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Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode (Optional)

263

12.7 1553B Bus Trigger and Decode

For correctly decoding 1553B bus data and making trigger stable, the bus configuration, trigger mode set and

trigger level need to be adjusted.

⚫

Bus configuration

Tap

to open the bus configuration menu, the data source and display hexadecimal need to be set,

as shown in Figure 12-30:

Summary of Contents for Smart Series

Page 1: ......

Page 2: ...Version Info Version Date Remarks V2 0 2019 10 ...

Page 3: ...fore use and particularly pay attention to the Safety Precautions If you have read this manual please keep it properly for future reference The information contained herein are furnished in an as is state and may be subject to change in future versions without notice The standard applicable for this product GB T15289 2013 ...

Page 4: ...NTENTS I CHAPTER 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1 1 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1 1 2 SAFETY TERMS AND SYMBOLS 5 CHAPTER 2 QUICK START GUIDE OF OSCILLOSCOPE 8 2 1 INSPECT PACKAGE CONTENTS 9 2 2 USE THE BRACKET 10 2 3 SIDE PANEL 11 2 4 REAR PANEL 12 2 5 FRONT PANEL 13 ...

Page 5: ...ASIC OPERATIONS OF TOUCH SCREEN 20 2 9 MOUSE OPERATION 23 2 10 CONNECT PROBE TO THE OSCILLOSCOPE 24 2 11 USE AUTO 25 2 12 LOAD FACTORY SETTINGS 30 2 13 USE AUTO CALIBRATION 30 2 14 PASSIVE PROBE COMPENSATION 31 2 15 MODIFY THE LANGUAGE 35 CHAPTER 3 OPERATE THE OSCILLOSCOPE WITH BUTTONS 36 3 1 FUNCTION BUTTONS 38 ...

Page 6: ... 3 5 VERTICAL SYSTEM 41 3 6 TRIGGER SYSTEM 42 3 7 HOMEPAGE SCREEN CAPTURE 44 3 8 SECOND FUNCTION BUTTON 44 CHAPTER 4 HORIZONTAL SYSTEM 46 4 1 MOVE THE WAVEFORM HORIZONTALLY 48 4 2 ADJUST THE HORIZONTAL TIME BASE TIME DIV 49 4 3 PAN AND ZOOM SINGLE OR STOPPED ACQUISITIONS 51 4 4 ROLL XY 52 ...

Page 7: ... WAVEFORMS 65 5 2 ADJUST VERTICAL SENSITIVITY 70 5 3 ADJUST VERTICAL POSITION 71 5 4 OPEN CHANNEL MENU 71 5 4 1 Set Channel Coupling 72 5 4 2 Set Bandwidth Limit 76 5 4 3 Waveform Inversion 78 5 4 4 Set Probe Type 79 5 4 5 Set Probe Attenuation Coefficient 80 5 4 6 Vertical Expansion Reference 82 ...

Page 8: ...ND TRIGGER ADJUSTMENT 84 6 2 EDGE TRIGGER 96 6 3 PULSE WIDTH TRIGGER 100 6 4 LOGIC TRIGGER 108 6 5 NTH EDGE TRIGGER OPTIONAL 113 6 6 RUNT TRIGGER OPTIONAL 116 6 7 SLOPE TRIGGER 118 6 8 TIMEOUT TRIGGER OPTIONAL 123 6 9 VIDEO TRIGGER 126 6 10 SERIAL BUS TRIGGER 131 ...

Page 9: ...EMENT 144 7 3 CURSOR 146 CHAPTER 8 SCREEN CAPTURE MEMORY DEPTH AND WAVEFORM STORAGE 152 8 1 SCREEN CAPTURE FUNCTION 153 8 2 VIDEO RECORDING 155 8 3 WAVEFORM STORAGE 156 CHAPTER 9 MATH AND REFERENCE 165 9 1 DUAL WAVEFORM CALCULATION 166 9 2 FFT MEASUREMENT 171 9 3 REFERENCE WAVEFORM CALL 178 ...

Page 10: ...85 10 3 PERSISTENCE SETTING 186 10 4 HORIZONTAL EXPANSION CENTER 189 10 5 COLOR TEMPERATURE SETTING 189 10 6 TIME BASE MODE SELECTION 190 CHAPTER 11 SAMPLING SYSTEM 191 11 1 SAMPLING OVERVIEW 192 11 2 RUN STOP KEY AND SINGLE SEQ KEY 198 11 3 SELECT SAMPLING MODE 199 11 4 RECORD LENGTH AND SAMPLING RATE 205 ...

Page 11: ...BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 225 12 3 CAN BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 233 12 4 SPI BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 240 12 5 I2C BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 247 12 6 ARINC429 BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 255 12 7 1553B BUS TRIGGER AND DECODE 263 CHAPTER 13 HOMEPAGE FUNCTIONS 271 13 1 OSCILLOSCOPE SEE CHAPTERS 2 12 273 13 2 APP STORE 273 13 3 SETTINGS 277 ...

Page 12: ...CULATOR 288 13 6 BROWSER 288 13 7 GALLERY 289 13 8 CALENDAR 292 13 9 ELECTRONIC TOOLS 292 13 10 CLOCK 293 13 11 POWER OFF 296 13 12 POWER OFF LOCK 298 CHAPTER 14 REMOTE CONTROL 299 14 1 HOST COMPUTER 300 14 1 1 Installation of Host Computer Software 300 ...

Page 13: ...ion Interface Introduction 305 14 1 5 Storage and View of Pictures and Videos 306 14 2 MOBILE REMOTE CONTROL 309 14 3 FTP 311 14 4 SCPI 317 CHAPTER 15 UPDATE AND UPGRADE FUNCTIONS 318 15 1 SOFTWARE UPDATE 319 15 2 ADD OPTIONAL FUNCTIONS 320 CHAPTER 16 REFERENCE 323 16 1 MEASUREMENT CATEGORY 324 ...

Page 14: ...Table of Contents xi 16 2 POLLUTION DEGREE 325 CHAPTER 17 TROUBLESHOOTING 327 CHAPTER 18 SERVICES AND SUPPORT 334 ANNEX 336 ANNEX A MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF OSCILLOSCOPE 336 ANNEX B ACCESSORIES 338 ...

Page 15: ...low these precautions while using this product Only professionally trained personnel can operate the maintenance procedure Avoid fire and personal injury Use proper power cord Use only the power cord specified for this product and certified for the country region of use Connect and disconnect probes properly Connect the instrument probe correctly and its ground terminal is ground phase Do not conn...

Page 16: ...nsult the product manual for further information of ratings before making connections to the product User correct probes To avoid excessive electric shock use only correct rated probes for any measurement Disconnect AC power The adapter can be disconnected from AC power and the user must be able to access the adapter at any time Do not operate without covers Do not operate the product with covers ...

Page 17: ...ions and components when power is present Provide proper ventilation Do not operate in wet damp conditions Do not operate in a flammable and explosive atmosphere Keep product surfaces clean and dry The disturbance test of all models complies with Class A standards based on EN61326 1997 A1 A2 A3 but do not meet Class B standards Measurement Category The STO1000 series oscilloscope is intended to be...

Page 18: ...surement Category Under IEC Category I mounting conditions the input terminal can be connected to the circuit terminal with a maximum line voltage of 300Vrms To avoid the risk of electric shock the input terminal should not be connected to the circuit with a line voltage greater than 300Vrms Instantaneous overvoltage is present in circuits that are isolated from the mains supply The STO1000 series...

Page 19: ...f life Caution Caution statements indicate conditions or practices that could result in damage to this product or other property Terms on the product These terms may appear on the product Danger indicates an injury hazard immediately accessible as you read the marking Warning indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the marking Caution indicates a hazard to this product or...

Page 20: ...l Please read the following safety precautions to avoid personal injury and prevent damage to this product or any products connected to it To avoid possible hazards this product can only be used within the specified scope Warning If the instrument input port is connected to a circuit with the peak voltage higher than 42V or the power exceeding 4800VA to avoid electric shock or fire ...

Page 21: ...nt or the equivalent product indicated in the schedule Before use inspect voltage probes test leads and accessories for mechanical damage and replace when damaged Remove voltage probes and accessories not in use Plug the battery charger into the AC outlet before connecting it to the instrument ...

Page 22: ...ted calibration requirements of the Smart series oscilloscope Inspect package contents Mouse operation Use bracket Connect probe to the oscilloscope Side panel rear panel Use automatic Front panel Use factory settings Power on off the oscilloscope Use auto calibration Understand the oscilloscope display interface Passive probe compensation Introduction to basic operations of oscilloscope Modify th...

Page 23: ...es test 2 Inspect the accessories A detailed description is given in Annex B of this manual You can refer it to check if the accessories are complete If the accessories are missing or damaged please contact Micsig s agent or local office 3 Inspect the instrument If any damage to oscilloscope is found by the appearance inspection or it fails to pass the performance test please contact Micsig s agen...

Page 24: ...ket Put the front panel of the oscilloscope flatly on the table Use your two index fingers to hold the underside of the bracket and open the bracket by slightly upwards force as shown in Figure 2 1 Figure 2 1 Open Bracket ...

Page 25: ...Chapter 2 Quick Start Guide of Oscilloscope 11 2 3 Side Panel Figure 2 2 Side Panel ...

Page 26: ...Rear Panel a Ch1 Ch4 are signal measurement channels b Aux out is an auxiliary channel which is mainly used to measure the waveform refresh rate of the oscilloscope and cascade the current oscilloscope signal to other oscilloscopes ...

Page 27: ...Chapter 2 Quick Start Guide of Oscilloscope 13 2 5 Front Panel Figure 2 4 Front Panel of Tablet Oscilloscope ...

Page 28: ...e pressed on the adapter cable Press the power button to start the instrument Power on Press the power button to start the instrument while ensuring it is connected to a power supply Power off Press the power button go to power off interface and click to turn off the instrument Long press the power button for forced power off of the instrument Power off lock ...

Page 29: ...quence the equipment can be restarted Caution Forced power off may result in loss of unsaved data please use with caution 2 7 Understand the Oscilloscope Display Interface This section provides a brief introduction and description of the Smart Series oscilloscope user s interface After reading this section you can be familiar with the oscilloscope display interface content within the shortest poss...

Page 30: ...16 Figure 2 5 Oscilloscope Interface Display ...

Page 31: ...memory depth 5 The area in indicates the position of waveform displayed on the screen throughout the memory depth 6 Delay time the time at which the center line of the waveform display area is relative to the trigger point 7 Center line of waveform display area 8 Memory depth indicatrix 9 Current trigger type indication 10 Current trigger source trigger level ...

Page 32: ... channels display the vertical sensitivity of channels display sampling method 13 Trigger level adjustment press on the button to modify the trigger level through upward and downward movements 14 Display areas of USB PC connection USB connection battery level time etc 15 Switch to MATH and REF channel 16 Horizontal and vertical cursors open and close 17 Current channel selection Click to pop up th...

Page 33: ...9 Quick save Tap to quickly save the waveform as a reference waveform 20 Fine adjustment button Tap the button to finely adjust the last operation including waveform position trigger level position trigger point and cursor position 21 Waveform display area displays information such as waveforms cursors and related waveform measurements 22 Channel indicator can indicate the zero level position of t...

Page 34: ...20 2 8 Introduction Basic Operations of Touch Screen The Smart Series oscilloscope operates mainly by tap swipe single finger drag and two finger drag Figure 2 6 Basic Operations of Smart Oscilloscope ...

Page 35: ...ing menu and function Tap any blank space on the screen to exit the menu Swipe Single finger swipe to open close menus including main menu shortcut menu button and other channel menu operations For example the main menu is opened as shown in Figure 2 6 The closing method is the opposite of the opening method ...

Page 36: ...nu Tap the options in the main menu to enter the corresponding submenu The opening methods of channel menu and math menu are slightly different from that of the main menu Tap the channel icon and math icon to open the corresponding menu ...

Page 37: ...rm and 5 3 Adjust Vertical Position for details 2 9 Mouse Operation Connect the mouse to the USB Host interface then operate the oscilloscope with the mouse The left button right button and scroll wheel of the mouse have the same functions as the finger touch function Figure 2 8 is a schematic diagram of the mouse single click to select Run Stop function under the Menu option in the Short cut Menu...

Page 38: ...e to the Oscilloscope 1 Connect the probe to the oscilloscope channel BNC connector 2 Connect the retractable tip on the probe to the circuit point or measured equipment Be sure to connect the probe ground wire to the ground point of the circuit ...

