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CHAPTER 10

184

PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences

Chi-Square Calculation

The Chi-square test is a measure of reproducibility of sample counting. The test is

performed by counting a single sample in the detector 20 consecutive times with

a count time of 30 seconds for each repeat measurement.

This test is not a measure of detector accuracy.

DPM (Disintegrations Per Minute)

Disintegrations Per Minute (DPM) is an expression of radionuclide activity. DPM

are calculated as follows:

Efficiency

Counting efficiency is a measurement of the instrument’s ability to quantify

radionuclide activity. This value is calculated as follows:

Figure of Merit Calculation

Figure of Merit (FOM) is a measure of the sensitivity of the instrument based on

the instrument’s counting efficiency. This value is calculated as follows:

Efficiency

Minute

Per

Counts

DPM

Minute

Per

tions

Disintegra

Minute

Per

Counts

Efficiency

Background

(Efficienc

FOM

Содержание QuantaSmart 1694267

Страница 1: ...QuantaSmart For The TriCarb Liquid Scintillation Analyzer Reference Manual...

Страница 2: ...tion may be reproduced in any form whatsoever or translated into any language without the prior written permission of PerkinElmer Inc Copyright 2004 PerkinElmer Inc Produced in the USA Trademarks Regi...

Страница 3: ...eaner System Ventilation For adequate ventilation of this equipment a distance of 15cm must be kept from this unit and any other surfaces Electrical Safety Use proper plugs and good earth ground conne...

Страница 4: ...mentation Ein Off Supply Arret alimentation Aus Caution Attention Risk of Electrical Shock Attention Risque de choc Vorsicht Spannug Gefahrliche Caution refer to accompanying documents Attention Voir...

Страница 5: ...zation and Calibration 8 Steps in Performing an Assay 10 How to Perform an Assay 12 How to Create a Password 15 How to Associate an Assay to a Protocol 17 How to Count Samples 19 How to Disassociate a...

Страница 6: ...w Window 38 The Instrument Status Bar 39 The Protocols Tree 40 The Replay Tree 43 Menus 44 File Menu 45 Run Menu 48 View Menu 50 Libraries Menu 51 Tools Menu 55 IPA Menu 58 Diagnostics Menu 59 Window...

Страница 7: ...al Files 102 Worklist 105 Chapter 6 Libraries 109 Sample Nuclides Library 110 Quench Standards Library 113 Alpha Beta Nuclide Library 114 Alpha Beta Standards Library 116 Chapter 7 Calibration and Nor...

Страница 8: ...e Maintenance 163 Storing Data 164 Operational Errors 165 IPA Errors 167 Warnings and Messages 169 System Messages 169 Chapter 10 Calculations 183 Background Correction 183 Background Threshold 183 Ch...

Страница 9: ...v Chapter 12 Theory 197 Low Level Counting Theory 197 Alpha Beta Counting Theory 207...

Страница 10: ...vi...

Страница 11: ...r contains a serial RS 232 communications port a parallel printer port and a graphics adapter for the color monitor All RS 232 communication occurs through communications port one Communications port...

Страница 12: ...trument Performance Assessment IPA IPA is an option on the TriCarb 2800TR and 2900TR Chi Square Chi Square acceptable range 7 63 to 36 19 performed as 20 0 5 minute repeat counts and tested at the 99...

Страница 13: ...within your samples causing erratic results The system must be connected to a stable power source through the use of proper plugs and good earth grounding The system provides automatic recovery after...

Страница 14: ...andard 133 Ba nominal less than 20 Ci for all models except the TriCarb 3170TR SL 133Ba nominal less than 1 Ci for the TriCarb 3170TR SL Observed Background Average values for Normal Count Mode Tritiu...

Страница 15: ...to 12 15 20ml vials and the mini vial cassettes up to 18 6 7ml mini vials A protocol flag which you attach to the cassette identifies the protocol and assay conditions that you have defined for use w...

Страница 16: ...CHAPTER 1 6 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences Sample Vials Vials and caps must conform to the following sizes Caps must not exceed the diameter of the vial Figure 1 5 Vial Sizes...

Страница 17: ...rds CPM Assay DPM Single DPM Dual DPM Triple FS DPM Direct DPM Quench Standards Single Photon Counting Note DPM Dual is optional on 2800 series instruments DPM Triple is optional on 2800 and 2900 seri...

Страница 18: ...n Window 2 Reset the SNC protocol flag to the reset position the flag is all the way to the left when the plug is on the left end of the cassette 3 Load the purged unquenched Carbon 14 standard into t...

Страница 19: ...ers in the IPA Definition window 2 Reset the SNC protocol flag to the reset position the flag is all the way to the left when the plug is on the left end of the cassette 3 Load the purged unquenched C...

Страница 20: ...CHAPTER 2 10 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences Steps in Performing an Assay 1 Select the File Open Assay menu option The Open Assay window is displayed Figure 2 2 Open Assay Window...

Страница 21: ...ayed Figure 2 3 Assay Definition Window 3 In the Assay Parameters tab mark the Lock Assay box The Password field becomes enabled 4 Enter a descriptive password in the Password field 5 When you have fi...

