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Lake Shore Cryotronics Measure Ready M91 FastHall, User Manual

The "Lake Shore Cryotronics Measure Ready M91 FastHall" product comes with a detailed User Manual to help you make the most of this high-performance instrument. Offering precise measurements and advanced features, this manual is available for free download at manualshive.com, ensuring you have the necessary guidance to uncover the full potential of the device.

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  "SheetCarrierConcentrationAveragePerMetersSquared": 
1.524729766920,
  "SheetCarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersSquared": 
1.25985840220,
  "PositiveFieldResultsSummary": {
    "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageAverageInVolts": 0.008500096,
    "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 
2.1517319630938939E-05,
    "PositiveExcitationCurrentAverageInAmps": 0.0099954841999999981,
    "PositiveExcitationInCompliance": false,
    "PositiveExcitationVoltageOverload": false,
    "PositiveExcitationCurrentOverload": false,
    "NegativeExcitationHallVoltageAverageInVolts": -0.008281223,
    "NegativeExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 
1.2025488817507728E-05,
    "NegativeExcitationCurrentAverageInAmp": 0.009995947199999999,
    "NegativeExcitationInCompliance": false,
    "NegativeExcitationVoltageOverload": false,
    "NegativeExcitationCurrentOverload": false
  },
  "NegativeFieldResultsSummary": {
    "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageAverageInVolts": 0.0084890608,
    "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 
2.0779260177879121E-05,
    "PositiveExcitationCurrentAverageInAmps": 0.0099954822,
    "PositiveExcitationInCompliance": false,
    "PositiveExcitationVoltageOverload": false,
    "PositiveExcitationCurrentOverload": false,
    "NegativeExcitationHallVoltageAverageInVolts": -0.0082916978000000009,
    "NegativeExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 
1.1644247512828007E-05,
    "NegativeExcitationCurrentAverageInAmp": 0.0099957796,
    "NegativeExcitationInCompliance": false,
    "NegativeExcitationVoltageOverload": false,
    "NegativeExcitationCurrentOverload": false
  },
  "CarrierType": 2,
  "PTypeCount": 0,
  "NTypeCount": 5,
  "InCompliance": false,
  "VoltageOverload": false,
  "CurrentOverload": false
            
 },
 "GeometryDSummaryResults": {
   "HallVoltageAverageInVolts": 7.4361745455811071E-07,
   "HallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 3.8239779048063621E-07,
   "CurrentAverageInAmps": 0.0099951093999999987,
   "HallCoefficientAverageInMetersCubedPerCoulomb": 0.00012399688434260839,
   "HallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersCubedPerCoulomb": 
6.3764149575097243E-05,
   "SheetHallCoefficientAverageInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb": 
0.012399688434260838,
   "SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersCubedPerCoulomb": 
0.0063764149575097238,
   "CarrierConcentrationAveragePerMetersCubed": 5.033601579622,
   "CarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersCubed": 
2.588478942222,
   "SheetCarrierConcentrationAveragePerMetersSquared": 
5.033601579620,
   "SheetCarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersSquared": 
2.588478942220,
   "PositiveFieldResultsSummary": {
     "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageAverageInVolts": -0.0082725954,
     "PositiveExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts": 
2.82548400455577E-06,
     "PositiveExcitationCurrentAverageInAmps": 0.0099950376000000011,
     "PositiveExcitationInCompliance": false,

Summary of Contents for Measure Ready M91 FastHall

Page 1: ...actual support or relationship whatsoever has existed which in any way affects or mitigates proprietary rights of Lake Shore Cryotronics Inc in these developments Methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be subject to U S Patents existing or applied for Lake Shore Cryotronics Inc reserves the right to add improve modify or withdraw functions design modifications or products at any time without n...

Page 2: ...es no responsibility that the products will be fit for any particular purpose for which you may be buying the Products Any implied warranty is limited in duration to the warranty period No oral or written information or advice given by the Company its Agents or Employees shall create a war ranty or in any way increase the scope of this limited warranty Some countries states or provinces do not all...

Page 3: ...are FIRMWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT continued Under the terms of this agreement you may only use the firmware as physically installed in the instrument Archival copies are strictly for bidden You may not decompile disassemble or reverse engineer the firmware Ifyoususpectthereareproblemswiththefirmware return the instrument to Lake Shore for repair under the terms of the Lim ited Warranty specified abov...

Page 4: ...with the relevant Union harmonization legislation 2014 53 EU Radio Equipment Directive References to the relevant harmonized standards used to the specification in relation to which conformity is declared full or in part EN 61010 1 2010 Overvoltage Category II Pollution Degree 2 EN 301 489 17 V3 2 0 2017 FCC CFR 47 Part 15 subpart B 2017 Class A ICES 003 Issue 6 2016 class A ITE Signed for and on ...

Page 5: ...this user s manual are followed there should be no degradation in EMC performance Exposure to RF interference greater than that found in a typical laboratory environment may disturb the sensitive measurement circuitry of the instrument Pay special attention to instrument cabling Improperly installed cabling may defeat even the best EMC protection For the best performance from any precision instrum...

Page 6: ...MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 7: ...ents 21 1 8 Application Software 21 1 9 Configuring Measurements 22 1 9 1 Standard Input Parameters 22 1 9 2 Advanced Input Parameters 22 1 9 3 Mobility Range 22 1 9 4 Resistance Range 23 1 9 5 Magnet Configuration 23 1 10 Specifications 23 1 11 Safety Summary and Symbols 24 1 11 1 Electrostatic Discharge 25 1 11 2 Identification of Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Components 25 1 11 3 Handling E...

Page 8: ...on M9 ADD HR 49 3 9 5 Ground Connection 49 3 9 6 System Settings 50 3 10 Signal Return 53 Chapter 4 Computer InterfaceOperation 4 1 General 55 4 2 Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments SCPI 55 4 2 1 Command Types 55 4 2 2 Queries 56 4 2 3 Optional Commands 56 4 2 4 Short and Long Form 56 4 2 5 Number Suffix 56 4 2 6 Multiple Commands in a Single Message 56 4 2 7 Terminators 57 4 2 8 Messa...

Page 9: ...logy 166 A 1 5 Measurement Environment 166 A 1 6 MeasureLINK MCS Software 167 A 2 Specifications 168 A 3 Equipment Safety Symbols 169 A 4 Installation 170 A 4 1 Inspection and Unpacking 170 A 4 2 Cable Connections 171 A 4 3 Connecting the Components 172 A 4 4 Optional Components 174 A 4 5 Gas Connections 174 A 5 Operation 175 A 5 1 Overview 175 A 5 2 Magnet Assembly 175 A 5 3 Sample Insert 177 A 5...

Page 10: ...MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 11: ...erials are characterized by low mobilities that are difficult if not impossible to measure It is challenging to extract the diminishingly small Hall voltage from the background noise that is produced by such materials using DC field techniques To solve this prob lem it has been necessary to use the AC field technique which enables Hall measure ments down to 0 001 cm2 V s but this has the disadvant...

Page 12: ... enabled see SCPI Command FASThall VDP STARt LINk The optimization method can also be used in measurements where the sample parameters may change during the measurement for instance in variable temperature measurements The user can bypass the optimi zation method and manually select all desired operating parameters The Link mode uses setup parameter information from the previously run contact chec...

Page 13: ...dvanced lock in amplifiers and longer measurement windows to extract smaller Hall voltage signals have been used to explore these materials But extended measurement intervals can also add new forms of error from thermal drift effects Results take longer to get sometimes many hours for very low mobility materials The FastHall technique eliminates both issues it accurately measures even extremely lo...

Page 14: ...easurements were difficult or even impossible to use with superconducting magnets or permanent magnets 1 5 Hall Effect Measurements Mobility is one of the most important and commonly derived electronic transport properties of semiconductor materials The mobility can often be directly related to the performance of the material in an electronic device When measured over a range of temperatures the c...

Page 15: ...s Hall voltage VH is the ratio of the current I and field B to the thickness t density of free carriers n and electronic charge e in many materials The previous two equations relating the Hall voltage to the carrier density and Hall coefficient to Hall voltage can be used to derive the relationship between the Hall coefficient and carrier density This result assumes a model using free electron gas...

Page 16: ... the thickness of a sample is unknown at the time of the measurement If the resistance R of the sample is measured then sheet resistivity is the resistivity divided by thickness The SI units of sheet are V A It is not V square meter or any other length but simply the resistance of any size square w L in the above equation of the material when the current is flowing uniformly along the length of th...

Page 17: ...he laboratory system The laboratory system is a hybrid system combining elements of the SI emu and esu unit systems The table below lists the most common quantities their symbols and their units in both systems and the conversion factor between them The SI units are a unified set of units The equations in this manual are written with SI units unless explicitly stated otherwise This greatly simplif...

