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S

AFETY

I

NFORMATION

R

EVISION

:

-

D

ATE

:

12/29/04

P

AGE

:

5

Copyright



2004 Glasair Aviation, LLC Arlington, Washington All rights reserved

Practice emergency procedures at safe altitudes and airspeeds,

preferably with a qualified instructor pilot, until the required action is

instinctive.
Keep your airplane in good mechanical condition.
Stay informed and alert; fly in a sensible manner.

DON'T

Don’t attempt takeoff with frost, ice or snow on the airframe.
Don’t take off with less than minimum recommended fuel plus

adequate reserves.
Don’t fly in a reckless, show-off, careless manner.
Don’t fly near thunderstorms or severe weather.
Don’t fly in possible icing conditions.
Don’t fly close to mountainous terrain.
Don’t apply controls abruptly or with high forces that could exceed

design loads of the airplane.
Don’t carry passengers during the flight test period. It is illegal.
Don’t fly into weather conditions that are beyond your ratings or

current proficiency.
Don’t attempt any takeoff or landing without using the checklist.
Don’t fly when physically or mentally exhausted or below par.
Don’t trust to luck.

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Содержание Sportsman GS-2

Страница 1: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE i Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved Model GS 2 TAILDRAGGER OWNER S MANUAL Serial __________ P N 063 03002 01 ...

Страница 2: ...hington All rights reserved Published by GLASAIR AVIATION LLC 18810 59th Avenue NE Arlington WA 98223 No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher Copyright 2004 by GLASAIR AVIATION LLC All Rights Reserved Printed in USA ...

Страница 3: ... rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION Section 1 LIMITATIONS Section 2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES Section 3 NORMAL OPERATING PROCEDURES Section 4 WEIGHT AND BALANCE Section 5 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS Section 6 HANDLING SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE Section 7 FLIGHT TEST Section 8 SAFETY INFORMATION Section 9 ...

Страница 4: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE iv Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 5: ...OWNER S MANUAL REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE v Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved LIST OF REVISIONS Revision Date Section Page s NO REVISIONS TO DATE ...

Страница 6: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE vi Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 7: ...N 1 GENERAL INFORMATION Table of Contents Subject Page 1 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1 2 APPLICABILITY AND PURPOSE 2 1 3 FAA REGULATIONS 3 1 4 USE OF THE MANUAL 4 1 5 REVISIONS 5 1 6 WARNINGS CAUTIONS AND NOTES 5 1 7 AIRPLANE 3 VIEW 6 1 8 SPECIFICATIONS 8 1 9 PERFORMANCE DATA 10 1 10 SYMBOLS ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 12 ...

Страница 8: ...deviate from the Assembly Manual may alter the applicability of this manual to your airplane This manual is not designed nor can it serve as a substitute for adequate and competent flight instruction It is not intended to be a guide of basic flight instruction or a training manual This manual should be read thoroughly and carefully by the owner and or operator in order to become familiar with the ...

Страница 9: ...iarization are mandatory The performance data presented in this manual are estimates based on flight tests of Glasair Aviation s own aircraft Due to differences in the engine and propeller installed quality of workmanship and many other variables each airplane will vary somewhat in performance Do not assume that your aircraft will have the same performance characteristics as presented in this manu...

Страница 10: ...n NOTE The Federal Aviation Regulations mentioned throughout this manual refer of course to regulations issued by the Federal Aviation Administration FAA in the USA Owners and operators of Sportsmans in other countries must comply with the regulations issued by the controlling authorities in their own countries 1 4 USE OF THE MANUAL The Sportsman Owner s Manual is designed to maintain documents ne...

Страница 11: ...number When you receive a revision remove and discard all the obsolete pages and insert the revised pages 1 6 WARNINGS CAUTIONS AND NOTES The following definitions apply to WARNINGS CAUTIONS and NOTES used throughout this manual WARNING Procedures practices etc which may result in personal injury or loss of life if not carefully followed CAUTION Procedures practices etc which if not strictly obser...

Страница 12: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 6 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved 1 7 AIRPLANE THREE VIEW ...

Страница 13: ...GENERAL INFORMATION REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 7 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 14: ...8 25 ft Wing Area 131 0 ft 2 Wing Aspect Ratio 9 6 Fuselage Length With Lycoming Engine 23 0 ft Wings Folded Lycoming engine 24 7 ft Maximum Height 6 9 ft Wheel Base 17 5 ft Wheel Span track 7 2 ft Cabin Width at Hips 44 0 in At Shoulders 46 0 in Front Door Width 37 0 in Height 31 5 in Sill to Ground 33 0 in Rear Door Width 26 0 in Height 31 0 in Baggage Space 37 0 ft 3 ...

Страница 15: ...1 350 lb Useful Load approx 1 000 lb Baggage Capacity maximum 300 lb Wing Loading Gross 17 5 lb ft 2 Fuel Capacity total Main Wing Tanks standard 30 gal Auxiliary Tip Tanks standard 20 gal Fuel Capacity usable Main Wing Tanks 29 gal Auxiliary Tanks 19 gal Seats 4 Tire Size Main Gear standard 6 00 6 Main Gear optional 8 00 6 Main Gear optional 26 00 10 5 Tail Wheel 2 80 2 50 4 ...

Страница 16: ...thout wheel pants The 180 h p numbers are for aircraft equipped with Lycoming O 360 engine and Hartzell constant speed propellers The performance of a different airplane will vary depending on engine horsepower propeller choice aircraft weight airframe construction and pilot ability Top Speed sea level TAS 180 h p 140 kts 161 m p h Cruise Speed 75 power 8 000 ft TAS 180 h p 135 kts 155 m p h Cruis...

Страница 17: ...le of Climb Speed Vx 75 kts 86 m p h Best Glide Speed 80 kts 92 m p h Maneuvering Speed Va 98 kts 113 m p h Maximum Structural Cruising Speed Vno 144 kts 166 m p h Rate of Climb Solo 180 h p 1 950 ft min Rate of Climb Gross 180 h p 1 000 ft min Structural Limit Loads Gross Positive 3 8 Gs Negative 1 5 Gs Fuel Consumption at 65 power 180 h p 8 0 gal hr Range at 65 power no wind VFR reserve 180 h p ...

Страница 18: ... instrument error Calibrated airspeed is equal to true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level KCAS Calibrated Airspeed expressed in knots GS Ground Speed is the speed of an airplane relative to the ground IAS Indicated Airspeed is the speed of an airplane as shown on the airspeed indicator when corrected for instrument error IAS values published in this manual assume zero instrument error KI...

Страница 19: ...ing flaps in a prescribed extended position Vne Never Exceed Speed is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time Vno Maximum Structural Cruising Speed is the speed that should not be exceeded except in smooth air and then only with caution Vs Stalling Speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane can maintain altitude Vso Stalling Speed or the minimum steady flight speed...

Страница 20: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 14 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 21: ...ICATOR MARKINGS 4 2 3 CONTROL SURFACE TRAVEL LIMITS 4 2 4 POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS 5 2 4 1 SUPPORTED ENGINES 5 2 4 2 OIL PRESSURE 6 2 4 3 OIL TEMPERATURE 6 2 4 4 FUEL PRESSURE 7 2 4 5 CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE 7 2 4 6 ENGINE CRANKSHAFT SPEED 8 2 5 VACUUM PRESSURE 9 2 6 WEIGHT LIMITS 9 2 7 CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS 9 2 8 FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS 10 2 9 AEROBATIC MANEUVER LIMITATIONS 10 2 10 INTENTIONAL SPI...

Страница 22: ... rights reserved 2 11 FLIGHT IN ICING CONDITIONS 11 2 12 FLIGHT IN THE VICINITY OF THUNDERSTORMS 11 2 13 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT 12 2 14 PLACARDS 12 2 14 1 PLACARDS MARKINGS REQUIRED BY FAR 12 2 14 2 FUEL FILLER CAP PLACARDS 13 2 14 3 BAGGAGE COMPARTMENT PLACARDS 13 2 14 4 FUEL VALVE MARKINGS 13 ...

Страница 23: ... retracting the flaps Va 101 kts 116 m p h maneuvering speed Do not make full or abrupt control movements above this speed Vno 140 kts 161 m p h maximum structural cruising speed Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air and then only with caution Vne 162 kts 186 m p h never exceed speed Do not exceed this speed in any operation NOTE Definitions of these airspeeds are given in FAR Part 1 Parag...

Страница 24: ...peed for all operations Indicated gross weight stall speed with flaps for the white arc and indicated clean stall speed for the green arc are derived from tests of the Glasair Aviation Sportsman prototype Slight variations may be experienced in customer built aircraft Actual stall speeds should be determined from flight test of each individual aircraft and the airspeed indicator markings should be...

Страница 25: ...viation and the only ones for which Glasair Aviation supplies propellers engine mounts cowlings and other firewall forward accessories and installations NOTE For new engines and engines returned to service following cylinder replacement or top overhaul of one or more cylinders cruising should be done at not less than 65 to 75 power until a total of 50 hours has accumulated or oil consumption has s...

Страница 26: ...he latter shall be observed The pilot should be thoroughly familiar with the engine operating manual which may contain additional limitations not discussed below 2 4 2 OIL PRESSURE Lycoming O 360 Normal Operating 60 90 p s i Idling 25 p s i Start and Warm up Maximum red line 100 p s i Green Arc 60 90 p s i 2 4 3 OIL TEMPERATURE Lycoming O 360 Recommended 82 C 180 F Maximum red line 118 C 245 F Gre...

