GSSI SIR 30 Manual Download

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Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.

SIR® 30

Manual

MN 93-101 Rev E

104

SIR 30 Specifications

Power:

AC supply 95-250VAC 50/60HZ 260W max.

DC operating voltage range +10 to +28VDC max 26A @ 10VDC.

Weight:

18.5 lbs (8.4 kg)

Operating Temperature:

-10oC to 40oC external

Storage Temperature:

-40oC to 60oC

Relative Humidity:

<95% non-condensing

2 Channel

4 channel

Ethernet Switch

4 channel

8 channel

Ethernet Switch

Summary of Contents for SIR 30

Page 1: ......

Page 2: ...luding the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 40 Simon Street Nashua New Hampshire 03060 3075 USA Printed in the United States SIR RADAN and UtilityScan are registered trademarks of Geophysical Survey Systems Inc ...

Page 3: ...ubject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Note This equipment has been tes...

Page 4: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual ...

Page 5: ...llection Setup Road Survey with Horn Antennas 67 Bi Static Data Collection Setup 76 Dual Receiver Data Collection Setup 83 Chapter 4 Data Playback 85 Single File Playback 85 Dual Channel File Playback 90 Multi Channel File Playback 93 Chapter 5 Data Transfer 97 Transferring Data from the SIR 30 to the Control Laptop 97 Transferring Data from the SIR 30 to an External Drive 98 Chapter 6 Configuring...

Page 6: ......

Page 7: ...d to protect your SIR 30 from the elements and from damage GSSI recommends keeping your SIR 30 in its protective case when not in use The basic SIR 30 system comes with SIR 30 controller AC Power supply Power adapter for powering the SIR 30 from and AC outlet SIR 30 User Manual Documentation CD The CD contains an electronic version of this manual as well as all of GSSI s other radar systems and an...

Page 8: ...IR 30 than other GPR systems Data Processing The SIR 30 system applies filters and gain during data acquisition for display purposes only All data is stored raw The acquisition filters and gain are stored with the data file and will be automatically applied in RADAN 7 if so desired SIR 30 Physical Characteristics and Connections Front Panel Connectors Figure 1 SIR 30 front panel The front panel of...

Page 9: ...his is an Ethernet port for connecting external storage devices such as an Ethernet hard drive Note The External Storage connection may be labeled as a USB Port on some earlier SIR 30 units as it is a USB port not an external storage port HDMI This port is for connecting an external HDMI monitor The user will need to power the HDMI monitor separately Ethernet to Laptop This port is for connecting ...

Page 10: ...3 Plug the antenna control cable s into the channel connectors on the back of the SIR 30 Note The antenna channel hierarchy is as follows 1 Channel The antenna cable should be connected to the Channel 1 connector 2 Channels The antenna cables connected to the Channel 1 Channel 2 connectors 2 Channels The antenna cables connected to the Channel 1 and Channel 3 connectors 3 Channels The antenna cabl...

Page 11: ...t cable Turn on the Client Laptop and wait for it to boot Push the System On button to power up the SIR 30 Remember to wait 10 seconds after pushing the button for the SIR 30 to start The User will hear a Windows start tone once the SIR 30 is has finished booting 2 A maintenance tool a USB thumb drive shipped with the SIR 30 has been provided with the SIR 30 control unit If the User is configuring...

Page 12: ... Ethernet cable length is 50 m 150 ft 5 Click the System On button to power up the SIR 30 Remember to wait 10 seconds after pushing the button for the SIR 30 to start The User will hear a Windows start tone once the SIR 30 is has finished booting Figure 3 SIR 30 Maintenance Folder with hidden files 6 If the Windows Explorer Folder Options are set to display hidden files the directory will look lik...

Page 13: ...n the SIR 30 maintenance drive and double click on SIR30Update exe to run 3 The software will automatically attempt to locate the latest version of SIR 30 software and firmware and compare it to the distribution currently on the maintenance tool if any If the tool locates a new version of the software and firmware it will display the message in Figure 5 below Figure 5 SIR 30 Update available If th...

Page 14: ...or the User may leave it for a future clean up Some Users may prefer to keep the older zip files as archives in case they want to restore a previous version of the software Laptop Configuration Procedure Client Computer Requirements Windows 7 Business or higher 32 or 64 bit Windows Vista Business or higher 32 or 64 bit Intel Core I 5 or higher recommended A PC User with Administrator privileges Su...

Page 15: ...ser named Test during the out of box experience This will allow the maintenance tool to create a properly formatted SIR 30 user 1 Insert the USB flash drive containing the SIR 30 Maintenance tool into the laptop computer 2 To run the SIR 30 MaintenanceTools exe right click and select Run as Administrator The system will display a warning if the User is not logged on with administrator privileges i...

Page 16: ...ck Yes to Log out then log back in as SIR 30Administrator as directed Figure 9 Administrator Log off Step 2 Modify the Operating System 1 Log back in to the computer as SIR 30_Admin if you have not already done so and run the Maintenance tool again Username SIR 30_Admin Password SIR 2 Run the SIR 30 MaintenanceTools exe again Figure 10 Modify Operating System 3 Select the Operating System tab from...

Page 17: ...y column and click the Modify Power Settings button b Click the Turn Off the Screen Saver button c Under Firewall Setup click the Enable WMI Rules button d Click the Create Sir4xSvr Rule button e Click the Turn the Firewall Off button f Return to the SIR 30 and Client Setup column g Click the Install Start Killer button 8 The User should follow each step of the install instructions Upon completion...

Page 18: ... ID1 Ch 5 8 button and enter the Serial Number of the SIR 30 control unit being used for channels five 5 through eight 8 before selecting the Setup Shares function 3 Click the Setup Shares button Figure 13 Setup Shares Successful 4 Close the SIR 30 MaintenanceTools utility 5 Log Off the computer 6 Install SIR 30 Software 7 Log back in to the computer as SIR 30_Admin Username SIR 30_Admin Password ...

Page 19: ...allation to complete c Clickt the Register Server button A black Windows DOS screen will appear and REGRGS dialog will appear Click OK The system will now install several DLL files Click OK after each installation d Click the Copy Shortcuts button e Click the Test SIR 30 Registry button f If the User owns or has purchased horn antennas which are to be used with the SIR 30 click the Copy Custom Fil...

