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Boonton 4541, Instruction Manual

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Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter 

Operation 

4-8 

4.5.5  Measure Menu 

The Measure menu contains items for controlling measurement acquisition and mode.

 

 

Main > Measure > Measurement

 

Description: 

Set or return the state of the data acquisition mode for 

single or free-run measurements.  If Measurement is set 

to  On,  the  4540  immediately  begins  taking 

measurements  (Modulated  and  Statistical  Modes),  or 

arms  its  trigger  and  takes  a  measurement  each  time  a 

trigger  occurs  (Pulse  Mode).    If  set  to  Off,  the 

measurement  will  begin  (or  be  armed)  if  the  Single 

Sweep  menu  is  selected,  and  will  stop  once  the 

measurement criteria (averaging) has been satisfied.   If 

the  measurement  mode  is  set  to  Modulated  or 

Statistical,  no  measurements  will  be  made  if 

measurement is set to off. 

 

Menu Type: 

 

Toggle. 

 

 

Choices:  

 

On, Off 

 

SCPI Command:  

INITiate:CONTinuous <Boolean>

 

 

 

 

Main > Measure > Mode

 

 

Description: 

 

Set or return the system measurement mode. Modulated 

mode is a continuous measurement mode primarily for 

continuously modulated or CW signals, Pulse mode is a 

signal  triggered,  oscilloscope-like  mode  that  acquires 

and  analyzes  the  a  pulsed  signal  as  a  series  of  one  or 

more  triggered  sweeps,  and  Statistical  mode  performs 

long-term  power  distribution  analysis  on  modulated 

signals, and may be operated in a start-stop continuous 

mode, or a decimated continuous mode. 
Note that the  measurement  mode is global, and affects both channels in a two channel 

instrument. If either channel has a CW sensor installed, peak or statistical measurements 

will be unavailable in that channel, only the ―primary

‖ 

average power measurement will 

be performed. 

 

Menu Type: 

 

Selection. 

 

Choices:  

 

Pulse, Modulated, Statistical. 

 

SCPI Command:

 

CALCulate:MODE <character data>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.4-5 Measure Menu 

Summary of Contents for 4541

Page 1: ...86 9191 Email boonton boonton com Web www wtcom com INSTRUCTION MANUAL 4540 SERIES RF POWER METER This manual covers instrument REV DATE 7 20 2009 serial s 11001 and higher MANUAL P N 98406100A CD P N 98406199A Advanced Test Equipment Rentals www atecorp com 800 404 ATEC 2832 Established 1981 ...

Page 2: ...nics a subsidiary of the Wireless Telecom Group Inc Parsippany NJ USA All rights reserved P N 98406100A This manual covers instrument serial numbers 11001 and higher The 4540 Application software used in this product is licensed by Boonton Electronics a subsidiary of the Wireless Telecom Group Inc K Connector is a registered trademark of Anritsu Corporation ...

Page 3: ... outlet DO NOT OPERATE THE INSTRUMENT IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made by qualified maintenance personnel Do not replace components with the power cable connected Under certain conditions d...

Page 4: ...y that the correct fuse is installed for the power available The CAUTION symbol denotes a hazard It calls attention to an operational procedure practice or instruction that if not followed could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the instrument and accessories Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION symbol until its conditions are fully understood and met The NOTE symbol is used to mark ...

Page 5: ...DULATED MODE OPERATION 1 8 CALIBRATION SOURCE 1 9 EXTERNAL INTERFACES 1 9 PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 1 10 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 1 10 REGULATORY CHARACTERISTICS 1 10 2 Installation 2 1 2 1 Unpacking Repacking 2 1 2 2 Power Requirements 2 2 2 3 Connections 2 2 2 4 Preliminary Check 2 3 3 Getting Started 3 1 3 1 Organization 3 1 3 2 Operating Controls Indicators and Connections 3 1 3 ...

Page 6: ...ns Pg 1 Define Pulse Menu Pulse Mode 4 27 4 5 16 Channel Extensions Pg 1 Define Pulse Pulse Gate Menu 4 29 4 5 17 Channel Extensions Pg 2 Menu Pulse Mode 4 30 4 5 18 Channel Extensions Pg 2 Alarms Menu Pulse Mode 4 32 4 5 19 Channel Extensions Pg 1 Menu Statistical Mode 4 34 4 5 20 Channel Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Menu Statistical Mode 4 35 4 5 21 Channel Extensions Pg 2 Menu Statistical Mode 4...

Page 7: ...em Reports Menu 4 75 4 5 50 System Servicing Menu 4 78 4 5 51 System Servicing Security Menu 4 79 4 5 52 System Sensor Data Menu 4 81 4 5 53 Setup Menu 4 83 4 5 54 Setup Preset Menu 4 84 4 5 55 Setup User Presets Menu 4 85 4 6 Cal Zero Key Menu 4 86 5 Remote Operation 5 1 5 1 GPIB Configuration 5 1 5 2 LAN Configuration 5 1 5 3 USB Configuration 5 1 5 4 SCPI Language 5 2 5 4 1 SCPI Structure 5 2 5...

Page 8: ...5 15 5 6 3 CALibration Subsystem 5 16 CALibration EXTernal AUTOcal 5 16 CALibration EXTernal FIXedcal 5 16 CALibration EXTernal ZERO 5 16 CALibration INTernal AUTOcal 5 17 CALibration INTernal FIXedcal 5 17 CALibration INTernal ZERO 5 17 5 6 4 DISPlay Subsystem 5 18 DISPlay BACKlight BRIGhtness 5 18 DISPlay CLEar 5 18 DISPlay ENVELOPE 5 18 DISPlay MODE 5 18 DISPlay MODUlated TIMEBASE 5 19 DISPlay ...

Page 9: ... CURsor PERcent 5 28 FETCh MARKer CURsor POWer 5 28 FETCh MARKer DELTa 5 28 FETCh MARKer MAXimum 5 28 FETCh MARKer MINimum 5 29 FETCh MARKer RATio 5 29 FETCh MARKer RDELTa 5 29 FETCh MARKer RRATio 5 29 FETCh TEMPerature AVERage 5 30 FETCh TEMPerature CURRent 5 30 FETCh TEMPerature INTernal 5 30 5 6 6 INITiate and ABORt Commands 5 31 ABORt 5 31 INITiate CONTinuous 5 31 INITiate IMMediate ALL 5 31 5...

Page 10: ...roder FORCe 5 41 OUTPut MIO RECOroder MAX 5 41 OUTPut MIO RECOroderMIN 5 42 OUTPut MIO RECOroder POLarity 5 42 OUTPut MIO RECOroder SCALing 5 42 OUTPut MIO RECOroder SOURce 5 42 OUTPut MIO STATus SETTing 5 43 OUTPut MIO STATus SOURce 5 43 OUTPut MIO TRIGout SOURce 5 44 OUTPut MIO VOLTage 5 44 5 6 11 READ Queries 5 45 READ ARRay AMEAsure POWer 5 45 READ ARRay AMEAsure STATistical 5 45 READ ARRay AM...

Page 11: ...5 57 SENSe PULSe UNIT 5 57 SENSe SENSOR TYPE 5 57 5 6 13 STATus Commands 5 58 STATus DEVice CONDition 5 58 STATus DEVice ENABle 5 58 STATus DEVice EVENt 5 59 STATus DEVice NTRansition 5 59 STATus DEVice PTRansition 5 59 STATus OPERation CONDition 5 60 STATus OPERation ENABle 5 60 STATus OPERation EVENt 5 60 STATus OPERation NTRansition 5 61 STATus OPERation PTRansition 5 61 STATus PRESet 5 61 STAT...

Page 12: ...SYSTem DATE YEAR 5 69 SYSTem DISPlay BMP 5 69 SYSTem ERRor NEXT 5 69 SYSTem ERRor CODE 5 70 SYSTem ERRor COUNt 5 70 SYSTem PRESet 5 70 SYSTem TIMe HOUR 5 70 SYSTem VERSion 5 71 5 6 14 TRACe Data Array Commands 5 72 TRACe AVERage DATA NEXT 5 72 TRACe INDEX 5 72 5 6 15 TRIGger Subsystem 5 73 TRIGger CDF COUNt 5 73 TRIGger CDF DECImate 5 73 TRIGger CDF TIMe 5 73 TRIGger DELay 5 74 TRIGger HOLDoff 5 7...

Page 13: ...7 6 5 3 Sample Uncertainty Calculations 6 20 7 Maintenance 7 1 7 1 Safety 7 1 7 2 Cleaning 7 1 7 3 Inspection 7 1 7 4 Lithium Batteries 7 1 7 5 Firmware Upgrade 7 2 7 6 Firmware Upgrade Instructions 7 2 8 Appendix A SCPI Error Messages 8 5 8 1 SCPI Error Messages 8 5 9 Appendix B Model 2530 1GHz Calibrator 9 1 9 1 Description 9 1 9 2 Accessories 9 1 Standard 9 1 Optional 9 1 9 3 Optional Configura...

Page 14: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Contents xiv Limited Warranty 11 1 ...

Page 15: ...les and initial power up Section 3 Getting Started describes the controls and indicators and the initialization of operating parameters Several practice exercises are provided to familiarize you with essential setup and control procedures Section 4 Operation describes the display menus and procedures for operating the instrument locally from the front panel Section 5 Remote Operation explains the ...