Страница 27: ... Arlington Washington All rights reserved 2 4 4 FUEL PRESSURE Lycoming O 360 at inlet to carburetor Maximum 8 0 p s i Recommended 3 0 p s i Minimum 0 5 p s i 2 4 5 CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE Lycoming O 360 Maximum red line 260 C 500 F Normal Operating green arc 66 204 C 150 400 F ...

Страница 28: ...y be established definitively by a vibrational survey which has not yet been conducted at this writing The O 360 A1F6 on the other hand has crankshaft counterweights that permit use of the Hartzell prop throughout the engine s operating range without restriction Both the A1A and the A1F6 can also be used with a Sensenich fixed pitch propeller but both engines have a restriction against continuous ...

Страница 29: ...t fly the airplane if its flight CG falls outside of the published limits Variables such as fuel passenger and baggage weights will affect the CG location Before each flight calculate the CG to determine whether the aircraft is within safe CG limits 2 7 CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS Forward Limit Station 95 6 Aft Limit Station 103 5 The reference datum is 58 0 in forward of the cowling attach flange jo...

Страница 30: ...sman however Do not attempt any maneuver that could impose high loads on the airframe In performing any maneuver avoid excessive airspeed or abrupt control movements that could result in excessive loads 2 10 INTENTIONAL SPINS Due to many variables that affect spin recovery and our lack of control over these variables Glasair Aviation prohibits intentional spins in the Sportsman Some of the variabl...

Страница 31: ...o any aircraft without operational anti ice and or deice equipment 2 12 FLIGHT IN THE VICINITY OF THUNDERSTORMS The FAR Part 23 airworthiness standards for normal utility and acrobatic category airplanes require that the airplane s structure be protected from the catastrophic effects of lightning and that the airplane s fuel system be designed to prevent the ignition of fuel vapor by lightning W A...

Страница 32: ...rs should be made aware of pertinent placards 2 14 1 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS REQUIRED BY FAR Placards and markings required for certification of an experimental amateur built aircraft are 1 The word EXPERIMENTAL in 2 in high block letters displayed near each entrance to the cabin On our factory Sportsmans this is located on the baggage compartment bulkhead 2 A permanently installed fireproof identif...

Страница 33: ...2 14 1 placards specifying the fuel type and quantity near each fuel filler cap are recommended A permanent engraving of these markings on the fuel caps is a good idea 2 14 3 BAGGAGE COMPARTMENT PLACARDS The following placards are recommended for the baggage compartment 1 A placard specifying the maximum allowable baggage capacity 300 lb as well as the maximum capacities for the forward and aft ba...

Страница 34: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 14 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 35: ...STS 4 3 3 1 ENGINE FAILURE 4 3 3 1 1 Engine Failure During the Takeoff Run 4 3 3 1 2 Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff 4 3 3 1 3 Engine Failure During Flight 5 3 3 2 FORCED LANDING WITHOUT ENGINE POWER 5 3 3 3 FIRE 6 3 3 3 1 Engine Fire During Start 6 3 3 3 2 In Flight Engine Fire 6 3 3 3 3 Electrical Fire on the Ground 7 3 3 3 4 In Flight Electrical Fire 7 3 3 4 SPINS AND SPIRAL DIVES 8 3 ...

Страница 36: ...e During the Takeoff Run 9 3 4 1 2 Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff 9 3 4 1 3 Engine Failure During Flight 10 3 4 2 FORCED LANDING WITHOUT ENGINE POWER 11 3 4 3 FIRE 13 3 4 3 1 Engine Fire During Start 13 3 4 3 2 In Flight Engine Fire 14 3 4 3 3 Electrical Fire on the Ground 14 3 4 3 4 In Flight Electrical Fire 14 3 4 4 SPINS AND SPIRAL DIVES 15 3 4 4 1 Spins 15 3 3 4 2 Spiral Dives 15 ...

Страница 37: ... corrective action may not always be obvious Pilots should familiarize themselves with the procedures given in this section and be prepared to take appropriate action should an emergency arise The procedures recommended here for coping with emergency situations are the best techniques presently available based on flight test results and operational experience Multiple emergencies weather unusual c...

Страница 38: ...5 m p h Engine Out Landing Approach Speed Full Flaps 65 kts 75 m p h 3 3 EMERGENCY CHECK LISTS 3 3 1 ENGINE FAILURE 3 3 1 1 Engine Failure During the Takeoff Run 1 Throttle closed 2 Apply brakes 3 Retract wing flaps 4 Mixture full lean 5 Ignition switch OFF 6 Master switch OFF 3 3 1 2 Engine Failure Immediately After Takeoff 1 Airspeed 65 kts 75 m p h If flaps are on do not retract them 2 Mixture ...

Страница 39: ...a forced landing 3 3 2 FORCED LANDING WITHOUT ENGINE POWER 1 Establish final approach speed of 65 kts 75 m p h 2 Extend flaps as appropriate to maintain desired glide path 3 Transmit mayday on 121 5 MHz and or other appropriate frequency 4 Mixture full lean 5 Fuel valve OFF 6 Ignition switch OFF 7 All electrical accessories OFF 8 Alternator switch OFF 9 Master switch OFF 10 Seat belts and shoulder...

Страница 40: ...4 While still cranking engine a Mixture full lean b Throttle wide open c Fuel valve OFF 5 Ignition switch OFF 6 Master switch OFF 7 Extinguish fire and inspect for damage 3 3 3 2 In Flight Engine Fire 1 Fuel valve OFF 2 Mixture full lean 3 Ignition switch OFF 4 All electrical accessories OFF 5 Alternator and master switches OFF 6 Cabin heat OFF 7 Open or close cabin air vents and or crack open the...

Страница 41: ...ctrical accessories OFF 2 Alternator switch OFF 3 Master switch OFF 3 Shut down the engine 4 Evacuate the aircraft 5 Extinguish the fire 3 3 3 4 In Flight Electrical Fire 1 All electrical accessories OFF 2 Alternator switch OFF 3 Master switch OFF 4 Reduce speed 5 Open air vents and or cabin doors to provide fresh air 6 Extinguish fire if possible 7 Land as soon as possible ...

Страница 42: ... AND SPIRAL DIVES 3 3 4 1 Spin Recovery 1 Power off 2 Immediately apply full rudder opposite to the direction of rotation while neutralizing the stick as rotation stops 3 Neutralize the rudder 4 Pull out of the dive 3 3 4 2 Spiral Dive Recovery 1 Reduce power and simultaneously 2 Level the wings 3 Pull out of the dive ...

Страница 43: ...em or failure should arise 3 4 1 1 Engine Failure During the Takeoff Run If the engine fails before the aircraft has left the ground during takeoff close the throttle and apply brakes to stop on the remaining runway Retracting the wing flaps increases braking effectiveness Secure the engine as you stop or after stopping mixture to the idle cut off position ignition switch off alternator and master...

Страница 44: ...osition 3 4 1 3 Engine Failure During Flight If loss of power occurs at altitude and if your Sportsman is equipped with a constant speed propeller immediately while there is still enough oil pressure to operate the prop pull the propeller control to the full aft coarse pitch position to reduce drag Trim the aircraft for best gliding speed 80 kts 92 m p h and attempt to restart the engine by applyi...

Страница 45: ...lty and intentions or transmit a distress call on 121 5 MHz When you have located a suitable field establish a spiral pattern around the field Try to be at 1 000 feet above the field at the downwind position to make a normal approach Even if you are forced to land away from an airport it is best to fly a standard pattern with downwind base and final legs This will help you make correct altitude an...

Страница 46: ...ove the mixture control to the full lean position turn the fuel valve off and switch off the ignition alternator and master switches Make sure that lap belts and shoulder harnesses are tight Touch down at the minimum controllable airspeed being careful not to stall and drop the airplane in Especially if forced to land in trees allow the airplane to fly into the tree tops rather than stalling it an...

Страница 47: ...gnites If such a fire occurs when on the ground continue cranking the engine with the starter in an attempt to pull the fire back into the engine If the engine starts let it run at a moderate speed 1 700 r p m for a minute or so and then shut the engine down and inspect for damage If the engine fails to start in a reasonable period of time continue cranking the engine while pulling the mixture to ...

Страница 48: ...gy is to dive to an airspeed at which the air flow through the cowling will extinguish the flames if you try this remember that Vne is 162 kts 186 m p h Remember also that executing a safe forced landing is your highest priority 3 4 3 3 Electrical Fire on the Ground In the event of an electrical fire on the ground turn all electrical systems off including the master switch Shut down the engine Cle...

Страница 49: ...e stick held fully aft for any length of time To recover from a spin first pull the throttle to the idle position Simultaneously apply full rudder opposite to the direction of rotation while neutralizing the stick As the rotation stops neutralize the rudder and pull out of the resulting dive 3 4 4 2 Spiral Dives A spiral dive is a situation that develops when the nose of the aircraft begins droppi...

Страница 50: ... reduction level the wings and then apply gentle back pressure to stop the dive The wings must be leveled before pulling out of the dive to minimize G loads on the airframe A spiral dive is a common result usually fatal of flying into instrument conditions without proper training or proper instrumentation For this reason pilots who are not rated and current in IFR flight must avoid flight in condi...