Page 20: ...s booted up Requirements for Connectivity A SIR 30 Laptop Client connection The Server Computer Name SIR 30 SNXXX YYY where XXX YYY is the last 3 digits of the control unit serial number User Name SIR 30_Admin Password SIR The SIR4xSvr DCOM settings must match those detailed above Firewall settings that have been configured by the Maintenance Tool The SIR 30 C drive RADARDATA directory sharing set...

Page 21: ...ble copying files to the client computer or a remote drive using COPY TO LAPTOP COPY TO DRIVE E or COPY TO DRIVE F check for the proper setup to your destination RADARDATA drive as follows 1 Navigate with Windows Explore to the root of your destination drive e g C for COPY TO LAPTOP 2 Look for the RADARDATA directory a If it does not exist create a RADARDATA directory b Right click on RADARDATA an...

Page 22: ... should look like Figure 16 below Figure 16 Component Services 9 The User will need to scroll down the list to DCOM Config Open the DCOM Config folder and scroll down to SIR4XSVR Figure 17 SIR4XSVR a Right click on it and select Properties b When the Properties dialog appears select the Identity tab Specify the User as o User SIR 30_Admin o Password SIR c Confirm the Password SIR d When the User h...

Page 23: ...reen Figure 18 HDMI SIR 30 server system start screen Figure 19 Laptop system start screen After powering up the SIR 30 the system display will present the Start screen as illustrated in Figure 18 above The User must select the system of linear units either Metric or English to be used for the survey Once the User has selected the system of units the SIR 30 will present the System Setting Screen N...

Page 24: ...re of interest the wavelength of the antenna center frequency the speed at which the data is collected the depth of the targets their size etc UNIT MARK This setting controls how often the SIR 30 will write a distance mark in the data file and on the data acquisition display Distance marks provide the User a quick visual indicator of distance travelled The Unit Mark setting is stored in the radar ...

Page 25: ...he Y value determines how far to the right or left the GPS is relative to the GPR antenna connected to Channel 1 If you are standing behind the antenna facing in the direction of your survey profile this number will be positive if the GPS antenna location is to the left of the GPR antenna and negative if the GPS antenna location is to the right of the GPR antenna Figure 21 GPS set to CUSTOM GPS is...

Page 26: ...it Rate for that antenna If you would like to set this manually you must select CUSTOM from the Antenna Type pull down menu Note In cases where the maximum transmit rate or PRF of the antennas is different the SIR 30 will use the highest transmit rate that is common to all antennas e g If two 2 antennas are connected to the SIR 30 and one has a maximum PRF of 100 KHz and the other has a maximum PR...

Page 27: ...e screen Selecting the Channel number Antenna model button again will return you to the channel O Scope display Figure 24 Collect Mode menu The User will also see the GPS Quality indicator and Storage Space indicator at the lower left corner of the screen When data collection is started the Storage Space indicator will change to the Over Speed indicator if the system is in the Survey Wheel mode Fi...

Page 28: ...page 27 SIGNAL PROCESS page 41 OUTPUT OPTIONS page 47 SYSTEM OPTIONS page 56 Note If the User is operating with more than one channel and you wish to change the acquisition parameters of any individual channel you must activate the specific channel display before making any parameter changes If the system is operating in multichannel mode and the User makes a parameter change with all channels dis...

Page 29: ... parameter selection dialog Figure 28 Parameter Selection dialog The variables within the parameter selection dialog may be changed by using the Up Down arrow keys The effects that the parameter variable changes have on the data may be evaluated by selecting the Test function The Test function is identified by blue Flask icon Selecting Test will apply the selected change to the displayed data so t...

Page 30: ... change the parameter variable again and re test or they may cancel the change To cancel the change click the red icon Figure 30 Cancel Parameter change If the User is satisfied with the parameter change the User must click the green check icon This will apply the changes to the data and close the parameter change dialog Figure 31 Accept Parameter change ...

Page 31: ...isplay a system initialization message Figure 32 System Initialization message During Initial Startup or when switching from Playback to Collect mode the following initiation message appears Figure 33 System Initialization message 15 seconds When the User starts the SIR 30 user interface or SIR 30 power shutdown the following initialization message appears Figure 34 System Initialization message ...

Page 32: ...he file is multi channel the SIR 30 will playback all channels unless a specific active channel is selected INIT This stands for Initialize Selecting this option will cause the radar system to re initialize the radar channel s with the current settings PLAYBACK COLLECT MODE Select this to toggle to Playback mode and open the Select File dialog box START SCAN Selecting this button will initiate dat...

Page 33: ...selecting the NEW SETUP key and give the setup a unique name CONTROL BAR RUN If the User selects Start Scan in Collect mode or Playback File s in Playback mode the Control Bar options will change Figure 38 Control Bar Run PAUSE Selecting this option pause data collection in data collection mode or data scrolling in Playback mode NEXT FILE This option will stop data collection and start data collec...

Page 34: ...mode the SIR 30 will collect data at the scan rate listed in the Scans Sec option in the RADAR Config RADAR sub menu In the Time mode the horizontal scan density is a function of the scan rate Scans per Second and the speed at which the antenna moves over the ground Figure 40 Run Mode Time Distance Mode In the Distance mode the User can collect data at a specific scan density entered in the Scans ...

Page 35: ...isible if the User has selected the Point mode This allows the User to stack average them together and output the result Static Stacking may result in improved signal to noise ratio and deeper penetration The range of values available to the User are 1 10 000 SCANS SEC This option allows the User to control the speed of data acquisition The maximum scan rate is a function of the Pulse Repetition F...

Page 36: ...value The minimum number of samples per scan is a function of the time range s and the pulse width s of the antenna s being used The minimum value should always be greater than or equal to Time Range ns Antenna Pulse Width ns x 10 Minimum number of Samples Per Scan The values available to the User are 256 512 1024 and 2048 4096 8192 and 16 384 99 See Figure 38 below Note Setting this number too hi...

