Alstom SHPM 101 Service Manual Download

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SERVICE MANUAL

R5888B

QUADRAMHO

Chapter 5

Appendix A

Page 17 of 18

Figure 11b: On load check importing power with a leading power faction

Lead

Lag

RCA

Operation

Measured at relay

with a phase

angle meter

Voltage connections for

operation(see Fig. 9C)

Line

Relay

Also it is seen that

current reversal will give

operation for the normal

voltage connections

Power system information

and

must show reasonable agreement

for the position of 1A

= TAN–1 MVAR

Summary of Contents for SHPM 101

Page 1: ...Service Manual Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101...

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Page 3: ...amho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual R5888C The following publications form part of this manual Publication R5580 Quadramho descriptive leaflet Publication R5234 Electronic module hou...

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Page 5: ...its front plate frame or edges of the printed circuit board Avoid touching the electronic components printed circuit track or connectors 3 Do not pass the module to any person without first ensuring t...

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Page 7: ...K IS CARRIED OUT ON THE RELAY CHAPTER 1 APPLICATION NOTES R5580 included CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION TECHNICAL DATA CHAPTER 3 ELECTRONIC MODULE HOUSING R5234 included CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION AND HANDLING CHA...

Page 8: ......

Page 9: ...b assembly eg power supply Note The term earth used throughout the product documentation is the direct equivalent of the North American term ground Installing Commissioning and Servicing Equipment con...

Page 10: ...tage produced may be lethal to personnel and could damage insulation External resistors Where external resistors are fitted to relays these may present a risk of electric shock or burns if touched Bat...

Page 11: ...hazards Hazardous live voltages may be accessible on the extender card Insertion and withdrawal of heavy current test plugs When using a heavy current test plug CT shorting links must be in place bef...

Page 12: ...A2 1995 Distribution level fixed Category Category III installation Equipment in Overvoltage EN 61010 1 1993 A2 1995 this category is qualification Category III tested at 5kV peak 1 2 50 s 500 0 5J be...

Page 13: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 1 Application...

Page 14: ......

Page 15: ...IOUS DISTANCE SCHEME OPTIONS 7 17 1 Basic see Figure 3 7 17 2 Zone 1 extension see Figure 4 8 17 3 Permissive underreach transfer tripping PUR see Figure 5 8 17 4 Permissive overreach transfer trippin...

Page 16: ...rcuit transformer requirements 26 APPENDIX A 1 Figure 1 Basic relay characteristics 1 Figure 2 Principle of zone 1 reach line angular compensation 2 Figure 3 Basic simplified distance scheme logic 3 F...

Page 17: ...nd fault shaped partially cross polarised mho Zone 3 phase and ground fault offset lenticular shape Type B quad Zone 1 Zone 2 ground fault quadrilateral with partially cross polarised directional line...

Page 18: ...allow the ground fault resistive reach to be increased or decreased independently of the forward reach and source impedance behind the relay so that the required ground fault resistive coverage can b...

Page 19: ...nless special steps are taken The permissive overreach and blocking schemes both have current reversal guards incorporated to prevent such maloperations The operation of these current reversal guards...

Page 20: ...e ensured that the resulting PSB starter characteristic will not be encroached upon by the minimum phase to phase load impedance a 10 impedance safety margin should be observed Section 9 CHOICE OF RES...

Page 21: ...ating times Generally a Zone 2 time delay setting of 0 2 0 3s is satisfactory but longer times may be required if the Zone 2 reach overlaps slower forms of protection Zone 3 is generally intended to p...

Page 22: ...ould be cleared For the latter fault where line VTs are used there would be no memory voltage to allow Zone 1 or Zone 2 distance comparator operation but Zone 3 will operate as it has a fixed offset F...

Page 23: ...le time 110s RIGHT SOTF enable time 200ms SW3 LEFT VTS indicates only RIGHT VTS indicates and blocks relay SW4 LEFT Normal block autoreclose action RIGHT Block autoreclose also for Z1 and aided trip 3...

Page 24: ...3 Permissive underreach transfer tripping PUR see Figure 5 This scheme requires only one signalling channel for both relays as channel is keyed by underreaching Zone 1 elements Provided underreaching...

Page 25: ...the protected line length If the signalling channel fails fast tripping will occur for faults along the whole of the protected line but also for some faults within the next line section Fast tripping...

Page 26: ...sive trip signal but does not have a Zone 2 element picked up A delay on pick up tp of the current reversal guard is necessary in order to allow time for Zone 2 elements to pick up if they are going t...

Page 27: ...SAL AFTER NEAREST CB OPENS In case a the healthy line end B relay has its Zone 2 element operated but instantaneous operation is blocked by carrier signal transmitted from end A When the relay near th...

Page 28: ...ult Xe Re system reactance resistance ratio between source and a ground fault ZR relay burden for a phase ZRe relay burden for a ground fault RCT CT secondary winding resistance RL resistance of one l...

Page 29: ...and a high resistive coverage is required for ground faults Scheme to be used Permissive underreach transfer tripping scheme which requires only a single signalling channel Alternatively the Zone 1 e...

Page 30: ...dance 0 47 j8 99 5 13 j14 1 5 6 j23 1 23 8 76 4 ohms Maximum MAY zero sequence source impedance 0 47 j8 99 22 5 j55 5 22 97 j64 5 68 5 70 4 ohms 19 4 Selecting Zone 1 reach Required Zone 1 reach is to...

Page 31: ...reach 50 JUNE JULY line impedance MAY JUNE line impedance Required Zone 2 reach 10 0 5 x 20 0 171 j0 47 ohms 10 0 70 ohms primary 0 73 70 ohms secondary Required Zone 2 multiplier setting required Zo...

Page 32: ...each multiplier required Zone 3 reverse reach ZPh 0 073 x 5 0 26 1 4 Zone 3 reverse reach multiplier K35 K36 K33 x K37 Select K35 1 K36 0 0 K37 0 25 Actual Zone 3 reverse reach K35 K36 K33 x K37 x ZPh...

Page 33: ...ee 40 ohms primary fault resistance Select nearest resistive reach setting above that required RS K3 K3 2 92 ohms In 5 Select K3 16 Actual resistive reach 3 2 ohms secondary 43 8 ohms primary Check on...

Page 34: ...plier setting In this the Zone 1 multiplier 1 04 Thus the required voltages for 5 reach accuracy are 1 04 x 2 05 2 13 volts for ground faults 1 04 x 3 55 3 69 volts for phase faults Both voltage requi...

Page 35: ...mer requirements The requirements for the Class X CTs are given in Section 19 a Phase fault condition Minimum positive sequence source impedance behind relay 0 287 j3 52 3 53 85 3 ohms Positive sequen...

Page 36: ...all minimum source to Zone 1 reach point Ground loop impedance 0 298 j3 7 2 91 j7 44 3 21 j11 14 11 6 74 Xe Re ratio 11 14 3 47 3 21 Maximum ground fault current at Zone 1 reach point 60 x 103 3 x 11...

Page 37: ...ohm km Zero sequence series impedence Z0 1 09 72 ohms km 0 34 j1 03 ohms km VT ratio 132000 110V CT ratio 500 1A Source data JAN 132 min source impedance 3 48 88 max source impedance 24 9 88 ZS0 ZS1...

Page 38: ...With K1 K2 4 8 max value current level detector sensitivities are at their base values Required Zone 1 multiplier setting required Zone 1 reach ZPh 8 8 1 83 4 8 Select K11 1 K12 0 8 K13 0 02 K14 1 Act...

Page 39: ...K35 K36 K33 x K37 x ZPh 2 7 x 1 x 1 x 4 8 70 12 96 70 ohms secondary Required Zone 3 forward reach minimum possible if power swing blocking is not required Select K31 1 K32 0 0 Actual Zone 3 forward...

Page 40: ...a fault at the Zone 1 reach point a Phase faults Maximum positive sequence impedance behind relay is a maximum JAN source impedance plus one circuit only of JAN FEB line 24 9 88 20 x 0 44 69 0 87 j24...

Page 41: ...ry 9 84 j29 6 ohms primary Source to Zone 1 reach point ground loop impedance 5 17 j37 2 9 84 j29 6 15 01 j66 8 68 5 77 3 ohms For a ground fault voltage seen by relay 31 16 71 6 x 63 5 68 5 77 3 Magn...

Page 42: ...e impedance of the two JAN FEB circuits in parallel 3 48 88 20 x 0 44 69 2 0 12 j3 48 1 58 j4 11 1 7 j7 59 7 78 77 4 ohms primary Impedance to Zone 1 reach point already calculated 20 96 70 7 17 j19 7...

Page 43: ...t 9 84 j29 6 31 16 71 6 ohms primary Source to Zone 1 reach point ground loop impedance 2 29 j9 68 9 84 j29 6 12 13 j39 3 41 1 72 8 ohms primary Maximum fault current for a ground fault at the Zone 1...

Page 44: ......