Страница 22: ...ndow 3 In each of the seven tabs of the Assay Definition window define the individual assay parameters as needed 4 Save the assay using a descriptive name 5 In the Protocols Tree of the main window se...

Страница 23: ...HOWTO PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences 13 Note You can also associate an assay to a flag using the File menu Figure 2 5 Protocol Tree Figure 2 6 Associate Assay Window...

Страница 24: ...r an Additional Header if necessary 11 Enter an Output Data Path if you would like the data to be saved in a directory other than the default In the following example the default path is C Packard Tri...

Страница 25: ...al Sciences 15 How to Create a Password 1 Select the File New Assay menu option The Select Assay Type window is displayed Figure 2 8 Select Assay Type Window 2 In the Select Assay Type window select t...

Страница 26: ...ure 2 9 Assay Definition Window 3 In the Assay Parameters tab mark the Lock Assay box The Password field becomes enabled 4 Enter a descriptive password in the Password field 5 When you have completed...

Страница 27: ...Tree 2 Right click on that protocol flag number 3 From the menu that is displayed select Associate Assay The Associate Assay window is displayed 4 Select the Assay that you would like to associate to...

Страница 28: ...ing either an RTF or Delimited Text file for the assay and would like the data to be saved in a directory other than the default Check the Use Default Output Data Path box if you would like the data t...

Страница 29: ...cassette Figure 2 13 Cassette 3 Place all of the background reference and sample vials into the appropriate cassette positions 4 Place the cassette s in the sample changer deck so that the protocol nu...

Страница 30: ...1 In the Protocols Tree of the main window select the assay you would like to disassociate from a protocol number Figure 2 14 Protocol Tree 2 Right click on that assay Note You can also disassociate a...

Страница 31: ...HOWTO PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences 21 How to Edit an Assay 1 Select the File Open Assay menu option The Open Assay window is displayed Figure 2 15 Open Assay Window...

Страница 32: ...2 16 Assay Definition Window 3 In each of the seven tabs of the Assay Definition window change the assay parameters as needed 4 If you would like to save the assay with the same name click the OK but...

Страница 33: ...rint window is displayed 3 In the print window select the appropriate print parameters and click the OK button A list of the Assay Parameters Count Conditions Count Corrections and Reports defined for...

Страница 34: ...to a Sample Nuclide Note Refer to page 26 on how to set up a quench set standards assay This requires the single dual color DPM option on the 2800TR 1 Select the Libraries Sample Nuclides Main menu i...

Страница 35: ...ne nuclide in one counting region the Quench Set Medium if you are counting a second radionuclide in a separate region and the Quench Set High if you are counting a third radionuclide in a third regio...

Страница 36: ...ssary 3 Save the assay in the Assays folder of the Packard TriCarb directory 4 Associate link the assay parameters with a protocol and attach the corresponding protocol flag to the first cassette to b...

Страница 37: ...use the discriminator setting from the Standard Set 4 Create a new assay by choosing Alpha Beta as the assay type On the Count Conditions tab select the desired alpha beta radionuclide name from the...

Страница 38: ...he drop down menu OR Open an existing assay and edit or review if necessary 6 Click the Name button on the Count Conditions Tab to choose from the list of Alpha Beta Standard names in the Alpha Beta S...

Страница 39: ...the main window click on the Replay tab 2 Select the results file that you would like to analyze A listing of the results files is displayed in the Replay Tree using file names with the following synt...

Страница 40: ...nditions tab define the parameters as needed for reanalysis of sample data 6 In the Report Definition tab define any printed or electronic reports you would like to generate for the reanalysis of samp...

Страница 41: ...ure 2 21 Radionuclide Decay Window 2 From the drop down list in the Nuclide field select the nuclide of interest if it appears in the list select manual if you would like to manually enter the nuclide...

Страница 42: ...Start Programs Administrative Tools Common and the click on User Manager 4 Click on the Policies menu and select User Rights The User Rights Policy window will display In the Right field use the drop...

Страница 43: ...communications port a parallel printer port and a graphics adapter for the color monitor All RS 232 communication occurs through communications port one Communications port two is used for proprietary...

Страница 44: ...CHAPTER 3 34 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences...

Страница 45: ...ns in the Protocols Tree and data analyses in the Output Report and SpectraView windows Any assay data that is collected may be reanalyzed without recounting samples using the system s optional Replay...

Страница 46: ...PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences Main Window The main software window is comprised of several functional elements which provides you with a means of accessing all instrument features Figure 4...

Страница 47: ...The Output Window is a multipurpose window which displays various data items and assay parameters It is a copy of the printer report if one is selected The output is defined in the Report Output wind...

Страница 48: ...vides you with information about the status of a sample count and the region settings used in the counting procedure A number of display options are available for the spectrum and are defined in this...

Страница 49: ...rding the status of a current protocol and displays instrument messages Figure 4 4 Instrument Status Bar The buttons in the Instrument Status Bar of the main software window allow you to start stop an...