Page 16: ...s operation In addition the markers can be used to define regions of the waveform for analysis This analysis includes average power of a portion of the waveform minimum power and maximum power The Modulated Mode is designed for continuous true average power measurements of complex modulated signals When used with Boonton Peak Power sensors Modulated Mode is similar to the operation of a convention...

Page 17: ...ll waveform Menu Driven Operation Setup and control of the instrument is menu driven to simplify operation User selected parameters appear in a menu to the right of the waveform together with applicable variables Selections are arranged opposite adjacent so ft keys that select parameters and activate data entry controls Required numerical values are entered through the keypad or with flexible incr...

Page 18: ... of the waveform reduces noise contribution and provides accurate stable measurements The number of repetitions to be averaged can be adjusted to the smallest value that achieves the desired noise suppression thereby avoiding excessive averaging delays Automatic Waveform Analysis The instrument can measure fifteen pulse parameters related to power time and or frequency All programmed measurements ...

Page 19: ...er with connector for 41 2A cable 41 2A CW Sensor Cable 5ft 1 27 m 41 2A 10 CW Sensor Cable 10ft 2 54 m 41 2A 20 CW Sensor Cable 20ft 5 05 m 41 2A 50 CW Sensor Cable 50ft 12 7 m 41 2A 100 CW Sensor Cable 100ft 25 4 m 98406100A Instruction Manual 4540 Series English Printed w binder Sensors For sensor selection refer to the BOONTON Sensor Manual 1 5 Models Options and Configurations Model 4541 One ...

Page 20: ...e 1 nV div to 50 MV div in 1 2 5 sequence Rise time Video Bandwidth 7 ns 70 MHz Single Shot Bandwidth 5 MHz based on 10 samples per pulse Pulse Repetition Rate 30 MHz max for internally triggered measurements Minimum Pulse Width 15 ns SENSOR DEPENDENT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM Sensor inputs One or two sensor measurement channels Measurement Technique Random repetitive sampling system that provides pre an...

Page 21: ...n X AXIS Statistical Acquisition Mode Continuous sample acquisition Sampling rate Configuration dependent Number of Histogram Bins 16 384 Bin Power Resolution 0 02 dB statistical measurements Limit count Adjustable 2 4096 Mega samples Terminal action Stop flush and or decimate Graph Presentation Normalized CCDF trace relative to average power Horizontal Scale 0 1 to 5 dB div Horizontal Offset 50 0...

Page 22: ...er ratio between markers The following automatic measurements are selectable in the power versus time Pulse mode Pulse width Pulse rise time Pulse fall time Pulse period Pulse repetition frequency Pulse duty cycle Pulse off time Peak power Pulse on power dB or Percent overshoot Waveform Average power IEEE Top level power IEEE Bottom level power Edge skew Model 4542 only Edge delay MODULATED MODE O...

Page 23: ... calibration The Calibrator is used to automatically generate linearity calibration data for peak power sensors It is also provides test signals EXTERNAL INTERFACES Remote Control Complies with IEEE 488 1 and SCPI version 1993 GPIB Implements AH1 SH1 T6 LE0 SR1 RL1 PP0 DC1 DT1 C0 and E1 USB USB Device Type B connector does not require any power from host LAN TCP IP Ethernet Programmable interfaces...

Page 24: ...ion Withstands 2G sine 1 25G random as per EN 60068 2 6 and EN 60068 2 64 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Display 4 0 Diagonal TFT color LCD 320 x 240 pixels CCFL Backlight Keyboard 27 Key conductive rubber Main Computer 32 bit Floating Point embedded processor DSP 32 bit Floating Point DSP Battery One user replaceable BR2325 Lithium coin cell alkaline cells optional for maintaining non volatile memory info...

Page 25: ...ws you the various pieces included in the packaging and the order in which they are loaded into the container Actual details may vary from the illustration Note Save the packing material and container to ship the instrument if necessary If the original materials or suitable substitute are not available contact Boonton Electronics to purchase replacements Store materials in a dry environment Refer ...

Page 26: ...use kit supplied Connect the power cord supplied with the instrument to the power receptacle on the rear panel See Figure 3 2 Caution Before connecting the instrument to the power source make certain that a 1 0 ampere time delay fuse type T is installed in the fuse holder on the rear panel Before removing the instrument cover for any reason position the input module power switch to off 0 OFF 1 ON ...

Page 27: ...wer half marked 0 of the power switch in the center of the power module on the rear panel 2 Connect the AC mains power cord to a suitable AC power source 90 to 260 volts AC 47 to 63 Hz with a capacity in excess of 75 W The power supply will automatically adjust to voltages within this range 3 Press the upper half marked 1 of the power switch in the center of the power module on the rear panel If t...

Page 28: ...n appears incorrect contact Boonton Electronics for technical support 8 Follow steps in Sections 3 4 and 3 5 to initialize and calibrate the instrument Note If the display does not appear or differs significantly from the illustrated display try reinstalling the instrument software as described in Section 7 5 Software Upgrade If this does not correct the problem contact Boonton Electronics for tec...

Page 29: ...he first time connect a sensor set the instrument up for operation and initialize it to a known state See Table 3 3 for initialized parameters and their values Subsection 3 5 Calibration is critical to the proper operation of an instrument The 4540 Series comes with a 50 MHz programmable reference calibrator Before making any measurement the sensor s may have to be calibrated with this source Subs...

Page 30: ...ity and can also be used as a general purpose calibration signal source 2 2 Sensor Inputs One or two sensor inputs are located on the front or optionally on the rear panel of the instrument These are 10 pin precision connectors designed to accept only Boonton Peak or CW power sensors and Boonton voltage probes Caution Do not attempt to connect anything other than a Boonton power sensor voltage pro...

Page 31: ...l show a m enu box next to each active key with that key s current function 7 Numeric Entry Keys The numeric entry keypad is used for entering numeric parameters directly This process will normally pop up a numeric entry window which permits entry in various units 8 Esc Stop Key Aborts any operation in progress when in Menu Mode or Zero Cal Mode Pressing ESC Stop while running in Text Mode or Grap...

Page 32: ... current instrument state before shutdown Pressing and holding the On Standby key for several seconds will force standby mode if the instrument has become non responsive In this case no context save is performed 14 LAN Ethernet LAN connector for remote control and firmware updates Allows DHCP or fixed IP Subnet setting mode LAN parameters can be configured through the menu 15 USB USB Type B Device...

Page 33: ...witch and safety fuse The module accepts a standard AC line cord included with the power meter The power switch is used to shut off main instrument power The safety fuse may also be accessed once the line cord is removed The instrument s power supply accepts 90 to 260VAC so no line voltage selection switch is necessary Caution Replace fuse only with specified type and rating 1 0A T time delay type...

Page 34: ...t Figure 3 3c shows the modulated text mode In addition there are text formats for reports See Section 4 5 for more information on the display format Table 3 2 LCD Monitor Display Fields Ref No Field Name Mode Description 1 Measurement status All Contains an icon and text indicating the measurement acquisition status of the instrument 2 Path name All Lists the all of the menus in the path of the c...

Page 35: ... indicating the status of the instrument Messages may indicate the calibration status of sensors the connection status of sensors or other ongoing instrument operations 7 Vertical Markers All There are two vertical markers that allow level measurements at specific times relative to the trigger event 8 Parameters All Displays a table of measurement status parameters or any selected automatic measur...

Page 36: ... Local state REM Indicates the 4540 is in the Remote state LSN Indicates the 4540 is addressed to Listen TLK Indicates the 4540 is addressed to Talk SRQ Indicates the 4540 is requesting service from the bus controller 11 Network Connection Icon All Appears if an Ethernet connection is detected Lower left square is highlighted during data transmission and upper right square is highlighted during da...

Page 37: ...ath functions 13 Secondary Field Modulated Text There are two secondary parameter fields available for each channel s text display These fields can display any available measurement or setting for any channel 14 Sensor Model Modulated Text Field that shows the sensor model number 15 Frequency Modulated Text Frequency correction setting of the measurement channel 15 Filter Modulated Text Acquisitio...

Page 38: ...ecified upper power limit may result in permanent change of characteristics or burnout 2 Connect the sensor to the sensor cable by aligning the red mark on each part and pressing the connectors together firmly 3 Connect the sensor cable to the Channel 1 input holding the red mark UP When the sensor is connected the instrument will download the factory installed calibration data from the sensor mem...

Page 39: ...ar Volts 0 00 mV dBV 33 dBV dBmV 27 dBmV dBµV 87 dBµV Extensions Menu Units dBm Peak Hold Pulse Modulated Off Define Pulse Distal 90 Mesial 50 Proximal 10 Pulse Units Watts Video Bandwidth Bandwidth High Averaging 8 Filter Auto Extensions Corrections Menu dB Offset 0 00 dB Freq CF if no sensor 0 00 dB Duty Cycle 100 00 Alarms Menu Enable Off High Limit 20 0 dBm Low Limit 20 0 dBm Parameters Relate...

Page 40: ...nit Format Menu Grid Type not changed by init Trace Type All Channels not changed by init Disp Header not changed by init Set Colors not changed by init Graph Header Menu Number of Rows 3 Field Parameters Pulse Mode See Table 3 3 1 Text Mode Menu Channel 1 2 Source Modulated Mode Average CW Power Channel 1 2 Options Secondary Field 1 Modulated Mode Minimum Power Secondary Field 2 Modulated Mode Ma...