Page 45: ...DRAMHO Chapter 1 Appendix A Page 1 of 8 TWO SHPM TYPES Both have 18 measuring elements PSB Z3 Z2 Z1 Gr Gr Ph Ph PSB PSB Z3 Z2 Z1 Z3 Z2 Z1 Z3 Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2 Z3 Type a Mho Type b Quadrilateral Figure 1 Bas...

Page 46: ...Appendix A Page 2 of 8 Pre fault power flow R A B jx KRF R a Preventing Zone 1 overreach F A X X X R Pre fault power flow X X A R F A B jx KRF R b Preventing Zone 1 underreach X R Figure 2 Principle...

Page 47: ...ter 1 Appendix A Page 3 of 8 Z B A Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Z X X X X X X X X Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 OR Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay A Trip A OR Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay B Trip B Figure 3 Ba...

Page 48: ...Z X X X X X X X X Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1 Zone 1 extended Zone 1 Auto reclose reset Zone 1 ext Zone 1ext OR Auto reclose reset Zone 1 ext Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay A Trip A Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Relay...

Page 49: ...pter 1 Appendix A Page 5 of 8 OR Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay A Trip A Relay B AND Zone 1 OR Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Trip B AND Zone 1 Z B A Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Z X X X X X X X X Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Fi...

Page 50: ...ND Zone 1 OR CB contact Signaling channels CB contact closed when circuit breaker is open OR Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay B Ttrip B AND Zone 1 OR CB contact Z B A Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Z X X X X X X X X...

Page 51: ...3 Relay A Trip A AND Zone 1 OR CB contact Signaling channels CB contact closed when circuit breaker is open AND Undervoltage detector Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay B Trip B AND Zone 1 OR CB contact AND...

Page 52: ...ppendix A Page 8 of 8 OR Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay A Trip A AND Zone 1 AND OR Zone 2 Zone 3 tZ2 tZ3 Relay B Trip B AND Zone 1 AND Z B Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Z Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 A X X X X X X X X Fi...

Page 53: ...nique cross polarized mho impedance characteristic it is necessary to be able to plot the following i the 16 cross polarized mho circle offset differs slightly from that of a 16 sine wave cross polari...

Page 54: ...mho ground fault elements times p For Zone 3 the reverse offset line is offset from the origin along the set characteristic angle according to the reverse offset setting and it is parallel to the Zone...

Page 55: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 2 Description Technical Data...

Page 56: ......

Page 57: ...nd indications 12 4 9 3 Indications 12 4 9 4 Code switches 12 4 9 5 Switch banks 12 4 9 6 Push button 13 4 9 7 Test socket 13 4 9 8 General description of microcontroller associated hardware 14 4 9 9...

Page 58: ...31 4 9 48 Power supply unit ZRE 01 31 5 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 33 5 1 The comparator 33 5 1 1 Fundamentals of the comparator 33 5 1 2 Action of the comparator counter 34 5 1 3 Exclusion of noise 35 5...

Page 59: ...ard scheme options 52 5 16 23 Basic scheme 53 5 16 24 Permissive underreaching scheme PUR 53 5 16 25 Permissive overreaching scheme POR 54 5 16 26 Weak infeed feature POR scheme only 54 5 16 27 Blocki...

Page 60: ...ts 71 6 19 Output contact ranges 71 6 20 DC supply ratings and operative range 72 6 21 Auxiliary dc supply for optically coupled isolators 72 6 22 DC power consumption 72 6 23 Inbuilt continuouys moni...

Page 61: ...e comparator 35 Figure 35 Polarising phase shift 36 Figure 36 Action of synchronous polarising 37 Figure 37 Resistive expansion of partially cross polarised MHO 38 Figure 38 Typical MHO Zone 1 operati...

Page 62: ...ction relay 1 and 3 phase tripping 58 Figure 68 Permissive underreach scheme 59 Figure 69 Permissive overreach scheme 60 Figure 70 Week infeed feature POR scheme 61 Figure 71 Blocking scheme 62 Figure...

Page 63: ...hin the whole of the protected section of line Several different tripping schemes are incorporated in the relay selectable by switches on the front panel Integral tripping relays give three pole or si...

Page 64: ...quipment to be used if required Continuous self monitoring on demand and periodic self test if required Built in Voltage Transformer Supervision and Power Swing Blocking feature as standard 2 1 Quadra...

Page 65: ...ency of any screen is defined more by the electrical strength of the connection to the common rail or earth than by the design of the screen itself so the larger transformers are mounted on metal plat...

Page 66: ...The filters are of second order with centre frequencies equal to the nominal supply frequency and Q values of 0 5 This type of filter is very effective in eliminating unwanted exponential and high fr...

Page 67: ...events chatter of relay output contacts for faults on the boundary of operation see Section 5 16 19 The outputs VA VB and VC are buffered by operational amplifiers which produce outputs VA VB and VC r...

Page 68: ...ral and a lenticular both in 50 and 60Hz The two nameplates are shown in Figure 11 and the switch functions in Table 1 4 5 Level detector board ZH0729 The left hand board contains seven level detector...

Page 69: ...K2 on the relay facia to produce the relay phase setting ZPh ganged for all phases Similarly the signals on IN1 IN2 and IN3 are attenuated under the control of K4 K5 and K6 to produce the neutral comp...

Page 70: ...g circuits and the comparators for Zone 1 Z1 Zone 1 extension Z1X and Zone 2 Z2 The phase fault elements have shaped mho characteristics The ground fault elements can be either shaped mho or quadrilat...

Page 71: ...nd the memory signals and digitally phase shifting The exact proportions are given in Section 5 2 1 The memory is described in Section 5 2 2 When the memory is not available it is replaced with a smal...

Page 72: ...rrounds the Z3 A B phase phase element The forward reach is set to 130 of Z3 forward reach by attenuating the Z3 voltage and mixing with the appropriate current to give V IZ ABZ6 The reverse Z6 reach...

Page 73: ...ponents which consist of the four way switch bank and the PSB LED See Figure 24 c The centre board is a blank board with copper plating on one side this board is earthed and forms a screen between the...

Page 74: ...p time The timer has a range of 0 to 250ms in increments of 10ms The timer is set by moving the required switches to the right hand position The total time is the summation of the individual switches...

Page 75: ...tine 4 9 7 Test socket The test socket SK1 on the front of the module is provided so that the code switches and push button can be overridden electrically for use with automatic test equipment Pins 1...

Page 76: ...oller port 2 When the complete address has been established and latched the microcontroller reads the EPROM data and is then able to perform the instruction contained in the data 4 9 10 Programmable p...

Page 77: ...of duration 50ms is applied to the microcontroller and peripherals after power up procedure After power reset the initialisation of software registers begins See Section 4 9 24 The reset pulse is also...

Page 78: ...17 Synchronised polarising memory hardware The operation of the synchronous polarising digital memory is described in Section 5 2 2 The basic hardware associated with the memory is as follows The mem...

Page 79: ...rated volts A block diagram of the level detector is shown in the main block diagram of the scheme logic opto board See Figure 24 Operation and circuit description The three phase voltages VA VB VC ar...

Page 80: ...common for all schemes However the option subroutine OPT will use additional routines depending on the scheme selected The main program loop is shown in Figure 25 4 9 24 INIT subroutine After a hardwa...

Page 81: ...ce If any main loop trip is in progress or the SOTF feature is enabled the interrupt will return to the main loop The main program will be run from the point when the interrupt occurred see timer inte...

Page 82: ...indicate that a fault has occurred in a particular zone If the VTS has issued a block comparator signal then the comparators will be software inhibited within this routine 4 9 33 FLOC subroutine The F...

Page 83: ...ce between input and output the locking on time would be 2 23s The locking rate at 60Hz is 116 28 s The above means that unless further action is taken the synchronous polarising would be unlikely to...

Page 84: ...imer interrupt which gives a resolution jitter of the memory output VMC of 3 2 for a detailed description of the memory see Section 5 2 2 The timers are serviced in six groups which contain two or thr...

Page 85: ...st of all the interrupt timers is given in Table 4 Each of the 16 timers is allocated at least one timer register long timers such as the VTS 5 5s timer require more than one timer register The settab...

Page 86: ...4 9 46 Scheme logic test program The scheme logic test program is a group of options that are selectable via the code switches These options are divided into two groups a input test options b output t...

Page 87: ...tors C N C operate on any Zone 1 comparator Secondary Inject A B Z2 No tripping will Zone 1 Fault B C Z3 occur C A AIDED TRIP Breaker open opto input Apply rated volts to A3 A4 SOTF Reset Zone 1 exten...

Page 88: ...opto input Apply rated volts to A5 A6 V FAIL 43 Overvoltage level A N A detectors B N B secondary inject voltage C N C Pushbutton pushbutton Z2 override operate push button or apply 0V to SK1 Pin9 Low...

Page 89: ...n opto input SOTF Apply rated volts to A3 A4 Reset Zone 1 extension opto input V FAIL Apply rated volts to A1 A2 The Zone 1 extension opto is redesignated miniature circuit breaker open opto when this...

