 NO NOTE TE Current measurement accuracy has been verified with 50 60 Hz The amplitude difference is 0 2 and the angle difference is 0 5 degrees higher at 16 67 Hz and other frequencies 9 1 1 2 Voltage measurement Table 9 1 1 2 248 Technical data for the voltage measure...

Страница 322: ...Power and energy measurement accuracy Power measurement P Q S Frequency range 6 75 Hz Inaccuracy 0 3 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary 1 0 1 2 IN or 3 VA secondary Energy measurement Frequency range 6 75 Hz Energy and power metering inaccuracy 0 5 down to 1A RMS 50 60Hz as standard 0 2 down to 1A RMS 50 60Hz option available see the order code for details 9 1 1 4 Frequency measurement Table 9 1 1 4 250 Fre...

Страница 323: ...rminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5 mm2 Other Minimum recommended fuse rating MCB C2 9 1 2 2 CPU communication ports Table 9 1 2 2 253 Front panel local communication port Port Port media Copper Ethernet RJ 45 Number of ports 1 Port protocols PC protocols FTP Telnet Features Data transfer rate 100 MB System integration Cannot be used for...

Страница 324: ... Table 9 1 2 3 256 CPU model isolated digital inputs with thresholds defined by order code Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Nominal voltage Order code defined 24 110 220 V AC DC Pick up threshold Release threshold Order code defined 19 90 170 V Order code defined 14 65 132 V Scanning rate 5 ms Settings Pick up delay Software settable 0 1800 s Polarity Software settable Normally On ...

Страница 325: ... 258 Digital outputs Change Over Rated values Rated auxiliary voltage 265 V AC DC Continuous carry 5 A Make and carry 0 5 s Make and carry 3 s 30 A 15 A Breaking capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110 VDC at 220 VDC 1 A 0 4 A 0 2 A Control rate 5 ms Settings Polarity Software settable Normally On Normally Off Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stra...

Страница 326: ...aking capacity DC L R 40 ms at 48 VDC at 110 VDC at 220 VDC 1 A 0 4 A 0 2 A Control rate 5 ms Settings Polarity Software settable Normally On Normally Off Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5 mm2 9 1 3 3 Point sensor arc protection module Table 9 1 3 3 261 Technical data for the point sensor arc protection modu...

Страница 327: ...ues Voltage withstand 265 VDC Nominal voltage Pick up threshold Release threshold 24 VDC 16 VDC 15 VDC Scanning rate 5 ms Polarity Normally Off Current drain 3 mA Terminal block connection Terminal block Phoenix Contact MSTB 2 5 5 ST 5 08 Solid or stranded wire Maximum wire diameter 2 5 mm2 NO NOTE TE Polarity has to be correct 9 1 3 4 Milliampere module mA out mA in Table 9 1 3 4 264 Technical da...

Страница 328: ...ata for the RTD input module Channels 1 8 2 3 4 wire RTD Pt100 or Pt1000 9 1 3 6 RS 232 serial fiber communication module Table 9 1 3 6 266 Technical data for the RS 232 serial fiber communication module Ports RS 232 Serial fiber GG PP GP PG Serial port wavelength 660 nm Cable type 1 mm plastic fiber 9 1 3 7 Double LC 100 Mbps Ethernet communication module Table 9 1 3 7 267 Technical data for the ...

Страница 329: ...9 1 4 Display Table 9 1 4 269 Technical data for the HMI LCD display Dimensions and resolution Number of dots resolution 320 x 160 Size 84 78 49 90 mm 3 34 1 96 in Display Type of display LCD Color Monochrome 9 2 Functions 9 2 1 Protection functions 9 2 1 1 Capacitor bank overload protection Icol 49OL Table 9 2 1 1 270 Technical data for the capacitor bank overload function Input signals Current i...

Страница 330: ...Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 10 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 50 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms No Not te e The release delay does not apply to phase specific tripping 9 2 1 2 Capacitor bank current unbalance protection Iuc 46C Table 9 2 1 2 271 Technical data for the capacitor bank current unbalance function Measurement inputs Current inputs Phase current inputs IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Curre...

