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User Manual

KDC Series II DC Power Supplies

7.5 Measurement Calibration

Following calibration screens are used to calibrate the voltage and current measurements.

7.5.1

Voltage Measurement Calibration

Offset

1. Set up the DC supply as described under output voltage offset calibration.

2. Read the measured output voltage from the DMM.

3. Enter the value measured in the MEAS CAL, MVOLT OFST screen using one of the shuttles.

4. Press the ENTER key.

5. The DC supply measurement systems will take a few seconds to set its measurement

calibration coefficient based on the reference measurement value provided.

Full Scale

1. Set up the DC supply as described under output voltage full-scale calibration.

2. Read the measured output voltage from the DMM.

3. Enter the value measured in the MEAS CAL, MVOLT F/S screen using one of the shuttles.

4. Press the ENTER key.

5. The DC supply measurement systems will take a few seconds to set its measurement

calibration coefficient based on the reference measurement value provided.

Содержание KDC 100-100

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...ective owners and are used herein for identification purposes only Notice of Copyright KDC Series II User Manual 2003 2009 AMETEK Programmable Power Inc All rights reserved Exclusion for Documentation UNLESS SPECIFICALLY AGREED TO IN WRITING AMETEK PROGRAMMABLE POWER INC AMETEK a MAKES NO WARRANTY AS TO THE ACCURACY SUFFICIENCY OR SUITABILITY OF ANY TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED IN ITS M...

Страница 4: ...properly for both personnel and equipment safety Always ensure that facility AC input power is de energized prior to connecting or disconnecting any cable In normal operation the operator does not have access to hazardous voltages within the chassis However depending on the user s application configuration HIGH VOLTAGES HAZARDOUS TO HUMAN SAFETY may be normally generated on the output terminals Th...

Страница 5: ...operated contrary to the instructions of AMETEK is opened modified or disassembled in any way without AMETEK s consent or is used in combination with items articles or materials not authorized by AMETEK The Buyer may not assert any claim that the Products are not in conformity with any warranty until the Buyer has made all payments to AMETEK provided for in the Purchase Order Agreement PRODUCT RET...

Страница 6: ... 10 3 Installation and Functional Test 11 3 1 Inspection 11 3 2 Location and Mounting 11 3 3 Input Output Connectors 12 3 4 Wire Sizing and Lug Size 17 3 5 AC Input Wiring 18 3 6 Analog Controls IF Option 20 4 Front Panel Operation 21 4 1 Functional Controls 21 4 2 Menu Structure 27 4 3 How to examples 49 4 4 Programming output transient lists 51 4 5 Setting the Power on Initialization Values 53 4...

Страница 7: ... 94 8 4 Controller Jumper Settings 97 8 5 Firmware Updates 97 8 6 Replaceable Parts 99 8 7 Available accessories 100 9 Remote Control 102 9 1 Introduction 102 9 2 KDCGUI Program Requirements 103 9 3 RS232C Interface 103 9 4 Optional IEEE Interface 105 9 5 KDCGUI Installation 105 9 6 Trouble Shooting RS232C 106 9 7 Trouble Shooting IEEE 488 GPIB 107 9 8 Software Registration 107 10 Programming Synt...

Страница 8: ... Using 0 5 or 0 10 VDC Source 60 Figure 5 5 Remote Current Programming Using Resistance 61 Figure 5 6 Remote Current Programming Using a Current Source 61 Figure 5 7 Parallel Cable Interconnect Accessory 63 Figure 5 8 Auto Parallel Operation 2 KDC units 66 Figure 5 9 Auto Parallel Operation 3 KDC units 67 Figure 5 10 Auto Series Operation 68 Figure 5 11 Auto Tracking Operation 69 Figure 6 1 DC Pow...

Страница 9: ...ory Default Power on Settings 53 Table 4 6 Operating Modes 54 Table 5 1 Master or Auxiliary Controller Configuration Jumper Settings 64 Table 5 2 Master Configuration Jumper Settings 64 Table 7 1 Load Resistors and Current by model 81 Table 8 1 Basic Symptoms 91 Table 8 2 Poor Output Voltage Accuracy 91 Table 8 3 Poor Output Voltage Regulation 91 Table 8 4 Unit Shuts Down After 3 5 Seconds 92 Tabl...

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Страница 11: ...ntrols enable the voltage and current limit to be changed Measurements of voltage current peak current and power can also be read from the front panel LED displays The front panel contains an output on off button for controlling the DC supply output and an output LED indicator that informs the operator of the output status at all time The LCD display is used to display the programmed voltage and c...

Страница 12: ... on all KDC units These covers must be installed during use and may only be removed when the unit is not in use and disconnected from AC mains Adequate air flow must be maintained at all times so care should be taken not to block the top and side air intakes or the rear air exhaust Leave at least 4 of clearance at the back of the unit to allow proper airflow 1 4 Equipment Rack use The KDC Series u...

Страница 13: ...w Line Current 5 KW 10 KW 15 KW Standard 208 27A 54A 81A Options 400 480 18A 18A 36A 36A 54A 54A Recommended circuit protection per phase CB Standard 208 30A 60A 90A Options 400 480 20A 20A 40A 40A 60A 60A 2 1 3 Output Power DC Power See section 2 1 5 Maximum power is available at full scale voltage 2 1 4 Output Voltage Voltage Voltage Ranges See section 2 1 5 Voltage Programming Internal Accuracy...

Страница 14: ...KDC 30 333 KDC 30 500 5 10 15 30 30 30 167 333 500 15 mV 15 mV 15 mV 45 mV 45 mV 45 mV 90 mV 90 mV 90 mV KDC 40 125 KDC 40 250 KDC 40 375 5 10 15 40 40 40 125 250 375 15 mV 15 mV 15 mV 45 mV 45 mV 45 mV 90 mV 90 mV 90 mV KDC 50 100 KDC 50 200 KDC 50 300 5 10 15 50 50 50 100 200 300 15 mV 15 mV 15 mV 45 mV 45 mV 45 mV 90 mV 90 mV 90 mV KDC 80 62 KDC 80 125 KDC 80 187 5 10 15 80 80 80 62 5 125 187 5...

