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Rohde & Schwarz ZNLE Series, Getting Started

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Rohde & Schwarz ZNLE Series Getting Started Download Page 60

Operating the Instrument

R&S

®

ZNLE

60

Getting Started 1323.2873.02 ─ 08

6.2.3

 

Context Menus

Several items in the diagram area have context menus (for example markers,
traces or the channel bar). If you right-click on one of these items (or tap it for
about 1 second), a menu is displayed which contains the same functions as the
corresponding softkey. This is useful, for example, when the softkey display is
hidden.

6.2.4

 

On-screen Keyboard

The on-screen keyboard is an additional means of interacting with the instrument
without having to connect an external keyboard.

Accessing the Functionality

Summary of Contents for ZNLE Series

Page 1: ...R S ZNLE Vector Network Analyzer Getting Started Getting Started Version 08 1323287302 GL 2 ...

Page 2: ...rder no 1323 0012 56 2020 Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Mühldorfstr 15 81671 München Germany Phone 49 89 41 29 0 Email info rohde schwarz com Internet www rohde schwarz com Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding R S is a registered trademark of Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Trade names are trademarks of the owners 1323 2873 02 Version 08 R S ZNLE Throughout this manual products from ...

Page 3: ...asic Safety Instructions 10 2 6 Data Sheets and Brochures 10 2 7 Release Notes and Open Source Acknowledgment OSA 10 2 8 Application Notes Application Cards White Papers etc 11 2 9 Calibration Certificate 11 3 Preparing for Use 12 3 1 Lifting and Carrying 12 3 2 Unpacking and Checking 12 3 3 Choosing the Operating Site 13 3 4 Setting Up the R S ZNLE 13 3 5 Connecting to Power 15 3 6 Switching On o...

Page 4: ... 5 1 Performing Measurements 39 5 2 Zooming into the Display 49 5 3 Saving Settings 50 5 4 Printing and Saving Results 52 6 Operating the Instrument 54 6 1 Understanding the Display Information 54 6 2 Accessing the Functionality 56 6 3 Entering Data 61 6 4 Touchscreen Gestures 63 6 5 Getting Help 66 7 Customer Support 68 7 1 Collecting Information for Support 68 7 2 Contacting Customer Support 70 ...

Page 5: ...age 5 The same information is provided in many languages as printed Safety Instructions The printed Safety Instructions are delivered with the product Throughout the documentation safety instructions are provided when you need to take care during setup or operation 1 1 Safety Instructions Products from the Rohde Schwarz group of companies are manufactured according to the highest technical standar...

Page 6: ...an operate the product up to an altitude of 2000 m above sea level The product is suitable for pollution degree 2 environ ments where nonconductive contamination can occur For more information on environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and humidity see the data sheet Setting up the product Always place the product on a stable flat and level surface with the bottom of the product facin...

Page 7: ...lies with country specific safety requirements Only insert the plug into an outlet with protective conductor terminal Only use intact cables and route them carefully so that they cannot be dam aged Check the power cables regularly to ensure that they are undamaged Also ensure that nobody can trip over loose cables If the product needs an external power supply use the power supply that is delivered...

Page 8: ...hock should an electric problem occur 1 2 Labels on R S ZNLE Labels on the casing inform about Personal safety see Meaning of safety labels on page 7 Product and environment safety see Table 1 1 Identification of the product see Chapter 4 2 9 Device ID on page 37 Table 1 1 Labels regarding R S ZNLE and environment safety Labeling in line with EN 50419 for disposal of electrical and electronic equi...

Page 9: ...r manual contains the description of all instrument modes and functions It also provides an introduction to remote control a complete description of the remote control commands with programming examples and information on main tenance instrument interfaces and error messages Includes the contents of the getting started manual The contents of the user manual are available as help in the R S ZNLE Th...

Page 10: ...he printed document is delivered with the instrument 2 6 Data Sheets and Brochures The data sheet contains the technical specifications of the R S ZNLE It also lists the firmware applications and their order numbers and optional accessories The brochure provides an overview of the instrument and deals with the specific characteristics See www rohde schwarz com brochure datasheet ZNLE 2 7 Release N...