Page 37: ...Sub Menu TIME RANGE page 31 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT page 32 POSITION MODE page 32 POSITION OFFSET page 33 SURFACE page 33 Figure 45 Radar Config Scan Sub menu RADAR CONFIG SCAN TIME RANGE ns This parameter controls the recorded two way travel time measured in nanoseconds The ranges of values available to the User are 1 25 000 ns Figure 46 Radar Config Time Range ...

Page 38: ...RADAR CONFIG SCAN POSITION MODE This parameter allows the User to change the signal position in the time range window The parameter options are Auto or Manual The Automatic Signal Position Servo will move the radar signal so that the direct coupling DC will be at the top of the time range window The servo will position the signal such that 10 of the total time range selected is set above the direc...

Page 39: ...ive peak of the direct coupling signal at zero time This parameter can only be modified if the Position Mode is set to Manual Figure 49 Radar Config Time Zero RADAR CONFIG SCAN SURFACE This parameter defines the total time displayed on the SIR 30 as a percentage of the total time range selected In Figure 48 below the Position Mode is set to Auto The time range has been set to 10 ns The Surface has...

Page 40: ... Figure 51 below the Surface percentage has been changed to five 5 The Displayed time is now 9 5 ns the recorded time is 10 ns Figure 51 Surface Mode Auto Surface 5 When then Position Mode is set to Manual and the Surface percentage is set to zero 0 the displayed time is 10ns and the recorded time is 10 ns ...

Page 41: ...ation of the GPS receiver the offset distances of the GPR antennas from the GPS receiver as well as the desired scan density and mark spacing See Appendix C for a list of GSSI antenna pulse widths Figure 53 Initial system settings DISTANCE CONTROL This controls the horizontal scan density The horizontal scan density or Scans per Unit distance will be recorded in the horizontal units selected by th...

Page 42: ...act If you leave this setting at the default value of 0 the SIR 30 will reserve a memory block size equivalent to 5 GB per channel The horizontal resolution is defined as 𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆𝑐𝑐 2 Where d Depth 𝜆𝜆𝑐𝑐 Wavelength of the central frequency of the antenna c lightspeed Annan 2001 GPS If you are using a GPS with the SIR 30 select CUSTOM from the GPS Type and enter the location of the GPS receiver anten...

Page 43: ...the GPR GPS antenna distance offset values The antenna serial number is required if you are using a Model 4105NR 2 GHz Horn with noise reduction technology The SIR 30 will use the provided serial number to select the correct preloaded Custom filter file If you selected an antenna model the SIR 30 will automatically load the maximum possible transmit rate abbreviated Xmit Rate for that antenna If y...

Page 44: ...RADAR CONFIG MAINTENANCE Clicking this Main Menu button will display four additional buttons in the Sub Menu CALIBRATE SW page 38 CONFIGURE GPS page 39 CUSTOM MARKS page 40 DSP CONFIG page 41 Figure 57 Radar Config Maintenance Sub menu RADAR CONFIG MAINTENANCE CALIBRATE SW This option allows the User to calibrate their GSSI survey wheel or other DMI device To begin calibration select Calibrate SW ...

Page 45: ...e axle of a vehicle GSSI part 630 B Vehicle Mounted Survey Wheel encoder the User should also note the tire pressure Changes in tire pressure will lead to small changes in the radius of the tire and a variation in the calibration value Note All GSSI supplied carts survey wheels and DMI s operate in Quadrature mode A Quadrature device will count up and down while a pulse device will only count up I...

Page 46: ...byte Options are 1 or 2 HANDSHAKING GPS to SIR 30 communication negotiation parameter Options are Hardware Software or None The default GPS Serial port configuration for the SIR 30 is DATA BITS 8 PARITY None N STOP BITS 1 HANDSHAKING None BAUD Rate 9600 RADAR CONFIG MAINTENANCE CUSTOM MARKS The SIR 30 is able to record up to ten different types of User Marks Theses marks may be used to denote the ...

Page 47: ...the system ID The User cannot make any manual change to the parameters in this menu These parameters are modified when the system software is updated with the system maintenance tool The User may also exit the SIR 30 program through this menu Figure 61 DSP configuration SIGNAL PROCESS Clicking this Main Menu button will display the four Signal Process Control buttons in the Collect Data Menu GAIN ...

Page 48: ...oint is used it will be located at the zero 0 ns position Possible values for each gain point range from 42 to 126 dB Because the SIR 30 collects raw data the User cannot clip the data by applying too much gain during data collection The gain applied by the User during data collection is for display purposes only The RADAN 7 DZT file is stored with no gain applied Note When setting up the system f...

Page 49: ...ill adjust the gain of the signal based upon the antenna response at the antennas current location and prevent the signal display from saturating The User may adjust the individual gain point values by changing the gain mode to Manual Figure 64 Gain Mode MANUAL Gain Points 3 When using more than four 4 gain points the SIR 30 will display a down arrow that enables the User to scroll down to gain po...

Page 50: ...PASS IIR This is a vertical filter The value is expressed in frequency MHz A high pass filter will pass everything higher than the specified frequency so this number should always be lower than the center frequency of the antenna The purpose of a high pass filter is to remove unwanted low frequency noise Commonly GSSI default values are between 1 4 to 1 3 the antenna s center frequency e g 100 MHz...

Page 51: ...xpressed in frequency MHz A high pass filter will pass everything higher than the specified value so this number should always be lower than the center frequency of the antenna The purpose of a high pass filter is to remove unwanted low frequency noise Common values are 1 4 or 1 3 the antenna s center frequency e g 100 MHz for a 400 MHz antenna CUSTOM FILTER This is a custom vertical filter used w...

Page 52: ...horizontal or sub horizontal features e g layer reflections SIGNAL PROCESS ADVANCED FILTERS These are a class of specialized filters used during data collection The User may still apply an FIR or IIR filters as desired SIGNAL FLOOR This filter will analyze the data s signal to noise ratio and place a solid green line at the time depth where the signal to noise ratio becomes marginal This is to ass...

Page 53: ...None of the display parameters are stored with the DZW file and are for SIR 30 display purposes only COLOR TABLE Page 47 COLOR TRANSFORM Page 48 DISPLAY GAIN Page 49 CHANNEL SPLIT Page 49 TICKS PER UNIT Page 50 TICKS PER MAJOR TICK OUTPUT OPTIONS DISPLAY COLOR TABLE This option allows the User to select one of five 5 line scan color tables The User may use the Up Down arrow keys to scroll through ...