Страница 15: ...ccuracy 0 1 Setting 0 2 FS Line Regulation 0 1 of V Range Load Regulation 0 1 of V Range Stability 0 05 of set point after 8 Hrs warm up at fixed line load and temp 2 2 Measurements Measurement Voltage Accuracy 0 05 of Reading 0 1 of Full Scale Resolution 0 025 of Full Scale Current Accuracy 0 1 of Reading 0 2 of Full Scale Resolution 0 025 of Full Scale Power Accuracy 0 2 of Reading 0 3 of Full S...

Страница 16: ...take rear exhaust Acoustic Noise Level Measured at 1 meter from front of unit 5 KW 55 dBA 10KW 60 dBA 15KW 65 dBA Internal Construction Modular construction Rear Panel Connections AC Power Input DC power out RS232 GPIB option Analog Programming option Rack Mounting Unit must be supported by shelf or brackets when mounted in 19 cabinet No provisions for rack slides are made on instrument 2 5 Agency...

Страница 17: ...quires IF option Range 0 10 VDC Accuracy 0 1 Setting 0 2 FS 2 8 Protection Over temperature shut down Short circuit protection Remote Sense Open Sense Overload protection Over voltage protection 2 9 Controls and Indicators Controls Voltage Setting Digitally encoded rotary knob Current Setting Digitally encoded rotary knob Function Keys Five Push Buttons Output on off Push button Power on off Toggl...

Страница 18: ...en master and auxiliary s This can be confusing and such a setup is generally not recommended The maximum number of KDC units that can be paralleled is 5 1 master 4 auxiliary units The following specifications apply to multi box KDC configurations Parameter Current Range Multiply by number of KDC units Current Programming Accuracy Multiply by number of KDC units E g for a 3 unit AUX AP system accu...

Страница 19: ...re AMD Airbus A400 AMD24 Test software requires KDCGUI and Windows PC AUX Factory configured and calibrated for use as an Auxiliary unit with KDC II Master DC supply RPV Factory configured and calibrated for analog voltage programming RPC Factory configured and calibrated for analog current programming Following accessories are available for the KDC Series PART DESCRIPTION VENDOR QTY 5005 053 1 KD...

Страница 20: ...t capacitance of the power modules This results in reduced load regulation performance An auto level control ALC mode is provided on FT models to adjust for load regulation The ALC mode applies to CV mode of operation only and is automatically disabled when the DC supply operates in CC or CP modes The ALC mode can be turned on from the CONTROL menu Parameter Specification Voltage Ranges 30V 40V 50...

Страница 21: ... use and may only be removed when the unit is not in use and disconnected from AC mains Adequate air flow must be maintained at all times so care should be taken not to block the top and side air intakes or the rear air exhaust Leave at least 4 of clearance at the back of the unit to allow proper airflow Rack Use The KDC Series uses a 19 cabinet with rack ears and can be installed in a standard eq...

Страница 22: ...be installed to allow AC input to be removed from the supply NOTE When connecting the AC Input wiring DO NOT APPLY MORE THAN 32 INCH POUND equivalent to 2 67 lb feet or 3 62 Nm of torque to the input terminal connection studs and screws Connector AC Input Function Connects To L1 AC in L2 AC in L3 AC in CHASSIS GND Primary AC Power Input 208 230 VAC nominal Std 400 VAC nominal 480 VAC nominal Table...

Страница 23: ...Output Connection Description AC In Designator Dir Connection Description 1 ØA Input 10 32 Threaded Stud 2 ØB Input 3 ØC Input 4 GND Table 3 3 Input Connection Description J20 Pin Designator Dir Description 1 Not used N C 2 TxD Output Transmit data 3 RxD Input Receive data 4 Not used N C 5 Common Common 6 Not used N C 7 CTS Input Clear to send 8 RTS Output Request to send 9 Not used N C Table 3 4 ...

Страница 24: ...RES 7 I NOM Output Master unit drive output to auxiliary unit s in parallel mode of operation Referenced to pin 14 ISO COM 8 Not used N C 9 FUCTION STROBE TRIGGER OUTPUT Output Programmable from the Front panel or remotely It will generate a 5V to 0V pulse active low of at least 1 usec duration every time the programmed voltage or current changes This output can be reassigned as a trigger output u...

Страница 25: ... voltage 2 COM MON Circuit common electrically referenced to the negative output of the supply 3 EXT MOD LO Input 4 Not used N C 5 Not used N C 6 Not used N C 7 EXT MOD HI Input Output voltage modulation A 0 to 5V signal will modulate the output voltage from 0 to 10 of Vout 8 Not used N C 9 Not used N C Table 3 6 Auxiliary I O Connector Non Isolated J21 ...

Страница 26: ...User Manual 16 KDC Series II DC Power Supplies Figure 3 1 Location of rear panel connectors ...

Страница 27: ...e all conductors for the input and output of the power supply Table 3 7 provides guidelines for minimum recommended wire sizes for the AC input and DC output wires This table is derived from the National Electrical Code and is for reference only Local laws and conditions may have different requirements The table is for copper wire only The use of Aluminum wiring is not recommended Size Temperature...

Страница 28: ...ief on the safety cover Always install the AC input safety cover and strain relief provided with the unit The ground wire should be longer than the three power phase wires by at least 1 inch 3 5 1 EMI Toroid Installation 400V Models To meet CE Mark conducted emissions models with 400V AC input must have the supplied ferrite toroid installed on the AC input wiring as shown Loop the three phase cond...

Страница 29: ...User Manual KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 19 Figure 3 5 Outline Drawing Chassis Dimensions Shown with safety covers ...

Страница 30: ...rements of each configuration are provided in the following paragraphs Reference Table 3 5 for Analog I O connector designations and functions The pin out orientation is shown in the diagram on the right CAUTION These control inputs are referenced to the negative output of the power supply Grounding the positive output of the power supply or biasing the output of the supply above chassis potential...

Страница 31: ...D status indicators are located on the front panel These LED s correspond to the following conditions CV MODE Indicates the DC Supply is operating in Constant Voltage mode CC MODE Indicates the DC Supply is operating in Constant Current mode CP MODE Indicates the DC Supply is operating in Constant Power mode OUTPUT The Output LED indicates the status of the OUTPUT The output is controlled by the O...

Страница 32: ...isabled by using the SYST RWLock command over RS232 or the using Local Lockout message when using the GPIB bus 4 1 2 Shuttle knobs VOLTAGE CURRENT DECREASE INCREASE Figure 4 2 Shuttle Knobs There are two shuttle knobs located to the right of the LCD display which are used to change settings for voltage and current or scroll through menu parameter lists The left shuttle always controls the output v...