Страница 51: ... 3 4 2 PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST 4 4 3 PRE START AND ENGINE START CHECKLIST 10 4 3 1 GENERAL 10 4 3 2 NORMAL START 11 4 3 2 1 Lycoming Engine 11 4 3 3 COLD START 12 4 3 3 1 Lycoming Engine 12 4 3 4 FLOODED START 13 4 4 RUN UP AND PRE TAKEOFF CHECKLIST CIGARS 14 4 5 TAXIING 15 4 6 TAKEOFF 16 4 6 1 GENERAL 16 4 6 2 NORMAL TAKEOFF 17 4 6 3 SHORT FIELD TAKEOFF 18 4 6 4 HIGH DENSITY ALTITUDE TAKEOFF 19 ...

Страница 52: ...0 4 8 2 POWER OFF STALLS 22 4 8 3 POWER ON STALLS 23 4 8 4 ACCELERATED STALLS 25 4 9 CRUISE 26 4 10 CRUISE PERFORMANCE 26 4 11 FUEL MANAGEMENT 28 4 12 DESCENT 29 4 13 APPROACH AND LANDING 30 4 13 1 PRE LANDING CHECKLIST 30 4 13 2 APPROACH 32 4 13 3 LANDING 34 4 13 4 SHORT FIELD LANDING 35 4 13 5 SLIPS 36 4 13 6 CROSSWINDS 37 4 14 ENGINE SHUT DOWN 38 ...

Страница 53: ...ion describes the normal operating procedures for both ground and flight operations All pilots should be thoroughly familiar with this section along with the Emergency Procedures Operating Limitations and Flight Test sections before attempting any ground or flight operations Pilots must also be familiar with the performance data in SECTION 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ...

Страница 54: ... 2 PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST Figure 4 1 Preflight Walk Around Prior to any flight inspect the exterior and interior of the aircraft for anything that looks suspicious or out of line Use the following preflight walk around checklist as a guide when inspecting the aircraft Remedy any problems or defects before flight ...

Страница 55: ...cks 9 Move flaps to the fully extended position B MAIN GEAR ENGINE PROPELLER AND COWLING 1 Left main gear a Check security and integrity of strut b Check tire condition and pressure c Check condition of brake disc and pads d Check for evidence of fluid leaks e Check condition and security of fairings 2 Check left side static port for obstructions 3 Fuel filter or gascolator drain fuel into clear c...

Страница 56: ...ty of strut b Check tire condition and pressure c Check condition of brake disc and pads d Check for evidence of fluid leaks e Check condition and security of fairings C RIGHT SIDE FUEL TANK AND WING LEADING EDGE 1 Check fuel level visually for correspondence with gauge 2 Check fuel cap for security 3 Check leading edge wing skins for cracks dents and loose rivets 4 Check security and integrity of...

Страница 57: ...curity integrity and freedom 8 Check upper and lower main wing skins for cracks dents and loose rivets 9 Check inspection hole covers for security 10 Fuel sump drain fuel into clear cup and check for water and debris Drain until water or debris is gone 11 Check wing strut integrity and security at both ends E REAR FUSELAGE AND EMPENNAGE 1 Check right side top deck hatch for security 2 Check pitot ...

Страница 58: ...r secure attachment and free movement 16 Check tail gear a Security and integrity of leaf springs attach fittings and hardware b Tire condition and pressure c Condition and security of steering cables springs and chains 13 Check rudder base and tip fairings for security and integrity 14 Grasp stabilizer by the left tip and shake gently to check for secure attachment and structural integrity 15 Che...

Страница 59: ...tegrity and freedom 6 Check flap tracks and flap track bearings for security integrity and free movement 7 Check flap skins for cracks dents and loose rivets 8 Check aileron pushrod for security integrity and freedom 9 Check aileron hinges for security integrity and free movement 10 Check aileron skins for cracks dents and loose rivets 11 Check aileron counterweight for security integrity and free...

Страница 60: ...ne can be boarded and the engine started Prior to starting the engine you should 1 Turn the fuel valve on 2 Move the carb heat control to the off position if applicable 3 Turn master switches on 4 Set the brakes 5 Make sure the propeller is clear of all objects people etc shout Clear prop Complete the normal start cold start or hot start procedures as described below for the engine installed on yo...

Страница 61: ...magneto switch to BOTH and advance throttle to desired setting If the engine does not fire within 5 10 seconds disengage starter switch and try again after a few seconds 4 3 3 COLD START In very cold weather it s necessary to preheat the engine before attempting to start it Especially if the engine has cold soaked at temperatures below 25 F for more than two hours use an engine pre heater to apply...

Страница 62: ...fires advance throttle to desired setting If the engine does not fire within 5 10 seconds disengage starter switch and prime with one to three strokes of the primer or throttle Repeat starting procedure 4 3 4 FLOODED START Allow all fuel to drain from the intake system before attempting to start a flooded engine Then 1 Open the throttle fully 2 Set mixture full lean 3 Engage starter When engine fi...

Страница 63: ...itches and circuit breakers or fuses Set altimeter and directional gyro Set radios GPS and transponder as applicable Turn autopilot off Nav lights landing light and strobes checked check ammeter for increased current load and switched on as required Check pitot heat if applicable Check all instruments for normal readings GAS Check fuel gauges Enough fuel and reserve for planned flight Fuel valve o...

Страница 64: ...tible r p m drop Check all engine instruments for normal indications Check ammeter and voltmeter for normal indications Check suction gauge for normal indications Reduce throttle to idle SEAT BELTS Check that seat belts are snug and properly latched Check that both doors are closed and latched Passenger briefing completed NOTE Do not overheat the engine by excessive ground run up and taxi on hot d...

Страница 65: ...tap the brake on the side you re turning to In strong crosswinds hold aileron into the wind while taxiing In warm weather the Sportsman may be taxied with the cabin doors open In wet weather if the aircraft is not equipped with windshield defrost cracking open either door slightly will help keep the inside of the windshield from fogging prior to takeoff Keep the doors latched in gusty wind conditi...

Страница 66: ... are landing line the airplane up with the runway centerline While holding the stick fully aft advance the throttle smoothly and slowly until full power is achieved As the rudder becomes effective for steering ease the stick forward to lift the tail At about 50 kts 58 m p h ease the stick back to achieve a takeoff angle of attack and let the airplane fly itself off Alternatively the tail can be ke...

Страница 67: ...o the best angle of climb airspeed 75 kts 86 m p h Establish a climb at this airspeed until obstacles are cleared When all obstacles are cleared ease the flaps off while accelerating to at least the best rate of climb airspeed 85 kts 97 m p h W A R N I N G Because the Sportsman enjoys such remarkable controllability near and even below the stall speed it is tempting to operate the aircraft closer ...

Страница 68: ...e recommend that each builder determine high density altitude takeoff performance data for his own airplane 4 7 CLIMB After lift off let the airspeed rise to at least 75 kts 86 m p h for best angle of climb when clearing obstacles Once clear of obstacles or if no obstacles are present lower the nose and let the aircraft accelerate to at least the best rate of climb airspeed of 85 kts 97 m p h Two ...

Страница 69: ...t s most remarkable features The Sportsman exhibits very little tendency to depart from controlled flight in a stall positive three axis control can be maintained throughout even a fully developed stall Stall recovery technique in the Sportsman is typical of most conventional aircraft reduce the angle of attack and add power With the exception of aerobatic flight for which the Sportsman is not app...

Страница 70: ...h appropriate caution in normal flight operations not a license for recklessness Familiarity with the Sportsman s stall characteristics can only be attained through practicing stalls The following sections of this manual outline proper practice stall entry techniques stall characteristics and recovery techniques Practice these stalls until you are thoroughly comfortable with them and plan on recur...

Страница 71: ...pronounced in a clean stall than in a stall with flaps If the stick is held fully aft the descent will stabilize at a rate of 700 800 ft min The aircraft will oscillate slightly in pitch and the airspeed will settle at around 50 kts 58 m p h In this configuration the aircraft remains very controllable in all three axes This controllability is naturally a very positive trait but it makes it crucial...

Страница 72: ...he torque effects of the engine and propeller induce rolling and yawing forces during the power on stall that make a wing drop more likely to occur These yawing forces make the development of the stall into a spin more likely in the power on case than the power off one However power on stalls in the Sportsman are still extremely predictable and controllable Practice power on stalls initially at mo...

Страница 73: ... fairly slowly To recover from a power on stall release the back pressure on the stick to reduce the angle of attack and apply full power If a wing has dropped simultaneously apply top rudder that is rudder opposite the dropped wing In any but the most extreme nose high stalls it is unnecessary to push the nose down actively to regain flying speed mere relaxation of back pressure will suffice to a...

Страница 74: ... imposing excessive G loading on the airframe In the unlikely event of such a stall however the recovery technique is the same as for any other stall reduce the angle of attack In most cases a slight relaxation of back pressure and a reduction in the angle of bank will be all that is required The second common way that pilots get into accelerated stalls is by pulling the stick back too abruptly wh...

Страница 75: ...of the Sportsman considerable trim change is required in transitioning from climb to cruise An airplane in trim is a much easier airplane to handle 4 10 CRUISE PERFORMANCE The following figures are to be used as guides for determining the desired cruise power settings and speeds Performance numbers are the actual data from Glasair Aviation s prototype Sportsman The 180 h p numbers are for aircraft...