Page 90: ...o C phases may be latched on or off when rated volts are not present Monitor memory on monitor output socket pin 2 24 disregard LED B indication Zone 6 comparator AB C secondary inject AB Zone 6 fault...

Page 91: ...7 B override the normal PIN 6 C function of the test PIN 5 Z2 socket except when PIN 4 Z3 option F0 is selected PIN 3 AIDED TRIP PIN 2 SOTF PIN 1 V FAIL 99 EPROM Identifier number 8 A The EPROM Press...

Page 92: ...As for 60 SK2 7 Hysteresis SW1 Internal 62 Signal send SW8 85X 1 85X 2 B1 B2 B3 B4 SK2 17 CRX annunciate SW6 SK2 9 Zone 2 trip alarm SW5 Z2 1 C9 10 Zone 3 trip alarm SW4 Z3 1 C11 C12 Aided trip alarm...

Page 93: ...aks the output relays common connection to the relay coils The second way is to connect pin 1 to pin 2 of the test socket SK2 via a wire link This opens the solid state switches in the module which op...

Page 94: ...mum operating voltages given above The feed forward principle is used in the pulse width modulator section to produce a 40kHz square wave with a mark to space ratio duty factor which varies inversely...

Page 95: ...ty of transmission line faults 5 1 1 Fundamentals of the comparator The comparators in Quadramho are used to produce a variety of different characteristic shapes such as quadrilateral mho offset mho l...

Page 96: ...the situation To illustrate the point Figure 32 shows a restrain condition of the power frequency signals with a burst of high frequency noise superimposed on a comparator input Because the noise hap...

Page 97: ...onential components 4 Coupling capacitor voltage transformer CVT transients are prevented from having any effect on the polarising signal by the dominant effect of sound phase or synchronous polarisin...

Page 98: ...or 3 phase faults The top line of the expanded characteristic is part of a fully cross polarised circle and moves with prefault power flow so as to avoid overreach or underreach Operating time contour...

Page 99: ...nput of squaring amplifier IC4 The output VQBC of IC4 is phase shifted through a lagging angle of 90 by a shift register not shown and is then supplied to the comparator The phase of VQBC is determine...

Page 100: ...Figure 41 is drawn for a constant fault voltage the principles remain the same for constant SIR conditions The higher the SIR the lower the fault voltage and the larger the capture angle Hence the rel...

Page 101: ...run out Under these circumstances the direction of rotation of the carousel is reversed See Figure 45 and the output is maintained from data previously stored for 16 half cycles after which the synch...

Page 102: ...h therefore only produces a trip signal for faults within the lenticular characteristic 5 5 The quadrilateral characteristic The quadrilateral characteristic available as an option for the ground faul...

Page 103: ...peration of the lagging ground fault element The operation of the phase phase elements is practically independent of the fault resistance to ground However the measurement of the ground fault elements...

Page 104: ...ure that only the faulty phase guard Zone comparators operate The 2 1 ratio of the guard zone reach Zone 1 reach ensures that the resistive coverage of Zone 1 is not seriously affected by any angular...

Page 105: ...actical disadvantage Hence the maximum SIR for ground faults is 131 and for phase faults is 228 The operating time of the level detector circuit is fast enough not to limit the minimum operating time...

Page 106: ...oad conditions a fixed minimum reference level is OR ed with the variable reference For practical reasons an upper limit to the reference level is used to ensure that under very heavy fault current co...

Page 107: ...equired A further switch SW9 on the scheme logic module allows the PSB feature to be disabled if not required With SW9 in the left hand position the PSB feature is disabled and with SW9 in the right h...

Page 108: ...ge supply provided that the voltage transformer supervision feature has been set to indicate and block the relay SW3 in right hand position Operation of the PSB feature is indicated by the relevant LE...

Page 109: ...ost applications compared with other distance relays These circuits are 1 The transphasor current input circuit an electro magnetic coupling device differentiates the current input waveform to produce...

Page 110: ...level of V0 possible in a healthy three phase voltage supply 10 Vn and below the mimimum amount of V0 produced when there is an open circuit or short circuit in the voltage supply 33 Vn A level of V0...

Page 111: ...causing incorrect alarms Such pulses typically up to 2 3ms can sometimes occur for transmission line faults under conditions where the I0 level detector is slowed and also when faults are cleared by...

Page 112: ...e supply fails at a time when there is insufficient line current to operate the low set current detector of that phase an ANY POLE DEAD signal is produced The instantaneous blocking output is then inh...

Page 113: ...180 out of phase This is true irrespective of the conditions immediately before crossing the threshold of operation that is whether A was formerly lagging B comparator operated or leading B comparato...

Page 114: ...Inoperative contact The self check routine takes approximately 85ms Once the self check routine has been completed the SC signal is removed just before the MRI signal This has the effect of resetting...

Page 115: ...ptions see Sections 6 42 and 4 54 If a CSN is selected in the range 00 to 39 which does not have a scheme allocated to it the Relay Available LED is extinguished and the output contact Relay Inoperati...

Page 116: ...tance measuring elements at the weak infeed end cannot operate and consequently the operation of the scheme is affected In the permissive overreach scheme the relay at the strong infeed end terminal w...

Page 117: ...eceived from the other end the comparators may reset after a fault clearance and hence a time delay on drop off of 100ms is provided in the Zone1 Zone 2 inhibit circuit The latch resets only after the...

Page 118: ...ire a signalling channel The Zone 1 relays are normally in the Zone 1 extend mode and are reset to the Zone 1 reach when the circuit breakers have tripped and are about to be reclosed by auto reclose...

Page 119: ...t absence of the channel in service signal will force all trips in signal aided schemes to be 3 phase trips only See Figure 72 d Reset Zone 1 extension opto isolator This is energised from the auto re...

Page 120: ...phase contacts 94T 1 and 94T 2 These contacts are used for initiating three pole tripping of the circuit breaker initiating three pole auto reclose and starting the breaker fail protection If it is in...

Page 121: ...ded trip action occurring for faults when in the permissive underreach permissive overreach or blocking schemes is announced by the closure of this contact 5 16 39 Switch on to fault contact 98 1 A co...

Page 122: ...r open at the far end a fast aided trip is initiated by the Zone 2 comparators Since the SOTF is redundant under these conditions it can be effectively disabled by selecting the 110s time SW2 to left...

Page 123: ...energised after the fault has been removed The indications may be reset manually by pressing the reset pushbutton on the front of the module The top seven LED s of the main group of eight and the PSB...

Page 124: ...ed neither of the Z2 or Z3 LED are energised In the case of the blocking scheme aided trip action signifies the absence of a blocking signal from the signalling channel 5 16 42 Test facilities A compr...

Page 125: ...10 SK PSB ANN PSB Output of power swing 95 1 blocking feature SK2 9 SK CRX ANN Signal receive opto energised SK2 8 SK MEM EN Memory feature enabled SK2 7 SK TPS Output of PSB 50ms timer SK2 6 SK ANY A...

Page 126: ...maloperation and transient overreach The following techniques are used to meet these objectives a Maintenance of true directional reference signal or polarising signal at all times by the use of an ad...

Page 127: ...0 1 1 0 0 0 B A B Output Output Inputs A 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 B A B Output Output Inputs A 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 B 1 A B Output Output Inputs A 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 B 1 A B Output Output Inp...

Page 128: ...all zones 0 1 to 4 8 in 0 2 steps 1A 0 04 to 0 96 in 0 04 steps 5A ZN residual compensation setting 0 2 to 5 98 in 0 02 steps 1A 0 004 to 1 196 in 0 004 steps 5A Fine settings as multiples of coarse...

Page 129: ...each settings and a is the maximum width of the impedance characteristic measured perpendicular to the characteristic angle Aspect ratio 1 00 gives a circular characteristic 6 5 Summary of K factors K...

Page 130: ...of 1 2 times rated voltage and 56 times rated current Transient overreach is less than 1 The additional error caused by a departure from reference conditions within the operative ranges is not more t...

Page 131: ...lines Phase earth faults Phase phase earth faults 16 square wave from healthy phases Phase phase faults Three phase faults 16 square wave from synchronous polarising system Synchronous polarising is e...

Page 132: ...Nominal V0 detector setting 9 5V 15 Vn Blocking action of distance comparators can be removed by switch SW3 When miniature circuit breakers are used the comparators are blocked when the MCB opens rega...

Page 133: ...RCT CT internal resistance in secondary terms RL Lead resistance from CTS to relay lead and return for earth faults lead only for phase faults The following table gives the values of relay burden res...

Page 134: ...aximum under tripping conditions 50W 6 23 Inbuilt continuous monitoring and periodic self test There is continuous monitoring of power supplies clock pulses scheme logic and ac voltage supplies and a...

Page 135: ...IEC 60068 2 3 56 days at 93 RH and 40 C BS 2011 Part 2 1Ca Salt mist IEC 60529 BS 2011 Part 2 1kB Enclosure Protection IEC 60052 BS5290 IP50 dust protected Vibration BS142 Section 2 2 Category S2 0 5g...