Страница 33: ...User Manual KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 23 Figure 4 3 Front panel layout ...

Страница 34: ... Since there are more than two entries in the main menu pressing the MENU key repeatedly will cycle through all available pairs of entries From these entire lower level menus can be selected by pressing the ENTER key Sub menus are used to change secondary settings such as mode of operation interface options or advanced features ENTER The ENTER key activates any selection made either with regards t...

Страница 35: ...etween the two knobs The viewing angle of the LCD display can be adjusted from the Calibration CALIBRATION menu see section 0 to meet individual tastes 4 1 5 Menu Operation The KDC Series DC supply can be operated from the front panel through a series of menus There are several levels of menus starting at level 1 top level and drilling down into sub menus See section 4 2 for a complete overview of...

Страница 36: ... Supplies If the selected entry contains a parameter setting instead of a sub level menu the parameter values can be changed by turning any one of the rotary knobs This allows the user to scroll to all possible settings for this parameter ...

Страница 37: ...h of the menu fields and parameter options The menu structure is only two levels deep for easy navigation The ENTER key allows the user to drill down to level 2 The BACK key returns to the top level or level 1 Table 4 1 shows the layout of the menus available to the user The MENU key must be to select any menu Once in the menu display mode the UP or DOWN cursor keys can be used to move through the...

Страница 38: ...000A VOLT OFST 0 TRANSIENT 6000 0W 20 000AP CURR OFST 0 TRAN ST IDLE MVOLT F S 11OO COUNT 10 MCURR F S 1200 TRIG SOURCE IMM MVOLT OFST 127 TRAN STEP AUTO MCURR OFST 12 VOLT 12 120 0 APPLICATIONS MIL704 VSLEW 12 1e 06 OPTIONS DO160 CURR 12 30 00 MIL704 ON CSLEW 12 100 0 DO160 OFF DWELL 12 10 00 ETIME TEMP ETIME 21 20 03 TTLT 12 ON LIMITS TEMP 25 33 C REGISTERS SAVE REG LIM VOLT 80 00V CONFIGURATION...

Страница 39: ...ion has a major revisions before the decimal point and a minor revision after the decimal point 2 Model and Serial number information The model will be a function of the configuration and will include the series designation KDC the voltage range and the maximum current The serial number is a 5 digit number This number should match the model type sticker located on the outside of the unit 3 Self te...

Страница 40: ...ly by pressing the SET key CONTROL Selects operating modes internal or external reference and other settings MEASUREMENT Selects the measurement screen This screen can also be called up directly by pressing the MEAS button TRANSIENT Selects the transient data entry and execution screens REGISTERS Selects the front panel setup registers CONFIGURATION Selects the various configuration screens that d...

Страница 41: ...bruptly instead of slewing it Press the SET key again to exit the set mode The blinking cursor will revert back to the regular underline cursor Changes made with the voltage knob will take effect immediately in this mode The range is a function of the DC supply model Refer to the LIMIT screen to determine the maximum voltage that can be set see paragraph 4 2 12 CURR Sets the current limit Use the ...

Страница 42: ...t is a function of the mode selected The following modes are available SVOLT Sets the OVP level to a percentage of the set voltage Range is 105 to 110 of setting In this mode the bleeder circuit will be engaged when programming the voltage down Note that for programmed values below 20 of the available voltage range the OVP SVOLT level may have to be set closer to 110 to avoid false tripping due to...

Страница 43: ... to full scale output EXTRES Sets voltage programming to external resistance mode CURR REF Sets the current control source to internal INT or external EXT If external either Voltage current or resistance control can be set Available settings are INT Sets current programming to internal reference Default EXT5V Sets current programming to external dc reference 0 5 V for 0 to full scale output EXT10V...

Страница 44: ...tage as a function of the load current as needed Note that this function is only available if the DC supply is set to Constant Voltage mode CV LEVEL This field is only valid is the IMP STATE is set to ON It sets the desired output impedance level The available range is a function of the voltage and current ranges of the KDC model used The minimum value is zero mOhm The maximum value can be calcula...

Страница 45: ...te is off or there is no load connected to the dc supply this reading will be close to zero regardless of the programmed current settings If the power supply is operating in the constant voltage or constant power mode CV or CP the measured current may be less than the programmed set current POWER The lower left corner is used to display the load power dissipation in W Watt or KW PEAK CURRENT The l...

Страница 46: ...RY DESCRIPTION TRAN STATE Indicates the status of the transient system Available modes of operation are IDLE Transient system is in IDLE or inactive state To start a transient list press the ENTER key while on the TRAN STATE field Note that the output must be ON to run a transient program or an error message will be displayed WTRIG Transient system is armed and waiting for a trigger event BUSY Tra...

Страница 47: ...ion of each step in the transient list List parameters VOLT Step Voltage set point See Table 4 2 VSLEW Step Voltage slew rate in V sec Minimum setting 0 001 V s Maximum setting 1E6 V s or Vrange 1000 whichever is smaller Resolution 1 msec CURR Step Current set point See Table 4 2 CSLEW Step Current slew rate in A sec Minimum setting 0 001 A s Maximum setting 1E6 A s or Irange 1000 whichever is sma...

Страница 48: ...g the current limit parameter is set to the same value for the entire transient program only the first data value for that parameter has to be set Setting only the first data point will automatically repeat that value for all subsequent points in the transient list The programming resolution from the front panel for setting data values for voltage is a function of the voltage range The programming...

Страница 49: ...ific slew rate such as needed to do a ramp all other points have to be specifically set to their required slew rates including the maximum slew rate Note While it is possible to set specific voltage and current slew rates the actual output performance is limited by the output stage and is a function of voltage range power level and load Any load especially capacitive load will limit slewing the vo...

Страница 50: ...ection 4 2 8 ENTRY DESCRIPTION SAVE REG 0 7 Recalls the selected setup and transient list from memory The left knob VOLTAGE may be used to scroll through the available list of setup register numbers Use the ENTER key to perform the save operation RECALL REG 0 7 Saves the selected setup and transient list to memory The left knob CURRENT may be used to scroll through the available list of setup regi...