Страница 76: ...TAS 180 h p 130 kts 149 m p h Fuel Consumption at 65 power 180 h p 8 0 gal hr Range at 65 power no wind VFR reserve 180 h p 747 n m 859 s m NOTE If an EGT gauge is used lean a Lycoming engine to 50o F rich of peak EGT hottest cylinder to obtain the optimum fuel consumption rate or follow the recommendations in your engine operator s manual ...

Страница 77: ...s have at a minimum the legally required reserve on board for the type of flight you are conducting Under most circumstances maintaining a more generous fuel reserve than the legal minimum is strongly recommended Always keep track of your fuel status in terms of flight time and fuel burn per hour never rely on the fuel gauges NOTE Your Sportsman is equipped with the auxillary fuel tanks which give...

Страница 78: ...ty can be very hard on an engine When descending keep a little power on and don t descend too fast Be sure your seat belts are fastened snugly when descending Coming down from smooth air into turbulent air at high speed can be especially tough on you and the airframe Maximum structural cruising speed Vno of the Sportsman is 140 kts or 161 m p h IAS Gradually push the mixture control rich during lo...

Страница 79: ...MP GAS Fuel valve on Throttle reduced as necessary UNDERCARRIAGE Down and welded MIXTURE Push to full rich position or to appropriate setting for high altitude landings PROP Move prop control if installed to high r p m flat pitch forward position NOTE We recommend completing the pre landing checklist before entering the pattern so that the pilot s attention can be directed outside the airplane to ...

Страница 80: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 30 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 81: ...NORMAL OPERATING PROCEDURES REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 31 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved 4 13 2 APPROACH Figure 4 2 Landing Pattern ...

Страница 82: ...ticipated earlier and accompanied by greater changes in power setting than many pilots may be accustomed to Continue slowing the airplane to about 65 kts 75 m p h on base leg Throughout downwind base and final continue to trim the airplane as necessary Maintain 65 kts 75 m p h onto final approach and add full flaps Control altitude with power and airspeed with pitch NOTE The Sportsman can be lande...

Страница 83: ...bed above the airplane glides nicely to a gentle landing at a minimum descent rate and with plenty of elevator power for the flare At slower airspeeds the power off sink rate increases rapidly and considerable engine power is required to arrest the descent sufficiently to flare for landing 4 13 3 LANDING Landing the Sportsman taildragger is similar to landing any other tailwheel airplane Either wh...

Страница 84: ...ing unless absolutely necessary to complete a landing safely On a balked landing go around add full power applying right rudder as necessary stabilize the plane in a best rate climb and ease the flaps off raising the flaps abruptly will cause unnecessary pitch change and loss of lift 4 13 4 SHORT FIELD LANDING The procedures described above in Sections 4 13 2 and 4 13 3 are suitable for the majori...

Страница 85: ...h type flying should approach truly short field work in the Sportsman gradually slowing approach speeds incrementally from the recommended 65 kts 75 m p h Approach speeds as low as 45 kts 52 m p h can be flown but such speeds leave little margin for unexpected gusts or wind shear Short field landings should always be made with full flaps but the flaps should be retracted immediately upon touchdown...

Страница 86: ...d touchdown requires confident handling of the aircraft 4 13 6 CROSSWINDS Normal crosswind landing procedures for conventional aircraft apply to the Sportsman Especially strong crosswinds require either a crab into the wind and straightening out just before touchdown or a side slip or a combination of the two methods The maximum crosswind that can be handled in the Sportsman is highly dependent on...

Страница 87: ...rights reserved 4 14 ENGINE SHUT DOWN 1 Set the propeller control at minimum blade angle 2 Idle until there is a decided decrease in cylinder head temperature 3 Turn radios off 4 Turn all accessory switches off 5 Set mixture to idle cut off full lean and wait for the engine to stop 6 Turn off ignition and master switches ...

Страница 88: ...REVISION DATE PAGE 12 29 04 38 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 89: ...ge 5 1 GENERAL DATA 2 5 1 1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 2 5 1 2 WEIGHT AND BALANCE DATA 4 5 2 EMPTY WEIGHT CG CALCULATION 5 5 2 1 DETERMINE THE STATIONS OF THE LANDING GEAR 5 5 2 2 WEIGH THE AIRCRAFT 8 5 2 3 CALCULATE THE STATION OF THE EMPTY WEIGHT CG 9 5 3 FLIGHT CG CALCULATIONS 10 5 3 1 FORWARD CG LIMIT CHECK 11 5 3 2 REARWARD CG LIMIT CHECK 15 5 3 3 LOADING PROBLEM 20 ...

Страница 90: ...ons and data useful in calculating the CG of your airplane The specific steps required are detailed below 5 1 1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS Arm or Moment Arm the horizontal distance in inches from the datum to the center of gravity of a particular item Center of Gravity CG the point at which an object would balance if suspended in space The CG of a particular part of the airplane or its load is typically ...

Страница 91: ...e MAC is the average chord across the entire wingspan The MAC of a straight constant chord wing like the Sportsman s is the same as the actual chord at any point in the span Aircraft CG locations are specified as percentages of MAC these distances are measured from the leading edge of the wing Maximum Gross Weight Maximum weight approved for flight operations Moment the product of an item s weight...

Страница 92: ...g flange joggle Mean Aerodynamic Chord MAC 44 Maximum Gross Weight 2 350 lb Maximum Baggage Weight 300 lb CG Limits Forward 14 0 MAC Station 95 6 Aft 32 0 MAC Station 103 5 Various Moment Arms Datum Station 0 0 Cowling Mounting Flange Joggle Station 58 0 Firewall Station 60 5 Wing Leading Edge Station 89 4 Pilot and Passenger Station 101 0 Fuel Station 108 0 Baggage Forward Zone Station 130 0 Rear...

Страница 93: ...uselage split line on the floor NOTE To level and weigh the taildragger Sportsman prop the tailwheel on a stable support of some kind and block it up to the appropriate height Use the permanent waterline marks the fuselage Measure forward 58 from the cowling joggle mark and mark a line on the floor at this point perpendicular to the longitudinal centerline of the airplane This line represents the ...

Страница 94: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 6 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 95: ...f oil While weighing the airplane block up the wheels as necessary to bring the waterline and the wings level Be sure to subtract the tare weight of any blocks or wheel chocks used from the scale readings NOTE You need to record the weights registered by each scale individually not just the total weight Enter the results of your initial weighing here SCALE READING TARE WEIGHT WEIGHT LEFT MAIN GEAR...

Страница 96: ...wheel axles respectively Refer to Figure 5 1 Following is a sample empty weight CG calculation using the formula above and the data from the taildragger Sportsman prototype The prototype s empty weight with a Lycoming O 360 A1F6 a Hartzel 80 CS prop and 8 50 x 6 tires is 1 363 lb as follows Left Main Gear 632 lb Station 80 0 Right Main Gear 632 lb Station 80 0 Tailwheel 99 lb Station 289 0 Empty W...

Страница 97: ...d and rearward CG limit checks tabulate the weights stations and moments as shown in the following examples Add the weights and moments and divide the total moment by the total weight to obtain the station of the CG Once you have that figure use the following formula to calculate the CG as a percentage of MAC in which the station of the wing leading edge is 89 4 and the MAC is 44 0 The following e...

Страница 98: ...forward CG limit Station 95 6 so the forward limit check conditions are no passenger minimum fuel and no baggage The FAA standard pilot weighs 170 lb The standard formula for calculating minimum fuel is as follows Thus for our prototype with a 180 h p engine the minimum fuel is 15 gal Calculate a minimum fuel figure for your Sportsman and enter the result here MINIMUM FUEL __________ NOTE If you w...

Страница 99: ... 90 0 108 0 9720 0 Forward baggage 0 0 136 0 0 0 Passenger 0 0 144 0 0 0 Aft baggage 0 0 160 0 0 0 TOTAL 1 623 0 156 823 Table 5 1 Sample Forward CG Limit Check CG Total Moment 156 823 in lb Station 96 6 Total Weight 1 623 lb CG MAC 96 6 89 4 X 100 16 4 MAC 44 0 In this example both the total gross weight and the station of the CG are within limits An airplane with a heavier engine or a lighter pi...

Страница 100: ... Passenger 0 0 101 0 0 0 Minimum Fuel 108 0 Forward baggage 0 0 136 0 0 0 Rear Passenger 0 0 144 0 0 0 Aft baggage 0 0 160 0 0 0 TOTAL Table 5 2 Your Forward CG Limit Check Using the sample forward CG limit check as a guide enter the data for your Sportsman in Table 5 2 and perform your own forward CG limit check Enter your result here FORWARD LIMIT CHECK STATION __________ ...

Страница 101: ... you can shift the battery aft in an attempt to bring the forward most CG aft of the forward limit W A R N I N G As a result of the Sportsman s ability to carry so much baggage its forward CG limit is somewhat more sensitive than in some other aircraft when the baggage compartment is empty especially when equipped with a relatively heavy engine and prop If your Sportsman is so equipped be particul...