Page 41: ...l Scale Statistical Mode 2 dB Div Horizontal Offset Statistical Mode 0 00 dB Term Options Menu Term Action Statistical Mode Decimate Term Count Statistical Mode 10 Megasamples Term Time Statistical Mode 3600 s Cursors Menu not changed by init Cursor Mode Statistical Mode Percent Cursor Percent Statistical Mode 1 0000 Cursor Power Reference Statistical Mode 0 000 dBr not active ...

Page 42: ...riod Also if the sensor has been previously calibrated on this instrument and channel the 4540 will remember the calibration and apply the result If this is the case the Sens1 2 Needs Cal message will not appear Instead normal operation will begin You may want to continue with the steps following to learn the calibration procedure STEP PROCEDURE 1 Connect a Boonton Peak Power sensor to the instrum...

Page 43: ...resented in channel order for all active channels Active channels are defined as those that are installed turned on and have a sensor connected If there are not active channels pressing the Cal Zero key will bring you to the Channel 1 calibration menu 2 If an error message appears after you have initiated AutoCal verify the following a Is the sensor that is connected to the calibrator also connect...

Page 44: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Getting Started 3 16 Figure 3 5 Menus for Sensor Calibration Procedure ...

Page 45: ...he times it is on If you wish to make measurements that are synchronous with a period of a waveform consider using Pulse Mode instead Modulated Mode is the best for the following types of measurement Moderate signal level above 40dBm for Peak sensors and 60dBm for CW sensors Signal that is continuously modulated with a modulation band width that is less than 20 MHz Signal modulation may be periodi...

Page 46: ...ower analysis The instrument can display power at each marker as well as average minimum and maximum power in the region between the two markers This is very useful for examining the power during a TDMA or GSM burst when only the modulated portion in the center region of a timeslot is of interest By adjusting trigger delay and other parameters it is possible to measure the power of specific timesl...

Page 47: ...igitally modulated signals such as CDMA and all its extensions or OFDM when probability information is helpful in analyzing the signal Any signal with random infrequent peaks when you need to know just how infrequent those peaks are Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function CCDF The CCDF is the probability that the power is greater than a specific power value CCDF is non increasing in y axis ...

Page 48: ...his type of analysis is particularly suited to the situation in which the bit error rate BER or some other error rate measure is correlated with the percentage of time that the signal is corrupted If known short intervals of clipping are tolerable the CCDF can be used to determine optimum transmitter power output The CCDF is also used to evaluate various modulation schemes to determine the demands...

Page 49: ...ontrol Menus The menus that control the 4540 Series begin with a top level that is displayed by pressing the Menu key There are 2 pages of top level menus that are selected by the More box in the botton postion As the More menu key is repeatedly pressed page 1 and 2 are alternately displayed and the current page number is displayed in the More menu box Several menus lower in the hierarchy also hav...

Page 50: ... down on either key to get repeated increment or decrement Overflow and underflow will carry into or from digit positions to the left of the selected one The units will be controlled by the menu display system Continuing as required use the Left and Right Arrow keys to postion the indicator on the desired digit position and use the Up and Down Arrow keys to adjust the digit s value When the desire...

Page 51: ...oCal and similarly the channel 2 sensor when the message CH 2 Needs AutoCal appears If a sensor is to be used in both channels a calibration is required for each During the power on initialization the instrument checks its calibration files and restores channel and sensor calibration data previously stored Measurements using a particular channel and sensor cannot be performed unless a valid set of...

Page 52: ... Mode only REF1 and REF2 are added Menu Type Menu Selection Main Measure Description Opens the Measure Menu to select the measurement mode and related functions Menu Type Menu Selection Main Trigger Description Opens the Trigger Menu to select trigger paramters Menu Type Menu Selection Main Time Description Opens the Time Menu to select time base parameters Menu Type Menu Selection Main More Descr...

Page 53: ...sors Marker 1 and Marker 2 Menu Type Menu Selection Main Display Description Opens the Display Menu for functions specific to the displayed images Menu Type Menu Selection Main System Description Opens the System menu for system characteristics and reports Menu Type Menu Selection Main Setup Description Opens the Setup menu for system preset Menu Type Menu Selection Main More Description Opens pag...

Page 54: ...ctions specific to CH1 CH2 REF1 and REF2 Menu Type Menu Selection Main Measure Description Opens the Measure Menu to select the measurement mode and related functions Menu Type Menu Selection Main Stat Mode Description Opens the Stat Mode Menu to select satistical mode functions and parameters Menu Type Menu Selection Main More Description Opens page 2 of the Main Menu Menu Type Menu Selection Fig...

Page 55: ...tistical mode cursors Menu Type Menu Selection Main Display Description Opens the Display Menu for functions specific to the displayed images Menu Type Menu Selection Main System Description Opens the System menu for system characteristics and reports Menu Type Menu Selection Main Setup Description Opens the Setup menu for system preset Menu Type Menu Selection Main More Description Opens page 1 o...

Page 56: ...nu Type Toggle Choices On Off SCPI Command INITiate CONTinuous Boolean Main Measure Mode Description Set or return the system measurement mode Modulated mode is a continuous measurement mode primarily for continuously modulated or CW signals Pulse mode is a signal triggered oscilloscope like mode that acquires and analyzes the a pulsed signal as a series of one or more triggered sweeps and Statist...

Page 57: ... Pulse Mode only Description Starts a single measurement cycle in Pulse mode Enough trace sweeps must be triggered to satisfy the channel averaging setting Menu Type Action SCPI Command INITiate IMMediate ALL Main Measure Auto Set forces Pulse Mode Description Perform the Auto Setup function to acquire a signal and display the trace in the Pulse Mode Note Pulse Mode is forced if not already set Me...

Page 58: ...nnel Channel 2 Description Select the Channel 2 Menu Channel 2 is available only on the Model 4542 Menu Type Menu Selection SCPI Command None Main Channel Ref 1 Modulated Mode only Description Select the Channel 1 Reference Menu Menu Type Menu Selection SCPI Command None Main Channel Ref 2 Modulated Mode only Description Select the Channel 2 Reference Menu Reference 2 is available only on the Mode...

Page 59: ... no measurements are performed Menu Type Toggle SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 STATe Boolean Main Channel Channel 1 2 Vert Scale Description Set the power or voltage vertical sensitivity of the trace display in channel units Menu Type Numeric Value Range Watts 1 nW Div to 50MW Div Volts 1 mV Div to 50kV Div dBm dBV dBr 0 1 dB Div to 50 dB Div SCPI Command DISPlay TRACe 1 2 VSCALe numeric_value Main Ch...

Page 60: ...ain Channel Channel 1 2 Calibration Description Select the calibration menu for the specified channel Menu Type Menu Selection Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Description Select the extensions menu for the specified channel Menu Type Menu Selection ...

Page 61: ...calibrator This procedure calibrates the sensor s linearity at a number of points across its entire dynamic range A sensor must be connected to the channel input and the selected calibrator output Menu Type Action SCPI Command CALibration 1 2 INTernal EXTernal AUTO Main Channel Channel 1 2 Calibration Fixed Cal Description Performs a single point sensor gain calibration of the selected sensor with...

Page 62: ...ly globally to all selection points in the menu system If the optional 1 GHz calibrator is not connected an error message will appear if an attempt is made to select it Menu Type Toggle SCPI Command None Main Channel Channel 1 2 Calibration Cal Control Description Opens the Calibrator Control Menu Refer to Section 4 5 42 System Calibrator Menu and its submenus for a detailed description of this me...

Page 63: ...PI Command CALCulate 1 2 UNIT character data Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Description Selects the channel corrections menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Filter State Description Set the current setting of the integration filter on the selected channel Off provides no filtering and can be used at high signal levels when absolute minimum settl...

Page 64: ...cription Set the current length of the integration filter on the selected channel Menu Type Numeric value Range 0 010 s to 15 000 s SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 FILTer TIMe numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 More Description Opens page 2 of the Channel Extensions Menu Menu Type Menu Selection ...

Page 65: ...ctor with this command will override the automatic frequency calfactor that was calculated and applied when the operating frequency was set and setting the operating frequency will override this calfactor setting Menu Type Numeric value Range 3 00 to 3 00 dB SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 CORRection CALFactor numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Duty Cycle Description Sets th...

Page 66: ...on 4540 Series RF Power Meter Operation 4 18 Fig 4 11 Corrections Menu Modulated Voltage Probe Fig 4 12 Corrections Menu Modulated Peak Power Sensor No TC Fig 4 13 Corrections Menu Modulated CW Power Sensor ...

Page 67: ...or connected to the channel must support video bandwidth switching This command is not valid for CW sensors or voltage probes Menu Type Toggle Choices High Low SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 BANDwidth character data Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg2 Peak Hold Description Set the operating mode of the selected channel s peak hold function When set to OFF instantaneous peak readings are held for a sho...

Page 68: ...ss of the sensor s frequency response If an explicit calfactor has been set either manually or via the SENSe CORRection CALFactor command entering a new frequency will override this calfactor and use only the automatic frequency calfactor Menu Type Numeric value Range 0 001 GHz to 110 00 GHz sensor and video bandwidth dependant SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 AVERage numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 ...