Страница 51: ...ttings are 9600 through 115200 baud The right knob CURRENT can be used to scroll through these selections POWER ON REG 0 7 DEF Selects the non volatile register to be recalled automatically at power on Factory default is DEF which recalls the factory settings Available parameters are REG 0 through REG 7 which recalls any of the user defined setups or DEF for factory default Note that to use a regi...

Страница 52: ...may generate a current fault in parallel operation Available auxiliary modes are AP Auto parallel mode Parallel operation of 2 or more units to increase current This mode also requires the controller to be reconfigured to an AUX so changing this field in the configuration menu alone is NOT sufficient See section 5 2 1 for additional configuration details AS Auto series mode This mode is not functi...

Страница 53: ...d alone operation VOLT EXT CURR N A Voltage controlled by MASTER Current tracks MASTER unit VOLT REF EXT10V AUX AT Auxiliary auto tracking Requires controller to be configured for stand alone operation VOLT EXT CURR set value Voltage tracks MASTER Current limit set from front panel VOLT REF EXT10V Table 4 3 Configuration Control Modes Note that the active configuration mode is saved when saving a ...

Страница 54: ... calibration screens The calibration password is the voltage range value Thus for a KDC80 187 the cal password is 80 The password can be set using the voltage or current knob Analog I O option Calibration Menus RPV 5V 9999 Calibration coefficient for full scale voltage 5V RPV analog input RPI 5V 9999 Calibration coefficient for full scale current 5V RPV analog input RPV 10V 1 9999 Calibration coef...

Страница 55: ...aling Factory set CURR NOM 9999 Calibration coefficient for current scaling Factory set VOLT F S 9999 Calibration coefficient for voltage zero offset CURR F S 9999 Calibration coefficient for current zero offset VOLT OFST 128 127 Calibration coefficient for voltage zero offset CURR OFST 128 127 Calibration coefficient for current zero offset ...

Страница 56: ...gle adjustment ENTRY DESCRIPTION VIEW ANGLE 10 to 10 LCD viewing angle adjustment CAL PWORD V range Calibration password required to access all calibration screens The calibration password is the voltage range value Thus for a KDC80 187 the cal password is 80 The password can be set using the voltage or current knob Measurement Calibration Screens MVOLT F S 9999 Calibration coefficient for full sc...

Страница 57: ...een turned on This is an accumulated total time in hours minutes and seconds The same screen also displays the internal temperature of the power supply ENTRY DESCRIPTION ETIME 01 23 45 The ETIME field displays the total accumulated elapsed time for the DC supply since it s initial manufacture This value cannot be changed or reset The TEMP field is not a user selectable parameter but rather a reado...

Страница 58: ...r voltage and current range of the DC supply This screen is used for information only and contains no user changeable fields The limit values shown cannot be changed ENTRY DESCRIPTION LIM VOLT V range Displays maximum available output voltage LIM CURR C range Displays maximum available current under full load conditions ...

Страница 59: ... Alternatively you can use the SET mode The set mode is entered by pressing the SET key again while the PROGRAM screen is visible Once in SET mode cursor will blink on off until the ENTER key is pressed indicated a new set value has been dialed in but not yet entered SET MODE 5 While in SET mode changing the voltage setting will not affect the output until ENTER is pressed To cancel the SET mode e...

Страница 60: ...eak Inrush Current To measure the inrush current of an EUT proceed as follows 1 Turn of the supply output using the OUTPUT ON OFF button and connect the EUT 2 Press the MENU key and select the PROGRAM entry Press ENTER to bring up the PROGRAM screen 3 Set the output to zero volt and enable the output using the OUTPUT ON OFF button 4 Use the SET key as described in section 4 3 1 above to change the...

Страница 61: ...ted sequentially Each step has a number of fields that can be set by the user Voltage Voltage slew rate Current current slew rate Dwell time Trigger out The voltage and current settings are the same as one would do form the setup screen using the knobs At each step the output will be set to the specified voltage and or current The rate of change is determined by the slew rate set If the voltage is...

Страница 62: ...sient Output Sequence This output can be accomplished using the following transient list Step data point Volt VSlew Current CSlew Dwell 1 0 00 MAX 75 00 MAX 0 100 2 50 00 125 00 100 00 MAX 0 900 3 75 00 MAX 50 00 200 00 0 250 4 25 00 66 67 50 00 MAX 0 750 5 25 00 MAX 105 00 MAX 1 000 6 50 00 MAX 100 00 MAX 0 800 7 20 00 MAX 100 00 MAX 0 200 8 50 00 MAX 100 00 MAX 1 000 Table 4 4 Sample Transient L...

Страница 63: ... front panel proceed as follows 1 Set the unit up in the desired way from the front Voltage current limit output state display mode 2 Press the MENU button to select the top level menu and scroll down to the REGISTERS entry Press ENTER to select the configuration menu 3 In the REGISTERS screen select any number from 0 through 7 you want to use to save this setup Press ENTER to save the present set...

Страница 64: ...educed to maintain the set current level If the load currents falls below the set current limit the output voltage returns to its set value Constant Power CP mode Constant power mode The supply maintains the set voltage as long as the power level is below the set power level If the power reaches the set level the voltage is reduced as needed to maintain the set power level Note This mode requires ...

Страница 65: ...o maintain P If Iout Iset KDC switches to CC mode Current stays at Iset voltage can vary as needed P is not CP setting If Vout Vset KDC switches to CV mode Current may vary and P is less than CP setting Figure 4 7 Constant Power Mode Profile The Constant Power mode requires power measurements to operate Obtaining these measurements takes time as several readings are averaged to avoid instability A...

Страница 66: ...otential noise interference Use red wire for the positive sense black wire for the negative sense WARNING The following conditions should be avoided as they will damage the power supply and any warranty will be voided Opening the sense connection while power is applied This will cause the output voltage to shoot past the maximum voltage Open loop condition Reversing positive and negative sense con...

Страница 67: ...ll not be reflected by the on off LED until the remote inhibit is released It is possible to query the internal on off state over the bus but the state of the remote inhibit cannot be queried Thus the output state may be reported as on while the remote inhibit is active 1 Remote on off by contact closure Output is OFF when contacts are closed See Figure 4 9 for connection requirements 2 Remote on ...

Страница 68: ...1 1 Remote Voltage Programming For applications that require the output voltage be programmed controlled from a remote source the remote voltage programming configuration may be used In this mode of operation an external resistor or external voltage source may be used as a programming device When using remote voltage programming a shielded twisted pair connection wire is recommended to reduce nois...