Страница 102: ...he Sportsman is at Station 103 5 so the rearward limit check conditions are no passenger maximum fuel and maximum baggage Maximum standard fuel capacity in the Sportsman is 30 gal and the maximum total baggage capacity is 250 lb ITEM WEIGHT LB STATION IN MOMENT IN LB Empty Sportsman 1 363 0 95 3 129 993 Pilot 170 0 101 0 17 170 0 Passenger 0 0 101 0 0 0 Fuel 30 6 gal 300 0 108 0 32 400 0 Forward b...

Страница 103: ...tment The solution to this dilemma is to reduce the total amount of baggage and or divide the baggage up between the forward passenger and aft zones Trial and error will reveal a load distribution that will bring the CG exactly to the aft limit This loading represents the aft most approved loading condition and the airplane should be placarded to indicate this Using the sample rearward CG limit ch...

Страница 104: ...0 0 Maximum Fuel 108 0 Forward baggage 0 0 130 0 0 0 Passenger 0 0 144 0 0 0 Aft baggage 300 0 165 0 49 500 0 TOTAL Table 5 4 Your Rearward CG Limit Check If your Sportsman exceeds the aft limit as it most likely will determine the maximum allowable baggage load if less than 300 lb and how it must be distributed to bring the CG within limits Then placard the baggage compartment with the results ...

Страница 105: ...ifications to the aircraft that add subtract or shift weight will change the location of the empty weight CG If any such modifications are made you must recalculate the empty weight CG and re perform the forward and rearward limit checks The loaded aircraft weight and the station of the CG must fall within the shaded area of the graph shown in Figure 5 2 ...

Страница 106: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 18 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved Figure 5 2 Center of Gravity Limits ...

Страница 107: ...nd total moment data for your airplane from Section 5 2 3 and enter them in the columns titled Your Airplane in Table 5 5 NOTE The total moment must be divided by 1000 and this value used as the moment 1000 in the Loading Problem 2 Use the Loading Graph Figure 5 3 to determine the moment 1000 for each additional item to be carried then list these items in Table 5 5 NOTE Loading Graph information f...

Страница 108: ...nter of Gravity Moment Envelope Figure 5 4 If the plotted point falls within the envelope the loading is acceptable SAMPLE AIRPLANE YOUR AIRPLANE ITEM WEIGHT LB MOMENT 1000 IN LB WEIGHT LB MOMENT 1000 IN LB Empty Sportsman 1 363 130 0 Pilot 170 17 2 Passenger 135 13 6 Fuel 6 lb gal 300 32 4 Fwd baggage 100 13 0 Rear Passenger 135 19 4 Aft baggage 40 6 6 TOTAL 2 243 232 2 Table 5 5 Loading Problem ...

Страница 109: ...WEIGHT AND BALANCE REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 21 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 110: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 22 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved Figure 5 4 Center of Gravity Moment Envelope ...

Страница 111: ...ON 6 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS Table of Contents Subject Page 6 1 POWERPLANT 3 6 2 PROPELLER GOVERNOR 3 6 3 FUEL SYSTEM 4 6 4 OIL SYSTEM 5 6 5 LANDING GEAR 5 6 6 BRAKES 6 6 7 COCKPIT 6 6 8 CONTROL SYSTEM 7 6 9 WING FOLD SYSTEM 12 6 10 HEATING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS 13 6 11 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 13 6 12 INSTRUMENTATION 14 ...

Страница 112: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 2 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 113: ...u didn t receive one with your engine we recommend purchasing the operator s manual for the engine model installed in your airplane Besides operating instructions and performance tables these manuals have information concerning installation maintenance and trouble shooting 6 2 PROPELLER GOVERNOR Either constant speed or fixed pitch propellers can be used on a Lycoming engine equipped Sportsman NOT...

Страница 114: ...tly into their respective main tanks via independently operated electric transfer pumps Each auxiliary tank is vented to the wingtip The Sportsman fuel system is primarily gravity fed A mechanical fuel pump on the engine supplies fuel pressure to the carburetor for a Lycoming engine A two position fuel valve with positions for fuel OFF and fuel ON is used for fuel management A fuel sump drain is m...

Страница 115: ...nes Refer to your engine operator s manual for recommendations on oil types and viscosity 6 5 LANDING GEAR The Sportsman taildragger has conventional tailwheel landing gear The main gear struts are of the Wittman tapered rod type made from heat treated steel The tailwheel strut is a three piece steel leaf spring The tailwheel is steered by cables that extend aft directly from the rudder control yo...

Страница 116: ...b Cabin width is approximately 46 in which provides plenty of room for a fully equipped instrument panel if desired The Sportsman has two cabin doors each door is secured by a four point latch system actuated by a single handle The doors open fully forward an essential feature for float operations The doors can be cracked open for ventilation during ground taxi although we recommend securing them ...

Страница 117: ...owler flaps are manually actuated by a lever mounted between the seats A thumb operated button releases a spring loaded locking pin from a detent in a ratchet plate allowing the lever to be moved to the desired position The ratchet plate has three positions for flap extensions from 0 to 35 The elevator aileron and flap control interconnections are by cables to bellcranks with a pushrod connecting ...

Страница 118: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 8 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved See Figures 6 1 through 6 4 for schematics of the control systems ...

Страница 119: ...SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 9 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 120: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 10 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 121: ...SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 11 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved ...

Страница 122: ...folded These struts help unload the spar pins making the pins easier to remove as well as holding the wing in the proper alignment so that the spar lines up properly with the cage when the wing is folded back into flight position Another pair of optional struts installed between the wing rear spar near the tip and the vertical fin spar hold the wings in their fully folded positions to keep them fr...

Страница 123: ...s to control the flow of ventilation air into the cockpit 6 11 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The electrical system is optional in the Sportsman and thus will vary widely among individual Sportsmans The only difference between the Sportsman s electrical system and that of more conventional aircraft is that the composite aft fuselage structure on the Sportsman cannot be used as a ground Instead a negative groun...

Страница 124: ...onstant speed propeller NOTE Different engine instruments are required for liquid cooled engines Do not fly your Sportsman without these instruments all working and calibrated properly Refer to SECTION 2 LIMITATIONS for recommended instrument range markings Besides these instruments FAR part 91 52 requires that an emergency locator transmitter ELT be installed for all flights beyond a 50 mile radi...

Страница 125: ...ved electric turn and bank indicator if a vacuum system is used for the artificial horizon so that a back up system is available in the event of a vacuum system failure If an electrical system is used an ammeter should also be used in conjunction All additional instruments avionics etc are subject to the builder s preferences ...

Страница 126: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 16 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 127: ...OVING THE STABILIZER 6 7 4 1 FOLDING THE WINGS 6 7 4 2 REMOVING THE HORIZONTAL STABILIZER 9 7 5 JACKING THE AIRPLANE 10 7 6 OUT OF SERVICE CARE 11 7 6 1 GENERAL 11 7 6 2 MOORING 11 7 6 3 ENGINE PREPARATION FOR STORAGE 12 7 6 4 FUEL TANKS 12 7 6 5 PITOT TUBE 12 7 6 6 WINDSHIELD AND DOORS 12 7 6 7 DURING FLYABLE STORAGE 13 7 6 8 PREPARATION FOR RETURN TO SERVICE 13 7 7 50 HOUR POWERPLANT INSPECTION ...

Страница 128: ...OWERPLANT AND PROPELLER 17 7 8 2 CABIN FUSELAGE AND EMPENNAGE 21 7 8 3 LANDING GEAR 24 7 8 4 WINGS 25 7 8 5 PAPERWORK 27 7 9 SERVICING 28 7 9 1 OIL SYSTEM 28 7 9 2 BATTERY 29 7 9 3 TIRES 30 7 9 4 BRAKES 30 7 9 4 1 Brake Lining Replacement 32 7 9 4 2 Bleeding the Brakes 37 7 9 5 CONSTANT SPEED PROPELLER 38 7 9 6 FIXED PITCH PROPELLER 39 7 9 7 INDUCTION AIR FILTER 40 7 9 8 AIRFRAME CARE 40 7 9 9 WIN...

Страница 129: ...he aircraft in legal flying condition and also enables the builder to conduct the annual condition inspection The certificate applies only to the individual aircraft not to others of the same model and is non transferable if the airplane is sold the new owner must have a licensed mechanic or the original builder perform maintenance and the annual inspection Specific information regarding repairman...

Страница 130: ...red by law The above suggestions are given as guidelines each builder should devise a schedule of periodic inspections for his or her aircraft 7 2 GROUND HANDLING One person can move the airplane backwards on a smooth level surface by using a tow bar attached to the tailwheel or by pushing on the propeller near the hub or the leading edge of the vertical fin When pushed backwards the tailwheel wil...

Страница 131: ...on line or chain 2 Chock the main wheels fore and aft 3 At least use a lap belt to tie the control stick back to protect the ailerons and elevator from gusts External gust locks especially on the rudder are also recommended 4 If high winds are expected prop the tail with a padded support to reduce the wing s angle of attack Make sure the tail is tied securely 5 Use a cabin cover to keep moisture a...

Страница 132: ... in such conditions will be more difficult if the pins are successfully removed however damage to the fuselage cage and or the wings could result To fold the wings for storage or trailering follow these steps 1 Chock the main wheels fore and aft so that forces exerted to fold the wings do not move the airplane 2 When the wings are folded the fuel tank vent line inlets are well below the tops of th...

Страница 133: ...elage CAUTION Although it is entirely possible to fold the Sportsman taildragger s wings single handedly one must be aware of and prepared for the wing s tendency to fold back due to its own weight as soon as the spar pin is removed If you are caught off guard the wing could get away from you possibly causing damage to the vertical fin flap aileron and or wing structure This potential problem is m...