Page 11: ...apers etc These documents deal with special applications or background information on particular topics See www rohde schwarz com application ZNLE 2 9 Calibration Certificate The document is available on https gloris rohde schwarz com calcert You need the device ID of your instrument which you can find on a label on the rear panel Calibration Certificate ...

Page 12: ...ecting a Keyboard 18 Connecting an External Monitor 19 Windows Operating System 21 Logging On 23 Considerations for Test Setup 25 3 1 Lifting and Carrying The carrying handles are designed to lift or carry the instrument Do not apply excessive external force to the handles See Lifting and carrying the product on page 6 3 2 Unpacking and Checking 1 Unpack the R S ZNLE carefully 2 Retain the origina...

Page 13: ...an operate the product The EMC class of the product is given in the data sheet under Gen eral data Class B equipment is suitable for use in Residential environments Environments that are directly connected to a low voltage supply network that supplies residential buildings Class A equipment is intended for use in industrial environments It can cause radio disturbances in residential environments d...

Page 14: ...ng on top or underneath 3 CAUTION The product can fall over and cause injury The top surface is too small for stacking Never stack another product on top of the product As an alternative you can mount several products in a rack 4 NOTICE Overheating can damage the product Prevent overheating as follows Keep a minimum distance of 10 cm between the fan openings of the prod uct and any object in the v...

Page 15: ...f until the rack brack ets fit closely to the rack 4 Tighten all screws in the rack brackets with a tightening torque of 1 2 Nm to secure the R S ZNLE in the rack To unmount the R S ZNLE from a rack 1 Loosen the screws at the rack brackets 2 Remove the R S ZNLE from the rack 3 If placing the R S ZNLE on a bench top again unmount the adapter kit from the R S ZNLE Follow the instructions provided wi...

Page 16: ... on the connector refer to Chapter 4 2 1 AC Power Supply Connec tion and Main Power Switch on page 35 3 6 Switching On or Off Table 3 1 Overview of power states Status LED on Power key Position of main power switch Off gray 0 Standby orange I Ready green I To switch on the R S ZNLE The R S ZNLE is off but connected to power 1 Set the switch on the power supply to position I See Chapter 4 2 1 AC Po...

Page 17: ...age 35 The LED of the standby key is switched off 2 Disconnect the R S ZNLE from the power source 3 7 Connecting to LAN You can connect the instrument to a LAN for remote operation via a PC For details on the connector see Chapter 4 2 6 LAN on page 36 Provided the network administrator has assigned you the appropriate rights and adapted the Windows firewall configuration you can use the interface ...

Page 18: ...CP and no static IP address is configured The default instrument name is Type variant serial_number for example ZNLE3 123456 For information on determining the serial number see Chapter 4 2 9 Device ID on page 37 For more information on LAN configuration see the R S ZNLE user manual 3 8 Connecting a Keyboard The keyboard is detected automatically when it is connected The default input language is ...

Page 19: ...he screen does not react to your touch actions prop erly The touchscreen has a screen resolution of 1280x800 pixels Most external monitors have a higher screen resolution If the screen resolution of the monitor is set higher than the instrument s resolution the application win dow uses an area of 1280x800 pixels on the monitor display For full screen display adjust the monitor s screen resolution ...

Page 20: ...turn to the previous settings if necessary 8 Select OK if the settings are suitable Fixing a wrong touchscreen mapping For instruments that are equipped with a system image version 0 8 the touch screen function is erroneously mapped to the external monitor by default This mismatch is particularly inconvenient in extended display mode where touch ges tures on the instrument screen actually operate ...

Page 21: ...he message Touch this screen to identify it as the touchscreen on the external screen 7 If the external monitor is also a touchscreen tap on it 8 Press ENTER Touch screen operation functions correctly now Use the PROJECT flyout again to select the appropriate display mode Refer to the Versions Options tab of the Setup System Configura tion dialog to determine the Image version of your instrument 3...

Page 22: ... should be updated regularly Firewall settings A firewall protects an instrument by preventing unauthorized users from gaining access to it through a network Rohde Schwarz highly recommends the use of the firewall on your instrument Rohde Schwarz instruments are shipped with the Windows firewall enabled and preconfigured in such a way that all ports and connections for remote control are enabled N...