Page 136: ...G 108 29 35 16 22 30 36 39 45 36 30 35 14 22 30 37 40 46 4 29 32 14 21 30 34 38 44 A G 108 29 27 21 32 32 38 36 50 Quad l 36 28 37 21 33 32 41 38 49 relay 4 28 34 22 29 31 38 38 49 A G 108 27 38 17 2...

Page 137: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 1 of 71 Figure 1 Quadramho Quiet area Interface area...

Page 138: ...oom earth Signal and power commons to modules CURRENT INPUT MODE POWER SUPPLY RELAY CASE VOLTAGE IMPUT MODULE 4mm Plug Socket Case earth stud Ground plane on relay multilayer pcb backplate A B Source...

Page 139: ...ing and module layout 252 305 TOP VIEW Terminal block detail 1 2 28 27 20 FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW 28 Way Max each way excepting 2 M4 ring terminals or 2 4 8 x 0 8 snap on terminals or 1 Ring 1 Snap on te...

Page 140: ...se and Neutral Setting IR IZ Zone 1X Control ZONE 1 comparators ZONE 2 comparators ZONE 3 comparators Z1 Z2 Z3 LED Indication Auxillary Relay Output Contacts V IZ Z1 V IZ Z3 V IZ 180 V IZ V IZ Z6 Zone...

Page 141: ...ltage input module RFV04 INPUTS FROM LINE VTs HEAVY CURRENT EARTH TRIP ENF V SK1 BOARD ZH0737 BOARD ZH0738 SURGE PROTECTION SURGE PROTECTION SURGE PROTECTION ATTENUATION ATTENUATION ATTENUATION 12V 0V...

Page 142: ...tage supply Waveforms represent fault in Zone 1 close to boundary of operation with large exponential component in voltage V IZ No zero crossings comparator cannot operate VPOL Zero crossings re start...

Page 143: ...TERMINALS TRANSPHASORS CIRCUIT SAME AS ABOVE CIRCUIT SAME AS ABOVE TRANSPHASORS 2 1 3 4 V SK2 I N COMMON I N2 I N1 C I A2 IB1 I C1 I A1 D D C T I A COMMON I AR I AR COMMON R D D C T APh 6 5 7 8 N C D...

Page 144: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 8 of 71 Figure 8 Nameplate details RFC15 I n A H z 1 Ph 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 N 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...

Page 145: ...EF LDLSN LDOVC MCK 4 7 2 2 Negative Voltage Reference LDLSA LDOVA LDLSB LDOVB LDLSC Level Detector Element Level Detector Element Level Detector Element Level Detector Element Level Detector Element L...

Page 146: ...C COMMON I B COMMON IR C COMMON IR C V C COMMON SC K3 a RESISTIVE REACH V IR A V A COMMON V IR A V A CIRCUIT BELOW APPLIES TO QUADRILATERAL RELAY ONLY IR A COMMON SIG COMMON 0v 12V 12V K4 COARSE SETTI...

Page 147: ...K6 48 40 32 16 8 RS In 0 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 K4 5 3 4 2 1 0 3ZL1 ZLO ZL1 In ZPh K1 K2 0 8 K2 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 K1 0 1 2 3 4 ZPh K5 K6 K3 0 ZN K3 In Hz 0 fn 08 06 04 02 ZN K4 K5 K6 0 9 0 8 0...

Page 148: ...phase attenuator Zone 1 Zone 1 ext selector Zone 1 voltage and current mixing squaring circuits V IZ AZ1 V IZ BZ1 V IZ CZ1 V IZ AG V IZ BG V IZ CG V IZ ABZ1 V IZ BCZ1 V IZ CAZ1 VA common Phase phase c...

Page 149: ...AZ1 A1 B1 DA1 DB1 A2 B2 Out 1 Dout 1 Out 2 INH4 INH3 Comparator or AZ1 Comparator or ABZ1 V IZ ABZ1 V IZ AZ2 A1 B1 DA1 DB1 A2 B2 Out 1 Out 1 Out 2 INH4 INH3 Comparator or AZ2 Comparator or ABZ2 V IZ A...

Page 150: ...BZ2 IBCZPH IBR 1 2 3 A1 B1 DA1 DB1 Dout1 ULA INH Out 1 Out 2 Dout2 A2 B2 DA2 DB2 INH9 1 Comparator CZ1 Comparator CAZ1 Side line inhibit ZC V IZ CZ1 V IR C V IZ CZ1 1 2 3 A1 B1 DA1 DB1 Dout1 ULA INH...

Page 151: ...A Page 15 of 71 Figure 15 Layout of ULA 5 MCK MCK SC MRI Control DB2 D Out 2 Inhibit comparator 2 Out 2 Main comparator 2 B2 Out 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Inhibit Main comparator 1 B1 Inputs A1 DB1 DOut 1 I...

Page 152: ...R INR Zone 2 C A Comp 6 A2 V IZ CAZ2 V IZ CAZ2 B1 As Zone 1 CA As MHO A Directional 1 DA1 IAZPh INZN IAZPh INZN DB1 As Zone 1 A As MHO A Left hand 1 DA2 Not used IAZPh INZN side line DB2 VA IAR B Dire...

Page 153: ...ails RRM08 fn 1 9 1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 0 8 K12 0 6 0 4 0 1 0 K11 1 2 3 4 1 Hz Z1 K11 K12 K13 Kl4 x ZPh Z1X Z1 x K15 Z2 K21 K22 K24 x ZPh 5 6 8 9 7 0 9 0 7 0 5 0 4 0 3 K13 K14 K24 1 2 3 4 5...

Page 154: ...ing VOUT VIN K31 K32 K33 B phase attenuator C phase attenuator A phase attenuator B phase attenuator C phase attenuator Zone 3 reverse setting VOUT VIN K35 K36 K33 K35 VA Common VB VB Common VC VC Com...

Page 155: ...3 Comparator BCZ3 Comparator CZ3 Comparator CAZ3 Comparator ABZ6 V IZ AZ3 V IZ 180 V IZ ABZ3 V IZ AZ3 V IZ ABZ3 V IZ CZ3 V IZ CAZ3 V IZ ABZ6 V IZ V IZ 180 V IZ V IZ 180 V IZ V IZ 180 V IZ V IZ 180 V I...

Page 156: ...MCK 8 V IZ AZ3 V IZ 90 Shift register V IZ BCZ3 Comparator BZ3 Comparator BCZ3 Q1NHZ3B V IZ BCZ3 IRB A1 B1 INH1 OUT1 OUT2 A2 B2 V IZ BZ3 V IZ 90 Shift register V IZ CAZ3 Comparator CZ3 Comparator CAZ3...

Page 157: ...CZ3 V IZ CZ3 B1 V IZ C 180 ICR INR Zone 3 C A Comp 3 A2 V IZ CAZ3 V IZ CAZ3 B2 V IZ CA 180 V IZ CA 90 Zone 3R A Comp 4 A1 Not used IAR INR B1 V IZ AZ3 Zone 6 A B Comp 4 A2 V IZ ABZ6 V IZ ABZ6 B2 V IZ...

Page 158: ...BITS 1 3 INH1 G F Lenticular QINH Z3 side lines INH2 INH3 Not used Not used INH4 INH5 DICO DICO INH6 PSBZ3 PSBZ3 INH7 Common pole dead Common pole dead INH8 Pole dead Pole dead INH9 P F Lenticular Not...

Page 159: ...1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 7 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 1 0 0 9 0 7 0 5 0 4 0 3 K31 Z3 K31 K32 K33 X ZPh Z3 K35 K36 K33 x K37 x ZPh K32 1 5 K33 41 67 1 0 a b b K35 K36 K37 25 0 5 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 7 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 1 0 0 9...

Page 160: ...d Power swing indication Self check in progress Master reset invert comparators Fuge fall Switch on to fault Aide trip Zone 3 time delayed trip Zone 2 time delayed trip Carrier received annunciation A...

Page 161: ...et current level detector output Input protection Optically coupled isolator Time delay Fault detected by DEF Fault detected by DEF optical isotator output Input protection Optically coupled isolator...

Page 162: ...ons Call OPT PUR permissive underreach POR permissive underreach Block blocking scheme Z1E zone 1 extension Call MFAST Call PSMIS Call EXOP Call ENF Call output Main loop Initialise processor Read inp...

Page 163: ...etails RCL10 V Vx 2 X Y OPTION SELECT SW8 SW7 SW6 SW5 SW4 SW8 SW3 SW2 SW1 tD Stdms tP Stpms tZ3 St3ms tZ2 St2ms t2 t3 tP td 5120 2560 1280 640 320 160 80 48 24 12 6 48 24 12 6 2560 1280 640 320 160 80...

Page 164: ...e Output contacts from PCB ZH0743 Output relays common from PCB ZH0743 Output contacts from PCB ZH0742 Output relays common from PCB ZH0741 Output contacts from PCB ZH0741 14 5V SK2 5V 3 24V SK2 24V M...