Page 39: ...ingle time auto and each time press Auto the screen displays Auto in the upper left corner The oscilloscope can automatically adjust the vertical scale horizontal scale and trigger setting according to the amplitude and frequency of signals adjust the waveform to the appropriate size and display the input signal After adjustments exit from the auto set the Auto in the upper left corner disappears ...

Page 40: ...hreshold voltage setting and trigger source setting Figure 2 9 Open Auto Set Automatic configuration includes single channel and multiple channels automatic adjustment of the horizontal time base vertical sensitivity and trigger level of signal the oscilloscope waveform is inverted off the bandwidth limit sets to full bandwidth it sets as DC coupling mode the sampling mode is normal the trigger ty...

Page 41: ... The application of Auto Set requires that the frequency of measured signal is no less than 20Hz the duty ratio is greater than 1 and the amplitude is at least 2mVpp If these parameter ranges are exceeded Auto Set will fail Figure 2 10 Auto Set Waveform ...

Page 42: ...ange function is turned on the oscilloscope will automatically set various parameters including vertical scale horizontal time base trigger level etc When the signal is connected these parameters will automatically change and the signal does not need to be operated again after the change The oscilloscope will automatically recognize and make the appropriate changes Auto range Turn the auto range f...

Page 43: ...s 1 It can analyze signals subject to dynamic changes 2 It can quickly view several continuous signals without adjusting the oscilloscope This function is very useful if you need to use two probes at the same time or if you can only use the probe with one hand because the other hand is full 3 Control the automatic adjustment setting of the oscilloscope ...

Page 44: ...gure 2 12 Load Factory Settings 2 13 Use Auto calibration Open the main menu tap User Settings to enter the user setting page Tap Auto Calibration to enter the auto calibration mode When the auto calibration function is active the upper left corner of the screen displays Calibrating in red and after calibrating is finished the word in red disappears When the temperature changes largely the auto ca...

Page 45: ...ke a probe compensation to ensure the probe match the input channel The probe without compensation will lead to larger measurement errors or mistakes Probe compensation can optimize the signal path and make measurement more accurate If the temperature changes 10 or above this program must run to ensure the measurement accuracy Probe compensation may be conducted in the following steps 1 First conn...

Page 46: ...al terminal and connect the probe ground to the ground terminal As shown in Figure 2 13 Figure 2 13 Probe Connection 3 Open the channel if the channel is closed 4 Adjust the oscilloscope channel attenuation coefficient to match the probe attenuation ratio ...

Page 47: ...zontal time base Observe the shape of the waveform see Figure 2 14 Figure 2 14 Probe Compensation If the waveform on the screen is shown as under compensation or over compensation please adjust the trimmer capacitor until the waveform shown on the screen as correct compensation The probe adjustment is shown in Figure 2 15 ...

Page 48: ...34 Figure 2 15 Probe Adjustment The safety ring on the probe provides a safe operating range Fingers should not exceed the safety ring when using the probe so as to avoid electric shock ...

Page 49: ...n is in good condition to avoid probe electric shock while measuring high voltage Keep your fingers behind the probe safety ring to prevent electric shock When the probe is connected a voltage source do not touch metal parts of the probe head to prevent electric shock Before any measurement please correctly connect the probe ground end 2 15 Modify the Language To modify the display language please...

Page 50: ...be used to either operate oscilloscope without touch screen or used with the touch screen You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the operation of buttons of the Smart series oscilloscope Function buttons Multi function area Vertical system Horizontal system Trigger system Home page screen capture second function button ...

Page 51: ...Chapter 3 Operate the Oscilloscope with Buttons 37 Figure 3 1 Button Areas ...

Page 52: ...st to the waveform to the best display state For details please refer to 2 11 Use Auto in Chapter 2 Run Stop and Single SEQ Press to quickly freeze and capture the current signal waveform and click again the waveform continues to run Press for single acquisition The oscilloscope displays the waveform acquired in a single acquisition In the roll mode and large time base mode the acquisition will st...

Page 53: ...menu 3 2 Multifunctional Area Menu opening and closing Press to open or close the main menu Press to open or close the bottom menu Turn the X knob to open the current channel switching menu Menu switching After opening the menu turn the X knob to shuttle through the menu Press to select the menu and automatically enter the next menu Press to return to the previous menu Measure ...

Page 54: ...al cursor and press open the horizontal cursor Cursor switching Press the X or Y knob to switch the cursor and cursor linkage Cursor movement Turn the X knob to continue the vertical cursor movement and rotate the Y knob to move the horizontal cursor 3 4 Horizontal System Adjust the horizontal time base In the horizontal adjustment area turn the Scale knob to adjust the horizontal time base of all...

Page 55: ... open or close Zoom When Zoom is open button will be on Turn the Y knob to move the horizontal position of the Zoom window For details please refer to 4 5 Zoom Mode in Chapter 4 3 5 Vertical System Analog Channel Open close Press the analog channel button to cyclically realize the functions open the channel switch the current channel and close the channel Adjust the vertical sensitivity Turn the S...

Page 56: ...er the next menu Press the Back button to return to the previous menu Bus channel must be on Press the buttons to cyclically realize the functions open the channel open the channel menu and close the channel Note The vertical system function can also be realized by simply selecting the 50 button from the menu option in the pull up menu 3 6 Trigger System Forced Trigger In the normal trigger mode i...

Page 57: ...me as shown in the figure below Turn the X knob for coarse adjustment and turn the Y knob for fine adjustment Figure 3 2 Button Area Bus threshold level adjustment and switching is on and the adjusting and switching methods are the same as the trigger source and trigger level Trigger menu Press to quickly open or close the trigger menu For details please refer to Chapter 6 Trigger System ...

Page 58: ...oscope application Note The Home button function can also be accessed by simply clicking on the menu option in the pull up menu 3 8 Second Function Button When using the second function must be on When operating without the second function or it does not turn on the knob and button the shift will be automatically turned off Lock screen is on press the oscilloscope interface touch function is turne...

Page 59: ...the touch function will be automatically turned on Quick save is on press to save all channel waveforms as reference waveforms and capture the current screen Cursor must be on when operating the cursor Bus Open or close the bus channel and bus channel menu adjust the threshold level and switch the bus trigger source and must be on ...

Page 60: ... the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the set functions and operation of the horizontal system of the Smart series oscilloscope Move the waveform horizontally Adjust the horizontal time base time div Pan and zoom single or stopped acquisitions Roll XY Zoom mode ...

Page 61: ...Chapter 4 Horizontal System 47 Figure 4 1 Horizontal system ...

Page 62: ... to swipe left and right for the coarse adjustment of the waveform position horizontally of all analog channels after moving the waveform tap the fine adjustment button in the lower left corner of the screen for fine adjustment Figure 4 2 Move the Waveform Horizontally on the Screen ...

Page 63: ...adjust the horizontal time base of all analog channels current channels Tap button to increase the horizontal time base tap button to zoom out the horizontal time base see Figure 4 3 Adjust the Horizontal Time Base The horizontal time base is stepped in 1 2 5 while the waveform changes as the time base changes ...

Page 64: ...me Base Method 2 Time Base Knob Tap to open the time base list see Figure 4 4 Horizontal Time Base List then tap the list to select the appropriate time base The time base with the blue filled background is the currently selected time base ...

Page 65: ... 4 3 Pan and Zoom Single or Stopped Acquisitions After the oscilloscope is stopped the stopped display screen may contain several acquired data with useful information but only the data in the last acquisition can be horizontally moved and zoomed The data of the single ...

Page 66: ...efer to 4 1 Move the Waveform Horizontally and 4 2 Adjust the Horizontal Time Base time div 4 4 Roll XY In the main menu tap the soft key then select the desired time base mode The time base mode is divided into YT ROLL and XY Figure 4 5 Display Mode YT Normal View Mode of Oscilloscope ...

Page 67: ...y It is closely related to the time base and can be roughly calculated as the number of divisions on the left side of the trigger position time base level position if you want to reduce the waiting time move the trigger position to the left The case that trigger position is moved out of the waveform screen is not considered here ROLL ROLL Mode In ROLL mode the waveform rolls from right to left to ...

Page 68: ...eform display press again to clear waveform display and restart acquisition press to execute single sequence it will stop automatically after completing a full screen acquisition ROLL mode is generally used to observe waveforms with frequencies below 5 Hz ...

Page 69: ...ode on and off In the main menu tap the soft key In the General option you can turn the roll mode on and off refer to Figure 4 7 When the roll mode is on and the time base is within 200ms 1ks the oscilloscope automatically enters the roll mode Figure 4 7 Roll Mode On Off XY XY Mode The vertical amount of CH1 is displayed on the horizontal axis in XY mode and the vertical amount of CH2 is displayed...

Page 70: ... relationship of two signals XY mode can be used for sensors to display stress displacement flow pressure voltage frequency or voltage current for example plotting a diode curve You can also use the cursor to measure the waveform in XY mode Figure 4 8 XY Mode ...

Page 71: ...d connect sine wave signals of the same frequency and different phases to CH2 2 Press Auto set button tap Display in the main menu then select XY in Time Base 3 Drag signals so that they are centered on the display screen Adjust the vertical sensitivity of CH1 and CH2 and extend signals for viewing The phase difference θ can be calculated using the following formula assuming that the amplitudes of...

Page 72: ...ton to open the horizontal cursor 5 Set the cursor y2 at the top of the signal and the cursor y1 at the bottom of the signal Record the Δy value in the upper right corner of the screen 6 Move y1 and y2 cursors to the intersection point of the signal and the y axis Record the Δy value again ...

Page 73: ...Measurement and Using the Cursor 7 The following formula is used to calculate the phase difference For example if the first Δy value is 9 97V the second Δy value is 5 72V Error Reference source was not found phase difference error Reference source was not found ...

Page 74: ...the normal display Open the zoom function the display is divided into two parts see Figure 4 11 Zoom Interface The upper part of the display screen shows the normal display window view and the lower part shows the zoomed display window Figure 4 11 Zoom Interface ...

Page 75: ...w and the other portion is covered by gray shade not displayed in the zoom window This box shows the normal scan portion that was zoomed in the lower bottom Tap the time base button to adjust the time base of the zoom window The size of the box in the normal window changes according to the time base of the zoom window Drag the waveform of the zoom window horizontally to adjust the waveform positio...

Page 76: ... the current memory depth when the zoom window is opened the time base in the normal window is automatically set to the minimum time base in the normal window at the current memory depth 2 The cursor math waveform and reference waveform are not displayed in the normal window but can be displayed in the Zoom window 3 If Roll mode is stopped Zoom mode can be turned on and tap Run Stop to automatical...

Page 77: ...his chapter carefully to understand the set functions and operation of the vertical system of the Smart series oscilloscope Open close channel set the current channel Set probe type Adjust vertical sensitivity Set probe attenuation coefficient Adjust vertical position Vertical expansion reference Open channel menu Set channel coupling Set bandwidth limit Waveform inversion ...

Page 78: ...hannel Menu displayed after opening the CH1 channel menu Figure 5 1 Channel Menu Display Interface The ground level of each displayed analog channel signal is indicated by the channel indicator icon on the far left of the display screen ...

Page 79: ...se six soft keys can cyclically realize the functions open the channel open the channel menu and close the channel Current channel The oscilloscope can display multiple waveforms at the same time but only one waveform is preferentially displayed on the uppermost layer and the channel that is preferentially displayed on the uppermost layer is called the current channel The channel indicator for the...

Page 80: ...Non Current Channel The display content of the oscilloscope channel display interface includes the sampling mode vertical scale vertical scale sensitivity button probe ratio bandwidth limitation etc of the channel as shown in Figure 5 3 ...

Page 81: ...ay Interface When CH1 is on but the state is not the current channel tap CH1 waveform or vertical sensitivity or channel indicator or vertical sensitivity button or current channel selection button to set CH1 as the current channel as shown in Figure 5 4 ...

Page 82: ...68 Figure 5 4 Channel Open Close and Switching ...

Page 83: ...l Selection Button Tap the current channel icon at the bottom of the screen to pop up the current channel switching menu and press the button to light it up as shown in Figure 5 5 Tap the button in the menu to switch the current channel When this function is opened ...

Page 84: ...ght side of the channel icon to adjust the vertical display of the waveform corresponding to the channel so that the waveform is displayed on the screen at an appropriate size The vertical sensitivity scale V div after each adjustment is displayed on the channel icon For example means that the current vertical sensitivity of CH1 is 1 0V div The vertical sensitivity coefficient adjusts the vertical...