Page 23: ... For details on the IECWIN tool see the Network and Remote Control chapter of the R S ZNLE user manual All necessary system settings can be defined in the Start Settings menu For required settings refer to the Windows documentation and to the hardware description 3 11 Logging On Windows requires that users identify themselves by entering a user name and password in a login window By default the R ...

Page 24: ...ault password the default auto login function no longer works In this case you must enter the new password manually to log on Adapting the auto login function to a new password If you change the password that is used during auto login this function no longer works Adapt the settings for the auto login function first 1 Open the C Users Public Documents Rohde Schwarz ZNL user user AUTOLOGIN REG file...

Page 25: ...ating and reactivating the auto login function see the R S ZNLE user manual 3 12 Considerations for Test Setup Cable selection and electromagnetic interference EMI Electromagnetic interference EMI can affect the measurement results To suppress electromagnetic radiation during operation Use high quality shielded cables for example double shielded RF and LAN cables Always terminate open cable ends E...

Page 26: ...arge If you are working in an environment where strong ESD discharges are pos sible Rohde Schwarz recommends using a broadband limiter R S ZN B13 stock number 1303 7840 02 at each port of your R S ZNLE Signal input and output levels Information on signal levels is provided in the data sheet Keep the signal levels within the specified ranges to avoid damage to the R S ZNLE and connected devices Con...

Page 27: ...ey 2 USB 2 0 connectors 3 System keys 4 Touchscreen 5 Function keys 6 Keypad 7 Navigation controls 8 Port 1 9 Port 2 requires Internal Generator option R S FPL1 B9 4 1 1 Touchscreen All measurement results are displayed on the screen on the front panel Addition ally the screen display provides status and setting information and allows you to switch between various measurement tasks The screen is t...

Page 28: ...s 3 Softtool panel a k a softkey bar 4 Window title bar with diagram specific trace information 5 Measurement results diagram area 6 Channel list 7 Diagram footer with diagram specific information 8 Instrument status bar for error messages and date time display Using touchscreen gestures you can perform the following tasks among others See Chapter 5 Trying Out the Instrument on page 39 Changing a ...

Page 29: ... of the front panel It starts up and shuts down the instrument See also Connecting to power on page 7 and Chapter 3 5 Connecting to Power on page 15 4 1 3 USB The front panel provides two female USB connectors USB A 2 0 standard to connect devices like a keyboard or a mouse A memory stick can be connected to store and reload instrument settings and measurement data The rear panel provides further ...

Page 30: ...rint Provides configuration settings for the print function FILE Provides save recall functions for instrument settings and mea surement results Switches between the on screen keyboard display At the top of the screen At the bottom of the screen Off 4 1 5 Function Keys Function keys provide access to the most common measurement settings and functions A detailed description of the corresponding fun...

Page 31: ...ysis of measurement results Trig Defines how measurement sweeps are triggered Offset Embed Contains functions for deembedding embedding the DUT from into physical virtual matching networks placed between the cali brated reference plane and the DUT Meas Selects the quantities to be measured and displayed Format Config Selects the trace format dB magnitude Smith etc Display Lines Configures display ...

Page 32: ...closes the dialog box If data entry has not been started or has been completed it closes the dialog box BACKSPACE If an alphanumeric entry has already been started this key dele tes the character to the left of the cursor ENTER Concludes the entry of dimensionless entries The new value is accepted With other entries this key can be used instead of the Hz dB unit key In a dialog box selects the def...

Page 33: ...r tables Arrow Up Arrow Down Keys The arrow up or arrow down keys do the following For numeric entries increments Arrow Up or decrements Arrow Down the instrument parameter at a defined step width In a list scrolls forward and backward through the list entries In a table moves the selection bar vertically In windows or dialog boxes with a vertical scroll bar moves the scroll bar Arrow Left Arrow R...

Page 34: ...ssible to perform full two port measurements see Chapter 5 1 1 Transmission S Parameter Measurement on page 40 Maximum input levels The maximum input levels at all test ports according to the front panel label ing or the data sheet must not be exceeded In addition the maximum input voltages of the other input connectors at the rear panel must not be exceeded It is recommended that you use a torque...

Page 35: ...ngs of the labels on the R S ZNLE are described in Chapter 1 2 Labels on R S ZNLE on page 8 4 2 1 AC Power Supply Connection and Main Power Switch An AC power supply connector and main power switch are located in a unit on the rear panel of the instrument Main power switch function Position 1 The instrument is in operation Position O The entire instrument is disconnected from the AC power supply F...