Page 165: ...lter Voltage detector Pulse width modulator Switching transistor DC Secondary screen Primary screen Core Secondary screen PCB ZG0911 Filtering and regulation E 24V 1 F 0V 3 Filtering and regulation G...

Page 166: ...igure 29 Sequence comparator voltages for MHO characteristic X IZ V IZ VPOL V 90 V IZ Fault outside characteristic Fault on boundary Fault inside characteristic IR A B A B AB AB AB AB AB Restrain cond...

Page 167: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 31 of 71 Figure 31 Action of counter in comparator Counter Fault occurs 1 2 3 4 A B AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB...

Page 168: ...high frequency interference Sinusoidal V IZ input A Squared inputs V IZ A B V POL Burst of interference Counter 0 0 No of second up count as changes spaced 0 15 cycle Fault occurs outside boundary of...

Page 169: ...rt of sequence comparator Yes Read inputs Is reset input high Has A or B changed state Has input A changed Does A B Does B A Reset all registers and output Finish timer A1 A2 A3 A4 Yes No start Is sel...

Page 170: ...3 A4 Is inhibit output high Is reset input high Set register Yes No No No Is register 1 set Finish timer Yes Yes No Is selfcheck input high Yes No Is selfcheck input high Is reset input high Yes No Re...

Page 171: ...tor Fig 34B Fig 34B Fig 34B Fig 34B Set register 2 Set register 3 Is register 2 set Is register 3 set Set register 4 Set output Yes Yes No No Is register 2 set Is register 3 set Yes Yes No No No Is re...

Page 172: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 36 of 71 Figure 35 Polarising phase shift V V 90 252 x fn 63 BIT SHIFT REGISTER CLOCK PULSE REGISTER...

Page 173: ...88C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 37 of 71 Figure 36 Action of synchronous polarising Before squaring and 90 phase shift Polarising voltage Fault incidence CVT error Fault phase voltage 16 synch...

Page 174: ...Figure 38 Typical MHO Zone 1 operating times Figures are in SIR s 0 1 6 12 24 60 Minimum operating time contours SIR 6 5 4 3 2 1 R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X 19ms 21ms 24ms 30ms 34ms 60Hz times 50Hz times 17ms...

Page 175: ...C 0 16VNA E R11 VNA VA 0 16VKA 90 VKA VA VB VC R6 R5 R12 R10 R9 IC2 IC3 VNA 0 16VKA 90 VA VB VC 90 E R4 R3 R2 R1 R6 R5 E ICI VMA VB VC VA VKA VB VC 0 16VMA PARTIALLY CROSS POLARISED SIGNAL VQA VA 0 16...

Page 176: ...wave cross polarised 100 cross polarised Angle of resultant polarising signal LAG relative to pre fault position Displacement of faulted phase voltage LAG relative to pre fault position 0 20 40 60 80...

Page 177: ...888C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 41 of 71 Figure 42 16 16 16 30 A B C D 90 180 270 360 etc A B C D A B Faulted phase voltage 30 displacement Cross polarising voltage Resultant polarising befor...

Page 178: ...RAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 42 of 71 Figure 43 16 16 16 60 A B C D 20 90 180 270 360 etc A B C D A B Faulted phase voltage 60 displacement Cross polarising voltage Resultant polarising 20 displace...

Page 179: ...y 4th edge and adjusted bit 55 55 56 55 54 55 55 55 56 55 55 Rotation anticlockwise Output 56 55 55 1 2 cycle generated using data out DATA OUT Rotation reversed Output 56 55 55 1 2 cycle generated us...

Page 180: ...ndix A Page 44 of 71 Figure 47 Lenticular characteristics Figure 46 Sequence comparator voltages for offset MHO characteristic V IZ IR jIX V IZ 180 Main comparator C1 Inhibit comparator C2 180 180 IZ...

Page 181: ...e 49 Lenticular characteristic block diagram Figure 48 Lenticular Zone 3 Aspect ratio Boundary of load a b a b 1 tan 180 2 1 00 0 67 0 41 65 5 45 90 b a V IZ V IZ A2 B2 A1 B1 Inhibit comparator C2 Inv...

Page 182: ...ypical quadrilateral Zone 1 operating times Figure 50 Quadrilateral Zone 1 IX IZ A1 V IZ B1 INR A3 IZ B3 V IR A2 V IZ B2 IZ IR A4 IZ B4 VPOL IR I Minimum operating time contours SIR 6 R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7...

Page 183: ...1 Figure 52 Behaviour for A B G fault NB APPARENT TILTING OF CHARACTERISTIC ANGLE IS DUE TO RESIDUAL COMPENSATION APPLIED WHICH IS CORRECT FOR SINGLE PHASE FAULTS Z1 A G ZONE 1 A G GUARD APPARENT FAUL...

Page 184: ...re 54 Quadrilateral Zone 3 Figure 53 Guard Zone logic IX IZ IZ A1 V IZ B1 IPHR INR A3 IZ B3 V IR A2 V IR B2 IZ IR A5 IPHR INR B5 V IZ INHIBIT ZONE 1 A G INHIBIT ZONE 1 B G INHIBIT ZONE 1 C G EX OR GUA...

Page 185: ...RIP B A A B VIN t2 VREF t1 START NO YES NO NO YES YES YES NO NO RESET TIME t1 RESET FLAG HAS TIMER t1 FINISHED SET FLAG RESET TIMER t2 START TIMER t2 FLAG RESET TIMERS RESET VREF NORMAL OUTPUT LOW STA...

Page 186: ...8C QUADRAMHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 50 of 71 Figure 57 Inhibition of comparators TO INHIBIT COMPARATORS LEVEL DETECTOR POLE DEAD SIGNAL 22ms 0 1 IZ SETTING V SETTING VOLTAGE LEVEL DETECTOR IZ V CUR...

Page 187: ...E VREF LOW SET VREF HIGH SET LIMITS MAXIMUM VALUE OF VREF BIASED REFERENCE LEVEL BASE REFERENCE LEVEL IZA IZB IZC GREATEST PHASE DIFFERENCE CURRENT In AMPS PHASE FAULT COMPARATORS ENABLED 0 1 1 10 34...

Page 188: ...or LDLSN Inhibit Power swing Current Detector Blocking Opto LDLSA LDLSB Current Detector Z6ABComparator Any Z1 Z2 or Z3 Comparator Z3ABComparator Sw9 0 1 0 240 ms 50ms R Q S Q S R 1 1 1 0 0 P S B Ind...

Page 189: ...2 Appendix A Page 53 of 71 Figure 61 Flux summation in transphasor Core 1 Core 2 Angle coil 2 Primary 2 R Input current Output voltage Fixed flux from primary 2 Variable flux from angle coil 2 Locus o...

Page 190: ...miniature circuit breaker 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 15ms 0 240ms 20ms 0 55 5 0 S Q R R Q S S Q R Sw3 1 0 MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER OPEN ALL POLES DEAD V I S VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDVO CURRENT DETECTOR LDLS N ANY Z1...

Page 191: ...0 2ms 0 BREAKER OPEN OPTO VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV A CURRENT DETECTOR LDLS A VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV B CURRENT DETECTOR LDLS B VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV C CURRENT DETECTOR LDLS C ANY POLE DEAD POLE DEAD A POLE...

Page 192: ...ENT DETECTOR CURRENT DETECTOR CURRENT DETECTOR COMPARATOR COMPARATOR COMPARATOR LDLSN CpAZn LDLSA CpBZn LDLSB CpCZn LDLSC COMPARATOR COMPARATOR CpBCZn CpAZn COMPARATOR CpCAZn VAT BLOCK CURRENT DETECTO...

Page 193: ...Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 57 of 71 Figure 66 Bandpass filter switching logic VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV A INHIBIT COMPARATORS ENABLE BANDPASS FILTERS VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV B VOLTAGE DETECTOR LDOV C ANY PO...

Page 194: ...cheme is used Trip A Trip B Trip C and Any Trip respond as Trip 3 Phase A2 A1 Reset Z1 ext A4 A3 Breaker open See note 2 A6 A5 Channel in service A8 A7 A10 A9 Signal receive Inhibit power swing blocki...

Page 195: ...A Page 59 of 71 Figure 68 Permissive underreach scheme 100ms 0 Z 1 A Z 1 B Z 1 C Z 2 A Z 2 B Z 2 C SOTF En CRX Z 3 A Z 3 B Z 3 C Z 1 A Z 1 B Z 1 C Aided Trip A Aided Trip B Aided Trip C Z2t Z3t CTX CR...

Page 196: ...ms 0 100ms tp 0 1 1 t Z2 t Z3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q S R Q S R Q S R Z 1 A Z 1 B Z 1 C Z 2 A Z 2 B Z 2 C SOTF EN CRX Z 3 A Z 3 B Z 3 C BREAKER OPEN CTX WI CURRENT DETECTOR LDHS A CURRENT DETECTOR LDHS B...