Page 18: ...ross the width of the material When the force from the Hall voltage exactly balances the Lorentz force no more carriers hit the edge of the material The force from the Hall voltage is eVH w where w is the width of the sample Setting this equal to the Lorentz force gives V H IB tne The Hall voltage can be either positive or negative If the Hall voltage is positive the carriers in the material are h...

Page 19: ...ion 1 5 7 1 The M91 supports two of the most common sample types van der Pauw and Hall bar There are significant advantages and disadvantages to each type as described in section 1 5 6 4 and section 1 5 7 4 1 5 5 2 Current Reversal Hall voltage measurements suffer from all of the unwanted voltages present in typical resistance measurements in addition to those that arise in the presence of magneti...

Page 20: ...er part of the Hall voltage proportional to the magnetization of the material There are other instances of nonlinear Hall effect therefore it is good practice to measure the Hall voltage using at least two magnetic fields to confirm the linearity of the Hall measurement If these measurements confirm linearity then the higher field measurement is typically the better measurement 1 5 5 4 Field Rever...

Page 21: ...ents The exact implementation is dependent on the sample structure section 1 5 5 1 Geometry averaging is available via the M91 and MeasureLINK MCS software 1 5 5 6 Measurement Averaging Measurement averaging is available via the MeasureLINK MCS software Measurement averaging averages individual measurements used in the derivation of Hall measurement results It can reduce uncertainty and improve re...

Page 22: ... 5 6 1 1 Square Structures The resistivity correction factor ρ ρ for a square van der Pauw structure FIGURE 1 6 is roughly proportional to c l for both square and triangular contacts With c l 1 6 ρ ρ is 2 for identical square contacts and ρ ρ is less than 1 for identical triangular contacts1 The correction factor VH VH is proportional to c l and is about 15 for triangular contacts when c l 1 6 The...

Page 23: ... 9 Greek cross c a 1 5 6 1 4 Greek Cross Structures One of the best van der Pauw geometries to minimize finite contact errors is the Greek cross FIGURE 1 9 Its advantage over simpler van der Pauw structures is similar to placing Hall bar contacts at the ends of arms David and Beuhler2 analyzed this structure numerically They found that the deviation of the actual resistivity ρ from the measured va...

Page 24: ...e two measured resistances R12 43 and R23 14 Let Rr be the greater of the ratios R12 43 R23 14 and R23 14 R12 43 The quantity F can be found by In this equation F 1 when Rr 1 which occurs with symmetrical samples like circles or squares when the contacts are equally spaced and symmetrical The best measurement accuracy is also obtained when Rr 1 The MeasureLINK MCS software automatically calculates...

Page 25: ...s of van der Pauw samples include D Only four contacts are required D There is no need to measure sample widths or distances between contacts D Simple geometries can be used The disadvantages of van der Pauw samples include D Measurements take about twice as long as Hall bar D Errors due to contact size and placement can be significant when using simple geometry 1 5 7 Hall Bar Samples This section...

Page 26: ...deally the most symmetrical of the Hall bars Two sets of three equally spaced contacts lie directly opposite one another on either side of the sample with center contacts numbers 2 and 4 located at the exact center of the sample s length Voltage measurement connections are made to contacts 1 through 4 while current flows from contact 5 to contact 6 Only six of the eight contacts are used in this m...

Page 27: ... important l w 3 The finite size of the contacts affects both the current density and electric potential in their vicinity and may lead to fairly large errors The errors are larger for a simple rectangular Hall bar than for one in which the contacts are placed at the end of arms FIGURE 1 13 For a simple rectangle FIGURE 1 13 the error in the Hall mobility can be approximated when µB 1 by 2 1 Chwan...

Page 28: ...ntacts at the end of the contact arms 1 5 7 2 Ideal Measurements of Samples with Hall Bar Structure A typical Hall bar is shown in FIGURE 1 10 In a Hall bar the current source is always connected to contacts 5 and 6 The voltage can be measured between any of the four contacts on the sides of the Hall bar 1 5 7 2 1 Hall Voltage Measurements on Hall Bar Samples In the ideal Hall bar structure the Ha...

Page 29: ...en two voltage arms directly across from each other D Current reversal as explained in section 1 5 5 2 using current reversal will mini mize the errors associated with instrumentation offsets and thermoelectric volt ages For Hall bar geometries the current is only applied to contacts 5 and 6 so current reversal means interchanging contact 5 and 6 D Field reversal as explained in section 1 5 5 4 me...

Page 30: ... bar measurement the current source is always on contacts 5 and 6 this definition of geometry averaging does not apply D For the Hall bar 1 2 2 1 geometry averaging for the resistivity is defined as the average of the voltage measured across contacts 2 and 3 and the voltage measured across contacts 1 and 4 This average removes some of the effects of any non homogeneity in the sample D For Hall bar...

Page 31: ...Dilute magnetic semiconductors GaMnAs MnZnO D Other conducting materials Metal oxides organic and inorganic conductors D Magnetoresistors MR MR Giant MR Tunneling MR and Colossal MR devices D 2D materials graphene D High temperature superconductors 1 7 Direct and Derived Measurements D Hall voltage D Resistivity D Hall coefficient D Carrier type concentration density D Hall mobility D Magnetotrans...

Page 32: ...ho wish to take anomalous Hall effect measurements for example 1 9 2 Advanced Input Parameters The following parameters can be used for in depth measurement setup D Sample to Minimum SNR The FastHall command allows the user to set their mini mum desired signal to noise ratio SNR The instrument will ramp up its sam pling until the user specified SNR is reached or it will notify the user it cannot r...

Page 33: ...easure resistances all the way down to 10 µ and as high as 200 G when working in DC fields The high end is limited to 8 G when working in AC field This wide resistance range ensures you can study the broadest range of materials 1 9 5 Magnet Configuration The M91 FastHall measurement controller is designed to work with any magnet system including D Permanent magnets D Electromagnets D Superconducti...

Page 34: ...ctrotechnical Com mission IEC safety standards Ventilation The instrument has ventilation holes in its side covers Do not block these holes when the instrument is operating Ensure that there is 1 in 25 mm clearance on both sides of instrument after rack mounting Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes Opera tion of any ele...

Page 35: ...llowing are various industry symbols used to label components as ESD sensitive FIGURE 1 16 Symbols indicating ESD sensitivity 1 11 3 Handling Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Components Observe all precautions necessary to prevent damage to ESDS components before attempting installation Bring the device and everything that contacts it to ground potential by providing a conductive surface and disc...

Page 36: ... CAUTION High voltages danger of electric shock background color yellow symbol and outline black CAUTION or WARNING See included documentation background color yellow symbol and outline black Off supply On supply Frame or chassis terminal Protective conductor terminal Earth ground terminal 3 Three phase alternating current power line Alternating or direct current power line Alternating current pow...

Page 37: ...re Lake Shore will take further action Procedures vary slightly with shipping companies Keep all damaged shipping materials and contents until instructed to either return or discard them Open the shipping container and keep the container and shipping materials until all contents have been accounted for Check off each item on the packing list as it is unpacked Instruments themselves may be shipped ...

Page 38: ...vel measurement results FIGURE 2 1 Front panel TABLE 2 1 Front panel connections Connector Description 1 Power button The power button puts the instrument into sleep mode 2 TiltView touchscreen The screen adjusts from a 0 to a 47 viewing angle whether mounted in a rack or on a bench top 2 3 1 TiltView Touchscreen The TiltView feature makes seeing the screen and operating the touch interface comfor...

Page 39: ...10 V and 10 V 4 Signal return Connects to voltage source for gated Hall measurements 5 Digital output General purpose outputs includes 5 V power 6 Digital input General purpose inputs includes 5 V power 7 RJ 45 Ethernet interface The Ethernet interface is provided to allow connection to a computer network 8 USB Type B communications interface The USB interface is provided for serial communication ...

Page 40: ...oller 2 4 1 2 Cabling Considerations The M91 FastHall measurement controller was designed to use triaxial cabling to connect the instrument to the DUT If the user wants to make their own cabling the following items should be kept in mind in order to maintain signal quality and keep noise to a minimum D The M91 has two grounds The first and most obvious is the chassis which is power line ground for...

Page 41: ... when the sample is positioned in both 0 field and known field conditions using a limit switch Both the digital input and digital output terminals supply a 5 V power supply The 5 V is able to drive a wide variety of limit switches The pin assignments can be found in the table below 2 4 3 1 Digital Input There are four independent optically isolated digital inputs The maximum low level input voltag...

Page 42: ...to line power Please follow these instructions carefully to ensure proper operation of the instrument and the safety of operators FIGURE 2 7 Line input assembly 2 4 4 1 Power Cord The M91 includes a 3 conductor power cord that mates with the IEC 320 C14 line cord receptacle Line voltage is present on the two outside conductors and the center conductor is a safety ground The safety ground attaches ...

Page 43: ... to the M91 to control the data collection analysis and for sending back the results 3 2 Instrument Power The M91 is powered on by plugging in the power supply The instrument powers up with the output disabled The instrument should be powered on for 30 min before using for rated specifications Refer to the table below for details on the power button operation TABLE 3 1 Instrument power Power mode ...