Страница 50: ...ers and the assay names that you have associated to flag numbers Existing reports are also shown in this view During protocol execution this window uses different symbols to provide a visual indicatio...

Страница 51: ...eted but that the protocol has remaining count cycles This yellow flag will also appear if you interrupt the protocol for a Priostat operation Figure 4 8 The Yellow Flag A checkered flag is displayed...

Страница 52: ...11 The Yellow Prohibitory Symbol The page symbol indicates that a report has been defined for this assay The report name appears next to this symbol in the Protocols Tree Figure 4 12 The Page Symbol...

Страница 53: ...ontaining previously collected data which can be reanalyzed using different data reduction conditions without recounting the samples Figure 4 14 Replay Tree Note Clicking twice on the Results folder w...

Страница 54: ...n item to display a list of options within that menu Note Some menu items represent optional features If your instrument is not equipped with the optional features the corresponding menu items will be...

Страница 55: ...STEM SOFTWARE PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences 45 File Menu Display the File menu by selecting File from the Menu Bar Figure 4 17 File Menu New Assay This menu item allows you to define a new...

Страница 56: ...menu item allows you to Associate link an assay that you have defined to a protocol number Disassociate Assay You can disassociate an assay from a protocol flag number by selecting the assay you would...

Страница 57: ...ose to save data to the default directory by checking the Use Default Output Data Path box Figure 4 19 Data Paths Window Note This information is stored on a per protocol basis as indicated in the Win...

Страница 58: ...is also available via the red button on the Instrument Status Bar Start Resume Counting This menu item loads the sample currently at the detector position and begins counting This command is also ava...

Страница 59: ...unting of the Priostat priority samples and resumes counting of the interrupted samples Sample Priostat not available on the 2800 optional on the 2900 TriCarb This is a special interrupt mode which al...

Страница 60: ...al Preview The menu item allows you to view the sample spectrum and approximate the activity for a sample using Normal count mode Low Level Preview This menu item allows you to view the sample spectru...

Страница 61: ...t quench curves for calculating DPM Disintegrations Per Minute in DPM Assays Quench Standards are counted once and the entire spectrum for each quench standard is stored independent of assay informati...

Страница 62: ...e and save nuclide names and counting region limits for radionuclides You can also select a quench set for each sample nuclide using the Quench Set buttons in this window In Replay use the Sample Nucl...

Страница 63: ...s is used to construct quench curves for determining sample DPM Disintegrations Per Minute Note Name max keV and DPM are the only entries required when entering a new quench set The remaining paramete...

Страница 64: ...llows you to display the Alpha Beta Nuclides Library window The Alpha Beta Nuclides Library is a repository of information regarding previously defined Alpha and Beta emitting nuclides counted in Alph...

Страница 65: ...isplay the Alpha Beta Standards Library window The Alpha Beta Standards Library is a repository of information regarding previously defined standards used in Alpha Beta Assays For additional informati...

Страница 66: ...ions Per Minute DPM of radionuclides Figure 4 28 Radionuclide Decay Calculator Options Select this menu option to display the Options window The Options window allows you to select a format for the Sp...

Страница 67: ...isplay certain error messages that are associated with an assay Figure 4 30 Show Protocol Errors Spectral Mapping The Spectral Mapping menu item allows you to view a three dimensional spectral map for...

Страница 68: ...FS DPM sample counting procedure Figure 4 32 Spectrum Unfolding IPA Menu Display the IPA Instrument Performance Assessment menu by selecting IPA from the menubar Figure 4 33 IPA Menu The IPA menu can...

Страница 69: ...stics Menu Display the Diagnostics menu by selecting Diagnostics from the menubar The TSE Diagnostics item in the Diagnostics menu is for the use of a PerkinElmer Service Engineer to view the system s...

Страница 70: ...menu allows you to define a format for the window display on the monitor and restore the SpectraView window Figure 4 35 Window Menu Cascade This menu item displays the open windows in the following f...

Страница 71: ...he spectrum for the current sample Help Menu Display the Help menu by selecting Help from the menu bar Figure 4 38 The Help Menu Help Topics This menu item will launch the On Line Help documentation w...

Страница 72: ...ee dimensional view The X axis of the map represents the energy in keV the Y axis represents the counts and the Z axis represents the quench indicating parameter tSIE The spectral map can be used for...

Страница 73: ...Spectrum Unfolding window can display three dimensionally the composite nuclide spectrum as individual separate spectra for each nuclide The X axes of the spectral displays represent the energy in keV...

Страница 74: ...Figure 4 41 The SpectraView Window The SpectraView window is typically used for the following Monitoring sample counting Detecting spectral distortions or compressions resulting from sample quench Obs...

Страница 75: ...the Report Definition tab of the Assay Definition window first define a named report with the information that you need On the Report Output tab select the desired named report and mark the Output to...

Страница 76: ...a file format Other predefined sets of data can also be selected for output using the Special Files tab of the Assay Definition interface This other data includes Composite Spectra File Individual Sp...