Page 54: ...dar signal amplitude scale This changes how the radar signal amplitudes are mapped to the color table indices Figure 70 Color Transforms The color transforms as displayed in Figure 70 above are from top to bottom Logarithm Greatly enhances low amplitudes Squared Enhances high amplitudes Exponential Greatly enhances high amplitudes Linear Equally enhances high and low amplitudes equally Square Root...

Page 55: ... Figure 71 Display Gain Note The User should adjust the display gain AFTER the Range Gain adjustments are made OUTPUT OPTIONS DISPLAY CHANNEL SPLIT This option allows the User to control the vertical scale of the data display when deploying multiple antennas operating at different time depth ranges Figure 72 Channel Split This option can be used with the vertical scale units set to either Time or ...

Page 56: ...alue of the Dielectric Constant set in the Radar CONFIG menu Figure 74 below Figure 74 Channel Split Scaled Depth OUTPUT OPTIONS DISPLAY TICKS This option allows the User to adjust the number of distance scale marks on the data collection display The User can select the number of major and minor distance ticks per linear unit In order to adjust the number of ticks on the data collection display th...

Page 57: ...the Ticks per Major Tick are five 5 Figure 76 Distance Scale Ticks per Unit five Ticks per Major ticks five Therefore five minor ticks equal one major tick i e a minor tick is placed every 20 cm and major tick is placed every meter The fifth major tick lines up with the distance mark placed in the data at 5 meters as per the parameters set the Distance Control System Settings menu Figure 75 above ...

Page 58: ...7 Tick per Unit Five Ticks per Major Tick Five If we now change the Ticks per Unit to five 5 and the Ticks per Major Tick to one 1 the distance scale becomes too crowded to display the numeric distance values Figure 78 Tick per Unit Five Ticks per Major Tick One This scale setting results in the correct Tick scale however there is not adequate space between the distance scale ticks and the distanc...

Page 59: ...n one e g 0 1 0 2 0 3 etc These settings will result in widely spaced Ticks per Unit and Ticks per Major Tick however when using these fractional values the User may find it difficult to match the major tick spacing to the distance mark spacing Ticks Using English Units When setting the Scans per Unit using English units the User must bear in mind that using Tick per Unit values that are greater t...

Page 60: ...Unit Two Ticks per Major Tick Two Figure 82 English 24 Scans per Foot 5 feet per mark Tick per Unit 2 Ticks per Major Tick two In Figure 64 above the Ticks per Unit is set to 0 2 The Ticks per Major tick is set to two This setting results in a roomy horizontal scale display which aligns with the distance markers on the radar data Note When operating the SIR 30 at very high scan rates the SIR 30 wi...

Page 61: ... These options will only be visible if the User is running the SIR 30 from a laptop All data is stored on the SIR 30 internal hard drive The data will have to be copied or moved to the laptop before they can be reviewed or processed in RADAN 7 Note When attempting to copy or move data the User must make sure that there is a folder on the laptop with the name RADARDATA Make sure that this folder is...

Page 62: ... the Depth Distance units and to display the vertical scale as either Time or Depth If the User specifies Depth Scale Depth the SIR 30 will use the Dielectric Constant specified by the User in the RADAR CONFIG SCAN menu to perform the time to depth calculation Figure 84 System Units Figure 85 System Units Vertical Scale Depth ft ...

Page 63: ...ation Selecting this Main Menu button will display six additional buttons in the Sub Menu SYSTEM SHUTDOWN page 57 SET TIME page 58 LANGUAGE page 58 VERSIONS page 58 SAVE SETUP page 58 RECALL SETUP page 58 Figure 86 System Options SYSTEM OPTIONS SYSTEM SHUTDOWN This option enables the User to shutdown the SIR 30 User Interface or shutdown the SIR 30 power Figure 87 System Shutdown ...

Page 64: ...ral different languages GSSI will implement additional language files in the SIR 30 as translations become available Contact GSSI for details SYSTEM OPTIONS VERSIONS This option enables the User to see the currently installed version of software and firmware Figure 88 Software Firmware Versions SYSTEM OPTIONS SAVE SETUP This option enables the User to select one of the sixteen numbered setup locat...

Page 65: ...r should select the system of linear units they wish to use for the survey Note The User cannot switch from one system of units to another during data collection Once the User has selected a system of units they cannot be changed during the course of a survey Step 1 System Settings 1 After the User has selected the desired linear units the SIR 30 will display the System Settings menu shown in Figu...

Page 66: ...X value will be the distance behind the antenna and the number here will be negative The Y value determines how far to the right or left the GPS is relative to the antenna connected to Channel 1 If you are standing behind the antenna facing the direction of your survey profile this number is positive if the GPS antenna is to the left of the GPR antenna and negative if the GPS antenna is to the rig...

Page 67: ... should be calculated by the User using the formula on page 21 By default he SIR 30 load the last value used for samples per scan The first time that a User connects a specific antenna to the SIR 30 and selects the default setup for the antenna the value loaded for the samples per scan is 256 This value may have to be changed by the User If the User changes the default time range the number of sam...

Page 68: ...icle on the zero or start point of the measured distance and click the START button o Move the antenna vehicle to the end of the calibration line and then click the STOP button You will see the updated calibration value beneath NEW o Repeat the process at least once to make sure you get consistent numbers o Click ACCEPT to save the new calibration value b Configure the GPS The User should ensure t...

Page 69: ...Vertical Filters for the selected antenna In many cases the default range will not be ideal for the specific application at hand and must be adjusted by the User In the event the User changes the time range the User may also have to make changes to the Samples per Scan 2 Select RADAR CONFIG SIGNAL PROCESS IIR FILTERS The User should adjust the filter settings as conditions require The default Low ...

Page 70: ... the data files stored in a specific location the User should go to OUTPUT OPTIONS in the Main menu and select MANAGE FILES Figure 94 Output Options Manage Files The user should the select DATA PATH from the Output Options sub menu and then select NEW DATA PATH from the data directory menu The User can then create a custom folder for storage of project data Figure 95 Data Path ...