Page 85: ...ment After the waveform moves vertically click the fine adjustment button in the lower left corner of the screen to fine adjust the vertical position of the waveform for the current channel 5 4 Open Channel Menu Tap the channel icon channel is open to open the channel menu The channel menu is shown in Figure 5 6 Channel waveform inversion channel bandwidth limit probe type probe attenuation factor...

Page 86: ...72 Figure 5 6 Channel Switching Icon and Menu 5 4 1 Set Channel Coupling Tap the icon under Coupling Mode and select DC AC and GND channel coupling modes in the pop up box ...

Page 87: ...ing Measured DC signal is blocked and only the AC component can be allowed to pass and used to view waveforms with large DC offsets GND Internal input ground disconnecting from external input The oscilloscope is connected to the square wave signal with a frequency of 1KHz an amplitude of 2V and an offset of 1V The waveforms of the channel couplings of DC AC and GND are shown in Figures 5 7 5 8 and...

Page 88: ...74 Figure 5 7 DC Coupling Figure 5 8 AC Coupling ...

Page 89: ...Note This setting is only valid for the current channel To switch from the current channel just tap the channel icon channel indicator icon or horizontal position pointed by the channel indicator icon for direct switching You do not need to exit the menu ...

Page 90: ...Pass Only signals above the lower limit of the currently set frequency are allowed to pass Select high pass tap the frequency box open the frequency setting interface tap MHz and KHz to select the frequency scale drag or tap the slide bar for coarse adjustment of the maximum frequency allowed to pass tap buttons to precisely adjust the frequency Low pass Only signals below the currently set freque...

Page 91: ...imitation can be visualized by the waveform The full bandwidth is shown in Figure 5 10 the 20M bandwidth is shown in Figure 5 11 the high pass is shown in Figure 5 12 and the low pass is shown in Figure 5 13 Figure 5 10 Full Bandwidth Figure 5 11 20M Bandwidth ...

Page 92: ... 5 4 3 Waveform Inversion After selecting Invert the voltage value of the displayed waveform is inverted Inversion affects the way the channel is displayed When using a basic trigger you need to adjust the trigger level to keep the waveform stable ...

Page 93: ...14 Before Inversion Figure 5 15 After Inversion 5 4 4 Set Probe Type Probe types are divided into voltage probe and current probe Probe type adjustment steps Open the channel menu find the Probe Type checkbox in the channel menu then select ...

Page 94: ... In order to match the actual probe attenuation ratio it is necessary to adjust the channel attenuation factor correspondingly under the channel menu When probe attenuation ratio is changed the corresponding attenuation ratio must be set on the channel menu to ensure the correctness of the waveform amplitude and measurement result displayed by the oscilloscope Probe attenuation ratio and menu atte...

Page 95: ...attenuation ratio Probe attenuation ratio Menu attenuation ratio 0 001 1 1mx 0 1 1 100mx 10 1 10x 1000 1 1kx 0 002 1 2mx 0 2 1 200mx 20 1 20x 2000 1 2kx 0 005 1 5mx 0 5 1 500mx 50 1 50x 5000 1 5kx 0 01 1 10mx 1 1 1x 100 1 100x 10000 1 10kx 0 02 1 20mx 2 1 2x 200 1 200x 0 05 1 50mx 5 1 5x 500 1 500x Table 5 2 Probe Attenuation Ratio Correspondence Table ...

Page 96: ...r or zero point Center Click the center adjust the vertical scale and the oscilloscope waveform is expanded with the screen center as reference Zero point Click the zero point adjust the vertical scale and the oscilloscope waveform is expanded with the waveform zero point as reference ...

Page 97: ...illoscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the set functions and operation of the trigger system of the Smart series oscilloscope Trigger and trigger adjustment Slope trigger Edge trigger Time out trigger Pulse width trigger Video trigger Logic trigger Serial bus trigger Nth edge trigger Runt trigger ...

Page 98: ...orm only when it meets a preset condition first This action of capturing the waveform according to the condition is Trigger The so called capture waveform is that the oscilloscope grabs a signal and displays it If it is not triggered there is no waveform display What can Trigger be used for ...

Page 99: ...Chapter 6 Trigger System 85 1 The oscilloscope can stably display a periodic signal Figure 6 1 Stably Displayed Periodic Signal Figure 6 2 Non Stably Displayed Periodic Signal ...

Page 100: ...86 2 Grab the segment you want to observe from a fast and complex signal Figure 6 3 Abnormal Signal in Periodic Signals Figure 6 4 Abnormal Signal Captured by Setting Trigger Level ...

Page 101: ...s a signal segment for display regardless of whether the condition is met or not Automatic forced trigger is set in the menu In the trigger settings there is usually a trigger mode option which can be set as Normal or Auto Normal trigger means trigger after meeting the set condition Automatic trigger is a kind of forced trigger The oscilloscope will be force triggered if it does not trigger for a ...

Page 102: ...to mode which can ensure that the oscilloscope can also display the waveform when other trigger settings are not correct Although the waveform is not necessarily stable it can provide the intuitive judgment for our further adjustment of the oscilloscope The signal in Figure 2 9 is the result of forced trigger in Auto mode ...

Page 103: ...t the acquisition memory can be divided into pre trigger and post trigger buffers The position of the trigger event in the acquisition memory is defined by the time reference point and trigger position horizontal delay settings Figure 6 6 Conceptual Demonstration of Acquisition Memory All events displayed to the left of the trigger point occur before trigger These events are called pre trigger mes...

Page 104: ...ay Fingers swipe left and right in the waveform display area the trigger point will move horizontally the horizontal delay time changes and the delay time is displayed at the top center of the screen that is the distance between the trigger point and the center line of the waveform display area is displayed Figure 6 7 Horizontal Delay Horizontal Delay Trigger Center Position ...

Page 105: ...ay area and the delay time is zero Trigger level Trigger level is the signal voltage corresponding to the set trigger point When the trigger level is changed a horizontal line will appear temporarily on the screen to tell you the level position the specific value of the trigger level is displayed in the upper right corner of the screen then the horizontal line disappears the trigger level is indic...

Page 106: ...92 Figure 6 8 Trigger Level Adjust trigger level The trigger level can be coarsely adjusted and finely adjusted Coarse adjustment Slide up and down in the trigger level adjustment area ...

Page 107: ...rigger circuit is reconnected During hold off time the oscilloscope does not re trigger until the end of the hold off time and the hold off time can be used to stably trigger complex waveforms The trigger hold off time ranges from 200ns 10s The hold off may be used to trigger on repetitive waveforms with multiple edges or other events between waveform repetitions If the shortest time between trigg...

Page 108: ...ox after Rejection Time to open the hold off time adjustment interface The trigger time is displayed on the upper left the fine adjustment time scale is displayed on the upper right and the coarse time scale is displayed below as shown in Figure 6 10 Figure 6 10 Trigger Hold Off Time Set Interface Hold off Time Oscilloscope Trigger Position ...

Page 109: ...can become the only trigger point for the repetitive waveform Changing the time base setting will not affect the trigger hold off time Using Zoom function you can tap Run Stop to stop then horizontally move and zoom the data to find the position where the waveform is repeated Use the cursor to measure this time and then set the hold off time Use SingleSEQ button for single acquisition Usually when...

Page 110: ...n at the top of the screen falling edge or dual edge and the trigger level can be set to change the vertical position of the trigger point on the trigger edge namely the intersection point of the trigger level line and the signal edge The stable waveform can be obtained by correctly setting the edge trigger coupling mode Edge trigger menu is shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Descript...

Page 111: ...ls AC Filter out the DC component of trigger signals HF rejection Suppress signals above 50KHz in trigger signals LF rejection Suppresses signals below 50KHz in trigger signals Noise rejection Low sensitivity DC coupling to suppress high frequency noise in trigger signals Set CH1 rising edge trigger and coupling as DC with operation steps as follows 1 Tap Trigger on the main menu to open the trigg...

Page 112: ...st the trigger level to ensure that the waveform can be triggered stably for example the trigger level is set to 1V Trigger coupling description When the edge trigger setup menu is opened the trigger coupling option is displayed below the menu Trigger coupling includes DC AC HFRei LFRej NoiseRej see Figure 6 12 ...

Page 113: ... achieved using AC coupling 3 HFRej High Frequency Rejection Coupling removes high frequency components from the trigger waveform using high frequency rejection to remove high frequency noises or noises from fast system clocks from trigger paths such as AM or FM radio stations 4 LFRej Low Frequency Rejection Coupling removes any unnecessary low frequency components from the trigger waveform for ex...

Page 114: ...er sensitivity so triggering the oscilloscope requires a slightly larger signal Note Trigger coupling is independent of channel coupling 6 3 Pulse Width Trigger The trigger happens when the trigger signal pulse width 8ns 10s the trigger type indication icon at the top of the screen is reaches the set condition and the signal voltage reaches the set trigger level Pulse width trigger menu is shown i...

Page 115: ... Trigger when the signal pulse width is smaller than pulse width T T Trigger when the signal pulse width is greater than pulse width T T Trigger when the signal pulse width is equal to pulse width T T Trigger when the signal pulse width is not equal to pulse width T Trigger Pulse Width 8ns 10s Set the trigger pulse width Notes Conditions of greater than smaller than equal to or not equal to indica...

Page 116: ...lect the pulse width trigger in the trigger type and set the pulse width trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 13 Trigger source CH1 Trigger pulse polarity positive Trigger level 1V Trigger condition and pulse width time greater than the adjustment time is 180us ...

Page 117: ...ulse width trigger setting description 1 Pulse polarity selection The selected pulse polarity icon is displayed in the upper right corner of the display screen The positive pulse is higher than current trigger level CH1 positive pulse indication icon and the negative pulse is ...

Page 118: ...ulse if the restrictions are true the trigger will happen on the high to low transition of the pulse when triggered on negative polarity pulse if the restrictions are true the trigger will happen on the low to high transition Figure 6 14 Negative Pulse Level Flip Figure 6 14 Negative Polarity Pulse Level Flip ...

Page 119: ...positive pulse if it is set as T 80ns the trigger will happen stably only when the pulse width is smaller than 80ns Figure 6 15 Trigger Time T 80ns Figure 6 15 Trigger Time T 80ns Greater than the time value For example for positive pulse if it is set as T 80ns the trigger will happen stably only when the pulse width is greater than 80ns Figure 6 16 Trigger Time T 80ns Trigger ...

Page 120: ...e time value For example for positive pulse if it is set as T 80ns the trigger will happen stably only when the pulse width is equal to 80ns Figure 6 17 Trigger Time T 80ns Figure 6 17 Trigger Time T 80ns Not equal to the time value Trigger Trigger ...

Page 121: ...e 6 18 Trigger Time T 80ns Figure 6 18 Trigger Time T 80ns The trigger pulse width time can be set as 8ns 10s Tap the pulse width time setting box to pop up the time adjustment interface as shown in Figure 6 19 and adjust the pulse width time Adjust the pulse width time by adjusting or dragging the time scale Figure 6 19 Pulse Width Time Adjustment Interface Trigger ...

Page 122: ...ge reaches the set trigger level and the trigger logic width 8ns 10s Logic trigger menu descriptions are shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Description Trigger Source CH1 High Set CH1 as high Low Set CH1 as low None Set CH1 as none CH2 High Set CH2 as high Low Set CH2 as low None Set CH2 as none CH3 High Set CH3 as high Low Set CH3 as low ...

Page 123: ...t the logic of trigger source as NAND NOR Select the logic of trigger source as NOR Trigger Condition Change to true value Trigger when the logic changes to true value Change to false value Trigger when the logic changes to false value T If logic status for hold time as T then trigger Logic Time 8ns 10ns Set trigger logic time Notes Conditions of greater than smaller than equal to or not equal to ...

Page 124: ...er in the trigger type and set the logic trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 20 Logic levels CH1 CH3 High CH2 CH4 Low without reference to the channel of logic operation the level selection is None to avoid interference to the logic operation Logic gate AND Condition Logic time 400ns Figure 6 20 Logic Trigger Setting Menu ...

Page 125: ...he display screen High means a value higher than the current trigger level and the icon indication is Low means a value lower than the current trigger level and the icon indication is None This channel is invalid Switch the trigger level channel Tap the trigger level value shown in the upper right corner Logic conditions 1 True Trigger when the logic changes to true value 2 False Trigger when the ...