Страница 331: ...Phase current inputs IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Current input magnitudes RMS phase currents TRMS phase currents Peak to peak phase currents Pick up Pick up current setting 0 10 50 00 In setting step 0 01 In Inrush 2nd harmonic blocking 0 10 50 00 Ifund setting step 0 01 Ifund Inaccuracy Current 2nd harmonic blocking 0 5 Iset or 15 mA 0 10 4 0 Iset 1 0 unit of the 2nd harmonic setting Operation time Definit...

Страница 332: ...urrent I01 1 A Measured residual current I02 0 2 A Calculated residual current I0Calc 5 A Pick up current setting 0 0001 40 00 In setting step 0 0001 In Inaccuracy Starting I01 1 A Starting I02 0 2 A Starting I0Calc 5 A 0 5 I0set or 3 mA 0 005 10 0 Iset 1 5 I0set or 1 0 mA 0 005 25 0 Iset 1 0 I0set or 15 mA 0 005 4 0 Iset Operating time Definite time function operating time setting 0 00 1800 00 s ...

Страница 333: ...step 0 01 In I2pu 1 00 200 00 setting step 0 01 I2 I1 Minimum phase current at least one phase above 0 01 2 00 In setting step 0 01 In Inaccuracy Starting I2pu Starting I2 I1 1 0 unit or 100 mA 0 10 4 0 In 1 0 unit or 100 mA 0 10 4 0 In Operating time Definite time function operating time setting 0 00 1800 00 s setting step 0 005 s Inaccuracy Definite time Im Iset ratio 1 05 1 5 or 60 ms IDMT sett...

Страница 334: ... 0000 step 0 0001 Inaccuracy IDMT operating time IDMT minimum operating time 1 5 or 20 ms 20 ms Instant operation time Start time and instant operation time trip IM ISET ratio 1 05 50 ms Reset Reset ratio 95 of the pick up setting Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 10 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 35 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 ms No Not te e Harmonics generally The amplitu...

Страница 335: ...tep 0 0001 0 5 0000 step 0 0001 0 250 0000 step 0 0001 Inaccuracy IDMT operating time IDMT minimum operating time 1 5 or 20 ms 20 ms Instant operation time Start time and instant operation time trip UM USET ratio 1 05 50 ms Reset Reset ratio 97 of the pick up voltage setting Reset time setting Inaccuracy Reset time 0 010 10 000 s step 0 005 s 1 0 or 45 ms Instant reset time and start up reset 50 m...

Страница 336: ...time and start up reset 50 ms No Not te e The low voltage block is not in use when its pick up setting is set to 0 The undervoltage function is in trip stage when the LV block is disabled and the device has no voltage injection After the low voltage blocking condition the undervoltage stage does not trip unless the voltage exceeds the pick up setting first 9 2 1 9 Neutral overvoltage protection U0...

Страница 337: ...inputs Voltage inputs UL1 UL2 UL3 UL12 UL23 UL31 U0 Voltage input calculations Positive sequence voltage I1 Negative sequence voltage I2 Pick up Pick up setting 5 00 150 00 UN setting step 0 01 UN Inaccuracy Voltage 1 5 USET or 30 mV Low voltage block Pick up setting 1 00 80 00 UN setting step 0 01 UN Inaccuracy Voltage 1 5 USET or 30 mV Operation time Definite time function operating time setting...

Страница 338: ...rrent Thermal replica temperature estimates Selectable between C and F Outputs Alarm 1 Alarm 2 Thermal trip Trip delay Restart inhibit 0 150 step 1 0 150 step 1 0 150 step 1 0 000 3600 000 s step 0 005 s 0 150 step 1 Inaccuracy Starting Operating time 0 5 of the set pick up value 5 or 500 ms 9 2 1 12 Non directional undercurrent protection I 37 Table 9 2 1 12 281 Technical data for the undercurren...

Страница 339: ...Pick up current setting residual current Pick up light intensity 0 50 40 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN 0 10 40 00 IN setting step 0 01 IN 8 25 or 50 kLx the sensor is selected in the order code Starting inaccuracy IArc and I0Arc 3 of the set pick up value 0 5 IN setting 5 mA 0 5 IN setting Point sensor detection radius 180 degrees Operation time Light only Semiconductor outputs HSO1 and HSO2 Regular ...