Страница 69: ...ts From the CONTROL menu set the VOLTAGE REF to EXTRES 1 8 9 15 ANALOG I O VP IP RTN 6 13 VP RES 0 5 KOHM PROGRAM VPROG 5V 3 Figure 5 2 Remove Voltage Programming Using Resistance 3 External Voltage Programming using an external current source This is similar to the use of a voltage source except the available current source is converted to a voltage source by using an external resistor If the cur...

Страница 70: ...ing Using a 0 5 VDC or 0 10 VDC Voltage Source A DC voltage source for remote current programming is connected between PIN 11 I PROG 5V or PIN 12 I PROG 10V and the return PIN 14 ISO COM The voltage coefficient for 5V remote current programming is 50 millivolts 1 of rated output i e for a 100 amp model each 100 millivolts of programming voltage equals 2 amps of output current See Figure 5 4 for co...

Страница 71: ...NTROL menu set the CURRENT REF to EXTRES 1 8 9 15 ANALOG I O VP IP RTN 6 IP RES 5 0 5 KOHM PROGRAM R 11 IPROG 5V Figure 5 5 Remote Current Programming Using Resistance 4 External Current Programming using an external current source This is similar to the use of a voltage source except the available current source is converted to a voltage source by using an external resistor If the current source ...

Страница 72: ...ith the same voltage range but a different power level current range In this case the contribution to the total load current from each KDC unit will be proportional to its power level Thus a 15 KW master will contribute 75 of the load current when paralleled with a 5 KW auxiliary unit Note This will make setting the current limit more confusing as only the master unit s current limit is set The Au...

Страница 73: ...terconnect cable for a two unit parallel system can be order through AMETEK Programmable Power customer service department sales programmablepower com Specify AMETEK P N 5005 053 1 Figure 5 7 Parallel Cable Interconnect Accessory 5 2 1 2 Auxiliary unit controller configuration The auxiliary KDC units controllers must be configured for auxiliary mode Units with the AUX option on the model serial ta...

Страница 74: ...as not configured for parallel operation at this power level at the factory Configuration Option W13 W14 Master 5 KW 10 KW 0 0 Master 15 KW 1 0 Master AUX 15 to 45 KW 1 0 Master AUX 45 to 60 KW 1 1 Table 5 2 Master Configuration Jumper Settings Note If the system was not configured for parallel operation at this power level at the factory or has been reconfigured from its original shipped configur...

Страница 75: ... power level 5 10 or 15 KW a constant Ratio R must be determined for the full scale current tracking of the Auxiliary power source Ratio R Auxiliary maximum current Master maximum current For most power systems the model number of the Master and Auxiliary will be the same to the value of R will be equal to 1 This would mean the current delivered by the supplies should be the same Under load the fu...

Страница 76: ...er Supplies 5 2 1 6 System Connection Parallel Mode PS2 Auxiliary PS1 Master J22 DB15 Vaux Vmstr Load 14 11 J22 DB15 14 7 External Sense Connection Ext Sense Cable assembly CI P N 5005 053 1 Figure 5 8 Auto Parallel Operation 2 KDC units ...

Страница 77: ...Series II DC Power Supplies 67 PS2 Auxiliary PS1 Master J22 DB15 Vaux Vmstr Load 14 11 J22 DB15 14 7 External Sense Connection Ext Sense PS3 Auxiliary J22 DB15 Vaux 14 11 Figure 5 9 Auto Parallel Operation 3 KDC units ...

Страница 78: ... AUX configuration settings outlined in section 5 2 1 3 only apply to the auto parallel mode PS2 Auxiliary tracks PS1 PS1 Master J22 DB15 Vaux Vmstr Load Vsum 4 6 Vprog Iso Rtn Vsum Vmstr Vaux Note Maximum allowed is 600 VDC Rx 2 Vmstr 10 KOhm For units with range 300Vdc use 2 RN60 Resistors 0 5 Rx 0 5 Rx in series Rx Figure 5 10 Auto Series Operation Note The cable used to connect to the analog I...

Страница 79: ...parallel mode The AUX configuration settings outlined in section 5 2 1 3 only apply to the auto parallel mode PS2 Auxiliary tracks PS1 PS1 Master J22 DB15 Vaux Vmstr Load 6 4 Vprog Iso Rtn Rx Vsum Vmstr Vaux Rx 2 Vmstr 10 KOhm For units with range 300Vdc use 2 RN60 Resistors 0 5 Rx 0 5 Rx in series Load Figure 5 11 Auto Tracking Operation Note The cable used to connect to the analog I O connector ...

Страница 80: ...r CPU board and drives the RS232 connection on the rear panel The optional interface assembly drives the GPIB rear panel interface as well as the RS232 A rear panel analog I O connection allows remote isolated voltage and current programming of the DC output Multi chassis systems use the analog I O connection and an auxiliary I O connection to coordinate operation of master and auxiliary units wit...

Страница 81: ...board The oscillator frequency is divided down to provide three separate 93 75 kHz references each separated by 120 degrees of phase from the other two The three phase AC mains is always active on the DC output modules and the DC supply board there is no master switch or circuit breaker The chassis is turned on or off by a small switch on the front panel This switch applies or removes power from t...

Страница 82: ......

Страница 83: ...User Manual KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 73 Figure 6 1 DC Power Supply Block Diagram ...

Страница 84: ...User Manual 74 KDC Series II DC Power Supplies Figure 6 2 DC Power Supply Block Diagram with IF option ...

Страница 85: ... A10 DC MODULE A9 DC MODULE A3 INTERFACE A B C GND 3 Phase AC Power Bus Supply Control Bus SELV Supply J6 J9 J5 J4 P7 J6 J6 J6 P10 J8 P3 J15 J13 J14 J16 J17 J20 RS232 J23 GPIB J19 RS485 J21 AUX I O J22 ANLG I O STANDARD OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OPTIONAL V SENSE VOUT VOUT AC INPUT B3 B2 B1 J12 Figure 6 3 KDC with IF option Simplified Block Diagram ...

Страница 86: ...he primary of the power transformer A current transformer in the primary wire of the power transformer senses over current situations and is used for protection of the H bridge The secondary arrangement of the power transformer depends on the output voltage High voltage output models used a full bridge arrangement Low voltage output models use a center tapped circuit The latter is shown in Figure ...