Page 126: ...112 Figure 6 21 Trigger Level Adjustment Trigger pulse width time can be set as 8ns 10s ...

Page 127: ...gnal is triggered on the Nth edge after the specified idle time it is Nth edge trigger Menu descriptions of the Nth edge trigger are shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Description Trigger Source CH1 Set CH1 as trigger signal source CH2 Set CH2 as trigger signal source CH3 Set CH3 as trigger signal source CH4 Set CH4 as trigger signal source Time 8ns 10s Idle time Edge Rising edge Set ...

Page 128: ...th edge after idle time Set CH1 to trigger on the 5th rising edge after 500us The steps are as follows 1 Tap Trigger on the main menu to open the trigger menu select Nth edge trigger in the trigger type and set the Nth edge trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 22 Trigger source CH1 Time 10ms Edge signal rising Nth edge 3 ...

Page 129: ...Chapter 6 Trigger System 115 Figure 6 22 Nth Edge Trigger Menu 2 Adjust the trigger level to ensure that the waveform can be triggered stably for example the trigger level is set to 1 44V ...

Page 130: ...d There are two types available positive short pulse and negative short pulse Figure 6 23 Runt Trigger Runt trigger menu descriptions are shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Description Trigger Source CH1 Set CH1 as trigger signal source CH2 Set CH2 as trigger signal source High Level Low Level Positive Short Pulse Negative Short Pulse ...

Page 131: ...e runt pulse Any Set signal to trigger on either positive or negative runt pulse Trigger Condition T Trigger when the signal pulse width is smaller than pulse width T T Trigger when the signal pulse width is greater than pulse width T T Trigger when the signal pulse width is greater than lower limit T1 and smaller than upper limit T2 None No trigger restrictions for runt pulse trigger Trigger Puls...

Page 132: ... Runt Trigger Setting Menu 6 7 Slope Trigger Slope Trigger means trigger when the waveform reaches a set time condition from one level to another Positive slope time Time takes for the waveform to go from low to high ...

Page 133: ... the trigger type on the top of the screen is only the icon and trigger happens when the set condition is reached Slope trigger is suitable for observing sawtooth or triangular waves The slope trigger menu descriptions are shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Description Trigger Source CH1 Set CH1 as trigger signal source CH2 Set CH2 as trigger signal source High Level Positive Slope Ti...

Page 134: ...rigger on detecting a signal slope change Trigger Condition T Trigger when the signal slope hold time is smaller than T T Trigger when the signal slope hold time is greater than T T Trigger when the signal slope hold time is smaller than upper limit T1 and greater than lower limit T2 Time 8ns 10s Set the trigger signal slope hold time Set CH1 slope status as rise and hold time less than 1ms The st...

Page 135: ...ct the slope trigger in the trigger type and set the slope trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 26 Trigger source CH1 Edge Rise Slope hold time 1us 2 Adjust trigger level adjust High or Low trigger level click arrow at both ends of the chute Switch the trigger level between High and Low ...

Page 136: ...Figure 6 26 Slope Trigger Setting Menu The slope hold time can be set as 8ns 10s Note A stable trigger waveform can only be obtained by selecting the channel to which signals are connected as trigger source ...

Page 137: ...time from the intersection of signal and trigger level and above or below the trigger level reaches the set time as shown in Figure 6 27 Figure 6 27 Timeout Trigger Schematics Timeout trigger menu descriptions are shown in the table below Trigger Option Setting Description Duration Set Level ...

Page 138: ...hen the rising edge of input signal gets through the trigger level Negative Select to count time when the falling edge of input signal gets through the trigger level Any Select to count time when the rising edge or falling edge of input signal gets through the trigger level Time 8ns 10s Timeout time Set the polarity of CH1 trigger signal to be positive and the timeout time as 15us The steps are as...

Page 139: ... to open the trigger menu select timeout trigger in the trigger type and set the timeout trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 28 Trigger source CH1 Edge positive Timeout time 8ns 2 Adjust the trigger level to ensure that the waveform can be triggered stably ...

Page 140: ...gger 6 9 Video Trigger The triggering method for video signals depends on video formats Generally there are PAL 625 SECAM NTSC 525 720P 1080I and 1080P formats The video trigger can be triggered at different voltage scales and the ...

Page 141: ...cription Trigger Source CH1 Set CH1 as trigger signal source CH2 Set CH2 as trigger signal source CH3 Set CH3 as trigger signal source CH4 Set CH4 as trigger signal source Polarity Positive Set signal positive polarity trigger Negative Set signal negative polarity trigger Video Standard 625 PAL Based on PAL signal trigger SECAM Based on SECAM signal trigger 525 NTSC Based on NTSC signal trigger ...

Page 142: ...080P 24Hz 25Hz 30Hz 50Hz 60Hz signal trigger Line Trigger lines Trigger Odd fields Trigger on the rising edge of the first tooth pulse in odd fields Even fields Trigger on the rising edge of the first tooth pulse in even fields All fields Trigger on the rising edge of the first tooth pulse found All lines Trigger on all horizontal sync pulses ...

Page 143: ... even line NTSC 750 line 720P 1125 line 1080I 1080P Set CH1 as trigger channel positive polarity NTSC standard video all fields trigger and the steps are as follows 1 Tap Trigger on the main menu to open the trigger menu select the video trigger in the trigger type and set the video trigger as follows as shown in Figure 6 29 Trigger source CH1 Polarity positive ...

Page 144: ...130 Standard 525 NTSC Trigger All fields 2 Adjust the trigger level to ensure that the waveform can be triggered stably Figure 6 29 Video Trigger ...

Page 145: ...he video signal since the digital oscilloscope has multi level gray scale display function different brightness can reflect the frequency of different parts of the signal Experienced users can quickly judge the quality of the signal during the debugging process and find abnormal conditions 6 10 Serial Bus Trigger Please refer to Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode Optional ...

Page 146: ... information of the analysis system of the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the set functions and operation of the analysis system of the Smart series oscilloscope Automatic measurement Frequency meter measurement Cursor ...

Page 147: ...easurement setting Slide down from top open the main menu tap Measure to enter the measurement menu There are 23 measurement items on the measurement menu Measurement menu selected measurement item display and measurement item display are shown in Figure 7 1 ...

Page 148: ...surement 1 Select channel Select the channel to be measured above the measurement menu 2 Select measurement Select the desired measurement item on the measurement menu The selected measurement item is displayed in the Selected Parameters display area below ...

Page 149: ...will be recalculated when moving zooming and opening closing channels Oscilloscope has an automatic measurement memory function Shutdown and restart will not automatically clear added automatic measurement options All measurements Slide from bottom open the pull up menu see Figure 7 2 click to open all measurement items display the current channel measurement value Switch the current channel to op...

Page 150: ...136 Figure 7 2 Pull up Menu Figure 7 3 All Measurements ...

Page 151: ...l cycle in the waveform Frequency Reciprocal to the cycle time Rise time Time required for the first rising edge of the waveform to rise from the amplitude of 10 to 90 Threshold Upper Limit Threshold Median Threshold Lower Limit Period Rise Time Fall Time Positive Pulse Width Negative Pulse Width ...

Page 152: ... the amplitude of 10 to 90 Delay Time delay between rising or falling edges of channels may be measured and there are nine effective measurement combinations Figure 7 5 Delay Measurement Schematics 1 Open the automatic measurement menu and tap to pop up the phase selection menu Delay ...

Page 153: ...he right channel is a contrast delay channel which can be selected between each channel and math channel There are four edge selections first rising edge first falling edge last rising edge and last falling edge 4 Tap button to confirm Positive duty cycle Measured value of the first cycle in the waveform Positive duty cycle waveform positive pulse width period 100 Negative duty cycle Measured valu...

Page 154: ...s Negative pulse width Measured value of the first negative pulse in the waveform taking the time between two 50 amplitude points Burst width Duration of a burst measured over the entire waveform Overshoot Positive overshoot Positive overshoot max high amplitude 100 Negative overshoot Negative overshoot low min amplitude 100 Phase ...

Page 155: ...er waveform expressed in degrees where 360 comprises one waveform cycle Figure 7 6 Phase Measurement Schematics Peak peak In the entire waveform measurement peak peak max min Amplitude In the entire waveform measurement amplitude high 100 low 0 The figure below shows voltage measurement points Delay Period ...

Page 156: ...olts or Amperes Refer to 5 4 4 Set Probe Type Figure 7 7 Voltage Measurement High Take 100 in the entire waveform and calculated using either the min max or histogram method Low Take 0 in the entire waveform and calculated using either the min max or histogram method Amplitude Low Max Min Peak peak ...

Page 157: ...Min Highest negative peak measured over the entire waveform RMS True root mean square value over the entire waveform C RMS True root mean square value of the first cycle in the waveform Mean Arithmetic mean over the entire waveform C mean Arithmetic mean over the first cycle in the waveform ...

Page 158: ...pears to be off the screen the measured value of math waveform will not be influenced If source channel is clipped the measured value of math waveform is the source channel value during screen wave clipping 7 2 Frequency Meter Measurement Open the main menu tap Frequency Meter to enter the hardware frequency meter setting menu and select the channel to be measured as shown in Figure 7 8 The measur...

Page 159: ...Chapter 7 Analysis System 145 Figure 7 8 Frequency Meter Measurement Menu Open Figure 7 9 Frequency Meter Measurement ...

Page 160: ...t to read the waveform measurement value There are two types of cursors horizontal cursor and vertical cursor The horizontal cursor measures the vertical direction magnitude and the vertical cursor measures the horizontal direction magnitude as shown in Figure 7 10 ...

Page 161: ...Chapter 7 Analysis System 147 Figure 7 10 Cursor Measurement Description ...

Page 162: ...ical cursors relative to the trigger point 1 X frequency S reading Indicates the quotient of voltage difference of horizontal cursors and Δ time difference of vertical cursors that is the slope of the intersection of the four cursors Vertical cursor on off and activation Vertical cursor on off Vertical cursor on Tap cursor icon to open vertical cursors and the icon is on and activated Vertical cur...

Page 163: ...Chapter 7 Analysis System 149 Tap the vertical cursor indicator line to switch the cursors Figure 7 11 Open Cursor Selection Box and Close Cursor Vertical cursor movement descriptions ...

Page 164: ...nd enter the cursor linkage state Note During the sliding process the current operation is changed unless the initial two fingers leave the screen If one finger leaves the screen and the other finger does not leave the current linkage adjustment is continued Horizontal cursor on off and activation Horizontal cursor on off switching activation and movement operations similar to those of vertical cu...

Page 165: ...he two cursors move together to check for pulse width changes in the pulse sequence Figure 7 12 Cursor Measurement Pulse Width Figure 7 13 In XY Mode Cursor Measurement In the XY horizontal mode X cursor displays CH1 value V or A and Y cursor displays CH2 value V or A ...

Page 166: ...ins the detailed information of the screen capture function and memory depth of the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the storage system of the Smart series oscilloscope Screen capture function Video recording Memory depth Waveform storage ...

Page 167: ...on on the current display screen in picture format Screen capture method Slide upward from bottom to open pull up menu Tap the icon to have a screen capture in the oscilloscope application Or pull down the menu in non oscilloscope application interface twice and click the screen capture option to capture the screen content of the non oscilloscope application ...

Page 168: ...154 Figure 8 1 Screen Capture Please refer to 13 6 Picture View for details on viewing pictures ...

Page 169: ...cation open pull down menu tap the screen to start recording and count down to three seconds to complete the video recording as shown in Figure 8 2 You can cancel recording by pressing the triangular circular or square button at the bottom of the screen before the countdown ends During video recording you can end recording by tapping the video recording time at the top left of the screen Or you ca...

Page 170: ... Figure 8 3 Video Recording Please refer to 13 7 Gallery for details of viewing videos 8 3 Waveform Storage The oscilloscope can save the analog channel or math channel waveform locally or in USB device The file type can be WAV CSV or BIN ...

Page 171: ...ce channels which can be called to load WAV format files into the reference channel and open the reference channel to display the reference waveform Save reference file Slide down from top open main menu and tap to open the menu Save the reference waveform interface of the specified channel as follows ...

Page 172: ...158 Figure 8 4 Save CH1 Reference Waveform Interface Location Stored locally and in USB device File types WAV CSV and BIN ...