Page 44: ...ete Hall measurement Each of the measurement steps has an associated SCPI command which allows the user to implement that step in either D Manual SCPI commands with manual configuration the user specifies values for each of the command input parameters directly in the command call D Link SCPI commands with link configuration the user runs the contact check com mand first then the subsequent comman...

Page 45: ... to communi cate with the M91 by using either a serial port or an Ether net connection The M91 SCPI command set is a high level collection that focuses on specific Hall measure ment functions for instance measure resistivity or measure Hall The M91 con trols all the functions required to do the measurement and all calculations related to the results For instance the measure resistivity command ret...

Page 46: ... the M91 via the remote interface The USB connection will be listed as a virtual COM port on your PC If you are not able to connect make sure you have the correct COM port selected You can do this by checking Device Manager FIGURE 3 4 Device Manager If the instrument is connected and you are still unable to see the M91 in this view you may need to install the USB driver that can be found on the La...

Page 47: ... 1 4 2 3 1 4 2 5 6 3 3 6 2 Gate Biasing When using the Lake Shore MeasureReady 155 Precision I V Source as a gate bias supply for gated Hall measurements normal operation is to connect the Model 155 source common pin 1 on the digital I O connector to the signal return connection on the rear panel of the M91 In the less common situation where the gate circuit on the sample has a different return th...

Page 48: ...ow 3 7 1 1 Link Measurements The purpose of linking within measurements is to easily transfer data between mea surements For consistency all data passed from the instrument is displayed in com mon lab SI units See section 1 2 1 for further information This feature is only available for van der Pauw samples Follow the steps below to use linking 1 Run a contact check measurement manual or auto CCH S...

Page 49: ...tuation 3 7 3 View Measurement Results When a measurement has been completed the corresponding measurement card on the instrument s interface will update to the latest results Click the card to view the high level results The results are available in a standard SCPI format string or in JSON format The most readable format is the JSON pretty format set pretty 1 which is available to any query that ...

Page 50: ...ults will likely introduce high bias errors into the results 3 8 1 1 Contact Check with Automatic Parameter Optimization Auto contact check optimizes the instrument s excitation and measurement settings The instrument will determine if the sample is best suited for current excitation or voltage excitation if the user has the high resistance option Users without the high resistance option will only...

Page 51: ... example below runs a contact check using current excitation 11 points will be taken spanning from 10 µA to 10 µA on the 10 µA range with the following settings D Measurement range set to 100 mV D Compliance limit set to 10 V D Minimum R2 set to 9999 D Blanking time set to default CCHeck STARt MANual CURRENT 10e 6 10e 6 10e 6 100e 3 10 11 0 9999 DEF FIGURE 3 8 Manual contact check ...

Page 52: ...FIGURE 3 9 Contact Check results FIGURE 3 10 Contact Check results 42 cHAPTER 3 Operation MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 53: ... the SNR reaches the specified minimum SNR A maximum number of samples is also specified to place an upper bound on the number of samples attempted 3 8 2 1 Manual Resistivity Example with minimum SNR The example below runs a resistivity measurement using the following settings D Current excitation 10 µA on the 10 µA range D Excitation measurement range set to AUTO D Measurement range set to 100 mV...

Page 54: ...a Hall measurement run a FastHall measurement for van der Pauw samples only or the traditional DC Hall method is available for both van der Pauw and Hall bar samples See Chapter 1 for more information on Hall theory 3 8 3 1 FastHall The FastHall command utilizes the FastHall technology developed by Lake Shore Cryotronics It permits a full Hall analysis to be completed without performing an actual ...

Page 55: ...all measurement with linked parameters using the following settings D User defined field reading set to 0 5 T D Measurement range set to 10 V D 30 samples will be taken D Minimum Hall voltage SNR set to default D Number of voltage compensation samples to average set to default D Sample thickness set to default FASThall STARt LINK 0 5 1 30 DEF DEF DEF 3 8 3 2 DC Hall A DC Hall measurement is availa...

Page 56: ... all the measurement data used in the calculations Example The command below runs a DC Hall measurement on a van der Pauw sample using the following settings D Excitation set to current with an excitation of 10 mA on the 10 mA range D Excitation measurement range set to AUTO D Measurement range set to 1 V D Compliance limit set to 10 V D 100 samples will be taken D Field value set to 500 mT D Fiel...

Page 57: ...tactPoint3 set to terminal 3 D ContactPoint4 set to terminal 1 D Excitation type set to Current D Excitation value set to 500 µA D Excitation range set to 1 mA D Measurement range set to 1 V D Excitation measurement range set to 1 mA D Compliance limit set to 1 5 V D Blanking time set to default D Maximum number of samples set to default D Minimum SNR set to default D Excitation reversal set to ex...

Page 58: ...i e bit 0 state of input 1 bit 1 state of input 2 Interface Commands DIGital INPut FUNCtion DIGital IDATa 3 9 1 3 Manual Output The DIGital OUTput FUNCtion command is used to configure a specific out put to manual mode The DIGital OSETting command is used to configure the state of an output pin that is configured for manual mode When the output is turned on the relay is closed and when the output ...

Page 59: ...h is espe cially critical for high resistances Contact Lake Shore to purchase this option See section 6 3 3 2 for instructions on how to send a license key to the instrument Blanking time is especially critical See section 1 9 2 for more information 3 9 5 Ground Connections The ground connection provides a convenient place to attach your measurement sys tem to the chassis of the M91 Some care must...

Page 60: ...splayed on the About tab FIGURE 3 16 System settings About tab TABLE 3 3 About fields Field Description Model number This field displays the model number Product name This field will always display FastHall Serial number The unique identifier for this specific instrument assigned during manufacturing Firmware version The semantic version number assigned to the Lake Shore Firmware LSFW pack age pre...

Page 61: ...he front panel display brightness can be adjusted for optimal viewing The default value should work well in most standard environments but deviations in room tem perature and extreme viewing angles can cause the display brightness to require adjustment for optimal viewing As with many touchscreen LED backlit displays keeping the brightness to a minimum will help to maximize the life of the display...

Page 62: ...If enabled and an internet connection is present the instrument will periodically send usage statistics and crash reports to identify problems that could be addressed No personally identifiable information or measurement data is collected or sent with this service 3 9 6 7 Date Time The M91 contains a real time clock allowing the current date time and time zone to be stored The time date and time z...

Page 63: ...o the measurement common of the MeasureReady M91 FastHall measurement controller For example if the M91 is used as a current source the current is returned to this point If the M91 is used as a voltage source the low side of the voltage source is connected to the signal return In general if the source is connected between terminals k and j of the sample contact j is connected internally to the sig...

Page 64: ...54 cHAPTER 3 Operation MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 65: ... Programmable Instruments SCPI The M91 adheres to the SCPI command language SCPI is a standardized command language presently maintained by the Interchangeable Virtual Instruments IVI Foundation used for controlling test and measurement instruments SCPI provides instrument control with a standardized command syntax and style The following sections provide a brief overview of the SCPI language synt...

Page 66: ...rs The command header is completely spelled out in the long form while it is abbreviated to the first three or four letters for short form The following is an example of the same command in both short and long form CCHeck STARt CCH STAR 4 2 5 Number Suffix When a command header is used to represent multiple instances of a given function of the instrument the selection of which to use is designated...

Page 67: ...en a given command is finished executing Because of this a user program could poten tially flood and overload the instruments SCPI buffer Therefore it is highly recommended to append the Operation Complete Query OPC to the end of any given command string The operation complete query is a SCPI mandated IEEE 488 2 query that will cause the instrument to send a 1 back to the user program when all com...

Page 68: ...7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Not used Not used Not used Not used MEAS Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Not used Not used Not used Not used MEAS Not used Not used Not used Not used Not used 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 GEOM Not used FValue 15 14 1...

Page 69: ...er set includes an event register as shown in FIGURE 4 1 Bits in the event register correspond to various system events and latch when the event occurs Once an event bit is set subsequent events corresponding to that bit are ignored Set bits remain latched until the register is cleared by a query command such as ESR or a CLS command The register is read only 4 3 1 5 Enable Registers Each register ...

Page 70: ...egister Details 4 3 2 1 Status Byte Register The summary messages from the event registers and the output buffer set or clear the summary bits of the status byte register FIGURE 4 2 These summary bits are not latched Clearing an event register will clear the corresponding summary bit in the status byte register Reading all messages in the output buffer including any pending queries will clear the ...

Page 71: ...register FIGURE 4 3 The stan dard event status enable command ESE programs the enable register and the query command ESE reads it ESR reads and clears the standard event status register The used bits of the standard event register are described as follows D Power On PON Bit 7 this bit is set to indicate an instrument off on transition D Command Error CME Bit 5 this bit is set if a command error ha...

Page 72: ... reads the operation condition register The used bits of the operation event register are described as follows D Measuring Done MEAS Bit 4 this bit is set when a measurement has finished run ning Reset once a new measurement has started FIGURE 4 4 Operation event status register To operation event summary bit OSB of status byte register AND OR AND AND AND Not used Not used Not used Not used 15 14 ...