Page 71: ...ile name number The User can also select STOP from the Control Bar to stop data collection and return to the setup screen The system will then display and End of File message and ask if the User wishes to SAVE the data or DISCARD the data The User may also take advantage of the system backup cursor to pinpoint surveyed targets The User can select the PAUSE button from the Control Bar menu If the s...

Page 72: ...ion configuration and that they have exceed the maximum data acquisition rate and the system is dropping scans e g loosing data The SIR 30 will also beep when the User approaches an over speed condition and will emit a continuous tone when it begins to drop scans The following figures illustrate the over speed indicators Figure 98 Green over speed Speed O K Figure 99 Yellow over speed Speed approa...

Page 73: ...m Settings 1 After the User has selected the desired linear units from the system start screen the SIR 30 will display the System Settings menu shown in Figure 83 below In this menu the User will specify scan parameters such as horizontal scan density SCANS UNIT the Units per Mark the antenna transmit rate and X Y GPS offsets Figure 101 System Settings 2 Distance Control The User should enter the ...

Page 74: ...ating with a laptop Note GSSI smart S model antennas do not require the User to select the antenna type serial number or antenna model The SIR 30 automatically recognizes smart antenna models The User should enter the antenna dipole polarity axis orientation Step 2 Data Acquisition Setup 1 Select RADAR CONFIG RADAR For antenna models 4105 4200S 4105A the User must enter the antenna serial number T...

Page 75: ...ndow is critical If the scan is positioned incorrectly the RADAN 7 data processing functions will not work correctly The signal position cannot be corrected after it has been collected Figure 102 Signal Position Auto Range displayed 19 ns f Select RADAR CONFIG SCAN Set the POSITION MODE to Manual Figure 103 Surface Mode Manual Range displayed 19 ns g Set the SURFACE to 0 00 ...

Page 76: ... O scope display as well as some dead time Dead time occurs before the direct coupling and records zero 0 amplitude data In this example the position offset for this antenna cable combination is 50 91 To move the direct coupling down in the time range window the User should select POSITION OFFSET and decrease the number e g decrease the Position Offset from 51 91 to 49 Figure 105 Change Position O...

Page 77: ... will be Enter the value in the Distance box o Position the antenna s or vehicle on the zero or start point of the measured distance and click the Start button o Move the antenna vehicle to the end of the calibration line and then click the Stop button You will see the updated calibration value beneath New o Repeat the process at least once to make sure you get consistent numbers b Configure the G...

Page 78: ...e location along the scan of different survey conditions physical features or events during the survey The User may select a Custom Mark Key and enter a name for the mark corresponding to one of the keyboard function keys F1 F10 Click ACCEPT to save these values This information will be stored in the data file s marker table Step 3 Data Acquisition Settings As the SIR 30 stores only raw data all d...

Page 79: ...l to make any acquisition changes to that specific channel Note The User should not change the default number of gain points when using the Horn antennas Note When deploying more than one 1 antenna the User should select the active channel number before making any changes to acquisition parameters Step 4 The Metal Plate Calibration File Prior to beginning any road or pavement thickness survey the ...

Page 80: ...izontal units set to miles rather than feet if you are collecting a large survey a Select OUTPUT OPTIONS SYSTEM UNITS b Select DISTANCE UNITS and select miles Step 6 Change Color Table Optional 1 Pavement data may be easier to see if a high contrast gray scale color table is used for data display a Select OUTPUT OPTIONS DISPLAY b Select COLOR TABLE and select Color Table 3 This is a 16 shade grey ...

Page 81: ...applied to the next file The User must make START POSITION and DIRECTION change in the FILE INFO menu at the start of every file Step 8 Collect Data 1 Select START SCAN 2 If you are using a survey wheel or DMI the SIR 30 will start to collect data when the vehicle begins to move 3 To stop collecting and return to the setup screen Select STOP SCAN The User will be prompted if to SAVE or DISCARD the...

Page 82: ...l emit a continuous tone when it begins to drop scans The following figures illustrate the over speed indicators and are found on the bottom left corner of the SIR 30 data collection screen Figure 112 Green over speed Speed O K Figure 113 Yellow over speed Speed approaching system limits Figure 114 Red over speed System dropping scans Note When the SIR 30 System is in an over speed condition the o...

Page 83: ...the desired linear units from the SIR 30 Start screen the SIR 30 will display the SYSTEM SETTINGS menu shown in Figure 113 below Note In a bi static only setup where two shielded antennas 2 6 GHz 2 GHz 1 6 GHz 1 GHz 900 MHz 400 270 200 MHz are being used as separate transmitter and receiver the system will use channel one 1 as the transmit channel and Channel two 2 as the receiver channel In this ...

Page 84: ...n the file header 7 As there is no direct coupling signal between the two 2 antennas the User must place the antennas side by side in order to determine the position of the direct signal the air wave transmitted from Channel 1 to the receiver Channel 2 The User should place the transmitting antenna Channel 1 next to the receiving antenna Channel 2 as illustrated Error Reference source not found be...

Page 85: ...arameters and change the AUTO Signal Position to MANUAL Figure 118 Position Mode Manual The system must be in the MANUAL signal position mode so that User can position the signal correctly in the time range window prior to selecting the initial antenna offset position The User should set the SURFACE to zero 0 ...

Page 86: ...dark blue above The full time range 50 ns is indicated in red and signal dead time in light blue Below is a diagram of the different types of GPR wave fronts Figure 120 GPR wave types If the User now moves one or both of the antennas to an offset of 30 cm one antenna width the User will see The GPR waveforms s move out in time A decrease in the amplitude due to increased offset distance ...

Page 87: ...e are dependent upon the goals of the survey and type of data to be collected If the objective is to collect bistatic fixed offset data in time or distance mode then the User would at this point make an adjustment for the gain at the increased offset distance as required Figure 123 below For Common Mid Point CMP and Wide Angle Refraction Reflection WARR surveys the signal gain signal position and ...

Page 88: ...er initial offset distance is required The maximum antenna offset should be from one 1 to two 2 times the estimated depth to the reflector of interest When setting up the CMP or WARR survey the User must initially move the transmitter and receiver antennas to close to the required maximum offset in order to assess the effects of signal attenuation in the media The signal gains must be adjusted so ...