Page 197: ...1 of 71 Figure 70 Week infeed feature POR scheme 1 CTX WI Z 1 A VTS BLOCK WI Z 1 B Z 1 C C R X BREAKER OPEN Q S R SW8 0 100ms 10ms 0 SW7 0 0 100ms Z 2 A Z 2 B Z 2 C 1 1 1 Z 3 A Z 3 B Z 3 C 1 VOLTAGE D...

Page 198: ...heme Z 1 A Current Detector 1 1 1 1 1 1 R Z 1 B Z 1 C CRX Current Detector Current Detector LDHS C LDHS B LDHS A Z 2 A Z 2 C C I S Z 2 B S O T F En Z 3 A Z 3 B Z 3 C Z 1 A Z 1 B Z 1 C CRX Ann Sk2 9 Ai...

Page 199: ...0 1 Z 1 A Z 1 B Aided trip A S O T F Weak infeed aided trip C I S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q S R 1 Q S R 1 Z3t block scheme P U R P O R or Aided trip B Z 1 C TRIP B Outputs TRIP C Outputs 94B 1 94B 2 94C 1 94...

Page 200: ...ure 73 Block auto reclose logic SW4 1 0 1ms 0 BAR Output 96 1 Z 1 A Voltage Det LDOV A P U R P O R or block scheme 1 0 100ms 1 Z 1 B Z 1 C Aided trip A Aided trip B Aided trip C Z2t Z3t S O T F Weak i...

Page 201: ...MHO Chapter 2 Appendix A Page 65 of 71 Figure 74 Fault locator logic 1 FLA 19A 1 Z1A 1 1 Z2A FLB 19B 1 Z1B 1 1 FLC 19C 1 1 1 FLN 19E 1 1 1 LDLSA LDOVA Z2B Z1BC LDLSB LDOVB Z2C Z1N LDLSC LDOVC Z2N LDLS...

Page 202: ...o fault logic S O T F E n S R Q 110ms 0 200ms 0 0 240ms 1 1 1 1 20ms 0 S O T F 98 1 Open MCB SWLA SW2 All poles dead Current detector LDLS A Voltage detector LDOV A Current detector LDLS B Voltage det...

Page 203: ...Z3A Z1B Z2B Z3B Z1C Z2C Z3C Z2t Z3t Aided trip A Aided trip B Aided trip C Weak infeed aided trip S O T F V T S Ind Reset button SK1 9 Any trip P S B Ind S Q R S Q R S Q R S Q R S Q R S Q R S Q R S Q...

Page 204: ...of 71 Figure 77 Some test features of Quadramho Y X Socket used by automatic in situ tester Socket monitoring internal signals Sockets for secondary injection and trip monitoring Thumbwheel switches t...

Page 205: ...ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Ground faults quadrilateral of relay setting ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Ground faults mho of relay setting 100 ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60...

Page 206: ...ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Ground faults mho of relay setting ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 3 phase faults mho of relay setting ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Phase fau...

Page 207: ...ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Ground faults mho of relay setting 100 ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 Ground faults quadrilateral of relay setting ms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60...

Page 208: ......

Page 209: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 3 Electronic Module Housing...

Page 210: ......

Page 211: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM101 Service Manual Chapter 4 Installation...

Page 212: ......

Page 213: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 4 Contents 1 INSTALLATION 1 1 1 Receiving 1 1 2 Handling 1 1 3 Storage 1 1 4 Installation 1 1 5 Rack mounting 1 1 6 Panel mounting 1 1 7 Earthing 1...

Page 214: ......

Page 215: ...d in a location free from excessive vibration The relay cases can be supplied for either rack or panel mounting 1 5 Rack mounting Relays for rack mounting are supplied in cases designed for housing in...

Page 216: ......

Page 217: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM101 Service Manual Chapter 5 Commissioning Instructions...

Page 218: ......

Page 219: ...ive reach check 9 4 9 Zone 1 operation times 9 4 10 Zone 2 operation times 10 4 11 Zone 3 operation times 10 4 12 Power swing blocking checks 10 4 12 1 Zone 6 boundaries 10 4 12 2 50ms timer check 11...

Page 220: ...D 19 5 4 5 Signal receive check 19 5 4 6 Block auto reclose checks 19 5 4 7 Echo feature 19 5 4 8 Weak infeed feature 20 5 5 Signalling Channel Check Schemes 02 to 07 20 6 LIVE SYSTEM CHECKS 21 6 1 Si...

Page 221: ...ry for on site tests Some tests described can only be carried out with dynamic testing Section 2 TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED The Quadramho Accessory Kit 01 which contains 2 heavy current test plugs 1 moni...

Page 222: ...current bridging plugs 1Z and 1Y can then be removed this puts a short on all the incoming CT circuits and isolates the equipment from the ac and dc voltage supplies iii The lower interlock bar can th...

Page 223: ...rs will be described as necessary The result sheets provided in Addendum 2 should be used 4 2 Isolation All the relay contacts can be prevented from operating while the rest of the relay functions nor...

Page 224: ...en re applied when the power up procedure has finished the self check takes place and on careful observation it will be seen that the red LEDs flash again and the relay available LED should light This...

Page 225: ...of K1 and K2 selected on module 1 the most sensitive setting is 5 In Current setting 5 x 4 8 x In amps 10 100 K1 K2 In relay rated current The scheme logic uses the information in a Gating the compar...

Page 226: ...e to detect the presence of zero sequence current Minimum operate level 2 x 4 8 x In amps 20 100 K1 K2 Select test option 43 inject current into each phase in turn as in 4 4 2 i minimum operate level...

Page 227: ...to check that operation does not occur except for Z3 which always has some reverse reach The appropriate loop impedance should now be presented to the relay K14 K1 K2 K4 K5 K6 K11 K12 K13 ohms In or t...

Page 228: ...d phase phase element of the relay should be checked as in Section 4 5 and the operation of the appropriate outgoing contacts confirmed Note At the Zone 2 boundary some chatter of the fault locator co...

Page 229: ...one 1 operation times should be checked by applying a fault at 50 approximately of the Zone 1 reach An interval timer should be started when the fault is applied and stopped from the contacts brought...

Page 230: ...in Section 4 10 but applying a fault just outside Zone 2 The actual time should be within 40ms of the set time Check that correct indications are given and the appropriate contacts operate 4 12 Power...

Page 231: ...which should give 50ms 10ms Where x 25ms for quad mho version 30ms for mho lenticular version Note Each phase to ground pre fault voltage must be greater than 70 of 63 5V If this condition is not met...

Page 232: ...ight causes the relay available LED to extinguish 4 13 4 Instantaneous indication or blocking check Conect the relay as if an A G fault were to be applied but instead of returning the current through...

Page 233: ...l have this setting Tests should be done using A N faults and if desired can be repeated on B N and C N To check i Go from a poles dead condition to a fault condition with the required level detector...

Page 234: ...alarm This condition will disappear when the voltage connections are normal and another self check is made Remember that a self check is made every time the reset button is pressed if the feature has...

Page 235: ...l selection number chosen so instead of relay case terminals A1 A2 use A9 A10 5 2 Permissive underreach scheme 02 or 03 Note that if the channel in service opto isolator is not energised 3 phase trips...

Page 236: ...r operates and the corresponding Zone 2 comparator does not The Zone 3 will generally have a larger reverse reach than forward reach The smallest forward phase fault reach is ZPh and if PSB is used gr...

Page 237: ...erminals A7 to A8 Check that the double pole switch used for test 5 3 1 is closed Apply a Zone 2 fault and check that a trip is obtained in Zone 2 time Open the double pole switch and check that an in...

Page 238: ...2 fault and check a trip is obtained in the set Zone 2 time Energise the optical isolator and re apply the Zone 2 fault check that aided trip indication is obtained immediately and that the alarm con...

Page 239: ...osed This facility will be used in the signalling channel check later Re select the scheme option 5 4 6 Block auto reclose checks Connect a single pole switch so that the channel in service opto isola...

Page 240: ...should be obtained Check the normal echo feature is not enabled when the miniature circuit breaker mcb opto coupler case terminals A1 A2 ii Weak infeed three phase tripping These test need only be ca...

Page 241: ...button is pressed the selected trip contacts will close and the circuit breaker will operate if the trip links have been inserted and the breaker is closed 6 3 Final setting checks The check list Fig...

Page 242: ...next test also the relay available LED will not be illuminated 6 4 3 Directional check i The test must be carried out with the relay energised from the line voltage transformers and current transforme...

Page 243: ...e test plug with the rotation connections on it iii A check must also be made to ensure that operation does not occur in the reverse direction This is achieved by inserting a test plug in the 1Y posit...

Page 244: ...swing detection Power swing detection disabled enabled SW8 Disable weak infeed option Enable weak infeed option schemes 04 and 05 only SW7 Disable weak infeed trip Enable weak infeed trip if weak inf...