Page 73: ...or RSQR Bit 12 when the measured R 2 value is less than minimum user defined R 2 value or negative this bit will be set D Calculated F value FValue Bit 13 when the calculated F value is out of the accept able range this bit will be set D Geometry GEOM Bit 14 when the geometry is out of the acceptable range this bit will be set FIGURE 4 5 Questionable event status register To questionable summary b...

Page 74: ...eriod of time issuing the SYSTem ERRor NEXT query will return the message that was added to the queue first and subsequently remove it from the queue For further details on these error query commands see section 4 5 SCPI 99 categorizes its standard errors into logical groups that match bit definitions in the standard event status register When the M91 adds an error message to the queue a bit in th...

Page 75: ...n RS 232 serial port at a fixed 921 600 baud rate but with the physical connections of a USB This programming interface requires a cer tain configuration to communicate properly with the M91 Serial port settings are listed in the table below TABLE 4 4 Host com port configuration Baud rate 921 600 Data bits 8 Parity None Stop bits 1 Flow control RTS CTS The USB hardware connection uses the full spe...

Page 76: ...s how to manually install the driver using Windows To install the driver you must be logged into a user account that has administrator privi leges 1 Connect the USB cable from the M91 to the computer 2 Turn on the M91 3 If the Found New Hardware wizard appears click Ask me again later 4 Open Device Manager Use this procedure to open Device Manager a Type Device Manager in the Windows Start Search ...

Page 77: ...is disconnected FIGURE 4 6 Ethernet settings Touching the IP Configuration item allows the user to select DHCP or Static as the Ethernet configuration method If static is selected then the fields for IP address gateway subnet and DNS are presented and can be entered at that time 4 4 2 2 Network Address Parameters Network address parameters include the IP address the subnet mask gateway address and...

Page 78: ...ssful the web browser then uses the retrieved IP address to communicate with the web server that hosts the website at www lakeshore com 4 4 2 3 Network Address Configuration Methods The network address parameters of the M91 can be configured using one of two methods DHCP or Static IP DHCP is an automatic configuration method while Static IP requires manual configuration If supported by the server ...

Page 79: ...rver on the Internet In the case of the M91 the protocol is used to create a communication channel between one program on one computer and the command line interface of the M91 TCP uses error correction and collision avoidance schemes that make it a very reliable form of network communication but has drawbacks of having nondeterministic tim ing and can encounter relatively large delays depending o...

Page 80: ...ed to have a terminator included at the end of the string 4 5 1 Common Commands The following commands and queries are specified in both IEEE 488 2 and SCPI 99 CLS Command Format CLS Remarks Clears the bits in the status byte register and the standard event status register clears the error queue and terminates all pending operations It does not clear the enable registers ESE Command Format ESE dat...

Page 81: ...s an operation complete event in the event status register upon completion of all pending selected device operations Send it as the last command in a command string Unrelated to OPC See section 4 3 2 3 for more details OPC Query Format OPC Return Parameter 1 Data type is NR1 Examples Query OPC Query Response 1 Remarks Places a 1 in the 155 output buffer upon completion of all pending selected devi...

Page 82: ...a list of status flags Bit Bit weighting Event name 2 4 EAV 3 8 QSB 4 16 MAV 5 32 ESB 7 128 OSB Total 188 STB Query Format STB Return Parameter data Data type is NR1 Examples Query OPC Query Response 1 Remarks Reads the status byte register Acts like a serial poll but does not reset the register to all zeros The integer returned represents the sum of the bit weighting of the status flag bits that ...

Page 83: ...ANALog OUTPut FUNCtion Summary Queries the available settable functions for the analog output Query Format ANALog OUTPut FUNCtion Returns The analog output function MANUAL is the only supported function Data type is NAMED Example ANALog OUTPut FUNCtion ANALog OUTPut SETTing Summary Sets the level of the analog output Command Format ANALog OUTPut SETTing output Parameters output 10 to 10 V Data typ...

Page 84: ...ASurement READ Summary Sets the current measurement range Command Format CALibration CURRent MEASurement READ range Parameters range 0 10 nA 1 10 µA 2 10 mA 3 100 mA Data type is NR1 Example CALibration CURRent MEASurement READ 0 CALibration CURRent MEASurement READ Summary Queries the current measurement reading Query Format CALibration CURRent MEASurement READ averagingTime Parameters averagingT...

Page 85: ...mmary Queries the current source gain Query Format CALibration CURRent SOURce GAIN range Parameters range 0 1 µA 1 10 µA 2 100 µA 3 1 mA 4 10 mA 5 100 mA Data type is NR1 Returns The current source gain as an integer Data type is NRf Example CALibration CURRent SOURce GAIN 0 CALibration CURRent SOURce ZERO Summary Sets the current source offset Command Format CALibration CURRent SOURce ZERO range ...

Page 86: ...ument s MUX Command Format CALibration MUX excitationPlus excitationMinus measurementPlus measurementMinus Parameters excitationPlus Integer 1 6 representing terminals 1 6 for excitation Data type is NR1 excitationMinus Integer 1 6 representing terminals 1 6 for excitation Data type is NR1 measurementPlus Integer 1 6 representing terminals 1 6 for measurement Data type is NR1 measurementMinus Inte...

Page 87: ...tude Source amplitude Voltage between 10 V and 10 V Current between 100 mA and 100 mA Data type is NRf complianceLimit Source compliance limit Voltage source 100 nA to 100 mA Current source 1 V to 10 V Data type is NRf Example CALibration SOURce 0 0 3 5 10 CALibration STATe Summary Queries the calibration state Query Format CALibration STATe Returns 0 valid 1 corrupt 2 uninitialized 3 default Data...

Page 88: ...EASurement READ Summary Sets the voltage measurement range Command Format CALibration VOLTage MEASurement READ range Parameters range 0 1 mV 1 10 mV 2 100 mV 3 1V 4 10 V Data type is NR1 Example CALibration VOLTage MEASurement READ 0 CALibration VOLTage MEASurement READ Summary Queries the voltage measurement reading Query Format CALibration VOLTage MEASurement READ averagingTime Parameters averag...

Page 89: ... Query Format CALibration VOLTage SOURce GAIN range Parameters range 0 10 mV 1 100 mV 2 1 V 3 10 V Data type is NR1 Returns Voltage source gain as a double Data type is NRf Example CALibration VOLTage SOURce GAIN CALibration VOLTage SOURce ZERO Summary Sets the voltage source offset Command Format CALibration VOLTage SOURce ZERO range gain Parameters range 0 10 mV 1 100 mV 2 1 V 3 10 V Data type i...

Page 90: ...xcitationType excitationValueStart excitationValueEnd excitationRange measurementRange complianceLimit numberOfPoints minimumRSquared blankingTime samplingTime Parameters excitationType VOLTage CURRent Data type is ExcitationType excitationValueStart The starting excitation value For voltage excitation 10 to 10 V For current excitation 100 e3 to 100 e 3 A Data type is NRf excitationValueEnd The en...

Page 91: ...ement Command Format CCHeck RESet Example CCHeck RESET CCHeck RESult JSON ALL SUBstring Summary Retrieves a substring of the last run contact check measurement results serialized as JSON Query Format CCHeck RESult JSON ALL SUBstring startIndex length Parameters startIndex The substring starting index zero based Data type is NR1 length The number of characters to return Data type is NR1 Returns Sub...

Page 92: ...nValueEnd 0 0001 ExcitationAutoRange false ExcitationRange 0 0001 MeasurementAutoRange false MeasurementRange 1 0 ComplianceLimit 10 0 NumberOfPoints 11 MinimumRSquared 0 9999 BlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 Guid 14f0e82d 5be6 443c bb28 3f31f77f4339 ContactPairResults GeneratedSetup ExcitationType 1 ExcitationValueStart 0 0001 ExcitationValueEnd 0 0001 ExcitationAutoRange false ExcitationRange 0 0001 ...

Page 93: ...E 05 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false Source 8E 05 ResistanceInOhms 378 0658 VoltageInVolts 0 03010416 CurrentInAmps 7 96268E 05 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 ActualSamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0166666666666667 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false IsRunning false StartTime 2019 04 ...

Page 94: ...urrentOverload false CCHeck RESult JSON DIAGnostics Summary Retrieves optimization diagnostics of the last run contact check measurement serial ized as JSON Query Format CCHeck RESult JSON DIAGnostics pretty Parameters pretty Optional pretty format JSON response Defaults to False Data type is bool Returns JSON serialized contact check measurement optimization diagnostics Data type is NAMED CCHeck ...