Page 173: ... the top of the called menu Save to Tap the R R1 R2 R3 R4 button to save the current channel waveform directly to the corresponding reference channel and the save success prompt will pop up Back Tap to return to the previous level Method 1 Click the save button In the Save Reference Waveform menu select the channel waveform to be saved select the file save location file type and file name and clic...

Page 174: ...e reference waveform file is to be saved in USB device the oscilloscope must be connected to an external USB device After connection the reference waveform save location is preferentially set to the USB device There is no limit to the number of saved reference waveform files Method 2 Click R button In the Save Reference Waveform menu tap R R1 R2 R3 R4 button to save the current channel waveform di...

Page 175: ...t screen The file names are the default initial file names Management of reference files In the file manager open waveforms in the classification file to manage reference files by operations such as copy cut delete rename compress etc as shown in Figure 8 4 Select reference files and click button below to delete them click More at bottom of the screen tap Rename to open soft keyboard and change th...

Page 176: ...162 Figure 8 5 Delete Reference Files CSV files CSV file structure ...

Page 177: ...ength is less than 70K 35K the data length of CSV files changes either For example when the record length is set to 14 7 3 5K there will be 7000 sample points in the dual channel CSV file Max and Min in CSV files If running Min or Max measurements Min and Max values displayed on the measurement results screen may not appear in CSV files Explanation If the oscilloscope sampling rate is 1GSa s sampl...

Page 178: ...e sampled data and produce records that can be used to perform various analyses such as measurements and CSV data This analysis record or measurement record is much larger than 600 and may actually contain up to 60 000 points However once the number of points sampled exceeds 60 000 some extraction method is required The extraction factor used to generate the CSV record is configured to provide the...

Page 179: ...ation of the MATH operation and reference channel of the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the setting functions and operations of the MATH and reference channels of the Smart series oscilloscope Dual waveform calculation FFT measurement Reference waveform call ...

Page 180: ...hannel Waveform Display math waveform Tap on the lower right corner of the screen to enter the second channel selection area Tap the soft key to open the math channel After the math waveform is opened the current channel selector is automatically opened ...

Page 181: ...n will also be clipped Once the math waveform is displayed tap the channel icon to close the source channel for a better view of the math waveform The vertical sensitivity and offset of each channel participating in the math function can be adjusted to facilitate viewing and measuring of the math waveform The math function waveform can be measured using Cursor and Measure Adjust the math waveform ...

Page 182: ...se corresponding to the math waveform are displayed in the channel area of the math channel For details see 2 7 Understand the Oscilloscope Display Interface Math waveform units Use Probe Type on the channel menu to adjust the channel unit refer to 5 4 4 Set Probe Type and set the unit of each input channel to Volt or Ampere The units of math function waveform include Math Function Unit V A VV AA ...

Page 183: ...identified the unit of math function will be displayed as undefined Math operators Math operators perform arithmetic operations on the analog input channels Addition or subtraction If addition or subtraction is selected the values of function sources 1 and 2 will be added or subtracted point by point and the results will be displayed ...

Page 184: ... When multiplication or division is selected the values of function sources 1 and 2 values will be multiplied or divided point by point and the results will be displayed Multiplication is useful when viewing the power relationship if one of the channels is proportional to the current ...

Page 185: ...es the digitization time of the source and converts it to the frequency domain After selecting the FFT function FFT spectrum is plotted as amplitude in V Hz or dB Hz on the oscilloscope display screen The reading of the horizontal axis changes from time to frequency Hz while the unit of the vertical axis changes from volt to V or dB Figure 9 3 FFT Window ...

Page 186: ...gure 9 3 FFT Window 3 Tap the Operation Source box to select the channel for which FFT transform is required 4 Tap the window box to select the window function applied to the FFT input signal Selection of window function In the FFT transform four different FFT windows can be selected Each window is alternatively used between frequency resolution and amplitude accuracy and the appropriate window ma...

Page 187: ...ter almost the same event Moreover this window can be used to measure equal amplitude sine waves with very close frequencies and wideband random noises with relatively slow spectral variations Hamming window This is the best window type for resolution frequencies that are very close to the same value and the amplitude accuracy is slightly better than the Rectangular window The Hamming type has a s...

Page 188: ...suring frequency amplitude but worst for measuring the resolution frequency Use the Blackman Harris measurement to find the main single signal frequency waveform for higher harmonics Since the oscilloscope performs FFT transform on the finite length time record the FFT algorithm assumes that YT waveform is continuously repeated Thus when the period is integral the amplitudes of YT waveform at the ...

Page 189: ...orm is multiplied by a window function forcing the values at the beginning and at the end to be zero Note Signals with DC components or deviations can cause errors or deviations in the FFT waveform components AC coupling can be selected to reduce DC components Spectrum type Select the vertical axis reads V or A select the vertical axis reads dB When the spectrum is linear the waveform is shown in ...

Page 190: ...176 Figure 9 4 Spectrum Amplitude as V Hz Adjust FFT waveforms Waveform position ...

Page 191: ...izontal center of the screen Select math channel as the current channel and press the position knob in the vertical button area to move the waveform to the vertical center of the screen Horizontal time base scale Select math channel as the current channel tap the time base adjustment button and adjust the horizontal time base scale The horizontal time base is stepped in 1 2 5 and the waveform chan...

Page 192: ...screen at an appropriate size The vertical sensitivity factor is stepped in 1 2 5 using 1 1 probe Note FFT waveform does not support automatic parameter measurement 9 3 Reference Waveform Call Reference waveform call and close Tap in the bottom right corner of the screen to enter the second channel selection area Tap button to open the reference menu see Figure 9 5 ...

Page 193: ... button to open or close the reference channel the reference waveform is displayed in blue violet and the four stored waveforms can be displayed simultaneously wherein the current reference waveform is brighter than non current reference waveforms When there are no waveforms loaded into the reference channel turn on the Call switch to call waveforms ...

Page 194: ... on as the current channel waveform and the reference waveform channel icon is highlighted The displayed state changes from Close to Open As in Figure 9 6 the brighter reference waveform is shown as the current reference channel If there are already files loaded into the reference channel tap to open the reference channel of all loaded reference files tap to close all currently opened reference wa...

Page 195: ...veform Close the reference waveform 1 In the reference menu tap Open Close button in R1 to close the reference waveform 2 Repeat step 1 to close other reference channels When all reference waveform channels are closed the reference waveform channel icon becomes gray ...

Page 196: ...also independent of each other To adjust the reference waveform of a channel first set the channel as the current channel and then adjust the reference waveform by move or zoom in accordance with the analog channel method The scale and time base of the current channel reference waveform are displayed on the reference button After switching the current reference channel the scale and time base on t...

Page 197: ...ettings and function buttons of the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the display setting functions and operations of the Smart series oscilloscope Waveform setting Persistence setting Graticule setting Horizontal expansion center Color temperature setting Time base mode selection ...

Page 198: ...184 In the main menu tap button to enter display settings menu as shown in Figure 10 1 Figure 10 1 Display Settings and Function Buttons ...

Page 199: ...isplay mode is divided into two types dots and vectors The waveform brightness percentage is adjustable and the waveform display setting is shown in Figure 10 2 Figure 10 2 Waveform Display Menu 10 2 Graticule Setting Open the display menu and tap button to open the graticule setting menu Figure 10 3 Graticule display mode includes Full Grid Crosshair and Frame and the brightness percentage is adj...

Page 200: ...Menu Display 10 3 Persistence Setting Open the display menu and tap key to open the persistence settings menu 1 Persistence setting In the persistence setting menu select None None no persistence Auto Auto automatic persistence ...

Page 201: ...p the persistence time selection box Figure 10 4 and set the persistence time It can be set between 10ms and 10s Infinite persistence never erase the results of previous acquisitions Infinite persistence can be used to measure noise and jitter display the worst case extremes of varying waveforms find time violations capture events that occur infrequently ...

Page 202: ...nce 500ms 2 Erase persistence To erase the previously acquired results from the display tap key or adjust the horizontal time base and vertical sensitivity The oscilloscope will erase the persistence display and start the cumulative acquisition again ...

Page 203: ...or contract toward both sides with the screen center as the base point and the delay time does not change 2 Trigger position Select to adjust the time base waveform to expand or contract toward both sides with the trigger position as the base point The delay time varies with the horizontal time base 10 5 Color Temperature Setting Turn on the color temperature mode and the waveform display is shown...

Page 204: ...190 Figure 10 5 Color Temperature Open Mode 10 6 Time Base Mode Selection For details please refer to 4 4 ROLL XY in Chapter 4 ...

Page 205: ...e sampling system of the oscilloscope You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the setting and operation of the sampling system of the Smart series oscilloscope Sampling overview Run stop and single sequence acquisition running control Select sampling mode Record length and sampling rate ...

Page 206: ...g principle According to the Nyquist sampling principle for a bandwidth limited signal with the maximum frequency fMAX the equidistant sampling frequency fS must be twice as large as the maximum frequency fMAX so that a unique signal can be reconstructed without aliasing fMAX fS 2 Nyquist frequency fN alias frequency Aliasing Aliasing occurs when the signal is under sampled fS 2fMAX Aliasing is si...

Page 207: ... frequency at which the input signal sine wave is attenuated by 3dB 30 amplitude error For oscilloscope bandwidth according to the sampling principle the required sampling rate is fS 2fBW However this principle assumes that there is no frequency component exceeding fMAX fBW in this case and requires a system with ideal brick wall frequency response ...

Page 208: ...ve frequency components that exceed the fundamental frequency the square wave consists of sine waves at fundamental frequency and an infinite number of odd harmonics and for bandwidths of 500MHz and below the oscilloscope typically has Gaussian frequency response Frequency Attenuation ...

Page 209: ...imited to 1 4 sampling frequency and reduces the frequency response above the Nyquist frequency Therefore in fact the oscilloscope sampling rate should be 4 times or more of its bandwidth fS 4fBW This can reduce aliasing and cause greater attenuation in the aliased frequency components Frequency Attenuation Aliasing ...

Page 210: ... It is the fastest edge speed that the oscilloscope can produce Desired oscilloscope bandwidth The oscilloscope bandwidth required to accurately measure signal is primarily determined by the rise time of the signal rather than the frequency of the signal The following steps can be used to calculate the required oscilloscope bandwidth 1 Determine the fastest edge speed Rise time information is typi...

Page 211: ...flection point in the fast edge spectrum at which frequency components above fknee are negligible in determining the signal shape fknee 0 5 signal rise time based on 10 90 threshold fknee 0 4 signal rise time based on 20 80 threshold 3 The multiplication factor for the desired accuracy is used to determine the required oscilloscope bandwidth Desired Accuracy Desired Oscilloscope Bandwidth 20 fBW 1...

Page 212: ...Stop button is displayed in green it indicates that the oscilloscope is running that is it meets the trigger condition and data acquisition is being performed The green or is displayed in the upper left corner of the screen To stop data collection tap the Run Stop button After stopping the screen displays the last acquired waveform When the Run Stop button is displayed in red it indicates that dat...

Page 213: ...and choose among the four sampling modes normal average peak and envelope in the pop up box The sampling modes of all channels are same That is if the sampling mode of any channel is changed the sampling mode of all channels is changed at the same time Normal sampling mode Oscilloscope samples signal through equivalent time intervals to build waveform When the time base of 20 ns or faster is chose...

Page 214: ...d When the time base is set to 200ms and above the oscilloscope will automatically exit the peak sampling mode and switch to the normal sampling mode Burr or narrow pulse capture Burr is the rapid change in waveform that is usually narrower than waveform Peak sampling mode can be used to view burr or narrow pulses more easily In the peak sampling mode narrow burr and transition edges are brighter ...

Page 215: ...Chapter 11 Sampling System 201 Figure 11 5 Sine Wave with Burr Normal Sampling Mode Figure 11 6 Sine Wave with Burr Peak Sampling Mode ...

Page 216: ...g data and display them on the screen 4 Use the zoom mode to represent the characteristics of burr a Tap the Zoom button in the main menu to open the zoom window b To get a better resolution of burr expand the time base to set the expanded portion of the normal window view around burr Average sampling mode The average sampling mode averages multiple acquisition results to reduce random or unrelate...

Page 217: ...orm to waveform changes A compromise must be made between the response speed of waveform versus the changes and the degree of noise reduction shown on the signal Use average sampling mode 1 Open the channel menu and select the average sampling mode in the sampling mode option 2 Press the number box on the right of the average sampling mode box to pop up the average number and then tap it to set th...