Page 36: ...e Ref In 10 MHz 10 dBm To provide an external reference signal on the R S ZNLE Ref Out 10 MHz 10 dBm To provide the internal reference signal from the R S ZNLE to another device continuously 4 2 4 Trigger In Use the female Trigger In connector to input an external trigger or gate data Thus you can control the measurement using an external signal The voltage level is 1 4 V The typical input impedan...

Page 37: ...r cable is not necessary due to Auto MDI X functionality The assignment of the RJ 45 connector supports twisted pair category 5 UTP STP cables in a star configuration UTP stands for unshielded twisted pair and STP for shielded twisted pair For details see the R S ZNLE user manual 4 2 8 USB The rear panel provides two additional female USB 3 0 standard connectors to connect devices like a keyboard ...

Page 38: ...d 1323 2873 02 08 The serial number is used to define the default instrument name which is Type variant serial_number For example ZNLE3 123456 The instrument name is required to establish a connection to the instrument in a LAN Rear Panel View ...

Page 39: ...surements 39 Zooming into the Display 49 Saving Settings 50 Printing and Saving Results 52 5 1 Performing Measurements This chapter takes you through a sample session with a R S ZNLE network ana lyzer and describes basic operation tasks Safety considerations Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer please note the instructions given in Chapter 3 Preparing for Use on page 12 Use the...

Page 40: ...ed wave at the DUT s output port The trace settings allow you to select the measured quanti ties and display formats depending on what you want to learn from the data A minimum of two analyzer test ports are required for transmission measurements In the following example the analyzer is set up for a two port transmission mea surement A frequency sweep range is selected the instrument is calibrated...

Page 41: ...e analyzer is now set to its default state The default measured quantity is the transmission S parameter S21 Select Trace and use the control elements in the Traces softtool tab if you wish to create additional traces and diagrams 5 1 1 2 Selecting the Sweep Range and Other Parameters After a system preset the display shows a diagram with a dB magnitude scale and the S parameter S21 is selected as...

Page 42: ...e unsuitable for your DUT The following procedure shows you how to con figure a smaller sweep range 1 Select Freq and set the Start Frequency to the lowest frequency you want to measure e g 1 77 GHz For convenient data entry double tap click the input field to open the Numeric Editor Tip If you use the keypad at the front panel for data entry type 1 7 7 and terminate the entry with the G n key Ref...

Page 43: ...the measurement on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available The following example requires a calibration kit with a male Through standard with known transmission characteristics for the related test port connector type and gender With a single Through it is possible to perform a transmission nor malization compensating for a frequency dependent attenuation and phase shift...

Page 44: ...2 08 4 Select Next to proceed to the next page of the Calibration Setting wizard 5 Select the test port connector type and gender here N 50 Ω female corre sponding to a male Through standard and the calibration kit here R S ZV Z121 6 Tap Start Performing Measurements ...

Page 45: ...itude and phase of the result is displayed in two diagrams together with the expected typical result for a Through standard The similarity of real and expected traces indicates that the Through standard has been properly con nected After the R S ZNLE has completed the calibration sweep and calcula ted the correction data the Apply button is enabled 8 Select Apply to close the wizard The system err...

Page 46: ...n the upper right corner of the diagram The marker info field displays the stimulus value frequency and response value magnitude of the transmission coefficient converted to a dB value at the marker position 2 Open the Mkr Peak softtool tab and activate Min search The marker jumps to the absolute minimum of the curve in the entire sweep range The marker info field shows the coordinates of the new ...

Page 47: ...DUT and measures the reflected wave Different trace formats allow you to express and display the results depending on what you want to learn from the data Only one analyzer test port is required for reflec tion measurements In principle a reflection measurement involves the same steps as a transmission measurement Note the following differences The basic test setup for reflection measurements invo...

Page 48: ...ion types for reflection measurements Use the calibration wizard and select an appropriate type The full 2 port calibration TOSM corrects the system errors for all transmission and reflection S parameters Some of the trace formats are particularly suited for reflection measurements For instance you can display the measured reflection coefficient S11 in a Smith chart to obtain the complex input imp...