Page 95: ...nValueStart 0 0001 ExcitationValueEnd 0 0001 ExcitationAutoRange false ExcitationRange 0 0001 MeasurementAutoRange true MeasurementRange 1 0 ComplianceLimit 10 0 NumberOfPoints 11 MinimumRSquared 0 9999 BlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 Guid 8c4890b1 6248 4ab8 a95f 9f37cea0f5a3 ContactPair Point1 1 Point2 2 InCompliance false CalculatedRSquared 0 99993347328231341 RSquaredPass true Success true Generate...

Page 96: ...RSquared 0 99995429808639591 RSquaredPass true Success true GeneratedSetup ExcitationType 1 ExcitationValueStart 0 0001 ExcitationValueEnd 0 0001 ExcitationAutoRange false ExcitationRange 0 0001 MeasurementAutoRange true MeasurementRange 0 1 ComplianceLimit 10 0 NumberOfPoints 11 MinimumRSquared 0 9999 BlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 SamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0 0166666666666667 Guid aedd62c0 9d17 4c9d 8...

Page 97: ... true InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 ActualSamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0 0166666666666667 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false IsRunning false StartTime 2019 04 23T12 58 50 538058 00 00 EndTime 2019 04 23T12 58 59 667846 00 00 DurationInSeconds 9 13 Remarks This is similar to the CCHeck RESult JSON ALL query wi...

Page 98: ...ype is NRf maxPoints The number of points to measure between the excitation start and end Data type is NRf minimumRSquared The minimum desired R2 Data type is NRf samplingTimeInSeconds The time in seconds which measurements will be averaged over to get one sample Data type is NRf CCHeck RESult STANdard SUMMary Summary Retrieves the results of the last run contact check measurement Query Format CCH...

Page 99: ...eraged over to get one sample Data type is NRf contactPairAOffset The measured offset for contact pair 1 2 if sample is van der Pauw 5 6 if sample is Hall bar Data type is NRf contactPairASlope The measured slope for contact pair 1 2 if sample is van der Pauw 5 6 if sample is Hall bar Data type is NRf contactPairARSquared The measured R for contact pair 1 2 if sample is van der Pauw 5 6 if sample ...

Page 100: ...Passed If measured R was less than or equal to desired R for contact pair 4 1 if sample is van der Pauw 5 3 if sample is Hall bar Data type is bool contactPairEOffset The measured offset for contact pair 5 4 field present for Hall bar only Data type is NRf contactPairESlope The measured slope for contact pair 5 4 field present for Hall bar only Data type is NRf contactPairERSquared The measured R ...

Page 101: ...est meet the desired range Data type is Number measurementRange For voltage excitation specify the current measurement range 0 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage measurement range 0 to 10 V NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number complianceLimit For voltage excitation specify the current limit 100 e 9 to 100 e 3 A For current exc...

Page 102: ...ints The number of points to measure between the excitation start and end MINimum 2 MAXimum 100 DEFault 11 Data type is Number minimumRSquared The minimum R desired DEFault 0 9999 Data type is Number samplingTime Thesamplingtime inseconds whichmeasurementswillbe averaged over to get one sample MINimum 0 010 ms MAXimum 1 s DEFault 1 60 s Data type is Number Example CCHeck STARt 10e 3 10 11 0 9999 D...

Page 103: ...easurement to a not run state canceling any running measurement Command Format FASThall RESet Example FASThall RESET FASThall RESult JSON ALL SUBstring Summary Retrieves a substring of the last run FastHall measurement results serialized as JSON Query Format FASThall RESult JSON ALL SUBstring startIndex length Parameters startIndex The substring starting index zero based Data type is NR1 length Th...

Page 104: ...rMetersCubed NaN CarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersCubed NaN SheetCarrierConcentrationAveragePerMetersSquared 3 2511677197404589E 17 SheetCarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersSquared 9657318360569 5645 MobilityAverageInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond 73 837483672553191 MobilityStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond 0 0021932799173649768 ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 ActualSamplingTi...

Page 105: ...ation PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 001868397 CurrentInAmps 0 00998818 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 001696654 CurrentInAmps 0 009984307 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false IsRunning false StartTime 1970 01 02T01 54 54 722693 05 00 EndTime 1970 01 02...

Page 106: ...red 3 2510383568758234E 17 MobilityInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond 73 840421757976017 FieldReadingInTesla 0 9313 CurrentAverageInAmps 0 0099861115 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 002 ActualSamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0166666666666667 PositiveFieldConfiguration PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 001712573 CurrentInAmps 0 009987764 ExcitationSet...

Page 107: ...lingTimeInSeconds 0 0166666666666667 Guid d75b6abd 6dc5 444c b43d f4b2dce61bc8 HallVoltageSnr 0 0 HallVoltageAverageInVolts 0 0 HallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts 0 0 HallCoefficientAverageInMetersCubedPerCoulomb 0 0 HallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersCubedPerCoulomb 0 0 SheetHallCoefficientAverageInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb 0 0 SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb 0 0 CarrierTyp...

Page 108: ...NRf carrierType The carrier type P N or Unknown Data type is NAMED CarrierConcentrationPerMetersCubed The bulk carrier concentration in units of per meters cubed Data type is NRf SheetCarrierConcentrationPerMetersSquared The sheet carrier concentration in units of per meters squared Data type is NRf MobilityInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond The mobility in units of meters squared per volt second Data t...

Page 109: ...FieldConfigurationPositiveExcitationVoltage negativeFieldConfigurationNegativeExcitationSetpoint The excitation setpoint for negative field configuration s negative excitation Data type is NRf negativeFieldConfigurationNegativeExcitationCurrent The measured current for negative field configuration s negative excitation Data type is NRf negativeFieldConfigurationNegativeExcitationVoltage The measur...

Page 110: ...citationType excitationValue excitationRange excitationMeasurementRange measurementRange complianceLimit numberOfSamplesToAverage userDefinedFieldReading resistivity BlankingTimeInSeconds numberOfVoltageCompensation SamplesToAverage SampleThicknessInMeters SamplingTimeInSeconds minimumSnr HallVoltageAverageInVolts HallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts hallVoltageSnr carrierType pTypeCount nTypeCount Car...

Page 111: ...pensation samples to average Only applied for excitation type voltage Data type is NR1 SampleThicknessInMeters Thickness of the sample in meters Data type is NRf SamplingTimeInSeconds The sampling time in seconds Data type is NRf minimumSnr The desired signal to noise ratio of the Hall voltage measurement Data type is NRf HallVoltageAverageInVolts The average Hall voltage measured in volts Data ty...

Page 112: ...oulomb Data type is NRf SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersCubedPerCoulomb The standard error of the sheet Hall coefficient in units of meters cubed per coulomb Data type is NRf MobilityAverageInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond The average mobility measured in units of meters squared per volt second Data type is NRf MobilityStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPerVoltSecond The standard deviation of the mo...

Page 113: ...esired range Data type is Number complianceLimit For voltage excitation specify the current limit 100 e 9 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage compliance 1 to 10 V Data type is NRf userDefinedFieldReadingInTesla The field in units of tesla that the sample is being subjected to Used for calculations Data type is NRf maxNumberOfSamples When minimumSnr is omitted or INFinity 9 9 e ...

Page 114: ...d the largest absolute value of the start and end excitation values along with the last run resistivity measurement s resistivity average and sample thickness Command Format FASThall VDP STARt LINk userDefinedFieldReadingInTesla measurementRange maxNumberOfSamples minimumHallVoltageSnr numberOfVoltageCompensationSamplesToAverage sampleThickness samplingTime Parameters userDefinedFieldReadingInTesl...

Page 115: ...L SUBstring Summary Retrieves a substring of the last run four wire measurement results serialized as JSON Query Format FWIRe RESult JSON ALL SUBstring startIndex length Parameters startIndex The substring starting index zero based Data type is NR1 length The number of characters to return Data type is NR1 Returns Substring of the JSON serialized four wire measurement result Data type is NAMED Exa...

Page 116: ...49983788333333339 CurrentStandardErrorInAmps 1 0765544317146766E 08 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 003 ActualSamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0166666666666667 FourWireMeasurementSamples Excitations VoltageInVolts 0 08025881 CurrentInAmps 0 0004990022 ExcitationSetpoint 0 0005 InCompliance false CurrentOverload false VoltageOverload false Voltage...

Page 117: ... 0 08016813 CurrentInAmps 0 0004990384 ExcitationSetpoint 0 0005 InCompliance false CurrentOverload false VoltageOverload false VoltageInVolts 0 08609945 CurrentInAmps 0 0005006108 ExcitationSetpoint 0 0005 InCompliance false CurrentOverload false VoltageOverload false VoltageInVolts 0 08313379 CurrentInAmps 0 0004998246 ResistanceInOhms 166 32592713523903 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false ...

Page 118: ...entAutoRange false MeasurementRange 1 0 ExcitationMeasurementRange 0 01 ComplianceLimit 1 5 BlankingTimeInSeconds 0 003 MaximumNumberOfSamples 10 MinimumResistanceSnr 30 0 SamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0166666666666667 UseExcitationReversal true Guid 79893bed 0324 4f3c afc7 7787bb7e2b14 ResistanceSnr 19581 809718361535 ResistanceAverageInOhms 166 04548854988784 ResistanceStandardErrorInOhms 0 0084795782...