Page 89: ...4 GPS Select CUSTOM if a GPS system is to be use during the survey The User must enter the location of the GPS receiver with respect to the antenna connected to Channel 1 If the GPS antenna is mounted to the GPR antenna both the X and Y values will be zero 0 5 Antenna Entries Antenna 1 2 The User should enter the details of the antennas connected to the Channel 1 and Channel 2 inputs on the SIR 30...

Page 90: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 84 ...

Page 91: ...ing functions applied to the file in data playback are for display purposes only and do not affect the raw data Playback data processing functions i e filters and gains are not stored nor are a new processed file s created in SIR 30 playback data processing Single File Playback Step 1 Select Data Path 1 Prior to selecting a file for data playback the User must select the directory in which the dat...

Page 92: ...ons Data Path 3 After selecting the Data Path the User must select the directory in which the data resides The User should highlight the data folder and select ACCEPT Figure 127 Select Data Path 4 The User must now select Playback Mode from the Control Bar Figure 128 Select Playback Mode ...

Page 93: ...g the box next to the file name the file will not playback Figure 129 Select File s 2 After selecting the desired file select ACCEPT Once the file is accepted the SIR 30 will display the file playback screen and the system mode will change from collect to playback mode In the playback mode the RADAR CONFIG menu selection is not displayed and the Channel display defaults to the O Scope display The ...

Page 94: ...ain parameters used to collect the data may be reviewed or changed Figure 131 Filters Figure 132 Gain Note The Gain mode will always default to Manual in the data playback mode In playback mode the Auto Gain function cannot be enabled 2 The User can evaluate changes to the filter or gain collection parameters for data playback In Figure 133 below the IIR High Pass filters have been turned off To e...

Page 95: ... end of the file The system will then display a cursor on the line scan data at the end of file Figure 135 Playback file IIR High Pass Off End of file playback 4 Once the playback process is complete the user can scroll through the file by tapping the space bar and then selecting the right and left arrows keys to move the on screen cursor across the file To end file playback and return to the Play...

Page 96: ...ta Directory and the desired file for playback Figure 136 Dual Channel Data Playback Playback Menu Figure 137 File Info 2 The User can review the data acquisition parameters of the file by selecting the FILE INFO key on the control bar Both channel acquisition parameters are listed under PROCESSING HISTORY This example features a 42000S air launched horn antenna and a 52600 surface coupled antenna...

Page 97: ...0 will display the Channel 1 filter and gain settings by default In this example Figure 138 above Channel one 1 is a horn antenna which has had a 10 MHz IIR HP filter and a Custom vertical filter applied during data collection Figure 139 CUSTOM filter ON 4 To review the data acquisition parameters of Channel two 2 select Channel two as the active channel ...

Page 98: ...h channel select the active channel and the select Signal Process Gain to review and or change the gain settings Figure 141 Channel Gain Settings The User may apply the following data processing functions to all files during data playback Vertical IIR and FIR Filters Gain Advanced filters including Signal Floor Migration Adaptive Background Removal ...

Page 99: ...annel in the Linescan mode Figure 143 Single Channel Active Channel 1 526000 Antenna 2 Once the User has selected an individual file playback data processing functions will be applied to the selected channel In this manner the User may apply different HP and LP filters and different gain settings to each individual channel or if the User wishes to apply the same data processing parameters to ALL t...

Page 100: ...nel by selecting the active channel and applying the desired processing functions Figure 145 4 Channel Settings In the example above each channel has been individually selected and a unique gain function has been applied In addition Channel 4 the bottom channel has had a horizontal background removal filter applied To terminate data playback select the STOP PLAYBACK button from the control bar and...

Page 101: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 95 Figure 146 Stop Playback Figure 147 Return to Collect Mode ...

Page 102: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 96 ...

Page 103: ...p 2 Move Data 1 Select OUTPUT OPTIONS MANAGE FILES 2 Make sure you are in the Data Path where your desired files are located If not click DATA PATH and select it from the list 3 Select COPY TO LAPTOP GSSI recommends that the User copy as opposed to move the files because move will delete the data from the SIR 30 It is best to copy the data confirm that all data has been copied to the laptop and th...

Page 104: ... the Data Path where your desired files are located If not click DATA PATH and choose it from the list 3 Select COPY TO DRIVE E GSSI recommends that the User copy as opposed to move because move will delete the data from the SIR 30 It is best to copy the data confirm that the data is viable and that all files have been transferred and then delete the data from the SIR 30 later 4 Select the files y...

Page 105: ...urely attach your GPS receiver to your survey vehicle or the GPR antenna 2 Measure the in line front back and cross line left right offset from the center of the GPR antenna connected to Channel 1 of the SIR 30 to your GPS antenna 3 Connect the serial port from your GPS to the GPS port on the back of the SIR 30 Step 2 Initial System Settings 1 The User will see the Systems Settings screen on start...

Page 106: ...correctly 3 Select ACCEPT Step 4 Check GPS Data Integrity 1 The SIR 30 performs a constant quality check on the incoming GPS data stream The GPS HDOP Horizontal Dilution of Precision status is visible at the lower left hand corner of the display during setup and data collection The SIR 30 checks the HDOP once per second If the HDOP is less than three 3 the quality control indicator will be green i...

Page 107: ...Appendix A SIR 30 Pictures Figure 151 Front Panel Power switch HDMI video Ethernet to Laptop 4 USB ports Figure 152 Antenna inputs 2 or 4 4 shown Survey Wheel Marker DC Power Input Serial RS232 GPS port Sync connector Accessory connector Figure 153 SIR 30 dimensions ...

Page 108: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 102 Figure 154 SIR 30 Mounting options with Universal Mounting Kit Figure 155 SIR 30 Floor mount ...

Page 109: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 103 SIR 30 Operational Setups Laptop PC controlled Standalone with Monitor mouse and Keyboard Laptop PC controlled with a remote command set ...

Page 110: ...C supply 95 250VAC 50 60HZ 260W max DC operating voltage range 10 to 28VDC max 26A 10VDC Weight 18 5 lbs 8 4 kg Operating Temperature 10oC to 40oC external Storage Temperature 40oC to 60oC Relative Humidity 95 non condensing 2 Channel 4 channel Ethernet Switch 4 channel 8 channel Ethernet Switch ...