Page 245: ...nnected to the red side of the test plug when inserted These connections must be made before the test plug is inserted VN Memory check Connect 1Z Terminals 1 2 and 3 together apply a close up C N faul...

Page 246: ...Power swing detection Power swing detection disabled enabled SW8 Disable weak infeed option Enable weak infeed option schemes 04 and 05 only SW7 Disable weak infeed trip Enable weak infeed trip if wea...

Page 247: ...A Amplitude and angular Gated with low set hysteresis operate on current level detectors B N B any Zone 1 comparator C N C Secondary inject A B Z2 Zone 2 fault B C Z3 C A AIDED No tripping will occur...

Page 248: ...secondary inject C SOTF current Inhibit PSB opto input N V FAIL 45 Self check of A N A The LED lights Zone 1 comparators B N B for the appropriate C N C comparator if it A B Z2 passed the last B C Z3...

Page 249: ...apply rated volts to A1 A2 51 Zone 2 comparators A N A As option 41 secondary inject B N B Zone 2 fault C N C A B Z2 B C Z3 C A AIDED TRIP Signal receive reset SOTF Zone 1 extension opto input apply...

Page 250: ...B indication LED on when Option setting switch SW9 Z2 switch in right High set current A Z3 hand position level detectors B AIDED TRIP secondary inject C SOTF current N V FAIL 54 Zone 2 timer 1280 A...

Page 251: ...Z2 function of the PIN4 Z3 test socket PIN3 AIDED TRIP except when PIN2 SOTF option F0 PIN1 V FAIL is selected 99 EPROM identifier 8 A The EPROM number 4 B identifier no press push button 2 C is indic...

Page 252: ...me is used Trip A Trip B Trip C and Any Trip respond as Trip 3 Phase A2 A1 Reset Z1 ext A4 A3 Breaker open See note 2 A6 A5 Channel in service A8 A7 A10 A9 Signal receive Inhibit power swing blocking...

Page 253: ...A2 A1 Reset Z1 ext A4 A3 Breaker open See note 2 A6 A5 Channel in service A8 A7 A10 A9 Signal receive Inhibit power swing blocking See note 2 A11 IZ1 A13 IZ2 A15 IZ3 A12 IZ4 A17 IZ5 A18 IZ6 Va Va Va V...

Page 254: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 5 Appendix A Page 10 of 18 Figure 5 Two Quadramho types both have 18 measuring elements and PSB Z3 Z2 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z3 Gr Gr Z3 Z2 Z1 Z3 Z2 Z1 Z3 Z2 Z1 Ph Ph PSB PSB...

Page 255: ...ilure 97X 1 SK2 17 SK CTX Signal send output 85X 1 85X 2 SK2 16 SK 12V 12V supply rail SK2 15 SK 12V 12V supply rail SK2 14 SK 5V 5V supply rail SK2 13 SK BAR Block autoreclose output 96 1 SK2 12 SK T...

Page 256: ...1 C3 C4 Fault locator C SW6 19C 1 C5 C6 Fault locator N SW5 19E 1 C7 C8 Power swing timer SW4 As for 60 SK2 7 62 Signal send SW8 85X 1 85X 2 B1 B2 B3 B4 SK2 17 CRX annunciate SW6 SK2 9 Zone 2 trip al...

Page 257: ...6 RVC53 K1 K2 ZPH K1 K2 In K11 K12 K13 K14 Z1 K11 K12 K13 K14ZPH Z1 K31 K32 K33 Z3 K31 K32 ZPH Power swing blocking Z1 Z2 Z3 SW9 Vn V f Hz Relay available a b If fitted tZ2 msec tZ3 msec If used tp ms...

Page 258: ...8 Figure 9 Test plug connections for on load tests 1 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 2 1Y Lower rack 1Z Upper rack 1Z Upper rack a b c For rotation of the voltages For curre...

Page 259: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 5 Appendix A Page 15 of 18 Figure 10 Determination of load angle from load information MW VA MW MVAR MVAR IA IA IA IA M V A R M W TAN 1 Import Export...

Page 260: ...power faction Lead Lag RCA VA Operation Measured at relay with phase angle meter IA VC VB PH I NOTE On load checks only involve operation of phase phase compararors for simplicity these diagrams are...

Page 261: ...VA PH 2 VC IA VB RCA Operation Measured at relay with a phase 1 angle meter Voltage connections for operation see Fig 9C Line Relay Also it is seen that current reversal will give operation for the n...

Page 262: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 5 Appendix A Page 18 of 18 Figure 11c LAG LEAD VA VC VB 0 90 270 180...

Page 263: ...______________________ 1 GENERAL DATA 1 1 CT RATIO ________________________ ________________________ VT RATIO ________________________ ________________________ 1 2 LINE SECTION LENGTHS LINE 1 ________...

Page 264: ...factor K11 K12 K13 K14 __________________ K11 __________________ K12 __________________ K13 __________________ K14 __________________ 2 4 Zone 2 ohmic reach 50 section 2 plus section 1 ______________...

Page 265: ..._______________________ K6 _______________________ 2 8 Relay characteristic angles If Ph and N differ by more than 10 the vector sum of ZPh and ZN should be found to give the basic ground fault loop...

Page 266: ......

Page 267: ..._______________ Drawings ________________________ TEST RESULTS PRELIMINARY CHECKS Tick boxes if correct Wiring check Insulation test Relay and module data check DC supply check Power up Relay inoperat...

Page 268: ...SOTF High sets test option 53 Pick up 100 K1 K2 12 1 x 4 8 x In A 10 ________ A Level Terminals LED Pick up Drop off Reset detector injected indication volts volts ratio A phase 1Y 1 2 Z3 B phase 1Y...

Page 269: ...injecting into A phase 1Y 1 2 _____________ mA Measured value injecting into B phase 1Y 3 4 _____________ mA Measured value injecting into C phase 1Y 5 6 _____________ mA DIRECTIONAL CHECK AND ZONE RE...

Page 270: ...h type volts amps Z Error n ph Zr Zone A G 1 B G C G Zone A G 2 B G C G Zone A G 3 B G C G Zone 3 A G Rev B G C G Quad A G Res B G if applicable C G Zone A G 1 B G C A Zone A B 2 B C C A Zone A B 3 B...

Page 271: ...13 Trip C 14 15 Trip C 16 17 Trip 3 phase 18 19 Trip 3 Phase 20 21 Any Trip 22 23 Any Trip 24 25 Block A R 26 27 28 C 1 Fault Loc A 2 3 Fault Loc B 4 5 Fault Loc C 6 7 Fault Loc N 8 9 Zone 2 Trip 10 1...

Page 272: ...impedance ________ ohms Measured loop impedance _________ ohms An additional tolerance of 15 is allowed for the reverse reach 50ms Timer check Measured time _________ ms 5ms Blocking and contact check...

Page 273: ...ight SWITCH ON TO FAULT FEATURE MODE CONTROLLED BY SW1 AND SW2 SOTF indication Trip time _________ ms For busbar VT breaker open opto isolator input checked Alarm contact check MEMORY FEATURE CHECK Cl...

Page 274: ...dance reach ZR loop impedance Fault Test set Actual loop Nominal required impedance CT ratio impedance with 100 set Zone 1 extension Fault Actual Relay Relay Equivalent type volts amps Z ohms Error A...

Page 275: ...0ms Time measured _________ ms Signal send check Contact operation for Zone 1 fault Contact operation in test option 62 Signal receive check In test option 41 check that the SOTF LED illuminates Block...

Page 276: ...Opeation times with set tp ________ _________ ________ ________ _________ Average time ms t2 Set tp t2 t1 6 ms ms tolerance 5ms Signal Send Check Contacts B1 2 B3 4 close for reverse Zone 3 fault Cont...

Page 277: ...ent of tp Time from signal receive to signal receive annunciate on monitor point box Tolerance as in instructions ms Measurement of tD Time from signal receive removal to signal receive annunciate ext...

Page 278: ...eed echo Breaker closed SW8 to the right SW7 to the left No ac volts Delay on echo signal send from signal receive energisation _________ms Expected time 15 20ms Signal send echo time _________ms Expe...

Page 279: ...al receive TRIP TEST Test option 88 Select required SW switches to the right to check breaker operation when reset is pressed Breaker s operation obtained FINAL SETTING CHECKS All switches agree with...

Page 280: ......

Page 281: ...25ms maximum signalling channel reset time The nearest available setting above should be selected if the exact value is not available Blocking Scheme 06 or 07 Recommended setting for tp maximum signal...

Page 282: ......

Page 283: ...voltage level detectors will have dropped off due to the low input voltage from the Doble the VMA signal will be replaced by a small percentage of IZ The squaring action of IC1 will therefore produce...

Page 284: ...ld be equal and of a convenient value for the reach to be measured VBC is now 90 lag from the reference One current amplifier should now be connected so as to inject current through the B and C curren...

Page 285: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 6 Problem Analysis...

Page 286: ......