Page 218: ...elope sampling mode In the envelope sampling mode the superposition effect of several sampled waveforms can be observed The maximum and minimum values of one signal can be captured in the specified N sample data and the number of waveform superpositions can be set to 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 or ...

Page 219: ...8 AM Signal in Envelope Sampling Mode 32 11 4 Record Length and Sampling Rate The record length is the data volume for each captured waveform For example if the record length is 700K it means that 700K sample points are captured by one trigger ...

Page 220: ... Auto if it is dual channel the record length can be set to 7k 70k 0 7M 7M 14M Auto if it is three or four channels the record length can be set to 3 5k 35k 0 35M 3 5M 7M Auto Record length and sampling rate The record length is data volume collected per waveform capture For example if the record length is 0 7M it means that 700K sample points are captured by one trigger The oscilloscope record le...

Page 221: ...t to a fixed value the oscilloscope acquisition time does not necessarily represent the display time on the current entire screen For example if the oscilloscope has the memory depth of 700K the sampling rate of 1GSa s and the horizontal time base of 20ns the acquisition time is 700ns which is 2 5 times of the current display time on the entire screen Or if the memory depth is 140K fixed value the...

Page 222: ... CH3 are opened the sampling rates of CH1 and CH3 are both 500 MSa s If any three channels or all four channels are opened the sampling rate per channel will become 1 4 of the maximum sampling rate For example when CH1 CH2 and CH3 are opened the sampling rates of CH1 CH2 and CH3 are 250 MSa s for each of them ...

Page 223: ...are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the setting and operation of Smart bus trigger and decode This chapter mainly include the below contents UART RS232 RS422 RS485 bus trigger and decode LIN bus trigger and decode CAN bus trigger and decode SPI bus trigger and decode I2C bus trigger and decode ARINC429 bus trigger and decode 1553B bus trigger and decode ...

Page 224: ...an be set when the bus trigger is selected and the serial bus is displayed in graphic form In the serial bus decode mode if it is screen rolling in other modes the time base is automatically adjusted to 1ms when switching to serial decode the maximum time base supported by the serial decode mode is 100ms in Zoom mode the enlarged signal can be decoded and displayed The normal display window suppor...

Page 225: ...Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode Optional 211 Figure 12 1 Bus Type Selection Menu Open the pull up menu and tap key to open or close the text mode as shown in Figure 12 2 ...

Page 226: ...ure 12 2 Bus Decode Text Mode Description Two decode channels S1 S2 in the text interface must be configured identically to be opened and each channel is displayed in chronological order with different colors ...

Page 227: ...ed to change the bus channel Clicking save during the text acquisition process can save all currently acquired data If the date volume is too large wait will be displayed and the save success prompt will be displayed Oscilloscope can be used as a USB storage device to view saved files on a computer as shown in Figure 12 3 Figure 12 3 Bus Text Storage Files ...

Page 228: ...ure 12 4 The RX channel must be chosen and the following parameters must be set according to measured signals Idle Level Choose Idle Low or Idle High to match the idle state of measured equipment For RS232 Idle Low may be chosen Note RS232 industry standard uses negative logic namely high level is logic 0 and low level is logic 1 Parity Bit Choose odd even or none depending on measured equipment W...

Page 229: ...nal 215 Baud Rate Choose the baud rate that matches signal in measured equipment The baud rate can be set within the range from 1 2Kb S to 8 000Mb S Bus Display Choose hexadecimal binary or ASCII code display Figure 12 4 UART Bus Configuration Menu ...

Page 230: ...and the data exceeds 0x7F the data will be displayed in hexadecimal Click the baud rate setting box to open the baud rate selection column If Custom is chosen click to pop up the virtual soft keyboard select the bit to be modified enter value and click Enter on the virtual soft keyboard to complete setting The baud rate can be set from 1 2Kb S to 8 000Mb S The virtual soft keyboard is shown in Fig...

Page 231: ...l length of data bit plus parity bit When there is no parity bit the data word length is considered to be the length of data bit For example if the data word length is 8bit when there is no parity bit it means that the total length of data bits is 8bit when there is parity bit it means that the total length of data bits is 7bit and there is parity bit of 1 bit ...

Page 232: ...hip and trigger data need to be set as shown in Figure 12 6 Figure 12 6 Trigger Setting Menu After selecting the trigger data use the pop up virtual keyboard to modify it enter the value and click Enter on the virtual soft keyboard to complete the setting UART trigger configuration menu description a Start bit trigger at the start bit of the measured signal ...

Page 233: ...a bits is 9bits the 9th bit is parity bit Only when the 9th bit is 0 then trigger The trigger relationship trigger data configuration are the same as those of data trigger e 1 data the measured signal data bits is 9bits the 9th bit is parity bit Only when the 9th bit is 1 then trigger The trigger relationship trigger data configuration are the same as those of data trigger f x data the measured si...

Page 234: ...rity None 8bit 19 20kb s display hexadecimal then close menu 3 Open the trigger mode setting menu click Data enter 55 manually and press enter to confirm 4 Adjusting the threshold level according to the amplitude level of signal may make the signal to be stably triggered The UART trigger graphic interface is shown in Figure 12 8 Method 1 Click configuration information to open the decode channel t...

Page 235: ...Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode Optional 221 Figure 12 7 UART Decode Level Adjustment Method 2 Brighten turn the Level knob to adjust the threshold level and press to switch the trigger source ...

Page 236: ...222 Figure 12 8 UART Graphic Interface UART graphic interface description 1 Trigger position 2 Trigger type ...

Page 237: ... data packet displays real time data about the bus activities 2 Decode data displays as hexadecimal system in white 3 When the word length is 5 8 bits the decode data displays as two bits of hexadecimal when the word length is 9 bits the decode data displays as 3 bits of hexadecimal and the 9th bit displays at the left side 4 When there is error in decode data if the error is at stop bit the data ...

Page 238: ...5 When appears the time base needs to be adjusted to view decode results Figure 12 9 UART Text Interface UART text interface description see Figure12 9 1 S1 S2 S1 S2 is channel configuration bus information ...

Page 239: ...4 Counter Calculates the total number of frames and the percentage of ERR parity error and stop bit error frames 5 Clear Clear the counter data 6 Roller bar In the decode data area the stop bit error data is displayed in yellow and the decode error data is displayed in red 12 2 LIN Bus Trigger and Decode For correctly decoding LIN bus data and making trigger stable the bus configuration trigger mo...

Page 240: ... signal source of decode Idle Level high and low Select whether to display high active or low active after the signal start bit of measured equipment Baud Rate Select the baud rate that matches the signal being measured and it can be customized The setting method is the same as that of UART and will not be repeated here As shown in Figure 12 10 ...

Page 241: ...gure 12 10 LIN Bus Configuration Menu Trigger mode Open the trigger configuration menu and select the appropriate trigger type When the LIN bus trigger is selected the trigger mode includes synchronous rising edge frame ID frame ID and data See Figure 12 11 ...

Page 242: ...ct Frame ID click data on the touch screen and use the pop up virtual keyboard to modify it c Frame ID and data triggered when a frame with ID and data equal to the set value is detected After selecting Frame ID and Data click ID or data and set them LIN serial decode Ch1 is connected to measured signal The idle level is high and the baud rate is 19 2 kb s The trigger mode is synchronous rising ed...

Page 243: ...the menu 3 Open the trigger mode configuration menu and click Synchronous Rising Edge 4 Click configuration information to open the decode channel threshold level adjustment box and drag the adjustment box upward and downward to adjust the threshold level adjust the threshold level according to the signal amplitude level to make the signal stably triggered The LIN trigger graphic interface is show...

Page 244: ...230 Figure 12 12 LIN Graphic Interface LIN decode data packet description 1 Decode data packet displays real time data about the bus activities 2 Decode data displays as hexadecimal system ...

Page 245: ... yellow Data displays in white and Parity sum displays in green If the parity sum has error it is displayed in red E 4 When appears the time base needs to be adjusted to view decode results Figure 12 13 LIN Text Interface LIN text interface description as shown in Figure 12 13 ...

Page 246: ...rvals between the last frames to current frames 3 ID Frame ID value 4 Data Frame data 5 Parity sum Frame parity sum the sum of parity error displays in red 6 Trigger Yes means the frame reaches trigger condition 7 Clear Clear counter data ...

Page 247: ...stable the bus configuration trigger mode set and trigger level need to be adjusted Bus configuration Tap or to open the bus configuration menu the signal source needs to be set and the signal type and baud rate are set according to measured signal the setting method is the same as that of UART and will not be repeated here See Figure 12 14 ...

Page 248: ...234 Figure 12 14 CAN Bus Configuration Menu Trigger mode Open the trigger configuration menu and select the appropriate trigger type when S1 CAN bus trigger is selected as shown in Figure 12 15 ...

Page 249: ... frame ID setting the ID matches the remote frame trigger After selecting the Remote Frame ID and then set the ID value at the bottom of the trigger data area Operation description Press the numbers on the touch screen and use the virtual keyboard to set c Data framed ID trigger on data frame that matches set ID Data frame ID configuration mode is the same as the remote data frame ID configuration...

Page 250: ...me as the remote frame ID configuration f Error frame trigger on CAN error frame g All errors trigger when there is any error in format or activity h Ack error trigger on recessive high Ack position i Overload frame trigger on CAN overload frame CAN serial decode Ch1 is connected to measured signal The idle level is high and the baud rate is 1Mb s the Trigger mode is the frame start Please follow ...

Page 251: ... Ch1 Idle High and 1Mb s After setting click the blank area to close the menu 3 Open the trigger mode configuration menu and click Frame Start 4 Adjust the threshold level according to the signal amplitude the CAN trigger graphic interface is shown in Figure 12 16 Figure 12 16 CAN Graphic Interface ...

Page 252: ...stem 3 Frame ID displays in yellow Data displays in white and DLC and CRC codes display in green If there is frame error it is displayed in red E 4 When appears the time base needs to be adjusted to view decode results and indicates that the bus waveform corresponding to the decode data packet is incomplete and the data cannot be displayed correctly ...

Page 253: ...tional 239 Figure 12 17 CAN Text Interface CAN text interface description as shown in Figure 12 17 1 Ch bus channel 2 Time Time intervals between the last frames to current frames 3 ID CAN frame ID value displayed in hexadecimal maximum 29 bits ...

Page 254: ...C Frame CRC check code 8 Error Response error bit stuffing error format error CRC error 9 Trigger Yes means the frame reaches trigger condition 10 Statistics counts the number of occurrences of frame type data length status etc and the percentage 12 4 SPI Bus Trigger and Decode For correctly decoding SPI bus data and making trigger stable the bus configuration trigger mode set and trigger level ne...

Page 255: ... Decode Optional 241 Tap or to open the bus configuration menu the following need to be set Clock source data source chip select signal and data word length as shown in Figure 12 18 Figure 12 18 SPI Bus Configuration Menu Trigger mode ...

Page 256: ...ure 12 19 SPI Trigger Mode Configuration Menu The operation method is the same as CAN frame ID to be matched in the configuration and will not be repeated here Note According to the data byte length set by bus decode the value of the relevant bit within the byte length is set Trigger when the corresponding bit on data bus matches the set value ...

Page 257: ...01 please follow the steps below 1 Tap S1 to open the decode channel and click S1 again to open the bus configuration menu 2 Select the bus type as SPI click clock as Ch1 rising edge the data is Ch2 high level and the data word length is 4bit 3 Open the trigger setting menu click data on the touch screen and use the virtual soft keyboard to set the data to be matched as 0001 4 Adjust the threshold...

Page 258: ...244 Figure 12 20 SPI Graphic Interface SPI decode data packet description 1 Decode data packet displays real time data about the bus activities 2 Decode data displays as hexadecimal system ...

Page 259: ...us Trigger and Decode Optional 245 3 Data displays in white 4 When appears the time base needs to be adjusted to view decode results Figure 12 21 SPI Text Interface SPI text interface description as shown in Figure 12 21 ...

Page 260: ...data word length is 8bit only one byte displays in the data column if the data word length is 16bit 2 bytes display in the data column if the data word length is 24bit 3 bytes display and if the data word length is 32bit 4 bytes display 4 Trigger Yes means the frame reaches trigger condition Note One frame is measured by the set data word length and can meet 1 data bit code stream ...

Page 261: ...ing I2C bus data and making trigger stable the bus configuration trigger mode set and trigger level need to be adjusted Bus configuration Tap or to open the bus configuration menu Bus configuration includes the serial clock SCL and the serial data SDA corresponding to the channel settings See Figure 12 22 ...