Страница 77: ...terference such as quench Performing a CPM Assay The following tasks are required when performing a CPM Assay Calibrate the instrument if necessary Create a new assay choosing CPM as the assay type an...

Страница 78: ...hree nuclides in a sample using one two and three defined counting regions FS DPM Full Spectrum DPM Assays allow you to count two nuclides in a sample using the full spectrum of the sample no defined...

Страница 79: ...ull Spectrum DPM method is used for regionless counting of dual label samples It uses the Quench Indicating Parameters Spectral Index of the Sample SIS and transformed Spectral Index of the External s...

Страница 80: ...ith a protocol and attach the corresponding protocol flag to the first cassette to be counted Load the cassette s with vials and load the instrument with cassettes Start the instrument Save the assay...

Страница 81: ...etween 20 and 40 then the DPM is reported and the sample is designated as indeterminate I on the printout If the SIS value is less than or equal to 20 and the sample is determined to contain Tritium t...

Страница 82: ...rimination between the nuclides difficult To separate alpha and beta nuclide energies you must take advantage of their differing pulse decay times The TriCarb instruments equipped with the Alpha Beta...

Страница 83: ...nator setting from the Standard Set If you do not choose a Standard Set manually enter a discriminator setting directly in the Alpha Beta Nuclide Library Open an existing assay or create a new assay b...

Страница 84: ...cally included by default in alpha beta assays Beta activity can be reported in 2 regions CPMA and CPMB CPMA is always included by default in the report 4 High sensitivity HSCM or Low Level Count mode...

Страница 85: ...less than 50 000 CPM choose Manual as the Discriminator Type by clicking on it The remaining fields are for information only They are either default values or values computed by the instrument Choose...

Страница 86: ...you would like to count Performing a Quench Standards Assay The following tasks are required when performing a Quench Standards Assay Calibrate the instrument if necessary Create a new assay choosing...

Страница 87: ...important to reduce the instrument background to its lowest possible level Lowering the high voltage supplied to the photomultiplier tube typically decreases background and increases sensitivity in SP...

Страница 88: ...assay Define a sample nuclide in the sample nuclides library if one does not already exist Link the nuclide to the assay Link standards to the assay if necessary Specify the appropriate count conditi...

Страница 89: ...this window Figure 5 1 Assay Definition Assay Parameters Tab Save As Click this button to save any changes made in the Assay Definition tabs using a different filename or file location on the disk Pa...

Страница 90: ...represents the date the assay was created Date Modified This field represents the date the assay was last modified Lock Assay Mark this box if you would like to restrict editing functions for this as...

Страница 91: ...Life and Analytical Sciences 81 Count Conditions The Count Conditions tab in the Assay Definition window allows you to define specific counting parameters for an assay Figure 5 2 Assay Definition Cou...

Страница 92: ...ist of available count modes will be different Normal mode is the default and works well for most samples High sensitivity provides higher sensitivity as a result of the strict criteria used to exclud...

Страница 93: ...dual and triple label experiments with variable quench samples where optimal region settings are desired SIS Spectral Index of the Sample SIS assigns a numeric value to the quench associated with a s...

Страница 94: ...ffers from Assay Count Cycles where samples are unloaded from the detector and make a complete cycle around the sample changer deck prior to recounting Calculate Percent Reference Activate the percent...

Страница 95: ...round values established during the calibration and Instrument Performance Assessment IPA procedures from the entire spectrum of the samples The background spectra are stored during these procedures a...

Страница 96: ...nter the level of statistical accuracy for each region as a percent value that you would like to achieve before counting terminates Counting terminates when the sigma value for each region is reached...

Страница 97: ...and Analytical Sciences 87 Count Corrections The Count Corrections tab in the Assay Definition window allows you to define specific count correction parameters for an assay Figure 5 4 Assay Definitio...

Страница 98: ...herefore it is typically not used in this assay type It is especially important in SPC Assays to employ the above mentioned techniques to minimize the likelihood of generating static Luminescence Corr...

Страница 99: ...old produce slower decaying pulses which may require longer delay times When using these scintillators it is advisable to lengthen the delay time to retain high counting efficiencies This is especiall...

Страница 100: ...me The Report Name field allows you to assign a descriptive name to a report Add Report Click this button to define a new report for the assay You can choose to use any of the named report formats in...

Страница 101: ...nding custom or data field to appear on the report Note Any changes to the format or equation of custom fields will be saved when the Assay Definition window is closed whether or not the Use field is...

Страница 102: ...formula using mathematical operands on other field values and or constants Only one operation per Custom Field may be defined For complex operations you may find the need to create several Custom Fiel...

Страница 103: ...ppropriate is NOT counted as a digit for this purpose The number of digits to the right of the decimal point can also be defined in the same manner Click OK to save any changes For fields that may res...

Страница 104: ...field in the drop down list marked Field One Operand Click on the One Operand radio button to select from a list of unary operators operators that work on a single operand and a single field from the...

Страница 105: ...s are available You can type in a numeric constant either an integer or a floating point number into the field or select from the entries in the drop down list Operator This drop down allows you to se...