Page 69: ...rmal limits The Multi IO can also be set to output TTL high if an alarm condition exists Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 2 Alarms Enable Description Set the alarm system state for the selected channel When the lower alarm high alarm or both is selected the measured average power is compared to the applicable preset power limit and an error flag is set if out of range When it is OFF no actio...

Page 70: ...el for the selected channel When the measured average power is below the lower limit a down arrow will appear on the display above the units on the main text screen in modulated mode and flag bits are set in the remote mode alarm register Menu Type Numeric value Range 300 000 to 300 000 dBm SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer POWer numeric_value ...

Page 71: ...ber of traces averaged together to form the measurement result on the selected channel Averaging can be used to reduce display noise on both the visible trace and on marker and automatic pulse measurements Trace averaging is a continuous process in which the measurement points from each sweep are weighted multiplied by a appropriate factor and averaged into the existing trace data points In this w...

Page 72: ...nel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Define Pulse Description Selects the define pulse menu for the selected channel Menu Type Menu Select Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 More Description Opens page 2 of the Channel Extensions Menu Menu Type Menu Selection ...

Page 73: ...nnel Note setting a calfactor with this command will override the automatic frequency calfactor that was calculated and applied when the operating frequency was set and setting the operating frequency will override this calfactor setting Menu Type Numeric value Range 3 00 to 3 00 dB SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 CORRection CALFactor numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Temp ...

Page 74: ...le to 100 is equivalent to a CW measurement Note that this method of measuring pulse power should be used only if a peak power measurement cannot be used This item is not pictured above it only appears in Modulated mode The Duty Cycle Menu item is disabled for Peak Power Sensors Menu Type Numeric Value Range 0 01 to 100 00 SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 CORRection DCYCle numeric_value Fig 4 19 Corrections...

Page 75: ... Type Numeric value Range 50 00 to 99 00 SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 PULSe DISTal numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Define Pulse Mesial Description Set the pulse amplitude percentage which is used to define the midpoint of a rising or falling edge transition Typically this is 50 voltage or 25 power relative to the to p level of the pulse This setting is used when making automatic p...

Page 76: ... in voltage If set to WATTS the levels are defined in percent power Many pulse measurements call for 10 to 90 voltage which equates to 1 to 81 power for rise time and falltime measurements and measure pulse widths from the half power 3dB 50 power or 71 voltage points Menu Type Toggle Choices Watts Volts SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 PULSe UNIT character data Main Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Define Pulse ...

Page 77: ...region as a percentage of pulse width Menu Type Numeric value Range Continuous range 0 0 to 40 0 SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 PULSe STARTGT numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Pulse Gate End Gate Description Sets the end of the pulse measurement region as a percentage of pulse width Menu Type Numeric value Range Continuous range 60 0 to 100 0 SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 PULSe ENDGT numeric...

Page 78: ...o the channel must support video bandwidth switching This command is not valid for CW sensors or voltage probes Menu Type Toggle Choices High Low SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 BANDwidth character data Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 2 Peak Hold Description Set the operating mode of the selected channel s peak hold function When set to OFF instantaneous peak readings are held for a short time and t...

Page 79: ...latness of the sensor s frequency response If an explicit calfactor has been set either manually or via the SENSe CORRection CALFactor command entering a new frequency will override this calfactor and use only the automatic frequency calfactor Menu Type Numeric value Range 0 001 GHz to 110 00 GHz sensor and video bandwidth dependant SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 AVERage numeric_value Main Channel Channel...

Page 80: ...mal limits The Multi IO can also be set to output TTL high if an alarm condition exists Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 2 Alarms Enable Description Set the alarm system state for the selected channel When the lower alarm high alarm or both is selected the measured average power is compared to the applicable preset power limit and an error flag is set if out of range When it is OFF no action...

Page 81: ...he lower limit a down arrow will appear on the display above the units on the main text screen in modulated mode and flag bits are set in the remote mode alarm register Menu Type Numeric value Range 300 000 to 300 000 dBm SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer POWer numeric_value Fig 4 26A Text Display with Alarm Over range and Under range Arrows The outline arrow indicates a previous alarm condit...

Page 82: ...power sensors voltage is calculated with reference to the sensor input impedance Note that for ratiometric results logarithmic units will always return dBr dB relative while linear units return percent Menu Type Pop up Selection Choices dBm Watts Volts dBV dBmV dBµV SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 UNIT character data Main Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Description Selects the channel correctio...

Page 83: ...channel Note setting a calfactor with this command will override the automatic frequency calfactor that was calculated and applied when the operating frequency was set and setting the operating frequency will override this calfactor setting Menu Type Numeric value Range 3 00 to 3 00 dB SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 CORRection CALFactor numeric_value Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 1 Corrections Te...

Page 84: ...e to 100 is equivalent to a CW measurement Note that this method of measuring pulse power should be used only if a peak power measurement cannot be used This item is not pictured above it only appears in Modulated mode The Duty Cycle Menu item is disabled for Peak Power Sensors Menu Type Numeric Value Range 0 01 to 100 00 SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 CORRection DCYCle numeric_value Fig 4 29 Corrections ...

Page 85: ...or connected to the channel must support video bandwidth switching This command is not valid for CW sensors or voltage probes Menu Type Toggle Choices High Low SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 BANDwidth character data Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 2 Peak Hold Description Set the operating mode of the selected channel s peak hold function When set to OFF instantaneous peak readings are held for a sh...

Page 86: ...f variations in the flatness of the sensor s frequency response If an explicit calfactor has been set either manually or via the SENSe CORRection CALFactor command entering a new frequency will override this calfactor and use only the automatic frequency calfactor Menu Type Numeric value Range 0 001 GHz to 110 00 GHz sensor and video bandwidth dependant SCPI Command SENSe 1 2 AVERage numeric_value...

Page 87: ... the normal limits The Multi IO can also be set to output TTL high if an alarm condition exists Main Channel Channel 1 2 Extensions Pg 2 Alarms Enable Description Set the alarm system state for the selected channel When the lower alarm high alarm or both is selected the measured average power is compared to the applicable preset power limit and an error flag is set if out of range When it is OFF n...

Page 88: ...he lower limit a down arrow will appear on the display above the units on the main text screen in modulated mode and flag bits are set in the remote mode alarm register Menu Type Numeric value Range 300 000 to 300 000 dBm SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer POWer numeric_value Fig 4 33A Text Display with Alarm Over range and Under range Arrows The outline arrow indicates a previous alarm condit...

Page 89: ...o the stored reference in Modulated mode Units will be changed to dBr dB relative for log units or percent power or voltage for linear units Note that the stored reference should be loaded from the same sensor that is currently in use on the channel Menu Type Toggle Choices On Off SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 REFerence STATe char_data Main Channel Ref 1 2 Load Ref Description Load the current averag...

Page 90: ...ode reference level for the selected channel When the reference level is set the power specified by the argument will become the current reference level and all power readings will be in dBr relative to this level Menu Type Numeric value Range 200 000 to 200 000 dBm SCPI Command CALCulate 1 2 REFerence DATA Numeric_value ...

Page 91: ... a trace if no trigger edges are detected for a period of time 100 to 500 milliseconds depending on timebase This will keep the trace updating even if the pulse edges stop The Auto PK PK mode operates the same as AUTO mode but will adjust the trigger level to halfway between the highest and lowest power or voltage levels detected This aids in maintaining synchronization with a pulse signal of vary...

Page 92: ...s used to disable the trigger for a specified amount of time after each trigger event The holdoff time starts immediately after each valid trigger edge and will not permit any new triggers until the time has expired When the holdoff time is up the trigger re arms and the next valid trigger event edge will cause a new sweep This feature is used to help synchronize the power meter with burst wavefor...

Page 93: ...lative to the left edge of the screen so with zero trigger delay setting the vernier control to 0 0 causes the entire trace to be post trigger Setting it to 10 0 causes the entire trace to be pre trigger And setting to 5 0 will display both the pre and post trigger portions of the trace Note that the Trig Delay setting is in addition to this setting and will cause the trigger position to appear in...

Page 94: ...int on the display and is useful for looking at events before the trigger edge Menu Type Numeric Value Range Timebase setting Trigger Delay range 5 ns div to 500 ns div 4 ms to 100 ms 1 µs div to 10 ms div 4000 divisions 20 ms div to 3600 sec div 40 to 100 sec SCPI Command TRIGger DELay numeric_value Main Time Position Cntrl Description Selects the trigger position mode Preset provides three trigg...

Page 95: ...c displays Menu Type Numeric value Range 0 1 to 5 dB Div in a 1 2 5 sequence SCPI Command DISPlay TRACe HSCALe Main Pg1 Stat Mode Horiz Offset Description Select the horizontal offset for statistical graphic displays The value in dBr chosen will appear at the leftmost edge of the graph Menu Type Numeric value Range 50 00 dBr to 50 00 dBr SCPI Command DISPLay TRACe HOFFSet Main Pg1 Stat Mode Term O...

Page 96: ...d the result Restart Clear the CCDF and begin a new one Decimate Divide all sample bins by 2 and continue Menu Type Multiple choice Choices Stop Restart Decimate SCPI Command TRIGger CDF DECimate Boolean Note For remote operation start stop action is controlled by the INITiate system Main Pg1 Stat Mode Term Options Term Count Description Set the terminal sample count for the CCDF Menu Type Numeric...