Page 262: ...channel is set the system will automatically set other channels Trigger mode Open the trigger configuration menu and select the appropriate trigger type When the I2C bus trigger is selected click the trigger type and relationship on the screen as shown in Figure 12 23 ...

Page 263: ...dge includes restart b Stop condition trigger when SCL is high and SDA has a rising edge c Ack Loss Trigger when the bus Ack bit is high d Restart triggered when a new start condition occurs before the stop condition e Address no ack trigger when the ack bit in the set address field is invalid ignoring W R bit select Address in the trigger data and use the pop up virtual soft keyboard to modify it...

Page 264: ...the 26th clock edge if all bits in the frame type match The operation method of configuring frame type 2 is the same as frame type 1 and will not be repeated here h EEPROM data read When the read operation which contains 1010xxx control byte of the EEPROM appears on the bus and the Ack bit is correct then the read data can be captured If the captured data and the set data match the set relationshi...

Page 265: ...code channel and click S1 again to open the bus configuration menu 2 Select the bus type as I2C open the bus setting menu and select the clock SCL as Ch2 channel 3 Open the trigger mode configuration menu and click Start Condition on the touch screen 4 Set the threshold level of two channels according to signal amplitude I2C trigger graphic interface is shown in Figure 12 24 ...

Page 266: ...252 Figure 12 24 I2C Graphic Interface I2C decode data packet description 1 Decode data packet displays real time data about the bus activities 2 Decode data displays as hexadecimal system ...

Page 267: ...ddress displays in green write address displays in yellow and data displays in white W denotes write operation R denotes read operation D denotes decode data and A denotes no Ack bit 4 When appears the time base needs to be adjusted to view decode results Figure 12 25 I2C Text Interface ...

Page 268: ...te operations to current read write operations 3 Address in address bar R means the read operation and W means write operation 4 Data data sent by one read and write operation is in the data bar 5 Ack in Ack bar X means Ack bit lost 6 Trigger Yes means reach trigger condition 7 Restart Yes means reach restart condition ...

Page 269: ...onfiguration trigger mode set and trigger level need to be adjusted Bus configuration Tap or to open the bus configuration menu the following needs to be set Data Source Select channel for ARINC 429 signal Word format Select ARINC 429 decode mode Bus Display Set the format for ARINC 429 decode data Baud Rate Set the speed of ARINC 429 signal As shown in Figure 12 26 ...

Page 270: ...s Configuration Menu Trigger mode Open the trigger configuration menu and select the appropriate trigger type when the ARINC429 bus trigger is selected click the trigger type and relationship on the screen as shown in Figure 12 27 ...

Page 271: ...tatus mark trigger are used after selecting trigger mode use the pop up virtual keyboard to modify it enter the value and click Enter on the virtual soft keyboard to complete the setting Trigger configuration menu description a Word start Trigger at the word start b Word stop Trigger at the word stop c LABEL Label triggered when the specified tag value occurs ...

Page 272: ...r on the specified label and the specified data i LABEL SSM Trigger on the specified label and the specified symbol status matrix j Word Error Triggered when a word error occurs k Word gap error Triggered when a gap error occurs l Verification error Triggered when a verification error occurs m All errors Triggered when any of the above errors occur n All 0 bits Triggered when any bit with the valu...

Page 273: ...annel and click S1 again to open the bus configuration menu Select bus type 429 source as CH1 decode format as LABEL DATA display in hexadecimal baud rate as 12 5kb s 2 Open the trigger setting menu select the trigger type as bus trigger S1 ARINC429 the trigger mode is LABEL and enter LABEL as 106 on virtual keyboard Adjust High trigger threshold level and Low trigger threshold level according to ...

Page 274: ...RINC429 Graphic Interface ARINC429 decode data packet description 1 Data packet a total of 32bits the data format is 8 1 label bit high bit first 9 10 SD 11 29 data bit low bit first 30 31 symbol status bit 32 parity bit ...

Page 275: ...l 261 2 Label 8bits Displayed in octal yellow 3 SDI 2bits Displayed in binary blue 4 Data 19bits Displayed in selected numeration system white or red if there is parity error 5 SSM 2bits Displayed in binary green Figure 12 29 ARINC429 Text Interface ...

Page 276: ...er displayed in octal 4 SDI source target identifier displayed in binary displays XX if not identified separately 5 Data content of the transmitted information displayed in the selected numeration system 6 SSM symbol status matrix displayed in binary displays XX if not identified separately 7 Error displays the frame error type parity error Par frame error Frm 8 Trigger Yes means reach trigger con...

Page 277: ...code For correctly decoding 1553B bus data and making trigger stable the bus configuration trigger mode set and trigger level need to be adjusted Bus configuration Tap or to open the bus configuration menu the data source and display hexadecimal need to be set as shown in Figure 12 30 ...

Page 278: ...53B Bus Configuration Menu Trigger mode Open the trigger configuration menu and select the appropriate trigger type When the trigger type is 1553B bus trigger click the trigger type on the screen as shown in Figure 12 31 ...

Page 279: ...eader Triggered at the beginning of the command status word at the end of valid C S sync pulse b Data word sync header Triggered at the beginning of data word at the end of valid data sync pulse c Command status word Triggered when the specified command status word is detected d Remote terminal address Triggered when RTA of command status word matches the specified value ...

Page 280: ...the specified data word is detected h Odd parity error Triggered when the odd parity bit is incorrect for data in the word i All errors Triggered when an error is detected 1553B serial decode The measured signal source is CH1 the bus display is hexadecimal the baud rate is 12 5kb s and the trigger mode is the command status word sync header and operate as follows 1 Tap S1 to open the decode channe...

Page 281: ...er setting menu select the trigger type as bus trigger 1553B and trigger mode as command status word sync header Channel threshold level is adjusted according to signal amplitude 1553B trigger graphic interface is shown in Figure 12 32 Figure 12 32 1553B Graphic Interface ...

Page 282: ...data blue 2 The value of remaining 11 bits of the command status word yellow 3 Decoded data white 4 If the command status or data word has a parity error its decoded text is displayed in red instead of green or white 5 The sync error is displayed together with the word SYNC ...

Page 283: ...Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode Optional 269 Figure 12 33 1553B Text Interface 1553B text interface description as shown in Figure 12 33 1 Ch bus channel ...

Page 284: ...s frame C S others N A 4 RAdr remote terminal address displayed in the selected numeration system N A for no content display 5 Data content of the transmitted information displayed in the selected numeration system 6 Trigger Yes means reach trigger condition 7 Error displays the frame error type parity error Par Manchester coding error M ch ...

Page 285: ...epage and describes the functions of all icons on the homepage and settings You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the homepage functions of the Smart series oscilloscope Oscilloscope Gallery App Store Calendar Settings Electronic Tools File manager Clock Calculator Power Off Browser Power Off Lock ...

Page 286: ...272 The following figure shows the contents of the oscilloscope home page Slide left or right to display the remaining applications See Figure 13 1 Figure 13 1 Homepage Interface ...

Page 287: ... 273 13 1 Oscilloscope see Chapters 2 12 13 2 App Store Tap the app store icon on the homepage to go to the app store interface as shown in Figure 13 2 App store content includes Network Local U disk and About Figure 13 2 App Store ...

Page 288: ... right of the app list to open and install the app Local Apps that have been downloaded and installed are displayed locally When there is no downloaded application installation package file locally the interface will display There are no available apk files in the local directory U disk The U disk interface will display applications that can be opened in the USB disk If the USB disk is not plugged...

Page 289: ...tion the interface displays There is no available apk file in the U disk directory About In About interface the equipment model bandwidth serial number version information shipment date and information about installed options can be viewed Open the virtual keyboard and enter the license to install the corresponding options ...

Page 290: ...About Interface The options that can be installed include UART LIN SPI CAN I2C 1553B 429 and other serial decode refer to Chapter 12 Serial Bus Trigger and Decode frequency meter auto range high pass low pass and so on ...

Page 291: ...nter the System Settings interface Settings on the settings interface include WLAN network portable hotspot display HDMI alert tone and notification storage application language and input method date and time and About as shown in Figure 13 4 Figure 13 4 System Setting Interface ...

Page 292: ...enter the WLAN settings interface as shown in Figure 13 5 Figure 13 5 WLAN Connection Setting Tap on off bar to turn the WLAN function on Oscilloscope can automatically scan the surrounding wireless networks and display their names by list ...

Page 293: ...ction Oscilloscope has LAN port and can be connected to the network via wired connection After setting up the LAN connection upgrade online through the network access files in oscilloscope through FTP access the oscilloscope Web interface and the official website of Micsig Turn on the network connection and tap the network configuration to configure the network as shown in Figure 13 6 Automatic co...

Page 294: ... acquisition mode chooses static IP Click IP address input box to pop up the virtual keyboard manually enter IP address network prefix length DNS address and gateway address and click Save Figure 13 6 Network Connection Settings ...

Page 295: ...ress IP should be set on the same network segment as the current network and cannot be duplicate 2 Set the network prefix length which is generally default and does not need to be set manually 3 Set the DNS address to be the same as the routing gateway of the current network 4 Set the gateway address to be the same as the routing gateway of the current network Portable WLAN hotspot Tap More Portab...

Page 296: ... WLAN Hotspot to enter the network name and password using the virtual keyboard as shown in Figure 13 7 Other equipment can share oscilloscope files by linking oscilloscope hotspots portable hotspot default IP is 192 168 43 230 Figure 13 7 Portable WLAN Hotspot Setting ...

Page 297: ...twork with projection devices such as projector with related functions TV etc point to point direct connection or WIFI environment this function can be used to enable oscilloscope display on projection devices Tick enable wireless display and the projection device name will be displayed in the oscilloscope list Click the device name displayed on the oscilloscope and the content on oscilloscope scr...

Page 298: ...t whether to display all notifications when the equipment is locked or not to display notifications at all Tap the app notification go to the app list interface click the app and block or prioritize its notifications Tap the notification usage right to make additional settings for the notification Storage Tap storage to enter the storage space view interface then view the total storage capacity si...

Page 299: ...ication Go to Settings App manage the equipment apps and change settings You may view application usage information change notification or permission settings or uninstall unnecessary applications or set default application Download shows the downloaded app Running displays the equipment memory and application memory usage All displays the list of all applications Language and input method Tap the...

Page 300: ...nd select the keyboard Date and time Setting system date and time Automatically determine the date and time When turned on the time provided by the network will be used as the system time Date and time cannot be set manually after turning this on Set date Set the system date manually Set time Set the system time manually Select time zone Set the time zone manually Use 24 hour system If on the syst...

Page 301: ...t shows files that have been opened recently Classification views files by types including picture video document waveform CSV text waveform etc Local views the content stored in the oscilloscope by the traditional folder list mode When USB device is plugged the content in the USB device can also be accessed through external storage To operate files simply press and hold a single file to select it...

Page 302: ... compress after selecting multiple files 13 5 Calculator Tap calculator icon on the homepage to open the calculator app Calculator can perform simple addition subtraction multiplication and division calculations as well as scientific calculations 13 6 Browser Tap the browser icon on homepage interface to enter the browser interface and then it can access to the internet if the network condition is...

Page 303: ...Chapter 13 Homepage Functions 289 Figure 13 8 Browser Interface 13 7 Gallery Tap gallery application on the homepage interface to enter the picture viewing interface as shown in Figure 13 9 ...

Page 304: ...y stored photos videos with the functions of picture video viewing and photo editing In the picture view interface pictures and videos can be classified into different categories according to the method in the upper left corner and tap them to view pictures or videos ...

Page 305: ... video you want to play Click the triangle play button and the video will play automatically Tap the screen to pause play Drag the pictures left and right when displaying in full screen to view previous and next pictures Tap the back button to exit the full screen display as shown in Figure 13 10 Figure 13 10 Full Screen Picture Viewing Interface ...

Page 306: ...ictures or videos in the USB device they will be automatically displayed on the picture viewing interface 13 8 Calendar Tap the calendar app icon on the homepage to enter the calendar interface New activity Tap plus sign icon at the top right of the screen to add content location time description prompt etc Click setting option to enter General Settings page to change calendar view notifications a...

Page 307: ...pter 13 Homepage Functions 293 Figure 13 11 Electronic Calculation Tool Function 13 10 Clock Tap time icon on the homepage or tap clock app icon to enter the clock settings screen as shown in Figure 13 12 ...