Страница 106: ...aView Block Data IPA Data Block Data Assay Definition Quench Curve Block Data I D Instrument Data Block Data Block Data items can also be used to send files to an external device via the RS 232 commun...

Страница 107: ...ew Block Data This Block Data item allows you to print a graphical display of the spectrum for each sample Report Field Order Displays the order and format in which the report fields will be output Fi...

Страница 108: ...rt Figure 5 10 Assay Definition Report Output Tab Report Name This box allows you to select a named report for output Output To Printer Select this to send the report to the printer Data from an assay...

Страница 109: ...written from one run to the next Delimited Text Generates data as delimited ASCII text If you enter a numerical extension this selection is identical to the Auto Incrementing selection described above...

Страница 110: ...tion included in the data file output RS 232 Check this to allow QuantaSmart to transmit lines of sample data via the RS 232 port Choose either Output per Sample and or Average Output per Average allo...

Страница 111: ...am to further process your data If information is entered in any of the fields but the Run Application checkbox is unchecked the information in the fields is retained but they are grayed out Applicati...

Страница 112: ...tch the application program will run once at the end of the protocol Cycle the application program will run at the end of each cycle Sample the application program will run after each sample Special F...

Страница 113: ...in it The data file format is similar to that created for individual spectrum files as shown in with count parameters for a single sample in a header and the channel data listed serially after it The...

Страница 114: ...data files are created with a filename that corresponds to the following structure 3HCPM_20040511_1024_S0001_R01 Spectrum where 3HCPM protocol name 20040511 the year month and day 1024 the hour and m...

Страница 115: ...s QuantaSmart to generate a 2000CA dat file an ASCII comma delimited text file that contains information about a protocol Worklist The Worklist tab in the Assay Definition window allows you to designa...

Страница 116: ...Row Click this button to delete selected rows from the Sample Order table Delete All Click this button to delete all rows from the Sample Order table Sample Library Click this button to display the Sa...

Страница 117: ...rklist The Export Worklist window is displayed Enter a descriptive name for the Worklist and click Save The exported worklist file is saved in the required format so that you can later use the Import...

Страница 118: ...CHAPTER 5 108 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences...

Страница 119: ...ored independent of assay information This allows you to select and use the same quench set in any number of assays and construct a quench curve for each sample at the time the sample is counted The S...

Страница 120: ...Note The fields that are enabled in the Sample Nuclides Library will be different when accessed from different locations within the software The list of nuclides that is displayed is dependent on the...

Страница 121: ...limit for region C measured in keV C UL Upper Limit Region C This field represents the upper counting limit for region C measured in keV C Half Life Half Life of Nuclide C This field represents the h...

Страница 122: ...rom a sample nuclide right click on the corresponding quench set button in the Sample Nuclides table and select Clear Quench Set Comment Click this button if you would like to enter descriptive commen...

Страница 123: ...d is stored in the Quench Standards Library This allows you to select and use the same quench set in any number of assays In Replay the Quench Standards window allows you to select a quench standards...

Страница 124: ...his is the name given to the alpha beta nuclide To type in a new name click on the ADD button This will create an additional row to define a new nuclide Type in the desired name to be used in an alpha...

Страница 125: ...or the Beta nuclide in Region B in keV Note This value cannot exceed 2000 Beta B UL This is the upper limit of the counting region for the Beta nuclide in Region B in keV Note This value cannot exceed...

Страница 126: ...u can enter the discriminator value manually Count Mode If an Alpha Beta Standard Set is referenced by the nuclide then Normal Count Mode is displayed If no Alpha Beta Standard set is linked then this...

Страница 127: ...he upper limit of the counting region for the Alpha nuclide in keV Note This field is for information only in this library Discriminator Type Select either Automatic or Manual from the drop down list...

Страница 128: ...ed to count the Alpha and Beta Standards Note This field is for information only Coincidence Time This field represents the Coincidence Time of 18 s used when counting the Alpha Beta Standards Assay N...

Страница 129: ...ces 119 Delete Click this button to delete a selected entry from the table Comment Click this button if you want to enter descriptive comments The Comment window will appear AB Nuclides Click this but...

Страница 130: ...able and are also plotted graphically The calculated optimum discriminator setting appears as the Computed value in this window If you want to further minimize misclassified events for one of the nucl...

Страница 131: ...lied to each of the two Photomultiplier Tubes PMTs is adjusted until the tubes have been synchronized in their response to a Carbon 14 standard Then the high voltage to both PMTs is adjusted simultane...

Страница 132: ...perform the SNC IPA procedure If 23 hours have not elapsed since the previous calibration and normalization the SNC IPA cassette is bypassed and this procedure is not performed Ideally the instrument...

Страница 133: ...tional feature on the 2800 and 2900 series instruments IPA Definition Before performing any Instrument Performance Assessment IPA you must define the parameters that the instrument will use in the ass...

Страница 134: ...Typically a 60 minute count time is used to assess background Tritium Figure of Merit Threshold This is the lower limit for the calculated Tritium Figure of Merit value If the figure of merit value f...