Page 97: ...tion with the CCDF curve will be measured If Power Ref is selected probability at the cursor s intersection with the CCDF curve will be measured Menu Type Toggle Choices Percent Power Ref SCPI Command None Main Pg1 Stat Mode Cursors Cursor Pct Description Set the measurement cursor to the desired probability This menu box is dimmed if Cursor Mode is set to Power Ref Menu Type Numerical Value Range...

Page 98: ... trace as defined by the timebase and trigger delay settings Main Pg2 Markers Marker 1 2 Description Set the time x axis position of marker 1 or 2 relative to the trigger Note that time markers must be positioned within the time limits of the trace window in the graph display If a time outside of the display limits is entered the marker will be placed at the first or last time position as appropri...

Page 99: ...Modulated Mode text display Menu Type Menu select Main Pg 2 Display Backlight Description Provides access to the Backlight menu which is used to configure the backlight and screensaver settings Menu Type Menu select Main Pg 2 Display Envelope Description Enables or disables the Envelope display mode In Pulse and Modulated modes the Envelope display is used to highlight the range of signal excursio...

Page 100: ...ed field can then be changed using the Field Param and Field Chan menu items Thefield numbers use a zero based index and start at the upper left corner The selected field will be highlighted unless it is not visible on the display Menu Type Numeric Value Range 0 to 9 Main Pg 2 Display Graph Header Field Param Description Set the automatic measurement or setting displayed in the graph header field ...

Page 101: ...540 Series RF Power Meter Operation 4 53 Main Pg 2 Display Graph Header Defaults Description Loads the default parameters for the Graph header for the current measurement mode Menu Type Toggle Choices Ch 1 Ch 2 ...

Page 102: ...vg CW Power CH1 CH2 CH1 CH2 CH1 CH2 Reference 1 CH1 Ref1 CH1 Ref1 CH1 Ref1 Main Pg 2 Display Text Mode Ch1 Options Description Select the CH1 Options menu which provides items for editing the secondary measurement fields for channel 1 Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 Display Text Mode Ch2 Source Description Set the channel 2 main measurement source for the Modulated mode text display Menu Type Pop ...

Page 103: ...H2 CH1 CH1 CH2 CH1 CH2 CH2 CH1 Reference 1 Reference 2 CH1 Ref1 CH1 Ref1 CH1 Ref1 CH2 Ref2 CH2 Ref2 CH2 Ref2 Main Pg 2 Display Text Mode Ch1 2 Options Field 1 Chan Description Select channel associated with the parameter selected by the Sec Field 1 menu Menu Type Toggle Choices CH 1 CH 2 Main Pg 2 Display Text Mode Ch1 2 Options Sec Field 2 Description Selects the measurement or setting to be disp...

Page 104: ...2 Chan Description Select channel associated with the parameter selected by the Sec Field 2 menu Menu Type Toggle Choices CH 1 CH 2 Main Pg 2 Display Text Mode Ch1 2 Options Defaults Description Loads the default settings for the Modulated mode text display for the specified channel Menu Type Action ...

Page 105: ...ion When ON the screensaver dims the LCD backlight to a specified intensity after a specified period of keyboard inactivity Menu Type Toggle Choices On Off SCPI Command DISPlay SCREensaver STATe Boolean Main Pg 2 Display Backlight ScrSaver Brt Description Set the backlight brightness for the LCD display in percent when the screen saver is activated Menu Type Numeric Value Range 0 to 70 SCPI Comman...

Page 106: ...and Configuration menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Description Access the Calibrator menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 System Reports Description Access the Reports menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 System Servicing Description Access the Servicing menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 System Sensor Data Description Access the Sensor Data menu Menu Type Menu Select Fig 4...

Page 107: ...ry popup The address entered appears in the menu box Menu Type Numeric Value Range 1 to 30 SCPI Command SYSTem COMMunicate GPIB ADDRess numeric_value Note Using the SCPI command to change the GPIB bus address while using the GPIB bus will interrupt bus communication Main Pg 2 System Ethernet Description Access the Ethernet configuration menu Menu Type Menu Select Main Pg 2 System GPIB Description ...

Page 108: ... O Config Ethernet Extensions Menu Type Toggle Choices On Off SCPI Command SYSTem COMMunicate LAN DHCP STATe Boolean Main Pg 2 System I O Config Ethernet Connection Description If DHCP AutoIP is enabled reinitializes AutoIP and sends a DHCP request for an IP address Note this action may result in a new IP Address If DHCP AutoIP is not enabled rebinds the user specified IP address subnet mask and d...

Page 109: ...mat SCPI Command SYSTem COMMunicate LAN ADDRess character data Main Pg 2 System I O Config Ethernet Extensions Subnet Mask Description Set the subnet mask for the Ethernet adapter Note If DHCP AutoIP mode is enabled this menu is read only Menu Type Numeric Value Format Subnet mask in nnn nnn nnn nnn dot decimal format SCPI Command SYSTem COMMunicate LAN SMASk character data Main Pg 2 System I O Co...

Page 110: ...Config Ethernet Extensions MAC Address Description Displays the MAC Address for the Ethernet adapter Menu Type Numeric Value Read Only Format Ethernet MAC address in nn nn nn nn nn nn format where nn is a two digit hexadecimal number SCPI Command SYSTem COMMunicate LAN MAC ...

Page 111: ...iption Alternately opens and closes the IO Mode Popup Menu All selections are made from the popup menu Use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys to select the desired output Press the Enter key to open the appropriate submenu and close the popup menu The IO Mode menu box is common to all submenus and displays the current selection Menu Type Action SCPI Command OUTPut MIO MODe OFF Fig 4 50 Multi IO Menu...

Page 112: ...pup menu The IO Mode menu box is common to all submenus and displays the current selection Menu Type Action SCPI Command OUTPut MIO MODe STATus Main Pg 2 System I O Config Multi IO Source Status Out Description Selects the channel source of the status signal Menu type Multiple Choice Choices Channel 1 Channel 2 Both SCPI Command OUTPut MIO STATus SOURce char data SCPI Arguments CH1 CH2 BOTH Main P...

Page 113: ... and close the popup menu The IO Mode menu box is common to all submenus and displays the current selection Menu Type Action SCPI Command OUTPut MIO MODe RECOrder Main Pg 2 System I O Config Multi IO Source Rec Out Description Selects the channel source of the recorder signal Menu type Multiple Choice Choices Channel 1 Channel 2 SCPI Command OUTPut MIO RECOrder SOURce char data SCPI Arguments CH1 ...

Page 114: ...ontrols the scaling of the recorder output signal when manual scaling is selected Disabled for automatic scaling Main Pg 2 System I O Config Multi IO Rec Limits Max Power Description Sets the power level for full scale max Press the menu key for numeric entry Menu type Numeric value Range Same as channel power limits in channel units SCPI Command OUTPut MIO RECOrder MAX numeric data Main Pg 2 Syst...

Page 115: ... and Down Arrow keys to select the desired output Press the Enter key to open the appropriate submenu and close the popup menu The IO Mode menu box is common to all submenus and displays the current selection Menu Type Action SCPI Command OUTPut MIO MODe TRIGger Main Pg 2 System I O Config Multi IO Source Trigger Out Description Selects the source of the trigger related output signal Menu type Mul...

Page 116: ...e popup menu Use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys to select the desired output Press the Enter key to open the appropriate submenu and close the popup menu The IO Mode menu box is common to all submenus and displays the current selection Menu Type Action SCPI Command OUTPut MIO MODe VOLTage Main Pg 2 System I O Config Multi IO Volts Out Voltage Out Description Selects the voltage level of the outp...

Page 117: ...ce Choices Off Disabled On Provides 50 MHz CW output SCPI Command OUTPut INTernal SIGNal Boolean Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Set Level Description Set the output of the selected calibrator in dBm Menu Type Numeric value Range 60 0 dBm to 20 0 dbm Internal 50 MHz 50 0 dBm to 20 0 dbm External 1 GHz SCPI Command OUTPut INTernal LEVel POWer numeric_value Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Sel Calibrator Des...

Page 118: ...e mode of operation Menu Type Multiple Choice Choices Off Disabled CW Provides 1 GHz CW output Int Pulse Provides pulse modulation from internal pulse generator Ext Pulse Provides pulse modulation from external signal to BNC input connector SCPI Command OUTPut EXTernal SIGNal Boolean Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Set Level Description Set the output of the 1 GHz external calibrator in dBm Menu Type ...

Page 119: ...ot implemented at this time SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Pulse Description Selects the pulse menu for the external 1 GHz calibrator This menu item is specific to the 1 GHz calibrator and does not appear when the internal calibrator is selected Menu Type Menu Select Fig 4 59 Auto Cal Error Message Box ...

Page 120: ...olarity Menu Type Toggle Choices SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Pulse Duty Cycle Description Selects the pulse duty cycle in percent Menu Type Popup Selection Choices 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 SCPI Command OUTPut EXTernal PULSe DCYCle numeric_value Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Pulse Period Description Selects the pulse period Menu Type Multiple Choice Choices 10 msec 1 msec 100 usec...