Page 287: ...ar plot lenticular versions only 6 4 7 Resistive reach check if quadrilateral characteristic is fitted 6 4 8 Zone 1 operation times 7 4 9 Memory feature check synchronous polarising 7 4 10 1 Voltage l...

Page 288: ......

Page 289: ...3 to right If the V FAIL LED is illuminated then the voltage transformer supervision feature has detected a fault in the voltage supply to the relay or internally Check and if necessary repair the sup...

Page 290: ...spare set of modules is available a method of substitution may be used to locate a faulty module This method is often quicker and requires no extra equipment The following table may be used as a guide...

Page 291: ...y is not available a suitable supply could be connected to the relay side terminals 5 and 6 of the test plug The bridge on terminals 10 of the 1Z test plug should be made and the relay available green...

Page 292: ...ase rotation The test blocks should be connected as shown in Figure 4 Select option 00 ii Ground faults Commence with connections for an A G fault To establish confidence in operation a close up fault...

Page 293: ...quired is K1 K2 K4 K5 K6 K21 K22 K24 In and for phase faults the loop impedance required is 2 x K14 K1 K2 K21 K22 K24 ohms In the reach for each type of phase ground and phase phase element of the rel...

Page 294: ...theoretical shape for Zone 3 for these conditions From this diagram the theoretical reach ZT for off angle faults can be determined for both forward and reverse faults Using this information the groun...

Page 295: ...ies are not correct or if the voltage filters are in initially times may increase by 10 15ms Times on 60Hz are approximately 10 faster The operation times should be checked for each phase ground and e...

Page 296: ...of the 1Y test block in turn Determine the pick up as indicated below the drop off should be within 10 of actual pick up Level detector Terminals injected LED marking A phase 1Y 1 2 Z3 B phase 1Y 3 4...

Page 297: ...in service A7 A8 41 V Fail Inhibit PSB A5 A6 42 V Fail 4 12 Auxiliary contacts check Reconnect the link 1Z 10 to enable all auxiliary relays Care must be taken as output contacts will close during th...

Page 298: ...on 53 connect a multimeter on an ac voltage range greater than 24V to pins 24 and 2 0V of the 25 way monitor point box Check the multimeter reads approximately 12V Remove C phase voltage and check mul...

Page 299: ...mon AA29 C ICR AA25 iii ICRcommon AB25 5 7 Check on clock frequency Using the oscilloscope or frequency meter check the clock frequency which is available at the 25 way monitor point box pin 4 pin 2 0...

Page 300: ...ion 6 REPAIRS Should the need arise for the equipment to be returned to ALSTOM T D Protection Control Ltd for repair then the form at the back of this manual should be completed and sent with the equi...

Page 301: ...ed A N A Amplitude and with low set current B N B angular hysteresis level detectors C N C operate on any Z2 comparator Secondary inject A B Z2 No tripping will Zone 2 fault B C Z3 occur C A AIDED TRI...

Page 302: ...or apply 0V to SK1 Pin9 Low set current level A Z3 detectors B AIDED TRIP secondary inject current C SOTF N V FAIL 45 Self check of Zone 1 A N A The LED lights for comparators B N B the appropriate C...

Page 303: ...n opto input SOTF apply rated volts to A3 A4 Reset Zone 1 extension opto input V FAIL apply rated volts to A1 A2 The Zone 1 extension opto is redesignated miniature circuit breaker open opto when this...

Page 304: ...input volts VC B Provides a squared apply rated volts to C phases monitor output on socket 2 pin 24 Zone 6 comparator AB C secondary inject AB Zone 6 fault Option setting switch SW9 Z2 LED on when Hig...

Page 305: ...n will PIN 7 B override the normal PIN 6 C function of the test PIN 5 Z2 socket except when PIN 4 Z3 option F0 is selected PIN 3 AIDED TRIP PIN 2 SOTF PIN 1 V FAIL 99 EPROM identifier number 8 A The E...

Page 306: ...send output 85X 1 85X 2 SK2 16 SK 12V 12V supply rail SK2 15 SK 12V 12V supply rail SK2 14 SK 5V 5V supply rail SK2 13 SK BAR Block autoreclose output 96 1 SK2 12 SK TRIP 3PH 3 phase trip signal issue...

Page 307: ...19C 1 C5 C6 Fault Locator N SW5 19E 1 C7 C8 Power swing timer SW4 As for 60 SK2 7 62 Signal send SW8 85X 1 85X 2 B1 B2 B3 B4 SK2 17 CRX annunciate SW6 SK2 9 Zone 2 trip alarm SW5 Z2 1 C9 10 Zone 3 tr...

Page 308: ...These connections must be made before the test plug is inserted Secondary injection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Normal test plug connections VN Memory check Connect 1Z Terminals 1 2 and 3 together apply a c...

Page 309: ...nd function Right hand function SW9 Power swing blocking Power swing blocking disabled enabled SW8 Disable weak infeed option Enable weak infeed option POR only SW7 Disable weak infeed trip Enable wea...

Page 310: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 6 Addendum A Page 10 of 15 Figure 6 Lenticular characteristic X R 80...

Page 311: ...Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Fails Section 1 Section 2 6 Pass No operation of one or more elements flowchart 2 Replace module 3 RRM09 Only Z3 faulty Replace module 3 RRM09 Rep...

Page 312: ...Quad only just G F involving a common phase Justl elements in Z1 Z2 All elements in Z1 Z2 Z3 Just elements in Z3 All G F and P F elements involving a current phase Replace module 4 RCL10 Replace modu...

Page 313: ...or all elements involving a common phase 5 inaccurate Only Z1 Z2 elements Replace module 5 RFV04 Replace module 3 RRM09 Check 21 ext 5 8 Check current input module 5 6 Replace module 2 RRM08 Only Z3...

Page 314: ...f 15 Flowchart 4 Level detector Level detector operating cont or not Low set current and voltage level detectors equally innacurate Check level detectors 5 4 and 5 5 Replace module 1 RRM07 Yes Yes No...

Page 315: ...k up 5 4 3 1 or 2 level detectors pick up 5 4 3 No level detectors are picked up 5 4 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 6 Replace module 5 RFV04 and module 1 RRZ07 Pass Pass Fail 5 4 7 Replace module 5 RFV04 and modul...

Page 316: ......

Page 317: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 7 Relay Identification...

Page 318: ......

Page 319: ...SERVICE MANUAL R5888B QUADRAMHO Chapter 7 Contents 1 MODULES 1 2 CASES 1 3 SCHEMES 1 4 CASE IDENTIFICATION CODING 2 5 MODULE POSITIONS 2...

Page 320: ......

Page 321: ...the type of mounting The rest of the coding is either a sequential number with design issue suffix or a coding which relates to module parameters only and does not affect case circuit diagrams The cas...

Page 322: ...number which will appear with the module number Thus module 1 in equipment 1 is module 1 1 and module 2 is module 2 1 etc Each module will connect with at least one edge connector and in a subrack di...

Page 323: ...Quadramho Distance Protection Type SHPM 101 Service Manual Chapter 8 Special Variations...

Page 324: ......

Page 325: ...nts 1 SPECIAL VARIATIONS OF QUADRAMHO 1 1 1 PM001 1 1 2 PM001 1 1 3 PM003 2 1 4 PM003 3 1 5 PM005 3 1 6 PM006 3 1 7 PM007 4 1 7 1 Fault locator contacts 4 1 7 2 MCB blocking input opto coupler 4 1 7 3...

Page 326: ......

Page 327: ...01 RCL 10 001 002 The relay is fitted with a standard scheme and there are no special features Case connection diagrams Single and three phase tripping S10 SHPM101 sheet 1 Three phase tripping only S1...

Page 328: ...cheme A3 A4 Breaker open A5 A6 Block Z2T and Z3T earth fault time delayed trips A7 A8 Channel in service A9 A10 Signal receive Modified contacts C1 C2 Any Zone 1 fault C3 C4 Any Zone phase phase fault...

Page 329: ...Three phase tripping only S10 SHPM101 sheet 1 1 5 PM005 If module 4 is RCL 10 001 050 RCL 10 001 051 RCL 10 001 052 The relay is fitted with a revised program to allow the relay to work with miniature...

Page 330: ...aults The FLN logic closes only for single phase faults this allows it to be used for energising the signal receive opto coupler in scheme 04 when the signalling channel is not in service Accelerated...

Page 331: ...ications only It is fitted with a revised program to allow the relay to work with miniature circuit breakers instead of fuses in the VT supply This has produced some far reaching changes in the way th...

Page 332: ......

Page 333: ..._ Main VT Test set DC volts _____________ Battery Power supply AC current _____________ Main CT Test set Frequency _____________ 2 Which type of test was being used 3 Were all the external components...

Page 334: ...______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9 Was there any visual damage _______________________________________________________________________...

Page 335: ......

Page 336: ...0 1785 223251 Fax 44 0 1785 212232 Email enquiries pcs alstom co uk Internet www alstomgpc co uk 1998 ALSTOM T D Protection Control Ltd Our policy is one of continuous product development and the righ...

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