Страница 135: ...le of Datapoints to Establish Baselines Enter the number of IPA runs you would like to use to generate baselines for Tritium and Carbon 14 background and efficiency The range for this value is between...

Страница 136: ...xceeded a message is displayed in the main window Reset Baselines Click this button to delete the current baselines The instrument will establish new baselines from the number of datapoints indicated...

Страница 137: ...to view edit and print data for individual IPA parameters in chart or tabular form When the data is displayed as a table points can be included or excluded from the data set The axes on the chart rep...

Страница 138: ...le sample in the detector 20 consecutive times with a count time of 30 seconds for each repeat measurement The normal range for this value is 7 63 to 36 19 with 95 confidence A properly performing ins...

Страница 139: ...s parameter are recalculated as new IPA data are generated The limit for this parameter is baseline minus 3 Tritium Efficiency Baseline This chart displays the Tritium efficiency data based on a fixed...

Страница 140: ...g messages Any performance parameter that fails to meet specification will generate a warning message at the top of the report Any IPA or calibration operation that fails to complete satisfactorily wi...

Страница 141: ...t the SNC IPA protocol will only run if 23 hours have elapsed since the last time that the protocol was run Note The cassette must be loaded in the following order Figure 7 4 Standard SNC IPA Cassette...

Страница 142: ...a sample Load the calibration cassette after the last cassette belonging to the current protocol When the current protocol is completed the calibration cassette will automatically move into the counti...

Страница 143: ...t run Note The cassette must be loaded in the following order Figure 7 5 Super Low Level SNC IPA Cassette Loading 2 Load the purged unquenched Carbon 14 standard supplied into the first position of th...

Страница 144: ...t counting Load the calibration cassette on the right hand side of the sample changer deck such that you can read the protocol flag Press the Start button to begin counting If the instrument is curren...

Страница 145: ...t from the Run menu The Associate assay for Priostat window is displayed 3 Select the assay you would like to use to count the samples Note The interrupted protocol number cannot be selected to count...

Страница 146: ...egion allows you to optimize sample counting region settings for a sample and determine the equivalent unquenched region settings for variable quench samples Low Level Optimize allows you to optimize...

Страница 147: ...f the nuclide is long in relation to the total count time the radioactive sample is luminescent You can view either the sample spectrum or the results plotted as a histogram The histogram displays the...

Страница 148: ...enu SPC Decay The SPC Single Photon Counting feature allows you to measure the rate of decay of luminescence for a nonradioactive sample In SPC counting a single photomultiplier tube is used to collec...

Страница 149: ...the Run menu The Sample Priostat window is displayed 3 Select Count from the Run menu Sample counting commences immediately after the instrument identifies the Priostat flag 4 To stop the counting of...

Страница 150: ...alculated SIS and tSIE Quench Indicating Parameters As a result of this relationship the Identify Nuclide feature allows you to identify any of the following nuclides in a single label sample Carbon 1...

Страница 151: ...is displayed 3 Select Count from the Run menu Sample counting will commence immediately after the instrument identifies the Priostat flag 4 Stop the counting of a sample by selecting Stop from the Ru...

Страница 152: ...If you would like the instrument to automatically optimize the sample counting regions with respect to the chemical environment of the sample you can perform the Reverse Region compensation procedure...

Страница 153: ...or a background sample is ten minutes 5 Stop the counting of a sample by selecting the Run Stop menu item 6 Select Next Sample from the Run menu if you would like to count additional samples 7 Stop th...

Страница 154: ...ting region settings such that they take into account your sample s chemical environment Reverse Region compensation should be used Reverse Region determines region settings using a factor based on th...

Страница 155: ...vel and upper level region settings by observing the sample spectrum 5 Stop the Sample Priostat count via the Run Stop menu option Select Next Sample from the Run menu if you would like to count addit...

Страница 156: ...s and thus increase the overall Figure of Merit for a counting procedure using the Low Level count mode If you would like to also optimize the sample counting regions with respect to the chemical envi...

Страница 157: ...statistical accuracy 2S of 2 00 equivalent to 10 000 gross counts before terminating the counting procedure The recommended minimum count time for a background sample is ten minutes 5 Stop the countin...

Страница 158: ...lpha Beta Preview function is a Sample Priostat option available via the Run menu This feature allows you to observe the sample spectrum and approximate the count rate of a sample containing an Alpha...

Страница 159: ...2 Select Alpha Beta Preview from the Run menu The Sample Priostat window is displayed 3 Select Count from the Run menu Sample counting will commence immediately after the instrument identifies the Pr...

Страница 160: ...orm the following tasks 1 Load your sample s into a cassette Attach the Priostat flag in the reset position to the cassette 2 Select Normal Preview from the Run menu The Sample Priostat window is disp...

Страница 161: ...d to perform the following tasks 1 Load your sample s into a cassette Attach the Priostat flag in the reset position to the cassette 2 Select Low Level Preview from the Run menu The Sample Priostat wi...

Страница 162: ...main window are the same as those listed in the Protocols tab Any modifications made to protocols during Replay do not affect the original acquisition parameters To access this function select the Rep...