Page 49: ... Zoom icon in the toolbar The icon is highlighted to indicate that zoom mode is active 2 Tap the diagram near the peak and drag your finger to the opposite corner of the zoom area A white rectangle is displayed from the point where you tap ped to the current position Figure 5 1 Defining the zoom area When you remove your finger the zoom area is enlarged in a second sub window Zooming into the Disp...

Page 50: ...nts later we will store the instrument set tings to a file To save the instrument settings to a file 1 Tap the Save icon in the toolbar 2 Press the keyboard key on the front panel to display the online keyboard as you will have to enter text in the next step 3 In the Save dialog box tap the File name field and enter MyMultiView Setup using the keyboard Saving Settings ...

Page 51: ...tings to a file 4 Tap the Save button The file MyMultiViewSetup dfl is stored in the default directory C ProgramData Rohde Schwarz ZNL FPL Save To load stored instrument settings You can restore the settings to the instrument at any time using the settings file 1 Press the Preset button to restore the default instrument settings so you can check that the stored user settings are actually restored ...

Page 52: ...rt the numeric trace data then we will create a screenshot of the graphi cal display To export the trace data 1 Press the Trace key on the front panel 2 Tap the Trace softkey 3 Tap the Trace Data Export tab 4 Tap the Export Trace to ASCII File button 5 Enter the file name MyMultiViewResults The trace data is stored to MyMultiViewResults DAT To create a screenshot of the display 1 Tap the Print imm...

Page 53: ...Trying Out the Instrument R S ZNLE 53 Getting Started 1323 2873 02 08 The screenshot is stored to MyMultiViewDisplay png Printing and Saving Results ...

Page 54: ... LAN network Using the web browser interface in a LAN network Using the Windows Remote Desktop application in a LAN network Connecting a PC via the GPIB interface How to configure the remote control interfaces is described in the R S ZNLE user manual Understanding the Display Information 54 Accessing the Functionality 56 Entering Data 61 Touchscreen Gestures 63 Getting Help 66 6 1 Understanding th...

Page 55: ...2 Diagram area with marker information 3 Diagram footer with diagram specific information Window title bar For each parameter diagram a window is displayed with the following information in the title bar 1 2 3 4 5 1 Trace name 2 Measured parameter 3 Trace format 4 Scale per division 5 Reference value Understanding the Display Information ...

Page 56: ...ond to an external keyboard e g arrow keys ENTER key operate as specified by Micro soft For most tasks there are at least 2 alternative methods to perform them Using the touchscreen Using other elements provided by the front panel e g the keypad rotary knob or arrow and position keys The measurement and instrument functions and settings can be accessed by selecting one of the following elements Sy...

Page 57: ...tup Display Dis played Items See the R S ZNLE User Manual Print immediately 57 Open 57 Save 57 Undo 57 Redo 58 Zoom mode 58 Multiple zoom mode 58 Zoom off 58 SmartGrid 58 Sequencer 58 Help Select 58 Help 58 Windows 58 Print immediately Prints the current display screenshot as configured Open Opens a file from the instrument Save Recall menu Save Stores data on the instrument Save Recall menu Undo ...

Page 58: ...do Repeats previously reverted operation Zoom mode Displays a dotted rectangle in the diagram that can be expanded to define the zoom area Multiple zoom mode Multiple zoom areas can be defined for the same diagram Zoom off Displays the diagram in its original size SmartGrid Activates SmartGrid mode to configure the screen layout Sequencer Opens the Sequencer menu to perform consecutive measurement...

Page 59: ...ent The title area of the softkey bar displays the name of the currently opened softtool If you close the softkey bar using its close icon it is automatically reopened the next time a function key is pressed You can change this behavior in the User Interface tab of the VNA Setup dialog Some controls on the softtool tabs allow you to read and modify settings e g Ref Value in the screenshot above so...

Page 60: ...you right click on one of these items or tap it for about 1 second a menu is displayed which contains the same functions as the corresponding softkey This is useful for example when the softkey display is hidden 6 2 4 On screen Keyboard The on screen keyboard is an additional means of interacting with the instrument without having to connect an external keyboard Accessing the Functionality ...

Page 61: ... Keyboard displayed at the bottom of the screen No keyboard displayed You can use the TAB key on the on screen keyboard to move the focus from one field to another in dialog boxes 6 3 Entering Data Data can be entered in dialog boxes using one of the following methods Using the touchscreen via the online keyboard Using other elements provided by the front panel e g the keypad rotary knob or naviga...