Page 119: ...d to excitation Data type is NAMED contactPairPoint3 The contact point assigned to voltage measurement sense Data type is NAMED contactPairPoint4 The contact point assigned to voltage measurement sense Data type is NAMED excitationType The excitation type used for the measurement VOLTage or CURRent Data type is NAMED excitationValue The excitation output value Data type is NRf excitationRange The ...

Page 120: ...ARt Summary Performs a four wire measurement Excitation is sourced from contact point 1 to con tact point 2 Voltage is measured senses between contact point 3 and contact point 4 Command Format FWIRe STARt contactPoint1 contactPoint2 contactPoint3 contactPoint4 excitationType excitationValue excitationRange measurementRange excitationMeasurementRange complianceLimit blankingTime MaximumNumberOfSam...

Page 121: ...t 100 e 9 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage compliance 1 to 10 V Data type is NRf blankingTime The time in seconds to wait for the hardware to settle before gathering readings 0 5 to 300 s with a resolution of 0 1 ms DEFault 2 ms MINimum 0 5 ms MAXimum 300 s Data type is Number MaximumNumberOfSamples When minimumSnr is omitted or INFinity 9 9 e 37 the total number of samples ...

Page 122: ...tation range NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number measurementRange For voltage excitation specify the current measurement range 0 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage measurement range 0 to 10 V NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number complianceLimit For voltage excitation specify ...

Page 123: ...0 ms MAXimum 1 s DEFault 1 60 s Data type is Number Example HAL HBAR DC START Current 10E 3 10E 3 10E 3 1 0 10 10 0 6 1 0 216 100e 3 1e 3 30 HALl DC CONTinue Continues the DC Hall measurement if it s in a waiting state Command Format HALl DC CONTinue HALl DC RESet Summary Resets the measurement to a not run state canceling any running measurement Command Format HALl DC RESet Example HALl DC RESET ...

Page 124: ...MetersCubedPerCoulomb 0 00013904865824552416 SheetHallCoefficientAverageInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb 1 1414901714091761 SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb 0 031870422976452206 CurrentAverageInAmps 0 009995378725 CarrierType 2 PTypeCount 2 NTypeCount 3 CarrierConcentrationAveragePerMetersCubed 4 3743380036293484E 22 CarrierConcentrationStandardErrorPerMetersCubed 4 262867834107...

Page 125: ...olts 0 0082916978000000009 NegativeExcitationHallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts 1 1644247512828007E 05 NegativeExcitationCurrentAverageInAmp 0 0099957796 NegativeExcitationInCompliance false NegativeExcitationVoltageOverload false NegativeExcitationCurrentOverload false CarrierType 2 PTypeCount 0 NTypeCount 5 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false GeometryDSummaryResults HallV...

Page 126: ...7048522E 06 NegativeExcitationCurrentAverageInAmp 0 0099951196 NegativeExcitationInCompliance false NegativeExcitationVoltageOverload false NegativeExcitationCurrentOverload false CarrierType 1 PTypeCount 5 NTypeCount 0 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 1 ActualSamplingTimeInSeconds 0 0 0166666666666667 InCompliance false VoltageOverload f...

Page 127: ...lse NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008337834 CurrentInAmps 0 009995802 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeFieldGeometryDData ContactConfiguration V4213 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008245957 CurrentInAmps 0 009994914 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation Volta...

Page 128: ...s 0 0099953415000000011 GeometryCCurrentAverageInAmps 0 00999557775 GeometryDCurrentAverageInAmps 0 00999510525 CarrierType 1 PositiveFieldGeometryCData ContactConfiguration V3142 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008414321 CurrentInAmps 0 00999526 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008328633 CurrentInAmps 0 ...

Page 129: ...DData ContactConfiguration V4213 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008245957 CurrentInAmps 0 009994914 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 0 008253185 CurrentInAmps 0 009995206 ExcitationSetpoint 0 01 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentO...

Page 130: ...pe 0 DcHallSnr 1 02614910287 HallVoltageAverageInVolts 8 5571230446485356E 07 HallVoltageStandardErrorInVolts 8 3390640022026488E 07 HallCoefficientAverageInMetersCubedPerCoulomb 0 00014268465591413487 HallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersCubedPerCoulomb 0 00013904865824552416 SheetHallCoefficientAverageInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb 1 1414901714091761 SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPer...

Page 131: ...and positive excitations in both negative and positive field configurations from a given sample taken during the last run DC Hall measurement NOTE If the measurement did not include field reversal then negative field parameters will not be returned Query Format HALl DC RESult STANdard RAW sampleIndex geometry Parameters sampleIndex Sample index zero based Data type is NR1 geometry The geometry C o...

Page 132: ... field configuration s negative excitation Data type is NRf negativeFieldConfigurationNegativeExcitationSetpoint The excitation setpoint for negative field configuration s negative excitation Data type is NRf negativeFieldConfigurationNegativeExcitationVoltage The measured voltage for negative field configuration s negative excitation Data type is NRf negativeFieldConfigurationPositiveExcitationCu...

Page 133: ...d time when the measurement was started in ISO 8601 format Data type is string durationOfTestInSeconds Duration of the test in seconds Data type is NR1 excitationType The excitation type used for the measurement VOLTage or CURRent Data type is NAMED excitationValue The excitation value Data type is NRf excitationRange The excitation range Data type is NRf excitationMeasurementRange The full scale ...

Page 134: ...s of meters cubed per coulomb Data type is NRf SheetHallCoefficientStandardErrorInMetersSquaredPerCoulomb The standard error of the sheet Hall coefficient in units of meters squared per coulomb Data type is NRf carrierType The carrier type of the sample P N or Unknown Data type is NAMED pTypeCount The number of samples that were measured as P carrier type Data type is NR1 nTypeCount The number of ...

Page 135: ... Parameters excitationType VOLTage CURRent Data type is ExcitationType excitationValue For voltage excitation 10 to 10 V For current excitation 100 e3 to 100 e 3 A Data type is NRf excitationRange For voltage excitation 0 to 10 V For current excitation 0 to 100 e 3 A AUTO sets the range to the best fit range for a given excitation value NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired...

Page 136: ...ue using the RESistivity SCPI subsystem Defaults to not a number which will propagate through calculated values DEFault NaN 9 91 e 37 NOTE When the resistivity is omitted or NaN 9 91 e 37 mobility is not calculated Data type is Number blankingTime The time in seconds to wait for hardware to settle before gathering readings 0 5 ms to 300 s with a resolution of 0 1 ms DEFault 2 ms MINimum 0 5 ms MAX...

Page 137: ... NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number measurementRange For voltage excitation specify the current measurement range 0 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage measurement range 0 to 10 V AUTO sets the range to the best fit range for a given excitation value NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data typ...

Page 138: ...y Retrieves a substring of the last run resistivity measurement results serialized as JSON Query Format RESistivity RESult JSON ALL SUBstring startIndex length Parameters startIndex The substring starting index zero based Data type is NR1 length The number of characters to return Data type is NR1 Returns Substring of the JSON serialized resistivity measurement result Data type is NAMED Examples Qu...

Page 139: ...tyAverageInOhmsPerSquare 0 88841464974931572 GeometryBResistivityStandardErrorInOhmMeters 3 948699771072754E 05 GeometryBSheetResistivityStandardErrorInOhmsPerSquare 0 039486997710727542 GeometryBFValueAverage 0 47607532383092671 ActualBlankingTimeInSeconds 0 0024 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NumberOfSamples 19 ResistivitySamples ResistivityInOhmMeters 0 000754497...

Page 140: ...ce false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 8 059134E 05 CurrentInAmps 9 993138E 06 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ResistanceInOhms 0 0021477 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ContactConfiguration R1423 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 8 801011E 05 CurrentInAmps 1 000285E 05 InCompliance false ...

Page 141: ...ResistivityInOhmMeters 0 00089504567597727147 GeometryASheetResistivityInOhmsPerSquare 0 89504567597727147 GeometryAFValue 0 48411577862915228 GeometryBResistivityInOhmMeters 0 00078193839751687817 GeometryBSheetResistivityInOhmsPerSquare 0 7819383975168781 GeometryBFValue 0 43807298616439694 Measurements ContactConfiguration R2134 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 7 875055E 05 CurrentInAmps 9 994...

Page 142: ...hms 0 04167845 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ContactConfiguration R1423 PositiveExcitation VoltageInVolts 8 756496E 05 CurrentInAmps 9 995517E 06 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false NegativeExcitation VoltageInVolts 7 097688E 05 CurrentInAmps 1 000636E 05 InCompliance false VoltageOverload false CurrentOverload false ResistanceInOhms 0 82...