Page 121: ...e Width Description Sets the pulse width in seconds Menu Type Numerical Values Range 7 usec to 65 535 msec for period 65 542 msec and width 7 usec period Minimum width increases with increasing period above 65 544 msec SCPI command See Pulse Period below Main Pg 2 System Calibrator Pulse Pulse Period Description Sets the pulse width in seconds Menu Type Numerical Values Range 28 usec to 131 077 ms...

Page 122: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Operation 4 74 FFF Fig 4 62 ...

Page 123: ...are options that are licensed and the control software version that is currently loaded The Meas and FPGA version information is an integrity check of the software package The real time clock setting is shown as well as the number of On Off cycles that have occurred and the total instrument running time Note that you may directly select the other reports without backing out to the previous menu le...

Page 124: ...gs at critical points within the instrument It also reports the CPLD program version This information is useful for troubleshooting and Boonton Service personnel may ask you to report some or all of these readings in certain situations Note that you may directly select the other reports without backing out to the previous menu level Fig 4 64 System Hardware Info Report ...

Page 125: ...ands along with a brief description of each A more complete description can be found in Section 6 of this manual The menu selections allow you to jump to the beginning or the end of the entire list or to scan up and down the list in pages You can also use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys to step up or down one item at a time Fig 4 65 System Remote Commands Report ...

Page 126: ...he other menu boxes are blanked SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Servicing Security Description Opens the Security procedures menu Menu Type Menu Selection SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Servicing Cycle Relays Description Cycles the internal relays continuously until stopped The accumulated cycle count is reported at the bottom of the display Menu Type Toggle Choices Start Stop SCPI Command ...

Page 127: ...nformation that is incidentally stored in the instrument s memories The two levels of effectivity are documented on the associated displays Main Pg 2 System Servicing Security Sanitize Description Select the Sanitize level which deletes all user data Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Fig 4 67 System Servicing Sanitize Information and Caution ...

Page 128: ...Select the Full Sanitize level which deletes all user data and all operating software Consider carefully before executing this procedure as it will render the instrument inoperable until all software is re installed Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Fig 4 68 System Servicing Full Sanitize Information and Warning ...

Page 129: ... the Model 4542 only Main Pg 2 System Sensor Data Sensor 1 Info Description See a typical peak sensor report below Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Sensor Data Sensor 1 Details Description Similar to Snsr 1 Info but more detailed with raw data dumps Used by technicians for troubleshooting purposes NOT ILLUSTRATED Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Fig 4 69 Sensor Data Report for...

Page 130: ...l CW sensor report below Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 System Sensor Data Sensor 2 Details Description Similar to Snsr 2 Info but more detailed with raw data dumps Used by technicians for troubleshooting purposes NOT ILLUSTRATED Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Fig 4 70 Sensor Data Report for Sensor 2 ...

Page 131: ...rameters Menu Type Action SCPI Command SYSTem PRESet Main Pg 2 Setup Preset Description Opens the Preset Menu Menu Type Menu Selection SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 Setup User Presets Description Opens the User Preset Menu Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 Setup Auto Set Description Forces Pulse Mode and attemps to display a triggered scaled waveform from the input signal of channels that...

Page 132: ... appears in the menu box Use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys to locate the desired preset Press the Enter key to copy the selection into the Select menu box and close the popup menu Use the Esc key to cancel and close the popup Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 Setup Preset Preset Load Description Loads the Preset selection shown in the Select menu box Menu Type Action SCPI Command Non...

Page 133: ...et selection named above and loads its parameters into the instrument If the preset name above has not been previously loaded or is erased this menu box will be dimmed and disabled Menu Type Action SCPI Command None Main Pg 2 Setup Preset Current State Store Description Store the current instrument parameters in the user location named above e g USER1 This will over write existing data if any Menu...

Page 134: ...l Zero Key Menu Pressing thefront panel Cal Zero key will alternately select the color coded Channel 1 and Channel 2 if present Calibration menus For a complete description refer to Section 4 5 8 Channel Calibration Menu Fig 4 75 User Preset Names Popup Menu ...

Page 135: ...LAN parameters have been configured the controller can perform a broadcast and find all instruments on the subnet or the instrument s IP address whether manually or automatically assigned may be used to assist the remote control software in locating and connecting to the 4540 Typically the host will use VISA to provide the interface layer between the instrument and the remote control software The ...

Page 136: ...s full keyword or a short form of that keyword The short form is typically the first several characters of the full name although this is not necessarily the case The short form of each keyword is identified in this manual by the keyword characters shown in UPPERCASE while the long form will be shown in mixed case For example the short form of CALCulate is calc while the long form is calculate Lon...

Page 137: ...ection DCYCle 25 0 CALFactor 2 12 leading colon omitted from first command If a command does not belong to the same subsystem as the preceding command on the same line then its full path must be specified including the colon prefix 5 4 7 Command Terminators All SCPI command strings transmitted to the instrument must be terminated For commands sent via the GPIB bus any character with the IEEE488 EO...

Page 138: ...ge numeric_value Same command query SENSe1 AVERage Command with literal text argument TRIGger SOURce character data Command with no query form CLS Command with query form only SYSTem DATE WEEKday SYNTAX NOTES Square brackets are used to enclose the list of valid channels for a command or a list of command options separated by the vertical separator bar character This character is for syntax only a...

Page 139: ...us Byte Register and the Service Request Enable Register The Service Request Enable Register is a bit mask that determines which summary bits of the Status Byte Register can cause a request for service to be sent to the Controller The summary bits of the Status Byte are the MAV or Message Available bit and three bits from event driven registers The first of these is the Standard Event Status Regis...

Page 140: ...us registers Questionable Status and Operation Status the error queue the IEEE488 2 Status Byte STB and Standard Event Status ESR registers and the measurement Syntax CLS Argument None Valid Modes Any ESE Description Set or return the Standard Event Status Enable Register The mask value in this register is used to enable bits of the Standard Event Status Register that are or ed together to form th...

Page 141: ...ent Error 1 the instrument encountered a device dependent error 4 16 Not used always returns 0 5 32 Command Error 1 a remote interface command error exists 6 64 Not used always returns 0 7 128 Not used always returns 0 Syntax ESR Returns Current Value of Event Status Register 0 to 255 Valid Modes Any IDN Description Return the instrument identification string This string contains the manufacturer ...

Page 142: ... to FALSE set the SCPI file over write permission to FALSE turn the internal Calibrator output OFF and clear the error queues System communication parameters are not changed Instrument measurement functions are set their default values See Table 3 3 Initialized Parameters Syntax RST Argument None Valid Modes Any SRE Description Set or return the mask value in the Service Request Enable Register Th...

Page 143: ...e error queue 3 8 QUEStionable Status Summary 1 an enabled QUEStionable condition is true 4 16 Message AVailable flag bit 1 an output message is ready to transmit 5 32 Event Status Summary 1 an enabled Event Status condition is true 6 64 MSS Summary Status 1 at least one other Status Byte bit is true 7 128 OPERation Status Summary 1 an enabled OPERation condition is true Syntax STB Returns Current...

Page 144: ...5 10 WAI Description Wait command This command insures sequential non overlapped execution The 4540 always operates in non overlapped sequential mode therefore this command is accepted as valid but takes no action Syntax WAI Argument None Valid Modes Any ...

Page 145: ...LEar IMMediate Description Clear all latched alarms for the selected channel Syntax CALCulate 1 2 CLEar IMMediate Argument None Valid Modes Any CALCulate LIMit FAIL Description Returns the status of all limit alarms for the specified channel in five flags The first flag is the logical sum of the remaining four They are low limit active high limit active low limit latched and high limit latched Act...

Page 146: ...he power is out of range Syntax CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer STATe Boolean Argument Boolean 0 1 OFF ON Valid Modes Any CALCulate LIMit UPPer STATe Description Set or return the upper limit alarm system state for the selected channel When the upper alarm is enabled ON the measured average power is compared to the preset upper power limit and the error flag is set if out of range When OFF no action occ...

Page 147: ...e mode that acquires and analyzes the a pulsed signal as a series of one or more triggered sweeps and STATISTICAL mode performs long term power distribution analysis on modulates signal and may be operated in a start stop continuous mode or a decimated continuous mode Note that the measurement mode is global and affects both channels If either channel has a CW sensor installed peak or statistical ...

Page 148: ... the previous reference level Syntax CALCulate 1 2 REFerence DATA numeric_value Argument numeric_value 200 00 dBm to 200 00 dBm Valid Mode Modulated CALCulate REFerence STATe Description For the selected channel sets or returns the state of the ratiometric measurement mode The ratiometric mode causes the reading to be expressed relative to a user specified value The resulting reading will have uni...

Page 149: ...CALCulate 1 2 STATe Boolean Argument Boolean 0 1 OFF ON Valid Modes Any CALCulate UNITs Description Set or return units for the selected channel For power sensors voltage is calculated with reference to the sensor input impedance Note that for ratiometric results logarithmic units will always return dBr dB relative while linear units return percent Syntax CALCulate 1 2 UNITs character data Argumen...

Page 150: ... calibration of the selected sensor with the Model 2530 external 1 GHz calibrator This procedure calibrates the sensor s linearity at a number of points across its entire dynamic range Syntax CALibration 1 2 EXTernal AUTOcal Returns 0 if successful 1 otherwise using query form only Valid Modes Peak and CW Power sensors only CALibration EXTernal FIXedcal Description Performs a calibration at a fixe...