Страница 134: ...elage to absolutely insure that the wings cannot unfold while the aircraft is being trailered CAUTION The Sportsman is not intended to be towed for any significant distance or at any speed above a walking pace on its own gear Neither the wheels and bearings nor the tires are designed for sustained highway speeds To extend the wings from the folded positions the operations described above are simpl...

Страница 135: ...im cable out through the slots in the elevator skins For the optional electric trim it s necessary only to unplug the trim servo wiring harness 3 Disconnect the elevator pushrod from the elevator control horns 4 Remove the four bolts that secure the stabilizer aft attach brackets to the tail cone bulkhead 5 Pull the stabilizer aft until the forward spar alignment pins are free of the bushings in t...

Страница 136: ...vailable you can use a short bottle jack or scissors jack to lift the airplane by the main landing gear struts just inboard of the wheels to use such a jack you will need to devise some sort of adapter that either clamps to the strut or mounts on the jack to keep the strut from slipping off A final alternative is to have several helpers lift the airplane by one wing near the tip while you position...

Страница 137: ...eant to help prevent deterioration of the aircraft during periods of non use or limited use These procedures are applicable for situations in which the airplane is not used for periods of time between 7 and 30 days NOTE If the aircraft is to be stored for longer periods consult your engine operator s manual for engine preservation recommendations 7 6 2 MOORING If a hangar is not available secure t...

Страница 138: ...500 r p m with oil and cylinder head temperatures in the normal operating range This procedure coats all of the bearing surfaces and cylinder walls with oil to prevent internal corrosion Letting the engine reach normal operating temperatures during this procedure helps to drive condensed water and other corrosive combustion by products out of the engine 7 6 4 FUEL TANKS Top up the fuel tanks to pr...

Страница 139: ...n the clear when turning the propeller There is always some danger that a cylinder will fire when the propeller is moved The best procedure is to turn the propeller backwards or counter clockwise as viewed from the cabin so the impulse coupling cam in the magneto cannot catch and fire a cylinder If at the end of 30 days the airplane will not be removed from storage the engine should be started and...

Страница 140: ... and securely mounted Any damaged or missing part of the cooling system must be replaced before the aircraft resumes operation Inspect and service the air filter 7 7 2 IGNITION SYSTEM If spark plug fouling has been apparent rotate the lower plugs to the upper position Examine the spark plug cable leads and the spark plug ceramics for corrosion and deposits This condition is evidence of either leak...

Страница 141: ...of use or every 12 months or when it is difficult to see light through it due to foreign material Clean with compressed air do not wash and reuse These filters are chemically treated to make them more effective 7 7 4 OIL SYSTEM If the engine is equipped with an external full flow oil filter element replace it We recommend opening the old filter with an oil filter can cutter to inspect for metal pa...

Страница 142: ...pecially in the cabin heat muff area Soot on the inside surface of the heat muff shroud indicates the presence of cracks Any cracks must be repaired by welding before further flight W A R N I N G Stainless steel exhaust systems must be repaired by qualified personnel using special methods to prevent contamination of the metal during welding otherwise cracking may persist 7 7 6 CYLINDERS Check the ...

Страница 143: ...g book by an authorized person the original builder or a licensed A P mechanic certifying the condition of the airplane The following checklist is intended as a guide and is not represented to be complete It is the responsibility of the operator and repairman to inspect and maintain the entire aircraft in an airworthy condition 7 8 1 POWERPLANT AND PROPELLER A Engine Run up start the engine and wa...

Страница 144: ...d safety wire the screen or filter 5 Refill the crankcase with fresh oil 6 Clean and adjust the spark plugs rotate upper and lower plugs 7 Check the ignition harness for breaks check the cigarettes and contact springs C Magnetos 1 Lubricate the breaker cam follower 2 Check the point gap and the condition of the points 3 Check the P leads for breaks frays 4 Check and adjust the magneto timing D Eng...

Страница 145: ...minals brushes 4 Remove the cabin heat muff and check the exhaust system for cracks Soot on the inner surface of the heat muff indicates a crack 5 Check the exhaust pipes muffler gaskets and shrouds for security and cracks 6 Check the cylinder baffles for cracks and proper seal 7 Check the engine mount for security rust chafing and condition of the rubber bushings 8 Check the engine for loose nuts...

Страница 146: ...ety the bolts Grease the propeller hub if applicable Reinstall the spinner 19 Inspect the induction air filter and clean with compressed air Replace if it is difficult to see light through it due to foreign material or if it has been in service for 12 months or 200 hours since last replacement 20 Inspect all engine compartment wiring for security cracked or brittle insulation and chafing Replace a...

Страница 147: ...k for oil leaks 13 Reinstall the lower cowling and check the operation of the landing light 7 8 2 CABIN FUSELAGE AND EMPENNAGE Remove the glare shield forward and aft control cable covers seat pans baggage compartment bulkhead baggage shelf tail fairings horizontal stabilizer and forward and aft inter bulkhead shearwebs as necessary Inspect the following A Inspect the control system cables pulleys...

Страница 148: ...chafing E Drain the fuel tank sumps and check for contaminants Remove and clean the fuel sump strainers finger screens if excessive contamination is apparent F Check the instruments for security legibility and markings G Check the fuel tank gauges and senders if applicable for proper markings indication and freedom of movement H Check the compass for discoloration fluid leaks and compass correctio...

Страница 149: ... Check the seat belts and shoulder harnesses for security and condition S Check the brake master cylinders and brake line fittings for leaks Check the brake lines for security T Top up the brake fluid reservoir leaving an air space for fluid expansion U Check the stabilizer elevator rudder and trim tab for dents cracks corrosion and loose rivets V Check the security of the stabilizer alignment pin...

Страница 150: ...ates Z Check all aft fuselage drain holes for obstructions AA Inspect the tailwheel spring attach brackets for integrity and security BB Reinstall the forward and aft inter bulkhead shearwebs and the stabilizer Reattach the elevator pushrod and the trim system CC Check the elevator and the rudder for proper travel 1 Elevator 23 up and 20 down 1 2 Rudder 25 left and right 1 ...

Страница 151: ...rity and integrity E Check the tires for cracks wear and proper inflation F Repack the wheel bearings and inspect the wheels for cracks and corrosion Lubricate the tailwheel pivot G Check the brake mounting flanges for tightness and security Replace attach bolts if worn Replace flange weldment if holes are elongated H Inspect the brake discs for excessive scoring the brake lines for leaks or chafi...

Страница 152: ...ks dents corrosion and loose rivets D Check the wingtip fairings for cracks and stress marks E Check all wiring and plumbing for chafing and security F Check all aileron and flap control cables pushrods rod ends bellcranks and hinges for corrosion safety security and chafing Lubricate pivot points and bearing surfaces as necessary G Check the ailerons for proper travel 22 5 2 5 up and 17 5 down 1 ...

Страница 153: ...chafing K Check the navigation and anti collision lights for secure mounting L Check the fuel filler caps for proper labeling M Check the pitot tube for security If a heated pitot tube is installed make sure the drain hole is clear Check the pitot line for integrity and freedom from chafing N Check inside the wings for loose hardware and tools O Reinstall the wingtip fairings and check the operati...

Страница 154: ...tificate B Registration certificate C Operating limitations issued by your airworthiness inspector D Weight and balance E Placards F Radio station license for international flight only G This Owner s Manual H Log book make a log book entry noting any discrepancies and other pertinent information Sign off the annual condition inspection as required by the operating limitations imposed with your Exp...

Страница 155: ... for the recommended grades of oil to be used The engine oil filler cap and dipstick are accessible through the access door on the right side of the upper engine cowling Maximum oil sump capacity of the Lycoming engines supported for the Sportsman is 8 quarts If a Lycoming engine is not equipped with an external full flow oil filter the oil should be changed and the oil suction and oil pressure sc...

Страница 156: ...itors changes in oil consumption patterns that can serve as a warning of impending problems An oil analysis performed at every oil change is another valuable tool for monitoring the engine s condition 7 9 2 BATTERY If an unsealed battery is used check the electrolyte level after each 25 hours of engine operation Add distilled water if necessary Do not fill the battery cells above the bottoms of th...

Страница 157: ...nd gas inspect the vent tubes periodically for condition and obstructions Also inspect the battery box drain tube 7 9 3 TIRES Tire Specifications Standard Main Gear 6 00 x 6 5 6 ply rating Optional Main Gear 8 00 6 or 26 x 10 5 x 6 Tailwheel 2 80 2 50 4 4 ply rating Maintain an inflation pressure of 35 to 50 p s i in the main wheel tires Inflate the tailwheel tire to 50 p s i Inspect the tires for...

Страница 158: ...nual condition inspection check that the brake caliper assembly is free to float from side to side Grasp the caliper and wiggle it back and forth parallel to the wheel axle to check for a little play If no play is present lubricate the caliper anchor pins and torque plate bushings with a dry lubricant such as silicon or graphite If the anchor pins or torque plate bushings are dirty or corroded dis...

Страница 159: ...using bolts with the anchor pin nuts The caliper housing bolts are the farthest from the axle Remove the caliper back plate with its piece of lining material attached Slide the caliper housing away from the wheel in a direction parallel to the wheel axle until the anchor pins clear the torque plate bushings Remove the pressure plate the small metal plate with the other piece of brake lining materi...