Страница 87: ...ng control logic and power devices of the power module 6 4 2 Snubber Board A5 The snubber board is a small board located below the input electrolytic caps on the power board The snubber board connects directly to the power diodes which mount on an isolated mounting plate between the transformer and the output inductor 6 4 3 Output Filer Board A6 The output filter board is located in the back of ea...

Страница 88: ...rotary pulse generators via the same parallel bus through a microcontroller The standard interface board A3 only provides a rear panel RS232 interface The board uses opto isolators and SELV supplies to drive the serial interface chips The optional interface board A3 has the same RS232 interface as the standard board as well as similar SELV interfaces for GPIB and RS232 A programmable logic device ...

Страница 89: ...ntains an analog programming interface This analog input may be used to control either the output voltage or current It is also required to operate multiple KDC Series unit in parallel or series mode The operation of the analog I O is controlled through CONFIGURATION and CONTROL menu settings from the front panel or over the bus ...

Страница 90: ...UP TO 528 VAC AND 600 VDC MAY BE PRESENT IN CERTAIN SECTIONS OF THIS POWER SUPPLY THIS EQUIPMENT GENERATES POTENTIALLY LETHAL VOLTAGES DEATH ON CONTACT MAY RESULT IF PERSONNEL FAIL TO OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DO NOT TOUCH ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS WHEN POWER IS APPLIED ...

Страница 91: ... 1 or equivalent or Isotek Model RUG Z R001 0 1 or equivalent Load Bank Various power load resistors will be needed Model Voltage Range Power max Current max Load KDC30 XXX 30 5 KW 167 0 18 10 KW 333 0 09 15 KW 500 0 06 KDC40 XXX 40 5 KW 125 0 32 10 KW 250 0 16 15 KW 375 0 107 KDC50 XXX 50 5 KW 100 0 5 10 KW 200 0 25 15 KW 300 0 167 KDC80 XXX 80 5 KW 62 1 29 10 KW 125 0 64 15 KW 187 0 428 KDC100 X...

Страница 92: ...MEAS CAL or OUTPUT CAL screens the operator will be prompted for a calibration password The calibration password is equivalent to the maximum voltage range value Thus for a KDC 100 50 model the password is 100 The password can be entered by dialing it in with one of the rotary knobs on the front panel or sent over the bus See programming manual P N 5005 961 for details on bus operation Once entere...

Страница 93: ...he unit Never connect the load wire to the SENSE terminal at the Rear Panel terminal strip The load must be connected to the POWER bus bars and a jumper between the POWER and SENSE terminal Always connect the external DVM to the SENSE terminal L R SHUNT CURRENT VOLTAGE DC SUPPLY rear view POS NEG Measure output voltage at sense connection Figure 7 1 Test Equipment Hookup for Routine Output and Mea...

Страница 94: ...Increment or decrement the VOLT F S calibration coefficient while monitoring the output voltage until the measured voltage matches the programmed setting Note It may be convenient to perform the voltage measurement full scale calibration at this point as well The following calibrations are required only if the analog programming option is installed Option IF Full Scale External 10 V Input 1 Change...

Страница 95: ...le monitoring the output current until the measured current matches the programmed setting Note It may be convenient to perform the current measurement offset calibration at this point as well Full Scale Internal 1 Apply a load that will draw more close to 90 of full scale current 2 Monitor the output current using an external current shunt and DMM 3 Select the OUTP CAL CURR F S screen 4 Increment...

Страница 96: ...ment the RPI 5V calibration coefficient while monitoring the output current until the measured current matches the programmed setting Full Scale External R Input 1 Change the DC supply control mode for CURR to REF EXTRES from the CONTROL screen 2 Use a suitable resistor between the Remote R current programming input 3 Monitor the output current using an external current shunt and DMM 4 Select the ...

Страница 97: ...one of the shuttles 4 Press the ENTER key 5 The DC supply measurement systems will take a few seconds to set its measurement calibration coefficient based on the reference measurement value provided Full Scale 1 Set up the DC supply as described under output voltage full scale calibration 2 Read the measured output voltage from the DMM 3 Enter the value measured in the MEAS CAL MVOLT F S screen us...

Страница 98: ...rement calibration coefficient based on the reference measurement value provided Full Scale 1 Set up the DC supply as described under output current full scale calibration 2 Read the measured output current using an external shunt and DMM 3 Enter the value measured in the MEAS CAL MCURR F S screen using one of the shuttles 4 Press the ENTER key 5 The DC supply measurement systems will take a few s...

Страница 99: ...tage at these test points is 10 00 volts for full scale output voltage regardless of the model The first step in the adjustment of the normalized output is to establish a known voltage output condition The first normalized output that should be adjusted is the voltage 1 Program an output voltage that gives an actual output of scale voltage as verified by an external DVM 2 Attach a DC voltmeter to ...

Страница 100: ... TP24 indicated by the following formula Use the formula below to determine correct TP24 test point measured voltage V TP24 5 x Actual Output Current Maximum Current Rating of Power Source Note The Actual Output Current will change while adjusting the CURR NOM DAC If there was any change made to this adjustment the output current limit and current measurement must be re calibrated Refer to paragra...

Страница 101: ...and no lights on front panel 8 2 5 No output but Display on front panel is on 8 2 7 Can t program DC supply on GPIB or RS232 8 2 1 Poor Output Voltage Accuracy If the power supply exhibits poor programmed voltage accuracy the following item may be at fault Table 8 2 Poor Output Voltage Accuracy CAUSE SOLUTION The calibration is incorrect Calibrate the output 8 2 2 Poor Output Voltage Regulation If...

Страница 102: ...PUT ON switch is turned off Turn OUTPUT ON switch to ON Current limit programmed down or to zero Program current limit higher Voltage programmed down or to zero Turn amplitude control up Voltage sense connection is reversed Check polarity of external sense connections 8 2 6 Error Message Error messages may appear on the LCD display Some of these errors may be hardware related It is usually associa...

Страница 103: ...ting range Check for missing phase high line or low line conditions 8 2 7 Can t Program on GPIB or RS232 If the power supply does not respond to RS232C or GPIB programming the following items may be at fault CAUSE SOLUTION The power supply unit address is incorrect Update address See section 0 GPIB or RS232 cable is loose at power supply rear panel Check connection tighten jackscrews RS232 has fai...