Page 151: ...es not provide for automatic control of the internal 50 MHz calibrator The RF output level of the calibrator in use must be set by the user Fixed cal assumes that a valid Zero has already been performed Syntax CALibration 1 2 INTernal FIXedcal Returns 0 if successful 1 otherwise using query form only Valid Modes CW Power sensors only CALibration INTernal ZERO Description For a sensor that has been...

Page 152: ...d Modes All DISPlay CLEar Description Clear display traces and all data buffers for CH1 and CH2 Clears averaging filters to empty Does NOT clear errors Syntax DISPlay CLEar Argument None Valid Modes All DISPlay ENVELOPE Description Enable or disable the Envelope mode Syntax DISPlay ENVELOPE Boolean Argument Boolean 0 1 ON OFF Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated DISPlay MODE Description Set or return t...

Page 153: ...e horizontal time span of the display in modulated mode Time span 10 Time Division Optional units minutes Syntax DISPlay MODUlated TSPAN numeric_value Argument numeric_value 10e 8 to 100 sec in a 1 2 5 sequence 300 s 10 20 50 100 300 600 min Valid Modes Modulated mode Note There are separate time bases for the modulated mode and the pulse mode The arguments selected are saved and restored independ...

Page 154: ...er BRIGhtness Description Set or return the display backlight brightness in percent when dimmed Syntax DISPlay SCREensaver BRIGhtness numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 100 Valid Modes All DISPlay SCREensaver STATe Description Set or return the state of the screensaver function When ON the screensaver dims the LCD backlight to a specified intensity after a specified period of keyboard inact...

Page 155: ... places displayed is equal to the argument This command also sets the resolution of measurements returned in remote mode Syntax DISPlay TEXt LOG RESolution numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 3 Valid Modes All DISPlay TRACe HOFFSet Description Set or return the statistical mode horizontal scale offset in dB The offset value will appear at the leftmost edge of the scale with units dBr decibel...

Page 156: ... TRACe 1 2 VCENTer numeric_value Argument numeric_value 200 00 to 200 00 dBm for dBm units 10 000 times the vertical scale power div for watts units 10 000 times the vertical scale volts div for volts units Valid Modes All DISPlay TRACe VSCALe Description Set or return the power or voltage vertical sensitivity of the trace display in channel units Syntax DISPlay TRACe 1 2 VSCALe numeric_value Argu...

Page 157: ...l units and percent for all other units Also the pulse ON interval used for peak and average calculations is defined by the SENSe PULSe STARTGT and ENDGT time gating settings A full pulse rise and fall must be visible on the display to make average and peak pulse power measurements and a full cycle of the waveform must be visible to calculate average cycle amplitude Syntax FETCh 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure...

Page 158: ...h as practical to reduce fluctuations and noise in the pulse timing measurements Note that the timing of the edge transitions is defined by the settings of the SENSe PULSe DISTal MESIal and PROXimal settings see the descriptions for those commands Units are the same as the channel s units Syntax FETCh 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure TIMe Returns CC1 PulseFreq CC2 PulsePeriod CC3 PulseWidth CC4 Offtime CC5 Duty...

Page 159: ...he averaged sensor temperature for each channel Note sensor temperature is only supported for peak power sensors Syntax FETCh ARRay TEMPerature AVERage Returns CC1 Sensor1 Average Temp in degrees C CC2 Sensor2 Average Temp in degrees C Where the CCn s are the measurement condition codes for each measurement Valid Modes All FETCh ARRay TEMPerature CURRent Description Returns the instantaneous senso...

Page 160: ...tered power or voltage between the markers Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated FETCh INTERval MINFilt Description For the specified channel return the minimum filtered power or voltage in the time interval between marker 1 and marker 2 The units will be the same as the specified channel Syntax FETCh 1 2 INTERval MINFilt Returns CC minimum filtered power or vo...

Page 161: ...er 1 and marker 2 The units are dB for logarithmic channel units or percent for linear channel units Syntax FETCh 1 2 INTERval PKAVG Returns CC peak to average ratio of power or voltage between markers Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated FETCh KEY Description Return the key code of the last key depressed e g ESC 8 Syntax FETCh KEY Returns CC key code Where CC...

Page 162: ...s Percent If CCDF cursor mode is Power Ref returns user setting See MARKer POSItion POWer and MARKer POSItion PERcent See also Section 6 4 Statistical Mode Automatic Measurements for more information Syntax FETCh 1 2 MARKer CURsor POWer Returns CC relative power dBr CCDF Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated FETCh MARKer DELTa Description For the specified chan...

Page 163: ...ll be dB for logarithmic units or percent for linear units Syntax FETCh 1 2 Marker RATio Returns CC MK1 MK2 Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes All FETCh MARKer RDELTa Description For the specified channel return the difference between MK2 and MK1 The units will be the same as marker units Syntax FETCh 1 2 MARKer RDELTa Returns CC MK2 MK1 Where CC is the measurement condition co...

Page 164: ...ors only FETCh TEMPerature CURRent Description Return the current internal temperature of the specified peak power sensor Note If a non temperature compensated peak sensor is in use the 4540 displays a warning message if the temperature has drifted more than 4C from the autocal temperature Syntax FETCh 1 2 TEMPerature CURRent Returns CC Sensor 1 2 Temp in degrees C Where CCn is the measurement con...

Page 165: ...measurements If INITiate CONTinuous is set to ON the 4540 immediately begins taking measurements Modulated CW and Statistical Modes or arms its trigger and takes a measurement each time a trigger occurs Pulse Mode If set to OFF the measurement will begin or be armed as soon as the INITiate command is issued and will stop once the measurement criteria averaging filtering or sample count has been sa...

Page 166: ...rcent probability y axis position of the CCDF cursor Changing this setting will force the CCDF cursor mode to Percent for display purposes READ MARKer CURsor POWer and FETCh MARKer CURsor POWer commands are referenced to this value Syntax MARKer POSItion PERcent numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 000 to 100 000 Valid Modes Statistical Modes only MARKer POSItion POWer Description Set or return ...

Page 167: ... If a time outside of the display limits is entered the marker will be placed at the first or last time position as appropriate Syntax MARKer 1 2 POSItion TIMe numeric_value Argument numeric_value display time in seconds see restrictions Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated Modes Restrictions For zero delay trigger position in the center of the display the following relationship must be satisfied TrigD...

Page 168: ...late and SENSe groups should be used to set up the instrument for the measurement then READ or FETCH commands are used to return the desired measurement data in a specific format MEASure POWer Description Return average power using a default instrument configuration in Modulated Mode and dBm units Instrument remains stopped in Modulated Mode after a measurement Syntax Measure 1 2 POWer Returns CC ...

Page 169: ...is not a MEMory command it is handled through the SENSe subsystem MEMory SNSR CFFAST Description Return the sensor high bandwidth FAST frequency cal factor table Syntax MEMory SNSR 1 2 CFFAST Argument None query only Valid Modes Any MEMory SNSR CFSLOW Description Return the sensor low bandwidth SLOW frequency cal factor table Syntax MEMory SNSR 1 2 CFSLOW Argument None query only Valid Modes Any M...

Page 170: ...cription Return sensor smart shaping table Syntax MEMory SNSR 1 2 LFLIN Argument None Valid Modes Any MEMory SNSR MESSage Description Return the sensor message data Syntax MEMory SNSR 1 2 MESSage Argument None Valid Modes Any MEMory SNSR TEMPCOMP Description Return the sensor temperature compensation table If no table or invalid return 1 and 0 Syntax MEMory SNSR 1 2 TEMPCOMP Argument None Valid Mo...

Page 171: ...ed file image of an instrument setup Syntax MEMory SYS LOAD filename Argument Alphanumeric filename USER1 thru USER25 Valid Modes Any MEMory SYS STORe Description Save a file image of the current instrument setup Syntax MEMory SYS STORe filename Argument Alphanumeric filename USER1 thru USER25 Valid Modes Any ...

Page 172: ...z calibrator If set to CW a calibrated CW signal will be generated If set to PULSE the output will be pulse modulated by the source specified in the OUTPut EXTernal SOURce INT EXT command If EXT is selected an external pulse generator with TTL compatible output must be connected to the rear panel EXT PULSE BNC connector If no generator is connected there will be no calibrator RF output IF INT is s...

Page 173: ...r return the duty cycle in percent in the Preset pulse control mode of the external 1 GHz calibrator This parameter has no effect in the variable pulse control mode or the external pulse source mode Note If the argument value is greater than 50 OUTPut EXTernal POLArity is forced to NEG otherwise POS Syntax OUTPut EXTernal PULSe DCYCle numeric_value Argument numeric_value 10 to 90 in 10 increments ...

Page 174: ...ource for the external 1 GHz calibrator If set to INT the internal pulse generator is used EXT selects the signal from the calibrator s rear panel EXT PULSE input Note this input requires TTL compatible signal levels Syntax OUTPut EXTernal PULse SOURce character data Argument character data INT EXT Valid Modes Any OUTPut EXTernal SIGNal Description Set or return the on off state of the external 1 ...

Page 175: ...cter data Argument character data OFF STATus RECOrder TRIGger VOLTage Valid Modes Any OUTPut MIO RECOroder FORCe Description Command sets the Multi IO to voltage mode and sets the output voltage to the argument Query returns the output voltage if Multi IO mode is in voltage mode or causes error 221 Settings conflict if the Multi IO is a different mode This command is provided for 4530 legacy compa...