Page 143: ...vityAverageInOhmMeters 0 00088881560980731949 SheetResistivityAverageInOhmsPerSquare 0 88881560980731933 ResistivityStandardErrorInOhmMeters 2 8227952120978436E 05 SheetResistivityStandardErrorInOhmsPerSquare 0 028227952120978436 GeometryAResistivityAverageInOhmMeters 0 00088921656986532308 GeometryASheetResistivityAverageInOhmsPerSquare 0 88921656986532316 GeometryAResistivityStandardErrorInOhmMe...

Page 144: ...OhmsPerSquare Sheet resistivity for geometry A with contact configurations R2134 0 and R3241 90 Data type is NRf geometryAFValue F value for geometry A Data type is NRf GeometryBResistivityInOhmMeters Resistivity for geometry B with contact configurations R4312 0 and R1423 90 Data type is NRf GeometryBSheetResistivityInOhmsPerSquare Sheet resistivity for geometry B with contact configurations R431...

Page 145: ...tPositive Measured current with positive excitation I Data type is NRf measuredVoltageNegative Measured voltage with negative excitation V Data type is NRf measuredCurrentNegative Measured current with negative excitation I Data type is NRf CurrentReversedResistance Calculated current reversed resistance Data type is NRf inCompliance The specified voltage compliance or current limit was reached Da...

Page 146: ...1 format Data type is string durationOfTest Duration of the test in seconds Data type is NR1 excitationType The excitation type used for the measurement VOLTage or CURRent Data type is NAMED excitationValue The excitation value Data type is NRf excitationRange The excitation range Data type is NRf excitation MeasurementRange The full scale range used to measure the excitation signal dependent on e...

Page 147: ...orInOhmMeters Standard error of the bulk resistivity measurements for geometry A Data type is NRf GeometryASheetResistivityStandardErrorInOhmsPerSquare Standard error of the sheet resistivity measurements for geometry A Data type is NRf geometryAFValue The F value for geometry A Data type is NRf GeometryBResistivityAverageInOhmMeters Average bulk resistivity for geometry B with contact configurati...

Page 148: ...nt range to the best fit range for a given excitation value NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number measurementRange For voltage excitation specify the current measurement range 0 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage measurement range 0 to 10 V AUTO sets the measurement range to the best fit range for a given excitation value NOTE ...

Page 149: ...xNumberOfSamples samplingTime Parameters measurementRange For voltage excitation specify the current measurement range 0 to 100 e 3 A For current excitation specify the voltage measurement range 0 to 10 V AUTO sets the range to the best fit range DEFault AUTO NOTE The hardware will be configured to best meet the desired range Data type is Number sampleThickness Thickness of the sample in meters 0 ...

Page 150: ... binary weighted values for the set bits Both data types are NR1 Query Format STATus OPERation ENABle Return Parameter mask see above Examples Command STAT OPER ENAB 4096 Enables interlock not present Query STAT OPER ENAB Query Response 5120 Indicates that interlock not present and IDLE are enabled Remarks This command specifies the enable mask allowing true conditions in the operation event regis...

Page 151: ...tatus of the questionable status register This information is non latching The register contents are not altered by issuing this query ENABle Command Format STATus QUEStionable ENABle mask Parameter mask Sum of the binary weighted values for the set bits Both data types are NR1 Query Format STATus QUEStionable ENABle Return Parameter mask see above Examples Command STAT QUES ENAB 3 Enables current...

Page 152: ...olume Query SYST BEEP VOL Query Response 50 Indicates that the instrument volume is set to mid scale Remarks This command sets the volume of audible tones SYSTem DATE Command Format SYSTem DATE year month day Parameter year month 1 to 12 day 1 to 31 All three parameters are data type is NR1 Query Format SYSTem DATE Return Parameter year month day see above Examples Command SYST DATE 2017 5 15 Sets...

Page 153: ...or event queue for the number of unread items If the queue is empty the response is 0 NEXT Query Format SYSTem ERRor NEXT Return Parameter code error message code is the error event code Data type is NR1 error message is a description of the error Data type is string Examples Query SYST ERR Query Response 113 Undefined header qwerty Remarks Queries error event queue for the next item and removes i...

Page 154: ... range specified above it shall be rippled up through the date For example if SYST TIME 9 30 126 is sent the time will be set to 9 32 06 AM SYSTem TZONE Command Format SYSTem TZONE hour minute Parameter hour 12 to 12 minute 0 30 45 Both data types are NR1 Query Format SYSTem TZONE Return Parameter hour minute see above Examples Command SYST TZONE 5 00 Sets the time zone to UTC 05 00 Query SYST TZO...

Page 155: ...d OPLoop VOLTage Summary Sets the open loop field control voltage Command Format TESLameter SOURce FIELd OPLoop VOLTage voltage Parameters voltage The voltage Data type is NRf Example TESLameter SOURce FIELd OPLoop VOLTage 1 23 TESLameter SOURce FIELd OPLoop VOLTage Summary Gets the current open loop field control voltage Command Format TESLameter SOURce FIELd OPLoop VOLTage Returns The voltage Da...

Page 156: ...146 cHAPTER 4 Computer Interface Operation MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 157: ...devices that perform a secondary duty as an aid or refinement to the primary unit Refer to https www lakeshore com M91 for details A list of accesso ries available for the M91 is provided in the table below TABLE 5 2 Accessories Model Description 843 076 Triaxial cable 3 m P12379 Triaxial to BNC adapter RM 1 2 Half rack mount kit RM 2 Dual half rack mount kit 5 4 Options A high resistance firmware...

Page 158: ...optional Lake Shore rack mount kits The kits contain the necessary parts to mount one instrument with the provided blank or two instruments side by side in a rack mount space 483 mm 19 in wide by 88 9 mm 3 5 in high Ensure that there is a 25 mm 1 in clearance on both sides of the instrument after rack mounting 5 5 1 Half Rack Mounting Refer to the figure below for half rack installation details FI...

Page 159: ...149 www lakeshore com 5 5 2 Dual Half Rack Mounting Refer to the figure below for dual half rack installation details FIGURE 5 2 Dual half rack mounting ...

Page 160: ...150 cHAPTER 5 Options and Accessories MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 161: ...Send the message terminator 7 Send the entire message string at one time including the terminator Many ter minal emulation programs do not 8 Send only one simple command at a time until communication is established 9 Be sure to spell commands correctly and use proper syntax 6 2 2 Existing Installation No Longer Working 1 Power the instrument off then on again to see if it is a soft failure 2 Power...

Page 162: ...nt 6 3 2 Calibration Errors The M91 FastHall measurement controller contains calibration constants pro grammed into the instrument during assembly and test that are stored in non vola tile memory NOVRAM This memory is checked on power up and if the calibration constants are determined to be invalid they are reported on the front panel In addi tion bit 8 of the questionable event status register is...

Page 163: ...d stored checksums FIGURE 6 3 Calibration error corrupt Not Passed In this case the calibration data is not corrupt default or uninitialized and is there fore considered valid from a data integrity standpoint However despite running through the full calibration process the M91 did not pass calibration FIGURE 6 4 Calibration error not passed ...

Page 164: ...ns of its LSFW packages in its internal memory This local memory location is called the local repository This allows you to down grade firmware should you choose since older versions will still remain on the M91 in the local repository In addition Lake Shore maintains LSFW packages on a network server that allows us to deploy those packages to all M91 customers This is called the remote repository...

Page 165: ... stick from the computer and insert it into the USB Type C port of the M91 5 On the M91 front panel tap the Settings menu top left corner of the screen then select Update 6 Click Updates are available Click here to install and follow the on screen instructions to update the firmware 6 3 3 3 High Resistance Option Upgrade The M9 ADD HR upgrade option enables the high resistance capability for measu...

Page 166: ...first Current range of 100 mA and voltage compliance limit of 10 V cannot be applied simultaneously 1 An attempt was made to set the DC compliance voltage setting to a value greater than 10 V while the current range is set to 100 mA Set the current range to 10 mA or less first 2 An attempt was made to set the current range to 100 mA while the DC compliance voltage was set to a value greater than 1...

Page 167: ...ion Center conductor Output high Inner shield Driven guard voltage output Outer shield Output low source common FIGURE 6 8 Analog input TABLE 6 3 Analog input settings Pin Description Center conductor Output high Outer shield Output low source common FIGURE 6 9 Analog output TABLE 6 4 Analog output settings Pin Description Center conductor Voltage output high Outer shield Reference return chassis ...

Page 168: ...port TABLE 6 6 Digital input pinouts Pin Digital input description 1 Ground 2 5 V 3 Digital input 4 low 4 Digital input 4 high 5 Digital input 3 low 6 Digital input 3 high 7 Digital input 2 low 8 Digital input 2 high 9 Digital input 1 low 10 Digital input 1 high 158 cHAPTER 6 Service MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 169: ...a 2 TXD Transmit data 3 RXD Receive data 4 EPWR Power from switch not used 5 EPWR Power from switch not used 6 RXD Receive data 7 EPWR Power from switch not used 8 EPWR Power from switch not used FIGURE 6 13 USB pin and connector 2 1 3 4 TABLE 6 8 USB pin and connector details Pin Name Description 1 VCC 5 VDC 2 D Data 3 D Data 4 GND Ground 159 www lakeshore com ...