Страница 104: ...User Manual 94 KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 8 3 Module Removal Figure 8 1 shows the location of the internal modules and assemblies Figure 8 1 Assembly Location ...

Страница 105: ...ners of the front panel that hold the front panel to the chassis 6 Disconnect the system interface 40 pin ribbon cable from the controller and disconnect the power ribbon cable 10 pin You can now remove the front panel assembly from the chassis 7 Place the front panel assembly on a static free work surface 8 Remove the two front panel knobs Requires a small Allen wrench 9 Remove 5 screws that hold...

Страница 106: ...crews and lock washers that hold the amplifier module at the rear panel 5 Disconnect the 40 pin ribbon system interface cable that connects all power modules along the top and then remove the EMI shield If any cables run across the top of the EMI shield they may have to be unplugged at the controller as well 6 Remove the horizontal AC input power bus bars that run across the top of the three power...

Страница 107: ...quence It can also be queried over the bus using the IDN command From time to time Argantix may release updated firmware for the KDC product line Firmware updates will be posted on the Argantix website at www argantix com for customer download Customers must register on the Argantix web site to gain download privileges Should be need arise to update the firmware of the KDC unit the required Flash ...

Страница 108: ...copied to the same directory as AxFlashLoaderComm exe file or any other drive or directory 7 Select Download This will start the firmware update procedure The front panel display for the KDC supply will display the message Erasing flash followed by Flash erase complete and Programming Flash The down load will be completed in about 6 to 7 minutes 8 Once completed close the Maintenance Panel window ...

Страница 109: ...R QTY 1 5005 721 1 or 5005 724 1 PC Assy Controller pre 08 2006 or PC Assy Controller post 08 2006 AMETEK 1 2 5005 707 1 PC Assy RS232C only AMETEK 1 3 5005 722 1 PC Assy GPIB RPV IF option AMETEK 1 4 5005 703 1 5005 723 1 PC Assy Bias Supply or PC Assy Bias Supply AMETEK 1 5 5005 4XX X PC Assy Power Module 1 Contact factory for specific module assembly P N based on KDC Model AMETEK 1 3 6 5005 700...

Страница 110: ...3900uF P N 611422 80 V 2 x 3900 uF P N 611422 2 x 1500uF P N 611439 100 V 2 x 2200 uF P N 611438 N A 150 V 2 x 1500 uF P N 611439 N A 250 V 2 x 560 uF P N 611472 N A 300 V 2 x 470 uF P N 611440 N A 400 V 2 x 330 uF P N 611449 N A 600 V 4 x 220 uF P N 611445 N A Table 8 10 Power Module Output Capacitance 8 7 Available accessories Following accessories are available for the KDC Series REF PART DESCR...

Страница 111: ...User Manual KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 101 Figure 8 2 Replaceable Fuse Locations ...

Страница 112: ...gh the RS232C or IEEE 488 interface Additional benefits are obtained from using the PC as a control interface Some of these benefits include the ability to store measurement data to disk and produce output transients to simulate commonly occurring AC line conditions The KDCGUI is a Windows program and as such requires a PC capable of running Windows 98 or Windows NT 2000 XP For best performance a ...

Страница 113: ...nd of each string sent over the RS232C interface If the programming environment you use to develop test programs does not append a LF terminator to each output string the KDC Series will not respond This may be the case for programs like LabView using VISA drivers 9 3 1 Serial Communication Test Program The following sample program written in Quick BASIC can be used to check communication to the K...

Страница 114: ...ed by power supply END IF Clear ERR XXX Message from front panel if any error occurred IF esr 0 THEN PRINT 1 CLS CHR 10 END IF END IF LOOP UNTIL cmd QUIT OR cmd quit Close COM port on exit CLOSE 1 END FUNCTION retstring This function returns a response string from the KDC Series power supply The QBasic statement LINE INPUT cannot be used as the KDC Series does not return a CR 13 after a response m...

Страница 115: ...32 Connect the power supply to the PC using an RS232C cable Use the 9 pin D sub connector on the rear panel labeled RS232 RS485 The other port is for future expansion and is not active The power supply RS232C port settings are set as follows Baud rate Selectable from Configuration menu See paragraph 4 2 8 on page 41 for details Data bits 8 Stop bits 1 Parity bits none Handshake Hardware The power ...

Страница 116: ...or resolving communication problems that may occur when using the KDCGUI software under Windows You may encounter problems when using the serial interface with the KDCGUI program that is supplied with the interface option for this source Symptoms 1 Unable to verify connection to the power supply through RS232C interface Time out occurs and dialog box appears that asks if you want to switch to simu...

Страница 117: ...ch the address set using the DIP switches on the 2001RP The GPIB address selected must match the settings on the DIP switch If changes are made to the DIP switch setting the power supply must be cycled off and on to have the new settings take effect 3 Did you connect the cable in correctly and are both ends of the GPIB cable securely tied down Select the GPIB interface and click on the NI 488 2M S...

Страница 118: ...ver the RS232 or IEEE 488 bus The command syntax supported by the KDS Series DC power supplies is covered in the KDS Programming Manual P N 5005 961 which is distributed on the same CD ROM as this user manual The programming manual may also be downloaded from the Argantix web site by registered users at www argantix com Refer to the KDS Programming Manual for command syntax information ...

Страница 119: ...as 704 or 160 can be accessed from the front panel through the APPLICATIONS menu They may also be controlled through the remote control interface Refer to 5005 961 KDC Programming manual for details on MIL704 commands Note that the AMD option is not implemented in firmware but rather provided through the KDCGUI Windows software which is supplied on CD ROM CIC658 As such there is no front panel acc...

Страница 120: ... connected As such it is generally not able to meet the new 1 msec output voltage change requirements for all DC voltage transients in the MIL STD 704 standard Argantix makes no claim that adding the 704 option will make the KDC series fully compliant with all requirements set forth in the MIL STD 704 handbook The specific limitations and restrictions that apply are shown in the table below Rev Se...

Страница 121: ...change may be longer than 1 msec Requires KDC600 model to support 475Vdc test level E HDC105 Normal Operation Voltage Transients Output voltage change may be longer than 1 msec Requires KDC400 model to support 330Vdc test level D E HDC201 Power Interrupt Voltage change 250 usec Output voltage transient time exceeds requirement Hardware limit D HDC302 Abnormal Operation Voltage Transients Output vo...