Страница 160: ... and resulting in further work to refill and bleed the brake system We recommend placing a small clamp or band around the caliper to prevent the piston from accidentally popping out Slide the caliper anchor pins back into the torque plate bushings temporarily to support the caliper housing while the new lining material is being installed STEP 2 STUDY THE BRAKE PAD ASSEMBLIES Examine the pieces of ...

Страница 161: ...g sure that the counterbores on both pieces are facing outward away from each other so that the rivets can be installed correctly Insert a rivet into each of the holes in the lining material with the head of the rivet fitting into the counterbore in the lining Clamp the rivet installation fixture in a vise and place the plate and lining into the installation fixture with the head of the rivet down...

Страница 162: ... other rivets to keep the lining aligned properly with the plate and then set all the rivets fully Check the security of the lining frequently while proceeding Stop when the lining is firmly attached to the plate there is no movement when wiggled by hand but before the rivets or the lining begin to crack from over driving The brake plates are now ready for remounting to the caliper housing ...

Страница 163: ...erosol graphite spray As mentioned previously do not use a petroleum base lubricant Slide the pressure plate with its new lining material over the caliper housing anchor pins with the pressure plate against the piston Slide the caliper housing anchor pins into the torque plate bushings until the lining on the pressure plate contacts the brake disc Position the back plate with its new lining materi...

Страница 164: ... effort and letting the brakes cool partially about one minute between stops This procedure generates enough heat to cure the resins in the lining yet will not carburize the material by heating excessively Once the linings are properly cured they will provide many hours of maintenance free service 7 9 4 2 Bleeding the Brakes To bleed the brakes use a fluid pump such as an oil pump can with a clear...

Страница 165: ... a cylinder firing when the propeller is moved The best procedure is to turn the propeller backwards or counter clockwise as viewed from the cockpit so the impulse coupling cam in the magneto cannot catch and fire a cylinder Daily Inspection Inspect the blades for nicks gouges and cracks Inspect the spinner and the visible hub parts for damage or cracks Repair prior to the next flight See the prop...

Страница 166: ...ubrication procedures On some propellers one of the zerk fittings must be removed to avoid pressurizing the hub Make an entry in the propeller log book verifying the 100 hour inspection and describing any maintenance performed 7 9 6 FIXED PITCH PROPELLER As part of every preflight inspection inspect the propeller for nicks especially near the tips and on the leading edge Such nicks cause stress co...

Страница 167: ...sty conditions check the element daily and replace it when needed NOTE Replacement Lycoming induction system filter elements are available from Glasair Aviation 7 9 8 AIRFRAME CARE Care of the aluminum portions of the Sportsman airframe is the same as for any other aluminum airplane We recommend washing the airframe by hand Flush away loose dirt with clean water and then wash with a mild soap and ...

Страница 168: ...sunlight will cause the gel coat to oxidize requiring buffing to restore the original gloss If the airplane is to be tied down outside for an extended time we recommend covering the fuselage with a protective slip cover to prevent paint oxidation Minor surface cracking of the composite fuselage is usually just a cosmetic concern and not a structural problem If surface cracks appear in the finish i...

Страница 169: ...cratches wash the windows carefully with plenty of mild soap and water solution using the palm of the hand to feel and dislodge dirt and mud A soft cloth chamois or sponge may be used but only to carry water to the surface Rinse thoroughly and then dry with a clean moist chamois Rubbing the surface of the plastic with a dry cloth builds up an electrostatic charge which attracts dust particles in t...

Страница 170: ...rd parts cleaning solvent to clean the engine Spray or brush the fluid over the engine rinse thoroughly with water and allow to dry Engine degreasers may be used cautiously and should always be properly neutralized after use CAUTION Particular care should be given to electrical equipment before cleaning Do not allow cleaning fluids to enter the magnetos the starter the alternator or the like All o...

Страница 171: ...ed SECTION 8 FLIGHT TEST Table of Contents Subject Page 8 1 INTRODUCTION 3 8 2 GROUND TESTS 4 8 3 TAXI TESTING 7 8 3 1 LOW SPEED TAXI 7 8 3 2 HIGH SPEED TAXI 8 8 4 FINAL INSPECTION 11 8 5 FIRST FLIGHT 13 8 6 FURTHER FLIGHT TESTING 18 8 6 1 GENERAL 18 8 6 2 ENVELOPE EXPANSION 19 8 7 FINAL CERTIFICATION 21 ...

Страница 172: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 2 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 173: ...al system fuel system normal operating procedures emergency procedures and operating limitations The pilot should have read and understood this entire Owner s Manual Aircraft homebuilders often concentrate all their time and effort on the completion of their project and let their flying skills get rusty Obviously this is not a good situation for someone about to test fly a new airplane The Sportsm...

Страница 174: ...ic r p m CAUTION Make sure the airplane is adequately secured and the area around the propeller is clear of stones and other foreign objects Have someone stand by with a fire extinguisher during initial engine runs Run the engine for short periods of time and monitor temperature gauges to avoid overheating the engine Have helpers observe the engine and related systems from outside while you contro...

Страница 175: ...ne operation before flight is attempted Perform the full power checks with the engine cowling and spinner installed Point the airplane into the wind to assist engine cooling Tie the airplane down securely and chock the wheels for the full power tests Verify that the engine runs smoothly and strongly at full power CAUTION Hold the stick in the full aft position during the full power tests If the st...

Страница 176: ...f engine operation as well as subsequent taxi tests are characterized by relatively low power settings which may not allow proper seating of the piston rings and by reduced cooling flow which may cause overheating and cylinder wall glazing Piston rings that fail to seat and cylinder wall glazing can result in elevated cylinder head temperatures and excessive oil consumption One solution to this di...

Страница 177: ...ng for them Check the operation of all your flight and engine controls Everything should work smoothly with no binding or interference Make sure that all air has been bled from the brakes using the procedures described in Section 7 9 4 2 and they are working properly before starting the engine Low speed taxiing may be done with the doors cracked open for cooling on hot days The pilot should use th...

Страница 178: ...mmon occurrence but with careful planning it should not happen To avoid an unintentional first flight do not exceed 30 knots 35 m p h during high speed taxi tests If your airspeed indicator does not register at such low speeds slow down at the first sign of the ASI coming alive CAUTION The problem with an unintentional first flight arises when the excited pilot tries to get the airplane back on th...

Страница 179: ...erform many practice tail up taxi runs Develop a smooth touch on the rudder pedals during the transition from low speed steering by the tailwheel to high speed steering by aerodynamic rudder control and back Try runs with no flaps and with one notch of flaps to get a feel for the difference Notice the rudder inputs necessary to counteract both engine torque as power is applied and gyroscopic prece...

Страница 180: ...o lift off speed You will have learned what kind of input is required on the rudder pedals for directional control and when the elevator becomes effective you also will have gained a general confidence in your own ability to react and adjust to handling the Sportsman When you feel confident in this area you are almost ready for takeoff and have part of the landing technique under control NOTE Remo...

Страница 181: ...th their projects that they will overlook deficiencies that are obvious to an unbiased observer Any such deficiencies should be remedied before the FAA inspector arrives otherwise the Airworthiness Certificate could be denied Keep in mind that the primary objective of the inspections is not only to verify compliance with the law but also to ensure safety In addition to inspecting for acceptable wo...

Страница 182: ...the test period and the areas over which the test will take place 5 A notarized statement that the applicant fabricated and assembled the major portion of the aircraft for education or recreation and has the evidence to support the statement available to the FAA upon request A construction log maintained by the builder including photographs taken as major components are completed will be acceptabl...

Страница 183: ...of Transportation Utilization and Storage Section M443 2 Washington D C 20590 8 5 FIRST FLIGHT IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS 1 The pilot should be confident in a comparable aircraft with at least 10 hours of recent flight time and should feel comfortable with high speed taxi in the Sportsman 2 The weather should be calm and clear 3 Emergency procedures should be memorized and rehearsed mentally The pil...

Страница 184: ...ly secured 9 Wear a parachute and practice getting out of the airplane quickly After you feel confident with your high speed taxi tests and all systems look good you are ready for your first takeoff and flight Again you should have good weather no wind and clear skies NOTE Your first few flights should be accomplished with about half fuel 15 to 20 gallons is plenty This is enough fuel to remain ai...

Страница 185: ... begin to establish a familiarity with the feel of the controls and to note any necessary changes in control rigging or trim If the airplane seems controllable at lift off allow the airplane to accelerate to at least 65 knots 75 m p h Continue to climb straight out until at least 500 ft AGL is reached Retract the flaps when the climb is stabilized and the airplane is clear of all obstacles on init...

Страница 186: ...est to stay directly over the field so you can spiral down if necessary Try to trim the airplane for hands off flying and note any tendency for the airplane to roll or skid If necessary install rudder and aileron trim tabs when on the ground after the first flight Once you begin to feel comfortable with the feel of the airplane at cruise airspeed and are satisfied with the engine operation and tem...

Страница 187: ...cteristics The first flight should not exceed 15 20 minutes duration After the indicated stall speed has been established continue to practice slow flight maneuvers at different flap settings while descending to the airport You must know the airplane s stall speed and be familiar with the slow flight handling in order to make a confident approach and landing When back at the airport at pattern alt...