Page 111: ...igned min 6 minute 0 59 unsigned hour 5 hour 0 23 unsigned day 5 day 1 31 unsigned month 4 month 1 Jan 2 Feb etc unsigned year 7 year 1980 0 127 1980 2107 struct tagRFCoords Start End position float rh_fstart float rh_fend struct RGPS GPS record system time SYNC char RecordType 4 GGA DWORD TickCount CPU tick count double PositionGPS 4 Latitude positive if N Longitude positive if E Altitude FIXUTC ...

Page 112: ...in function 40 short rh_nrgain size of range gain function 42 short rh_text offset to text 44 short rh_ntext size of text 46 short rh_proc offset to processing history 48 short rh_nproc size of processing history 50 short rh_nchan number of channels 52 FLOATBYTE rhf_epsr average dielectric constant 54 FLOATBYTE rhf_top position in meters 58 FLOATBYTE rhf_depth range in meters 62 COORDBYTE rh_coord...

Page 113: ...s database is ported into the DZX file when the file is opened for the first time in RADAN 7 XML Schema Description A XML schema associated with the DZX file is shown at the end of the document A brief description of the organizational layout is provided here The convention used by Google Earth in naming the elements is followed here where elements that start with a capital letter may have childre...

Page 114: ...cation information mark information and names associated with scan numbers It should be noted that the scan numbers in the DZX file are global That is there is only one instance of each scan This means that the location of an element tied to a scan number such as a layer pick can be interpolated from the information contained in the corresponding bounding WayPt element that contain location inform...

Page 115: ...al xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs element name ChannelProperties xs complexType xs sequence xs element name channel type xs unsignedByte xs element name inLineOffset type xs decimal xs element name crossLineOffset type xs decimal xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs element maxOccurs unbounded name WayPtNameProperties xs complexType xs sequence x...

Page 116: ... element name name type xs string xs element name Profile xs complexType xs sequence xs element name scanRange type xs string xs element name Comment xs complexType xs sequence xs element name scan type xs unsignedInt xs element name description type xs string xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs element maxOccurs unbounded name WayPt xs complexType xs sequence xs element name scan type xs uns...

Page 117: ...xs element name display type xs unsignedByte xs element name color type xs unsignedByte xs element name sizePx type xs unsignedByte xs element name outline type xs unsignedByte xs element name readOnly type xs unsignedByte xs element name diameter type xs decimal xs element name link type xs unsignedByte xs element name pickType type xs unsignedByte xs element name layerNum type xs unsignedByte xs...

Page 118: ...balCoords type xs string xs element name time type xs decimal xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs sequence xs complexType xs element xs schema Disclaimer There are other system dependent elements that may appear in the DZX file These are not described here Any XML parser written to parse the DZX file must be able to parse unknown elements Minor changes in...

Page 119: ... Antenna Specifications Model Center Frequency MHz Pulse Width nS Max PRF KHz 4105 NR 42000 2000 0 5 300 50400A 400 2 5 500 50400 400 2 5 250 5104 270 3 7 200 5106 200 5 200 5100B 1600 0 6 200 52600 2600 0 4 200 4108 1000 1 300 3101A 900 1 1 100 3200MLF 16 80 75 3207 100 10 50 ...

Page 120: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 114 ...

Page 121: ...5 Sand dry 3 6 120 170 Sand wet 25 30 55 60 Silt wet 10 95 Clay wet 8 15 86 110 Clay soil dry 3 173 Marsh 12 86 Agricultural land 15 77 Pastoral land 13 83 Average soil 16 75 Granite 5 8 106 120 Limestone 7 9 100 113 Dolomite 6 8 8 106 115 Basalt wet 8 106 Shale wet 7 113 Sandstone wet 6 112 Coal 4 5 134 150 Quartz 4 3 145 Concrete 5 8 55 120 Asphalt 3 5 134 173 PVC 3 173 Meter to English conversi...

Page 122: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 116 ...

Page 123: ...ntly installed on the laptop This comes to help you verify that the four versions match SIR 30 Firmware Updates Pressing the Prep System for Firmware Updates button will copy the firmware from the maintenance utility to the SIR 30 and open the SIR 30 UI in an update mode It is only from this utility that you will be able to open the versions screen and make changes to your firmware SIR 30 Client S...

Page 124: ... Windows Vista or Windows 7 computer connected to the internet A Clean USB Flash Drive 512Mb or greater in size recommended Instructions 1 Open a browser and go to https support geophysical com gssiSupport SIR30Maint zip 2 Save the file to your computer when prompted 3 Unzip extract package to a clean USB flash drive Upon completion you should have a directory that looks like one of the following ...

Page 125: ... take 30 seconds after you click OK to bring up the SIR 30 Updates Dialog If a newer version is found it will ask you if you want to download the latest version 4 If available click Download the latest update 5 After the download disregard any messages provided by the update tool You will need to close SIR30update exe and SIR 30_MaintenanceTools exe and Extract Unzip SIR30Maint zip manually to the...

Page 126: ...one so 2 Connect SIR 30 to Monitor keyboard and mouse and turn on the SIR 30 control unit Wait for it to turn on 3 Connect SIR 30 Maintenance Utility to one of the available USB ports 4 Click Open folder to view files 5 Run the SIR 30 Maintenance Tools exe 6 Navigate to the Network tab 7 Click the button Setup Shares When run on a SIR 30 control unit you will open up shares for the program directo...

Page 127: ...p with your SIR 30 unit it is vital that both client and server have the same software version For this reason GSSI recommends that the User perform the update through the client Requirements SIR 30 Client Computer previously setup to act as a SIR 30 client SIR 30 Control Unit with HDMI Monitor HDMI Cable USB Keyboard USB Mouse SIR 30 Maintenance Utility with a new version of SIR 30 software Instr...

Page 128: ...t OK 7 Verify the update procedure close the maintenance tool window and open it again The versions at the bottom of the screen should match see the green ellipse at the bottom of the picture in the previous page for example If for some reason the versions do not match please go to the troubleshooting section 8 Test SIR 30 Registry see example below 9 Prep System for Firmware Updates 10Click the V...