Страница 122: ...ers to Revision E For Revision D refer to MIL STD 704D date 9 30 1980 11 2 5 Tests Performed STEADY STATE Steady State Voltage test Ripple test TRANSIENT TEST Transient Voltage low Transient Voltage high EMERGENCY TEST Emergency Voltage minimum and maximum test ABNORMAL TEST Abnormal Voltage under Abnormal Voltage over 11 2 6 Front Panel Entry To perform a test from the keyboard press the MENU key...

Страница 123: ...s supported are D and E The Revision can be changed from the front panel by setting the cursor to the REV entry and using one of the rotating knobs to scroll between D and E The 704 option has several menu entries spread over 3 screens as follows Figure 11 5 MIL704 DC Menu 1 of 3 Figure 11 6 MIL704 DC Menu 2 of 3 Figure 11 7 MIL704 DC Menu 3 of 3 11 2 8 Steady State Test Scroll to the STEADY ST ME...

Страница 124: ...stem 6 0V The key backspace will terminate the test at any time 11 2 9 Transient Test From the MIL704 DC MENU scroll to the TRANSIENT MENU entry using the up and down cursor keys Press the ENTER key to select the TRANSIENT TEST screen The screen will appear as shown in Figure 11 9 Transient Menu The Transient Test has the following tests 1 HIGH VOLTAGE 2 LOW VOLTAGE HIGH VOLTAGE This test will cha...

Страница 125: ... 22V for 75msec before returning to 28V 270V System 1 200V for 10 msec 2 Linearly increase to 250V in 30msec 3 Stay at 250V for 135msec before returning to 270V The key backspace will terminate the test at any time 11 2 10 Abnormal Test From the MIL704 DC MENU scroll to the ABNORMAL MENU entry using the up and down cursor keys Press the ENTER key to select the ABNORMAL TEST screen The screen will ...

Страница 126: ...n momentary loss of power to the EUT If this is not acceptable the power source must be left in high range at all times UNDER VOLTAGE This test will change the output voltage for the selected phase in the following sequence 28V system 1 0V for 7sec 2 20V for 93sec 270V system 1 0V for 7sec 2 240V for 93sec The key backspace will terminate the test at any time 11 2 11 Emergency Test From the MIL704...

Страница 127: ...User Manual KDC Series II DC Power Supplies 117 2 280V for 1 minute 3 270V for 1 minute The key backspace will terminate the test at any time ...

Страница 128: ...can be supported without the need for software updates This section of the manual explains the amount of test coverage and limitations of this test option This manual is not intended to elaborate on the intent or purpose of the immunity tests and the expected behavior of the EUT as described in the Airbus documents It is assumed that the end user is familiar with the content of the AMD 24 test sta...

Страница 129: ... APU Voltage Transients 103 Voltage Ripple X 103 APU Voltage Ripple X 104 Voltage Spikes X 105 Inrush Current X 105 APU Inrush Current X 106 Voltage Variations Due to APU Starting 107 DC Ripple Due to Equipment X 108 Voltage Spike Due to Equipment Load Switching X 109 Compatibility with SEPDC Voltage Clipping Devices X 201 Voltage Transients 201 APU Voltage Transients 301 Steady State Voltage 302 ...

Страница 130: ...DC109 Compatibility with SEPDC Voltage Clipping Devices Requires Additional Equipment LDC201 Abnormal Voltage Transients 36 to 0 Volts DO160 16 6 2 4 c and 16 6 2 3 b LDC201 LDC201 APU Abnormal Voltage Transients 46 to 0 Volts DO160 16 6 2 4 c and 16 6 2 3 b LDC201 APU LDC301 Emergency Steady State Voltage 32 to 18 5 Volts DO160 16 6 1 1 b LDC301 LDC302 Emergency Voltage Ripple Maximum 5kHz ripple...

Страница 131: ...ge Switching Transients 2 T 50 to T 99 Per Figure LDC 403 APU LDC403 APU2 LDC403 APU Voltage Switching Transients 2 T 100 to T 200 Per Figure LDC 403 APU LDC403 APU3 LDC501 Power Failure Test requires physically removing line cables Test not performed with software ...

Страница 132: ...inconsistent with request 102 Syntax error Command syntax incorrect Misspelled or unsupported command 103 Invalid separator SCPI separator not recognized See SCPI section of programming manual 104 Data type error Data type invaled Check command for supported data types 108 Parameter not allowed One or more additional parameters were received Check programming manual for correct number of parameter...

Страница 133: ...21 Setting conflict Requested setting conflicts with other setting in effect Check other settings 222 Data out of range Parameter data outside of allowable range Check programming manual for allowable parameter values 223 Too much data More data received than expected Check programming manual for number of parameters or data block size 224 Illegal parameter value Parameter value is not supported C...

Страница 134: ...for multiple queries 440 Query UNTERMINATED Query incomplete Check for terminator after query command 1 Output volt fault Output voltage does not match programmed value Load exceeds current limit and unit is in Constant Voltage CV mode of operation Reduce load or increase CL setting Output voltage is driven above programmed voltage by external influence Load voltage kickback etc 2 Current limit fa...

Страница 135: ... attempting operation E g transient execution requires output relay to be closed 18 Trans duration less then 1msec Dwell time below minimum or 1 msec Increase dwell time to at least 1 msec 19 Clock and sync must be internal Operation not possible with external clock Switch to internal sync Default 20 Input buffer full Too much data received Break up data in smaller blocks Try lower baud rates 21 A...

Страница 136: ...ges 119 external sense 56 External Sense 4 F factory default power on setting 53 firmware updates 97 front panel 21 103 lock 22 FT option 10 Function Strobe 14 G GPIB 106 address selection 106 troubleshooting 108 H Humidity 5 I IEEE 488 78 106 address selection 106 troubleshooting 108 impedance output 34 programmable 34 initialization changing 53 installation 106 program 106 Installing software 10...

Страница 137: ...emote interface 6 replacement parts 100 Requirements KDCGUI 104 RS232C 78 S SCPI 109 self test 29 sense external 56 set mode 49 setting baud rate 41 GPIB address 41 Setup program 106 shuttle 22 simulation mode 104 slew mode 49 status 21 T Temperature 5 terminator RS232C 104 Transient list execution 36 front panel data entry 38 Trigger output 14 troubleshooting 91 V viewing angle adjustment 44 46 V...

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