Page 62: ...ws dialog boxes are used In these dialog boxes the rotary knob and function keys do not work Use the touchscreen instead Entering Numeric Parameters If a field requires numeric input the keypad provides only numbers 1 Enter the parameter value using the keypad or change the currently used parameter value by using the rotary knob small steps or the UP or DOWN keys large steps 2 After entering the n...

Page 63: ...ress the ESC key The dialog box is closed without changing the settings 6 4 Touchscreen Gestures A touchscreen allows you to interact with the software using various finger ges tures on the screen The basic gestures supported by the software and most applications are described here Further actions using the same gestures may be possible Tapping Touch the screen quickly usually on a specific elemen...

Page 64: ... to show results that were previously out of view Figure 6 3 Dragging Pinching and spreading two fingers Move two fingers together on the display pinch or move two fingers apart on the display spread When you pinch two fingers in the display you decrease the size of the currently displayed area showing the surrounding areas previously out of view When you spread two fingers in the display you incr...

Page 65: ...om mode where merely the resolution of the displayed trace points is changed temporarily graphical zoom Mouse vs touch actions Any user interface elements that react to actions by a mouse pointer also react to finger gestures on the screen and vice versa The following touch actions corre spond to mouse actions Table 6 1 Correlation of mouse and touch actions Mouse operation Touch operation Click T...

Page 66: ...r problems concerning the R S ZNLE arise an extensive online help system is provided on the instrument and can be consulted at any time The help system is context sensitive and provides information specifically for the cur rent operation or setting to be performed In addition general topics provide an overview on complete tasks or function groups as well as background informa tion The online help ...

Page 67: ...og boxes e g File Properties Print dialog etc no context sensitive help is available To display a help topic for a screen element not currently focused 1 Select the Help pointer icon on the toolbar The pointer changes its shape to a and an arrow 2 Select the screen element to change the focus A topic containing information about the selected now focused screen ele ment is displayed Getting Help ...

Page 68: ...files on page 69 System Configuration The System Configuration dialog box in the Setup menu provides information on Hardware Info hardware assemblies Versions and Options the status of all software and hardware options installed on your instrument System Messages messages on any errors that may have occurred An xml file with information on the system configuration Device Footprint can be created a...

Page 69: ...work Analyzer ZNL user inst_model _ serial no _ date_and_time zip For example C Program Files Rohde Schwarz Vector Network Analyzer ZNL user ZNLE3__20160803_145113 zip To create Windows event log files 1 Select the Windows Start Button in the bottom left corner 2 Enter Event Viewer and select Enter 3 Select and expand Windows Logs in the Console Tree 4 Right click on each subsection and select Sav...

Page 70: ... your region as listed in Chapter 7 2 Contacting Customer Support on page 70 7 2 Contacting Customer Support Technical support where and when you need it For quick expert help with any Rohde Schwarz product contact our customer support center A team of highly qualified engineers provides support and works with you to find a solution to your query on any aspect of the operation program ming or appl...

Page 71: ...71 Getting Started 1323 2873 02 08 Contact information Contact our customer support center at www rohde schwarz com support or fol low this QR code Figure 7 2 QR code to the Rohde Schwarz support page Contacting Customer Support ...

Page 72: ... Port Connector 36 DVI Connector 36 E Entering data 61 Error log 68 Evaluation of data 46 External monitor Connectors 36 F Firmware updates see User Manual 12 Function keys Details see user manual 30 Overview 30 G Getting started 9 GPIB interface Configuring see user manual 36 Connector 36 Graphical zoom 65 H Hardcopy see Screenshots 52 Help 66 I Instrument calibration 43 Instrument security proce...

Page 73: ...ion measurement example 47 Release notes 10 Rotary knob 32 S S Parameter Wizard 39 Safety instructions 10 Saving Trying out 50 52 Screenshots Trying out 52 Security procedures 10 Service manual 9 Softtools 59 Support 68 Sweep range selection 41 System Keys 29 T Technical support 68 Touchscreen Overview 27 Transmission measurement example 40 Trigger In Connector 36 Trying out Prerequisites 39 U USB...

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