Page 129: ...30 Maintenance Utility with a new version of SIR 30 software Instructions 1 Connect SIR 30 to Monitor keyboard and mouse 2 Turn on the SIR 30 control unit Wait for it to boot up 3 Follow the instructions for Updating SIR 30 Software with the maintenance utility if you have not already done so You need to compare the versions of firmware on your system with the versions supplied with the latest ver...

Page 130: ...e Only install them if they have different version numbers than the versions in the SIR 30Versions pdf file Part 1 Installing DSP Firmware if version number does not match new version a Under RADAR1 Select DSP Firmware and click Upgrade takes about 5 seconds Under RADAR2 Select DSP Firmware and click Upgrade takes about 5 seconds Part 2 Installing GPR Control if version number does not match new v...

Page 131: ...ne so f Verify that your system can drive an antenna Using the SIR 30 Maintenance Utilities To Set Up a SIR 30 Client Computer Client computer Requirements Windows 7 Business or higher 32 or 64 bit Windows Vista Business or higher 32 or 64 bit Intel Core I 5 or higher recommended A PC User with Admin privileges Summary of Steps The following is a summary of the steps that you will be performing to...

Page 132: ...s Vista computer See The Windows Out of box experience You should not try to set up the SIR 30_Admin user during the out of box experience Create a user named test during the out of box experience By doing so you will allow the maintenance tool to create a properly formatted SIR 30 user by following the instructions below 1 Insert the USB flash drive containing the SIR 30 Maintenance tool into the...

Page 133: ...R 30_Admin if you have not already done so Username SIR 30_Admin Password SIR 2 Run the Maintenance tool again 3 On the Operating System Tab select the following buttons wait for completion of each a Fix Welcome Screen b Fix GPS Port optional c Open UAC Dialog drag slider to never notify and accept Note If you are on Vista you will have to use the Windows Control panel to find the UAC dialog Turn ...

Page 134: ...ab use the control at the bottom left to specify the SIR 30 you want to connect to then enter the serial number in place of XXX and select Connect to Server ID0 Ch 1 4 2 Enter the SIR 30 serial number select and then select Get Network Information from Registry and you will see a figure like that below Figure 163 Network tab 3 After you feel confident that you have the correct configuration betwee...

Page 135: ...er Accounts Turn User Account Control On or Off 3 Run the SIR 30 Maintenance tool 4 On the Software Firmware tab select the following button a Click the On button and then Re Install SIR 30 Software wait for completion b Register Server c Copy Shortcuts After copying the shortcuts you need to right click on one of the SIR 30 shortcuts and set the Properties Configuration Run As Administrator flag ...

Page 136: ...he Client PC 3 Restart the SIR 30 4 Wait for both systems to start 5 Run the SIR 30 UI on the Client PC Troubleshooting SIR 30 Client Computer Connectivity Issues Requirements for Connectivity SIR 30 with Computer Name SIR 30 SNYYY where YYY is the last 3 digits of the serial number User Name SIR 30_Admin Password SIR SIR4xSvr DCOM settings to match above Firewall settings as set by the Maintenanc...

Page 137: ... an adequate power source running the client laptop off the laptop battery can result in degraded performance and disconnections Check the Ethernet connections between the SIR 30 and Client Consider replacing the cable between the SIR 30 and Client Disconnect from network switch if one is being used network and use a direct connection With the two systems connected by Ethernet cable verify that yo...

Page 138: ...is uninstalled on the SIR 30 Host it would need to be set up by hand To check this setting 1 Insert the SIR 30 Maintenance tool USB flash drive into your computer 2 Run the SIR 30 Maintenance tool Right click Run As Administrator 3 Navigate to the DCOM Tab and click Open DCOM Config 4 On the Component Service Dialog select Component Services Computers My Computer DCOM Config the dialog should look...

Page 139: ...93 101 Rev E 133 6 When the Properties dialog appears select the Identity tab The user that needs to be specified must be User SIR 30_Admin Password SIR 7 Confirm Password SIR 8 It is easier to type it in directly rather than using the Browse button ...

Page 140: ...ity is running on the client side If you are running the software update from your client laptop and the software versions does not match you should do the following 1 Uninstall the SIR 30 software from your client a Click the On button circled in Red b Click the Uninstall button Circled in Orange wait for it to finish 2 Re install the software Circled in Green wait for it to finish 3 Update your ...

Page 141: ...l should be used to turn the system on and off Do not interrupt power to the AC supply while the system is in operation DC Battery Cable no ignition wiring The DC Battery Cable has two clips that can be used to power the system Be sure to connect the RED clamp to the POSITIVE terminal of the battery The BLACK clamp connects to the NEGATIVE terminal of the battery The Power Switch on the SIR30 Fron...

Page 142: ...dition to power connections GSSI recommends that all equipment use a common ground point This will minimize the chances of improper operation or damage occurring due to voltage drops around the vehicle Good practice is to use a fused connection box to supply power to several pieces of equipment In this case a large cable is used to bring power to the box and all equipment is powered from the box T...

Page 143: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 137 Appendix G Cable Diagrams Figure 167 SIR 30 DC Power Pin out ...

Page 144: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 138 Figure 168 SIR 30 Cable Pin out ...

Page 145: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 139 Figure 169 Cable Selection Guide ...

Page 146: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 140 Figure 170 Survey Wheel and Model 10 Marker Pin Out ...

Page 147: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 141 Figure 171 Serial Port GPS Pin out ...

Page 148: ...Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30 Manual MN 93 101 Rev E 142 ...

Page 149: ...mission The United States governmental body that oversees the UWB industry of which GPR is a part Gain amplifying the signal to certain section of a radar pulse in order to counteract the effects of attenuation and make features more visible GHz Acronym for Gigahertz A measurement of frequency equal to one billion cycles per second GPR Acronym for Ground Penetrating Radar Ground coupling the initi...

Page 150: ... curve It may miss features Over sampling will produce a larger data file Samples Scan the number of samples recorded from an individual radar scan Commonly set to 512 Scan one complete reflected wave from transmission to reception sometimes called a trace Survey wheel wheel attached to an antenna and calibrated to record precise distances Necessary for accurate data collection Time slice a horizo...

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