Страница 163: ...ies the AEC automatically monitors and adjusts the counting region to exclude unwanted background This setting is typically used for dual and triple label experiments with variable quench samples wher...

Страница 164: ...ground values subtracted from each sample within each region of the assay Apply Half life Correction Mark this box if you would like to activate the Half life Correction feature When this feature is a...

Страница 165: ...ndow The Output Window displays various assay parameters and data items You may customize the information that is displayed in this window by defining the Output Window Printer report This report is d...

Страница 166: ...he amount of electronic background discrimination For High Sensitivity and Low Level Count Modes the criteria employed for discriminating true Beta counts from background counts becomes more stringent...

Страница 167: ...it is necessary to secure a source of water for the background samples which is dead or free of radioactivity Samples must be free of extraneous sources of radionuclides such as that which may be fou...

Страница 168: ...nce for a given location must be determined at the site of the installation Caution When using the High Sensitivity or Low Level Count Modes you MUST NOT use quench standards which have been purged fr...

Страница 169: ...discrimination between the nuclides impossible on the basis of energy discrimination However alpha induced pulses in a scintillation cocktail have a longer duration than beta induced pulses Pulse shap...

Страница 170: ...e associated for use with an alpha beta radionuclide in the Alpha Beta Nuclide Library By selecting the appropriate alpha beta radionuclide in an assay the PDD from the Alpha Beta Nuclide Library is u...

Страница 171: ...that includes the desired data fields Specify that a data file of the desired format be created Select any appropriate special files that may be required by your application Prot dat and 2000ca dat ar...

Страница 172: ...te This option does not apply to Tandem Processing in Replay Sample Select this button if you would like to run the application program after the data for each sample is collected Note Each time the a...

Страница 173: ...e per week or whenever a system malfunction occurs 1 Check that the cassettes and sample changer surfaces are free of dirt 2 Cassette movement should be smooth with no excessive vibration 3 Check for...

Страница 174: ...ch contains different types of program or data files Note Because the system requires that certain program files are located in specific folders the files in the sub folders should not be moved Assays...

Страница 175: ...cassette is properly labeled with a protocol flag No Display 1 Confirm that the computer and video monitor power switches are in the ON position 2 Reboot the computer by simultaneously pressing the c...

Страница 176: ...on Sample Changer Idle 1 Confirm that the instrument power switch is in the ON position 2 Determine if all sample counting cycles have completed 3 Check for an error message in the Status Bar of the m...

Страница 177: ...er line for the instrument or call PerkinElmer Technical Service High Chi Square Problem with high voltage power supply or the photomultiplier tubes Call PerkinElmer Technical Service Note A properly...

Страница 178: ...he time This is a result of the statistical nature of the Chi Square test Low Tritium Efficiency 1 Verify that the instrument has been calibrated If not perform an SNC calibration 2 Confirm that the c...

Страница 179: ...rate within the first 30 seconds of the sample count message column If this character appears in the Messages column of a report the sample was determined to be heterogeneous Typically this is due to...

Страница 180: ...ars in the Message column of a report this data line represents data about a Background Subtraction vial BACK PIN JAM FWD A Sample changer error has occurred No action is required unless a message is...

Страница 181: ...l flag Cannot associate another assay to this flag while the current assay associated with this flag is active Multiple assays cannot be associated to the same protocol flag number Allow the instrumen...

Страница 182: ...type cannot be used in Replay Only CPM Single Dual Triple and FS DPM assays may be used in Replay Can t drop vial A Sample changer error has occurred No action is required unless a message is printed...

Страница 183: ...s the extrapolated quench value for the sample may not be accurate Elevator down A Sample changer error has occurred No action is required unless a message is printed If this message appears on a prin...

Страница 184: ...ermine the DPM value for this sample When a sample is designated as indeterminate the DPM reported may be valid if the sample is not heavily quenched Check the tSIE value of the sample to determine th...

Страница 185: ...ired unless a message is printed If this message appears on a printout call PerkinElmer Technical Service Missing Vial This message indicates that a vial is missing from the cassette No Quench sets sp...

Страница 186: ...left photomultiplier tube detected inappropriate beta energy Check that the unquenched Carbon 14 source is in sample position 1 in the cassette Call PerkinElmer Technical Service Normalization error r...

Страница 187: ...is displayed intermittently shut down Windows and then turn the instrument power off and back on If this message is not displayed wait and periodically retry the sample changer commands Priostat searc...

Страница 188: ...sets One or more quench sets associated with a multiple label sample nuclide has been deselected from the assay or deleted from the library Re select the appropriate quench sets for the sample nuclide...

Страница 189: ...ropriate cassette Warning C 14 Normalization DPM not defined The C 14 Normalization DPM has not been defined In the IPA Definition window enter a DPM value for the C 14 Standard Warning H 3 Normalizat...

Страница 190: ...chnical Service Warning questionable H 3 chi square value please view historic data The Chi Square result is outside the range of 7 63 to 36 19 Verify the integrity of the Carbon 14 spectrum via the S...

