Keithley 2182, User Manual, Page: 294 / 339

F-2 IEEE-488 Bus Overview
Introduction
The IEEE-488 bus is a communication system between two or more electronic devices. A
device can be either an instrument or a computer. When a computer is used on the bus, it serves
as a supervisor of the communication exchange between all the devices and is known as the
controller. Supervision by the controller consists of determining which device will talk and
which device will listen. As a talker, a device will output information and as a listener, a device
will receive information. To simplify the task of keeping track of the devices, a unique address
number is assigned to each.
On the bus, only one device can talk at a time and is addressed to talk by the controller. The
device that is talking is known as the active talker. The devices that need to listen to the talker
are addressed to listen by the controller. Each listener is then referred to as an active listener.
Devices that do not need to listen are instructed to unlisten. The reason for the unlisten
instruction is to optimize the speed of bus information transfer since the task of listening takes
up bus time.
Through the use of control lines, a handshake sequence takes place in the transfer process of
information from a talker to a listener. This handshake sequence helps ensure the credibility of
the information transfer. The basic handshake sequence between an active controller (talker) and
a listener is as follows:
1. The listener indicates that it is ready to listen.
2. The talker places the byte of data on the bus and indicates that the data is available to the
listener.
3. The listener, aware that the data is available, accepts the data and then indicates that the
data has been accepted.
4. The talker, aware that the data has been accepted, stops sending data and indicates that
data is not being sent.
5. The listener, aware that there is no data on the bus, indicates that it is ready for the next
byte of data.
Bus description
The IEEE-488 bus, which is also referred to as the GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus),
was designed as a parallel transfer medium to optimize data transfer without using an excessive
number of bus lines. In keeping with this goal, the bus has only eight data lines that are used for
both data and with most commands. Five bus management lines and three handshake lines round
out the complement of bus signal lines.
A typical setup for controlled operation is shown in Figure F-1 . Generally, a system will
contain one controller and a number of other instruments to which the commands are given.
Device operation is categorized into three operators: controller, talker, and listener. The
controller controls the instruments on the bus. The talker sends data, while a listener receives
data. Depending on the type of instrument, any particular device can be a talker only, a listener
only, or both a talker and listener.