Страница 340: ...age memory is activated only when all line voltages fall below set pick up value Voltage memory activation captures healthy situation voltage angles one cycle before actual activation 50Hz 20ms before bolted fault 9 2 2 Control functions 9 2 2 1 Setting group selection Table 9 2 2 1 284 Technical data for the setting group selection function Settings and control modes Setting groups 8 independent ...

Страница 341: ...similar SOTF activation time Activation time 40 ms measured from the trip contact SOTF release time Release time setting 0 000 1800 000 s setting step 0 005 s Inaccuracy Definite time 1 0 or 30 ms SOTF instant release time 40 ms measured from the trip contact 9 2 3 Monitoring functions 9 2 3 1 Current transformer supervision Table 9 2 3 1 287 Technical data for the current transformer supervision ...

Страница 342: ...ge inputs UL1 UL2 UL3 UL12 UL23 UL31 Voltage input magnitudes RMS line to line or line to neutral voltages Pick up Pick up settings Voltage low pick up Voltage high pick up Angle shift limit 0 05 0 50 UN setting step 0 01 UN 0 50 1 10 UN setting step 0 01 UN 2 00 90 00 deg setting step 0 10 deg Inaccuracy Voltage U angle U 1 V 1 5 USET 1 5 External line bus side pick up optional 0 1 Time delay for...

Страница 343: ...nic distortion Table 9 2 3 4 290 Technical data for the total harmonic distortion function Input signals Current inputs Phase current inputs IL1 A IL2 B IL3 C Residual current channel I01 Coarse Residual current channel I02 Fine Current input magnitudes Current measurement channels FFT result up to the 31st harmonic component Pick up Operating modes Power THD Amplitude THD Pick up setting for all ...

Страница 344: ...onds 9 3 Tests and environmental Electrical environment compatibility Table 9 3 293 Disturbance tests All tests CE approved and tested according to EN 60255 26 Emissions Conducted emissions EN 60255 26 Ch 5 2 CISPR 22 150 kHz 30 MHz Radiated emissions EN 60255 26 Ch 5 1 CISPR 11 30 1 000 MHz Immunity Electrostatic discharge ESD EN 60255 26 IEC 61000 4 2 Air discharge 15 kV Contact discharge 8 kV E...

Страница 345: ...ests Damp heat cyclic EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 30 Operational 25 55 C 93 97 RH 12 12h Dry heat EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 2 Storage 70 C 16 h Operational 55 C 16 h Cold test EN 60255 1 IEC 60068 2 1 Storage 40 C 16 h Operational 20 C 16 h Table 9 3 297 Environmental conditions IP classes Casing protection class IP54 front IP21 rear Temperature ranges Ambient service temperature range 35 70 C Transport a...

Страница 346: ... Width 127 mm rack Depth 174 mm no cards connectors Weight 1 5 kg With packaging gross Dimensions Height 170 mm Width 242 mm Depth 219 mm Weight 2 kg A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 344 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 ...

Страница 347: ...10 Ordering information A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 345 ...

Страница 348: ...td AQX069 Combiflex frame Arcteq Ltd AQX097 Wall mounting bracket Arcteq Ltd AQ 01B Light point sensor unit 25 000 lux threshold Max cable length 200 m Arcteq Ltd AQ 01C Light point sensor unit 50 000 lux threshold Max cable length 200 m Arcteq Ltd AQ 02A Pressure and light point sensor unit 8 000 lux threshold Max cable length 200 m Arcteq Ltd AQ 02B Pressure and light point sensor unit 25 000 lu...

Страница 349: ...nd postal address Kvartsikatu 2 A 1 65300 Vaasa Finland Contacts Phone 358 10 3221 370 Website arcteq fi Technical support support arcteq fi 358 10 3221 388 EET 9 00 17 00 E mail sales sales arcteq fi A AQ Q C215 C215 Instruction manual Version 2 07 Arcteq Relays Ltd IM00040 347 ...

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