Page 308: ...ock after opening can automatically skip the national legal holidays Alarm ringtone Select alarm ringtone support local ringtone system ringtone none Vibration If turned on the alarm will vibrate either Label The alarm will be displayed on the screen when it rings Switch status Click the switch behind the alarm to turn it on and off Delete alarm Click the alarm to be deleted in the list and select...

Page 309: ...nter the hour minute and second click the hourglass plus start button to start countdown Delete timer Click recycle bin to delete the timer Pause Click the triangle icon to pause timer Stopwatch Start Click Triangle to start timing Pause Click Double Rectangle below to pause the stopwatch Mark Click the lower left button to mark it ...

Page 310: ...296 Figure 13 12 Time Setting 13 11 Power Off Click power button to enter the power off interface as shown in Figure 13 13 Power off contains 2 options power off restart ...

Page 311: ...Chapter 13 Homepage Functions 297 Figure 13 13 Power Off Interface Power off Tap icon to turn off the oscilloscope Restart Tap icon to restart the oscilloscope ...

Page 312: ...epage to enter the power off lock interface as shown in Figure 13 14 Power off contains 2 options power off restart Click OK to turn off the power output To turn it on again click the Zoom and keys in sequence Figure 13 14 Power Off Lock Interface ...

Page 313: ...ote Control This chapter contains the application of host computer FTP and SCPI commands in order to understand remote control functions of the Smart series oscilloscope mainly for the Android system Host computer Remote control FTP SCPI commands ...

Page 314: ...00 Series oscilloscopes 14 1 1 Installation of Host Computer Software Note The host computer software only supports Win7 or higher edition operating system The computer needs to install NI VISA driver first when there is network connection only the host computer software specific for network connection should be installed and no drive is needed The host computer download address http www micsig co...

Page 315: ...onnection of Host Computer USB connection Connect USB Device to the computer and oscilloscope through USB data cable After the computer recognizes the USB device open the host computer set the connection mode to USB and display the device information in the device information display box in the lower right corner This indicates that the oscilloscope has been found Click to connect to the selected ...

Page 316: ...play box in the lower right corner This indicates that the oscilloscope has been found Click to connect to the selected oscilloscope Enter IP connection In case of network connection WIFI or LAN directly type oscilloscope IP to be connected in the oscilloscope device information display box in the lower right corner and then click the oscilloscope connection status button the host computer will be...

Page 317: ...Chapter 14 Remote Control 303 Figure 14 2 Host Computer Interface 1 Host computer on off button Click to exit the host computer software ...

Page 318: ... stored in the local directory C Users Public Pictures 4 Video record button Click to open or close video record function Videos are stored in local directory C Users Public Videos 5 Host computer storage button Set photo taking and video recording storage locations 6 Select oscilloscope connection mode USB and WIFI connections are available Note WIFI connection must ensure that oscilloscope and c...

Page 319: ...n on the oscilloscope 14 1 4 Operation Interface Introduction The host computer and the oscilloscope are synchronously displayed and the waveform operation mode and the menu opening and closing mode are the same as those on the oscilloscope the left mouse button and the single finger operation mode are the same and both of them can perform the operations of slide click drag etc the biggest differe...

Page 320: ...lick the trigger level button and operate the scroll wheel to adjust the trigger level 4 Put the mouse in the time base adjustment area and adjust the horizontal time base by operating the scroll wheel 14 1 5 Storage and View of Pictures and Videos Storage setting of pictures and videos Open the host computer storage setting set the storage location of pictures and videos as shown in the figure be...

Page 321: ... in the local directory C Users Public Pictures by default We can also store them under the directory defined by ourselves according to our own needs For example we store pictures in a mini photo directory under E drive disk We can set the video storage location in the same way then click OK ...

Page 322: ...308 Figure 14 4 Change Storage Directory View pictures and videos Open picture video storage directory to view pictures videos stored on the host computer ...

Page 323: ...upport remote control on mobile phone You need to download Android app from the official website of Micsig address http www micsig com html list_64 html and install it After App is successfully connected Android device can be used to control the oscilloscope and display the oscilloscope interface in a real time manner ...

Page 324: ...310 Figure 14 6 Android APP Figure 14 7 Successful Connection of Android APP ...

Page 325: ...ly for control 2 Connect mobile phone and oscilloscope to the network segment under the same router view the IP address of the oscilloscope and enters such IP address in the lower right corner of the mobile phone to connect successfully The first connection method is recommended 14 3 FTP Through FTP internal files of oscilloscope can be quickly viewed called and managed from PC or mobile phone The...

Page 326: ...check and ensure that PC and oscilloscope are in the same network Find Android FTP in the app store and open it Then set FTP address port anonymous connection account number password home directory used by the FTP server and share folder permissions Figure 14 8 Open Android FTP ...

Page 327: ...e and click the gray icon to open FTP connection FTP server connection address and user name and password are displayed as follows Figure 14 9 FTP Connection Information Figure 14 10 FTP Address Input Enter the FTP server address on PC to connect as shown in the following figure ...

Page 328: ... may be found in the oscilloscope FTP app The default username is admin and the password is 52developer com Click Login and view call or manage files in the oscilloscope after successful login Figure 14 11 FTP Login Figure 14 12 View Files Portable hotspot ...

Page 329: ...com Click Login and view call or manage files in the oscilloscope after successful login Tip The connection method is the same as WLAN connection LAN Plug network cable into the LAN port set to open the network refer to 13 3 Settings Portable Hotspot and connect to the FTP function through LAN For details refer to WLAN connection and portable hotspot connection Mobile phone connection To connect t...

Page 330: ...316 address account number and password through the ES browser Click OK to log in and then manage files on the oscilloscope Figure 14 13 Mobile Phone Login Figure 14 14 View Files ...

Page 331: ... code symbol in ISO646 equivalent to ASCII programming and other standards SCPI commands show a tree hierarchy consisting of multiple subsystems each of which is made up of a root keyword and one or several hierarchical keywords SCPI command can be used to programmatically control STO1000 Series digital oscilloscopes via the USB interface STO1000 Series may communicate with computer through USB de...

Page 332: ...This chapter describes the methods of software update and increasing the optional function You are recommended to read this chapter carefully understand the upgrade functions of the Smart series oscilloscope Software update Add optional functions ...

Page 333: ...s for its products To update your oscilloscope software you can connect the oscilloscope to WIFI for networking and the oscilloscope will automatically download the latest installation program online After downloading click Install Update on the oscilloscope home page Figure 15 1 Install Software Update ...

Page 334: ...cient power for update To view the currently installed software and firmware tap the App Store software in the Home page to display the oscilloscope software and firmware information on the About screen Please refer to 13 2 App Store 15 2 Add Optional Functions Tap the App Store software in the Home page to display the installed and uninstalled decoded options on the About screen Please refer to 1...

Page 335: ...5 Update and Upgrade Functions 321 Figure 15 2 Decode Functions Not Installed If you need the optional function service please contact Micsig for license and enter the install option function at the license bar ...

Page 336: ...322 Figure 15 3 Decode Functions Installed ...

Page 337: ...the measurement category suitable for the oscilloscope and the environmental level of pollution degree supported You are recommended to read this chapter carefully to understand the conditions of use of the Smart series oscilloscope Measurement Category Pollution Degree ...

Page 338: ...ed circuits In the latter case transient stresses are variable for that reason the transient withstand capability of the equipment is made known to the user Measurement category II is for measurements performed on circuits directly connected to the low voltage installation Examples are measurements on household appliances portable tools and similar equipment Measurement category III is for measure...

Page 339: ...surements performed at the power source of the low voltage installation Examples are electricity meters and measurements on primary overcurrent protection devices and ripple control units Transient withstand capability Maximum input voltage of the analog input Category I 300Vrms 400Vpk 16 2 Pollution Degree Pollution Degree Smart Series oscilloscopes can operate in environments with pollution degr...

Page 340: ...non conductive pollution occurs Occasionally temporary conductivity caused by condensation may occur For example general indoor environment Pollution degree 3 Conductive pollution or dry non conductive pollution occurs which becomes conductive due to condensation For example sheltered outdoor environment Pollution degree 4 Pollution that generates persistent conductivity through conductive dust ra...

Page 341: ...to ensure it has been pushed and if you are using battery check whether the battery is in good condition Restart the oscilloscope after the checks above Contact Micsig if the problem persists and we will provide service to you 2 If acquired waveforms do not display on the screen when the signal source is connected please follow the steps below Check whether the probe is connected correctly in the ...

Page 342: ...r the vertical scale factor is set correctly Check whether the instrument is in single sequence waiting state for trigger Tap to resample signal 3 If the measured voltage amplitude is 10 times greater or smaller than the actual value Check whether the set attenuation factor of the channel is consistent with the attenuation factor of the actually used probe 4 There is a waveform display but cannot ...

Page 343: ...ger coupling mode to be high frequency rejection or low frequency rejection to filter out high frequency or low frequency noise interference 5 A waveform is displayed but inconsistent with the input waveform Check whether the coupling mode setting in the channel menu is correct 6 If there is no display after pressing button Check whether the trigger mode is Normal and whether the trigger level is ...

Page 344: ...ntal resolution and then improve the display The display type may be line The connection between sampling points may lead to the display of staircase waveform This problem can be solved by setting the display type as point display mode 9 There is persistence of vision in waveform display This phenomenon is normal because the persistence time may be set too long and the waveform persistence shows p...

Page 345: ...s normal When there is no full cycle waveform in the waveform display area the measured value may be displayed as If the time base is adjusted the measured value will be displayed correctly This phenomenon is normal and the measured value of the FFT waveform is displayed as 11 When viewing pictures no pictures are displayed Check whether the USB option in the settings is set as the USB storage dev...

Page 346: ...ce channels 14 Tap the button during the use of oscilloscope there is no beep sound Check whether the sound volume setting is correct 15 Oscilloscope backlight has low brightness Check whether the backlight settings are correct 16 A waveform being moved changes abruptly Check whether the picture is displayed in full screen 17 Turn off the channel at Auto state This phenomenon is normal At Auto sta...

Page 347: ...Chapter 17 Troubleshooting 333 18 Function buttons are pressed without response Check whether the picture is displayed in full screen ...

Page 348: ...rranty service please read the Scope of Limited Warranty and Services chapter Micsig provides lifetime repair and maintenance services for products In accordance with the relevant provisions of after sale service of industrial products and the enterprise s own capacities Micsig commit as follows Repair Commitments Micsig commits to use the original factory parts for products returned by the user f...

Page 349: ... the reply is confirmed the repair period for a general fault is 5 working days and shall not exceed 10 working days for any special fault Contact us Shenzhen Micsig Instruments Co Ltd Address 305 Block A CLOU Building Baoshen RD North Area Nanshan Science Technology Park Shenzhen Guangdong China Tel 0755 8860 0880 Fax 0755 88600880 818 Website www micsig com Email marketing micsig com Postal Code...

Page 350: ...on To avoid damage to the oscilloscope or probes do not expose them to sprays liquids or solvents Clean oscilloscope Examine the oscilloscope and probes as often as operating conditions require To clean the exterior surface perform the following steps Use a soft cloth to remove floating dust on the outside of the oscilloscope and probes Take care to avoid scratching the touch screen while cleaning...

Page 351: ... to keep it unimpeded Do not use any corrosive chemical cleaning agent so as to avoid damage to the oscilloscope motherboard If the fan needs to be cleaned please consult the after sales service personnel so as to avoid damage to the oscilloscope Warning Make sure the instrument is dry before recharging to avoid electrical short circuit or personal injury caused by moisture Store oscilloscope The ...

Page 352: ...r of the screen will indicate the battery usage Caution In order to avoid charging battery from overheating do not use beyond the permitted environmental temperature value given in the technical specification Annex B Accessories Standard accessories 1 4 pcs or 2 pcs for 10X standard probes incl grounding nut grounding crocodile clip standard rubber plug 2 Power adapter 12V DC 5A 3 Power cord 4 Sma...

Page 353: ...Annex 339 Optional accessories 1 Oscilloscope suitcase handbag 2 Battery 3 Leather carry strap 4 High voltage probe ...

Page 354: ...ease contact Micsig The company will assume no responsibility for accident or hazard caused by the improper operation of the user The copyright of this manual shall belong to Micsig Any organization or individual may not duplicate copy or excerpt the contents without Micsig s authorization Micsig reserves the right to claim against such actions ...

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