Page 170: ... 2 RX negative A4 VBUS Bus power B9 VBUS Bus power A5 CC1 Configuration channel B8 SBU2 Sideband use SBU A6 Dp1 Non SuperSpeed differential pair position 1 positive B7 Dn2 Non SuperSpeed differential pair position 2 negative A7 Dn1 Non SuperSpeed differential pair position 1 negative B6 Dp2 Non SuperSpeed differential pair position 2 positive A8 SBU1 Sideband use SBU B5 CC2 Configuration channel A...

Page 171: ...ootloader Non volatile No 1 The Atmel Microchip ATSAME70Q21A is a microprocessor with 2048 KB of onboard programmable flash memory The code is loaded by initiating a firm ware update over the remote interface 2 The Cypress FM24V10 is a 128 KB I2C FRAM It is used to store calibration con stants and feature license files The memory is programmed at Lake Shore 3 The Kingston EMMC04G S100 A08U is a 4 ...

Page 172: ...t https www lakeshore com Service Instrument Service 6 8 2 Return of Equipment The MeasureReady M91 FastHall measurement controller is packaged to protect it during shipment The user should retain any shipping carton s in which equipment is originally received in the event that any equipment needs to be returned If the original packaging is not available a minimum of 76 mm 3 in of shock absorbent ...

Page 173: ...prepaid by the customer Equipment serviced under warranty will be returned prepaid by Lake Shore Equipment serviced out of warranty will be returned FOB Lake Shore 6 8 5 Restocking Fee Lake Shore reserves the right to charge a restocking fee for items returned for exchange or reimbursement ...

Page 174: ...164 cHAPTER 6 Service MeasureReady M91 FastHall Measurement Controller ...

Page 175: ...ting for controlled measurement space D Automatically creates data files software development kit allows for full measurement customization D Uses the same sample cards as Lake Shore s premium electromagnet based 8400 Series Hall measurement system D 2 year standard warranty A 1 2 Measurement Options D LN2 option D Vacuum option D Gate bias option A 1 3 Components This convenient all in one soluti...

Page 176: ...easurement sequences as well as chart log and organize the results For further analysis csv data files are output and automatically saved A 1 5 Measurement Environment A durable light tight system the FastHall station features an electronically shielded low noise sample space with guarded contacts resulting in far superior measurements as compared to most similar solutions whether you want to deri...

Page 177: ...e product and to receive an annual license MeasureLINK software and the scripting development license need to be reactivated annually no annual fee except when upgrading to the new version The software allows the user to combine environmental and electrical instrumenta tion into a coordinated measurement system The software provides a simple soft ware driver connection for Lake Shore instruments a...

Page 178: ...er 216 mm wide 87 mm high 369 mm deep 8 5 in 3 4 in 14 5 in half rack Measurement platform with magnet and insert 254 mm wide 330 2 mm high 457 2 mm deep 10 in 13 in 18 in LN2 option with 0 75 T magnet and stand 140 mm wide 235 mm high 209 6 mm deep 5 5 in 9 25 in 8 25 in Model 155 precision I V source gate bias option 216 mm wide 87 mm high 369 mm deep 8 5 in 3 4 in 14 5 in half rack Weight Measu...

Page 179: ...sensitive ESD components WARNING people with implanted medical devices should avoid contact without previously consulting their doctor WARNING Contains high field magnets Proper handling must be followed at all times to prevent accident and injury WARNING Clear workspace and personal space of ferrous iron steel objects before starting Be aware that magnetic fields can turn objects into flying proj...

Page 180: ...unted for Check off each item on the packing list as it is unpacked Instruments themselves may be shipped as several parts The items included with the FastHall station are listed below Contact Lake Shore immedi ately if there is a shortage of parts or accessories Lake Shore is not responsible for any missing items if not notified within 60 days of shipment If the instrument must be returned for re...

Page 181: ...standard setup FIGURE A 7 Cabling connections full setup with additional equipment D Computer connects to the computer D Monitor connects the computer monitor It may have a VGA HDMI or DVI style cable D USB connector connects the computer mouse D USB connector connects the computer keyboard D USBconnector the USB to IEEE dongle connection which allows communication to all IEEE compatible instrumen...

Page 182: ...no responsibility for damage to the system as the result of unauthorized software installation Do not use 2 wire without ground AC power If the plug does not mate with available sockets remove the plug and attach a plug of the correct type with equal or better rating per local code Use a grounded plug The system is designed for single phase 3 wire AC power Make sure to ground equipment when plugge...

Page 183: ...function cable with a 22 pin connector bundled with four primary triaxial cables This connector provides access to D RTD temperature sensor D Safety interlock tells you the sample head is not engaged This is needed for the gate bias option but is not required for the standard M91 operation V 10 V 6 Connect the instrument AC power cord to the back of the M91 FastHall mea surement controller 7 Conne...

Page 184: ...gnal common connectors of the M91 and gate bias source together In this case the following connection is pro vided on the M91 FIGURE A 12 Gate bias connections A 4 5 Gas Connections A 4 5 1 Purge Gas Fitting A flow control valve is provided on the back of the light tight option body to allow users to connect to the sample space for inert gas purge The fitting is sized for 8 mm or 5 16 in tubing Th...

Page 185: ...The magnet assembly can be moved back and forth along the track There is a mechanical detent on each end of the track to positively identify the magnet placement with respect to the sample This ensures the placement of the magnet and therefore the magnetic field is repeatable To reverse the field the magnet can be slid past the detent rotated 180 and replaced on the track Labels on the option bodi...

Page 186: ...ositive orientation field ensure the field arrow on the magnet is aligned with the positive orientation marking on the sample holder and slide the magnet assembly in to position around the sample until the detent is engaged FIGURE A 16 Magnet orientation 1 T D To place the sample in a 1 T negative orientation field ensure the field arrow on the magnet is aligned with the negative orientation marki...

Page 187: ...nsert The sample insert is intended to be easily removable to gain access to the sample Two thumb screws are located on each side of the sample insert When the screws are loosened the holder can be lifted off of the magnet assembly Two guide posts are provided to ensure that the sample aligns properly and does not touch the sides of the electrical shield when being inserted or removed Additionally...

Page 188: ...eom etry sample with maximum dimensions of 10 x 10 mm The solder connection sample card has 8 connection pads in the sample area Con nections labeled 1 6 are intended for the connection of either a van der Pauw geom etry pins 1 4 or a Hall bar geometry pins 1 6 sample with maximum dimensions of 10 x 10 mm Two additional connection pads are located between connections 2 and 3 These pads are connect...

Page 189: ...ch section of the screen D Preferences defines where and how data will be stored and the units for dis playing data D Measurement Setup defines the sample parameters of the measurement D Optimization determines excitation type and values and blanking time D Contact Check when selected the measurement will complete a contact check D Resistivity when selected the measurement will complete a resistiv...

Page 190: ...ou it is shipped attached to the card alignment guide To replace the guide follow this procedure 1 Align the card alignment guide with stem to the connector on the middle wiring board so that the line on the side of the guide aligns with the line on the insert outer tube 2 Using a 2 5 mm hex key screw in the two M3 screws onto either side of the card alignment guide to secure the guide and stem to...

Page 191: ...g it first determine the cause for the failure When replacing the fuse it is important to replace it with the value and type indicated on the rear panel for the line voltage setting To avoid potentially lethal shocks turn off the controller and disconnect it from AC power before performing these procedures For continued protection against fire hazard replace only with the same fuse type and rating...

Page 192: ...r screws are fully tightened D If you recently changed the air gap verify that the screws that hold the pole caps on the pole are fully tightened A 6 5 2 DC Measurement Verification Troubleshooting During DC measurement verification which is performed by the installer using the steps in Chapter 3 a test is made on an InAs sample and a test is made on two resistors The following sections provide tr...

Page 193: ...6 5 5 AC DC Comparison Troubleshooting An AC DC comparison should be made between the carrier density mobility and Hall coefficient Do not directly compare Hall voltage since this depends on the magnetic field The AC and DC test may be done at different fields The calculation of Hall coefficient density and mobility take into account the different magnetic fields If the AC and DC Hall values do no...

Page 194: ...e Read each instrument manual provided for detail on voltage adjustment A 7 2 Electrical Ground Connection All instrument cases are grounded to the ground lead of the power distribution strip through its input power cable There is a safety ground cable built into the 22 pin connector on the multifunction cable for connection to the outer case of the sample insert to the instrument console chassis ...

Page 195: ...hould be grounded through a conductive wrist strap or other device using 1 M series resistor to protect operator D Ground any tools such as soldering equipment that will contact unit Contact with operator s hands provides a sufficient ground for tools that are otherwise electrically isolated D Place ESD sensitive devices and assemblies removed from a unit on a conductive work surface or in a condu...

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