Страница 188: ...h the airplane more of the airplane s systems may be tested and the known performance envelope may be expanded During the next couple of flights the test pilot should continue to explore the handling characteristics at both low and high speeds and to make further trim adjustments as necessary The pilot will also begin to become more comfortable with takeoffs and landings The purpose of the flight ...

Страница 189: ...envelope of your airplane 1 All control surfaces properly balanced to ensure against flutter 2 Optional rudder and aileron trim tabs adjusted properly 3 Pitot tube calibrated if necessary Once the above conditions are met the airplane s airspeed can be gradually increased We recommend increasing the airspeed in 10 knot increments on each succeeding flight or until you feel absolutely comfortable w...

Страница 190: ...ave your designated 25 mile radius test area Make the best use of your time learning as much about your plane as possible Explore the flap performance envelope You should know your airplane s indicated stall speeds when clean and at each flap setting Practice retracting the flaps smoothly and slowly while getting used to the pitch changes Do not feel obligated to expand your flight envelope to the...

Страница 191: ...d of the completed flight testing should be submitted along with Form 8130 6 Application for Airworthiness Certificate With the issuance of the unlimited duration airworthiness certificate an operating limitation requiring a condition inspection at 12 month intervals is imposed The aircraft builder can be certified as a repairman to enable him to perform the condition inspection Specific informati...

Страница 192: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 22 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 193: ...s Subject Page 9 1 INTRODUCTION 3 9 2 GENERAL 3 9 3 GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION 6 9 3 1 RULES AND REGULATIONS 6 9 3 2 AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES 7 9 3 3 AIRMAN INFORMATION ADVISORIES AND NOTICES 7 9 4 INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC TOPICS 10 9 4 1 FLIGHT PLANNING 10 9 4 2 MAINTENANCE INSPECTION 10 9 4 3 FLIGHT OPERATIONS 11 9 4 4 MEDICAL FACTS FOR PILOTS 19 ...

Страница 194: ...REVISION DATE 12 29 04 PAGE 2 Copyright 2004 Glasair Aviation LLC Arlington Washington All rights reserved THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Страница 195: ...with this literature The Sportsman is designed to provide many years of safe and efficient transportation By maintaining and flying the airplane prudently its fullest potential will be realized It is mandatory that you fully understand the contents of this manual that FAA requirements for ratings certifications and review be scrupulously complied with and that you allow only persons who are proper...

Страница 196: ...services available weather briefing in flight weather and Flight Service Stations Carefully preflight your airplane Use the checklists in this manual Have more than enough fuel for takeoff the flight and an adequate reserve Be sure your weight loading and CG are within limits Pilot and passenger must use seat belts and shoulder harnesses at all times Be sure all loose articles and baggage are secu...

Страница 197: ...t take off with less than minimum recommended fuel plus adequate reserves Don t fly in a reckless show off careless manner Don t fly near thunderstorms or severe weather Don t fly in possible icing conditions Don t fly close to mountainous terrain Don t apply controls abruptly or with high forces that could exceed design loads of the airplane Don t carry passengers during the flight test period It...

Страница 198: ...our protection and the protection of your passengers Compliance is mandatory 9 3 1 RULES AND REGULATIONS FAR Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules is a document of law governing operation of aircraft and the owner s and pilot s responsibilities This document covers such subjects as Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command Certificates required Alcohol and other drugs Flight plans ...

Страница 199: ...N INFORMATION ADVISORIES AND NOTICES Airman s Information Manual The Airman s Information Manual AIM is designed to provide airmen with basic flight information and ATC procedures for use in the national airspace system of the United States It also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts factors affecting flight safety a pilot controller glossary of terms used in t...

Страница 200: ...ormation NOTAMS Notices to Airmen are documents that have information of a time critical nature that would affect a pilot s decision to make a flight such as an airport closed terminal radar out of service en route navigational aids out of service etc Airmen can subscribe to services to obtain FAA NOTAMS and Airman Advisories and these are also available at FAA Flight Service Stations FAA Advisory...

Страница 201: ...ular interest to a Sportsman builder AC 20 27D is available from US Department of Transportation Utilization and Storage Section M443 2 Washington DC 20590 Also highly recommended is AC 90 89 Amateur Built Aircraft Flight Testing Handbook AC 90 89 is available from Superintendent of Documents U S Government Printing Office Washington DC 20402 FAA General Aviation News FAA General Aviation News is ...

Страница 202: ...ill review his planned en route track and stations and make a list for quick reference It is strongly recommended that a flight plan be filed with Flight Service Stations even for a VFR flight Also advise Flight Service Stations of changes or delays of one hour or more and remember to close the flight plan at destination The pilot must be completely familiar with the performance of the airplane an...

Страница 203: ...ll limitations imposed by the Owner s Manual Turbulent Weather A complete and current weather briefing is a requirement for a safe trip Updating of weather information en route is also essential The wise pilot knows that weather conditions can change quickly and treats weather forecasting as professional advice rather than absolute fact He obtains all the advice he can but stays alert to any sign ...

Страница 204: ...he risk of structural damage or failure on the other hand if your airspeed is too low you may stall 2 If moderate to severe turbulence is encountered reduce speed to the maneuvering speed 98 kts 113 m p h This speed gives the best assurance of avoiding excessive structural loads and provides the proper margin against inadvertent stalls due to gusts 3 Beware of over controlling in attempting to cor...

Страница 205: ...re or going to an altitude where icing is not encountered These same precautions apply to any aircraft without operational anti ice and or deice equipment Flight in the Vicinity of Thunderstorms The FAR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards for Normal Utility and Acrobatic Category Airplanes require that the airplane s structure be protected from the catastrophic effects of lightning and that the airpla...

Страница 206: ...ve conditions are likely over and near the lee slopes If the wind velocity at the level of the ridge exceeds 50 knots a strong mountain wave is probable with extreme up and down drafts and severe turbulence Standing lenticular clouds are visible signs that a mountain wave exists but their presence is dependent on moisture Mountain wave turbulence can of course occur in dry air and the absence of l...

Страница 207: ...ve an instrument equipped airplane Then proceed with caution and with planned alternates Night VFR When flying VFR at night in addition to the altitude appropriate for the direction of flight pilots should maintain a safe minimum altitude as dictated by terrain obstacles such as TV towers or communities in the area flown This is especially true in mountainous terrain where there is usually very li...

Страница 208: ... or dust cloud banks or very low visibility with strobe lights or rotating beacons turned on can contribute to vertigo Strobe lights and beacons should be turned off in these conditions particularly at night All pilots should check the weather and use good judgment in planning flights The VFR pilot should use extra caution in avoiding low visibility conditions Motion sickness often precedes or acc...

Страница 209: ...light as soon as possible The result of vertigo is loss of control of the airplane If the loss of control is sustained it will result in an excessive speed accident Excessive speed accidents occur in one of two manners either as an in flight airframe failure or as a high speed ground impact All pilots are susceptible to this form of accident Descent In piston powered airplanes it is necessary to a...

Страница 210: ... airplane generates wake turbulence while in flight Part of this is from the propeller or jet engine and part from the wing tip vortices The larger and heavier the airplane the more pronounced and turbulent the wakes will be Wingtip vortices from large heavy airplanes are very severe at close range degenerating with time wind and distance In tests vortex velocities of 133 knots have been recorded ...

Страница 211: ...droplaning or landing on snow or ice covered runways is hazardous because of reduced braking effectiveness and reduced directional control due to insufficient surface friction The pilot should also be alert to the possibility of the brakes freezing when operating the airplane on snowy or slushy runways Use caution when taking off or landing during gusty wind conditions In particular be aware of th...

Страница 212: ...ng factors If you are tired don t fly Hypoxia Hypoxia is a lack of sufficient oxygen to keep the brain and other body tissues functioning properly There is wide individual variation in susceptibility to hypoxia In addition to progressively insufficient oxygen at higher altitudes anything interfering with the supply of oxygen to the brain such as anemia atherosclerosis high blood pressure certain d...

Страница 213: ... nears total collapse The symptoms are slow but progressive insidious in onset and are most marked at altitudes starting above 10 000 ft Night vision however can be impaired starting as low as 5 000 ft Use oxygen on flights above 10 000 ft and at any time when symptoms appear Should symptoms occur that cannot definitely be identified as either hypoxia or hyperventilation try three or four deep bre...

Страница 214: ...diminished skill reactions and coordination decreased speed and strength of muscular reflexes decreases in efficiency of eye movements during reading increased frequency of errors constriction of visual fields impaired night vision loss of efficiency of sense of touch decrease of memory and reasoning ability increased susceptibility to fatigue and decreased attention span decreased relevance of re...

Страница 215: ... judgment and performance are affected after blood alcohol levels have returned to normal Drugs Self medication or taking medicine in any form when you are flying can be extremely hazardous Even simple over the counter remedies and drugs such as aspirin antihistamines cold tablets cough mixtures laxatives tranquilizers and appetite suppressants may seriously impair the judgment and coordination ne...

Страница 216: ...de results in hypoxia which will affect night vision in the same manner and extent as hypoxia from high altitudes Even small levels of carbon monoxide have the same effect as an altitude increase of 8 000 to 10 000 ft Smoking several cigarettes can result in a carbon monoxide saturation sufficient to affect visual sensitivity equal to an increase of 8 000 ft of altitude ...

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