Страница 191: ...to the assay that is currently counting Allow the current assay to finish counting prior to making changes You cannot exit the application because the instrument is counting a protocol The QuantaSmart...

Страница 192: ...CHAPTER 9 182 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences...

Страница 193: ...any other calculations such as half life correction are performed The correction of the sample count for background is calculated as Background Threshold The background threshold value is expressed a...

Страница 194: ...ns Per Minute Disintegrations Per Minute DPM is an expression of radionuclide activity DPM are calculated as follows Efficiency Counting efficiency is a measurement of the instrument s ability to quan...

Страница 195: ...t Low Count Reject LCR is a means of rejecting samples if the sample nuclide activity doesn t meet a minimum specified criterion Samples are rejected and flagged if they do not reach the specified cou...

Страница 196: ...tivity 2 Sigma 2s This value represents the percent of uncertainty in a gross count value with 95 confidence limits It is calculated as The following table indicates the total accumulated counts neces...

Страница 197: ...ionuclide Decay Calculator Reference Ref This value represents the percent of a reference standard and is calculated using the CPM of the unknown sample and the CPM of the reference standard The refer...

Страница 198: ...CHAPTER 10 188 PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences...

Страница 199: ...in metals glasses ceramics and concrete Becquerel Bq The Becquerel is the International System of Units basic unit of radioactivity One Becquerel One Disintegration Per Second One Curie 3 7x1010 Becqu...

Страница 200: ...t of the chemical interaction of sample components The coincidence circuit used in the TriCarb instruments excludes most chemiluminescent events except when they occur at high rates Chi Square Test Th...

Страница 201: ...lide or into a different energy state of the same nuclide This process results in a decrease over time of the number of original radioactive atoms in a sample It involves the emission from the nucleus...

Страница 202: ...s two different radionuclides Efficiency Efficiency is the ratio of measured counts to the number of decay events which occur during a measurement interval It is usually expressed as a percentage Exte...

Страница 203: ...clides or standards Luminescence This is a general term applied to the emission of light that cannot be attributed to the radioactivity of the sample It is typically due to a chemical reaction between...

Страница 204: ...per keV of beta particle energy and usually a reduction in counting efficiency Quench Curve A quench curve is a mathematical graph which correlates the counting efficiency to a quench indicating para...

Страница 205: ...t Library of frequently used sample names Scintillation Scintillation is a flash of light produced in a scintillator by an ionizing event The scintillation is the sum of all photons produced by the de...

Страница 206: ...spurious pulses from the PMT Tandem Processing Tandem Processing is a process which allows a TriCarb instrument to pass data from a protocol to an application program TR LSC Time Resolved Liquid Scint...

Страница 207: ...age of archaeological artifacts only the smallest sample may be spared for measurement without sacrificing the specimen In medicine and biomedical research improved sensitivity facilitates the use of...

Страница 208: ...high energy cosmic radiation with the sample vial and photomultiplier PMT glass face Other non quenchable background interferences including PMT afterpulsing and natural radiation in the PMT and vial...

Страница 209: ...THEORY PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences 199 the background Figure 12 1 Liquid Scintillation Background Pulse Figure 12 2 Liquid Scintillation True Beta Pulse...

Страница 210: ...necessary because Scintillation cocktails that contain solvents based on di isopropyl naphthalene DIN and 1 phenylxylylethane PXE have long scintillation decay constants i e produce light pulses of l...

Страница 211: ...s maximum discrimination Progressing from NCM to LLCM yields increasing efficiency to background ratios E2 B The improvement is demonstrated in the table of 14 C data below PerkinElmer also offers the...

Страница 212: ...guration Energy keV 14C Efficiency BKG CPM E2 B Ratio None Sample Only 20 0 113 0 64 99 3 62 1167 NCM Sample Only 20 5 101 5 64 03 3 28 1250 HSCM Sample Only 21 5 95 5 61 22 1 36 2756 LLCM Sample Only...

Страница 213: ...urst Discrimination Modes TR LSC Count Mode Burst Discrimination Modes None Equivalent to conventional LSC systems NCM Minimum or Normal Count Mode HSCM Intermediate or Low Activity High Sensitivity C...

Страница 214: ...any reagents used to convert the sample into benzene Overall the preparation of samples for extremely low level counting must be conducted with extreme care to provide contamination free samples for c...

Страница 215: ...n counting low levels of 3H or 14C Certain plastic vials may also be used for large or small samples measuring 3 H in water It is recommended that all glass or plastic vials used for low level countin...

Страница 216: ...dow should be NOT be marked Note Do NOT use High Sensitivity or Low Level Count Modes to count alpha samples in normal CPM or DPM counting assays These TR LSC discrimination modes are not appropriate...

Страница 217: ...ght which makes up the pulse and determines the pulse decay time Beta nuclides typically produce a minimal slow component leading to a fast decay time Alpha nuclides produce a significant slow compone...

Страница 218: ...e alpha emitter The composition of the standards must be as close as possible to the chemistry and volume of the subsequent samples to be counted When counting the pure beta emitter source the percent...

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