Page 176: ... data Argument character data UNIPOLAR BIPOLAR Valid Modes Any OUTPut MIO RECOroder SCALing Description Set or return the Multi IO measurement mode when in recorder mode If set to AUTO the output level is automatically scaled to match the display and generally will downscale every decade as power increases In MANUAL mode the output level is scaled using the minimum and maximum powers set with OUTP...

Page 177: ...larm limit has been exceeded Multi IO output will be 0 VDC if no alarm limits have been exceeded MEASRDY Multi IO output is 5 VDC when a measurement is ready to be read CAL Multi IO output is 5 VDC when a calibration is complete Syntax OUTPut MIO STATus SETTing character data Argument character data ALMACT ALMLATCH MEASRDY CAL Valid Modes Any OUTPut MIO STATus SOURce Description Set return Multi I...

Page 178: ...ctive when selected internal trigger is active EXT Multi IO output is active when external trigger is active SWEEP Pulses when actual trigger event occurs Syntax OUTPut MIO TRIGout SOURce character data Argument character data INT1 INT2 EXT SWEEP Valid Modes Any OUTPut MIO VOLTage Description Set return Multi IO user set voltage out Syntax OUTPut MIO VOLTage SOURce numeric_value Argument numeric_v...

Page 179: ...verage amplitude during the pulse IEEE top amplitude IEEE bottom amplitude and overshoot Units are the same as the channel s units Note the pulse overshoot is returned in dB for logarithmic channel units and percent for all other units Also the pulse ON interval used for peak and average calculations is defined by the SENSe PULSe STARTGT and ENDGT time gating settings A full pulse rise and fall mu...

Page 180: ...practical to reduce fluctuations and noise in the pulse timing measurements Note that the timing of the edge transitions is defined by the settings of the SENSe PULSe DISTal MESIal and PROXimal settings see the descriptions for those commands Units are the same as the channel s units Syntax READ 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure TIMe Returns CC1 PulseFreq CC2 PulsePeriod CC3 PulseWidth CC4 Offtime CC5 DutyCycle ...

Page 181: ...ent average amplitude reading in channel units Syntax READ 1 2 CW POWer Returns CC Average power watts dBm or average voltage volts dBv Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Modulated Mode only READ INTERval AVERage Description For the specified channel return the average power or voltage between marker 1 and marker 2 The units will be the same as the specified channel Syntax READ...

Page 182: ...ntaneous power or voltage between markers Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Pulse and Modulated READ INTERval MINimum Description For the specified channel return the minimum instantaneous power or voltage between marker 1 and marker 2 The units will be the same as the specified channel Syntax READ 1 2 INTERval MINimum Returns CC minimum instantaneous power or voltage between ...

Page 183: ...ARKer DELTa Returns CC MK1 MK2 Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes All READ MARKer MAXimum Description For the specified channel and marker return the maximum power or voltage at the marker The units are the same as the specified channel Syntax READ 1 2 MARKer 1 2 MAXimum Returns CC maximum power or voltage at marker Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes Pulse a...

Page 184: ...sor POWer Description Return the CCDF cursor x axis position in relative power with respect to the value set by MARKer POSItion PERcent CCDF cursor mode is set to Percent If CCDF cursor mode is Power Ref returns user setting See MARKer POSItion POWer and MARKer POSItion PERcent See also Section 6 4 Statistical Mode Automatic Measurements for more information Syntax READ 1 2 MARKer CURsor POWer Ret...

Page 185: ...marker units Syntax READ 1 2 MARKer RDELTa Returns CC MK2 MK1 Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes All READ MARKer RRATio Description For the specified channel return the ratio of MK2 to MK1 The units will be dB for logarithmic units or percent for linear units Syntax READ 1 2 MARKer RRATio Returns CC MK2 MK1 Where CC is the measurement condition code Valid Modes All ...

Page 186: ...hich the measurement points from each sweep are weighted multiplied by a appropriate factor and averaged into the existing trace data points In this way the most recent data will always have the greatest effect on the trace shape and older measurements will be decayed at a rate determined by the averaging setting and trigger rate Note that for timebase settings of 500 ns div and faster the 4540 ac...

Page 187: ...id Modes All SENSe CORRection CALFactor Description Set or return the frequency calfactor currently in use on the selected channel Note setting a calfactor with this command will override the automatic frequency calfactor that was calculated and applied when the operating frequency was set and setting the operating frequency will override this calfactor setting Syntax SENSe 1 2 CORRection CALFacto...

Page 188: ... the selected sensor This is used to compensate for external couplers attenuators or amplifiers in the RF signal path ahead of the power sensor Syntax SENSe 1 2 CORRection OFFSet numeric_value Argument numeric_value 300 000 to 300 000 dB Valid Modes Any SENSe CORRection TEMPcomp Description Set or return the state of the peak sensor temperature compensation system This system compensates for drift...

Page 189: ...channel If the filter state is set to AUTO querying the time will return 0 01 and if set to OFF a time query will return 0 00 Note that setting the filter time will force the state to ON Syntax SENSe 1 2 FILTer TIMe numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 002 to 16 000 seconds in 2 millisecond increments Valid Modes Modulated SENSe IMPedance Description Set or return the current impedance reference...

Page 190: ...es Pulse Mode only SENSe PULSe MESIal Description Set or return the pulse amplitude percentage which is used to define the midpoint of a rising or falling edge transition Typically this is 50 voltage or 25 power relative to the top level of the pulse This setting is used when making automatic pulse width and duty cycle calculations returned by FETCh ARRay AMEASure POWer Syntax SENSe 1 2 PULSe MESI...

Page 191: ...Sure POWer Syntax SENSe 1 2 PULSe STARTGT numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 00 to 40 00 percent Valid Modes Pulse Mode only SENSe PULSe UNIT Description Set or return the units for entering the pulse distal mesial and proximal levels If the function is set to VOLTS the pulse transition levels will be defined as the specified percentage in voltage If set to WATTS the levels are defined in perc...

Page 192: ... an error 4 16 Channel 2 Error 1 Channel 2 is reporting an error 5 32 Shape Cal 1 1 Channel 1 is using a CW shape cal table 6 64 Shape Cal 2 1 Channel 2 is using a CW shape cal table 7 128 Smart Cal 1 1 Channel 1 is using a CW smart cal table 8 256 Smart Cal 2 1 Channel 2 is using a CW smart cal table 9 512 Auto Cal 1 1 Channel 1 is using an auto cal table 10 1024 Auto Cal 2 1 Channel 2 is using a...

Page 193: ...ion filter causes a 1 to 0 negative transition in the corresponding bit of the Device Condition register to cause a 1 to be written in the associated bit of the Device Event register Syntax STATus DEVice NTRansition numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 32767 Returns 16 bit register value 0 to 32767 Valid Modes Any STATus DEVice PTRansition Description Set or return the value of the positive t...

Page 194: ...0 13 8192 Not used always returns 0 14 16384 Not used always returns 0 15 32768 Not used always returns 0 Syntax STATus OPERation CONDition Returns 16 bit register value 0 to 32767 Valid Modes Any STATus OPERation ENABle Description Sets or returns the Operation Enable register which contains the bit mask that defines which true conditions in the Operation Status Event register will be reported in...

Page 195: ...lter bitmask for the Operation status group Setting a bit in the positive transition filter causes a 0 to 1 positive transition in the corresponding bit of the Operation Condition register to cause a 1 to be written in the associated bit of the Operation Event register Syntax STATus OPERation PTRansition numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 32767 Returns 16 bit register value 0 to 32767 Valid...

Page 196: ... Not used always 0 12 4096 Not used always 0 13 8192 Not used always 0 14 16384 Not used always 0 15 32768 Not used always 0 Note For temperature compensated sensors with Temp Comp On warning occurs for greater than 30 degrees C from auto cal temperature For non compensated sensors or Temp Comp Off warning occurs for greater than 4 degrees C Syntax STATus QUEStionable CONDition Returns 16 bit regi...

Page 197: ...ion filter causes a 1 to 0 negative transition in the corresponding bit of the Questionable Condition register to cause a 1 to be written in the associated bit of the Questionable Event register Syntax STATus QUEStionable NTRansition numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 32767 Returns 16 bit register value 0 to 32767 Valid Modes Any STATus QUEStionable PTRansition Description Set or return the...

Page 198: ...ENABle Description Sets or returns the Questionable Calibration Enable register which contains the bit mask that defines which true conditions in the Questionable Calibration Event register will be reported in the Questionable Calibration Summary bit of the Questionable Condition register If any bit is 1 in the Questionable Calibration Enable register and its corresponding Questionable Calibration...

Page 199: ... CALibration NTRansition numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 to 32767 Returns 16 bit register value 0 to 32767 Valid Modes Any STATus QUEStionable CALibration PTRansition Description Set or return the value of the positive transition filter bit mask for the Questionable Calibration status group Setting a bit in the positive transition filter causes a 0 to 1 positive transition in the correspond...

Page 200: ...m the Auto Setup function to acquire a signal and display the trace in the Pulse Mode Syntax SYSTem AUTOSET Argument None Valid Modes Pulse Mode is forced if not already set SYSTem BEEP ENABle Description Set or return the status of the audible keyboard beeper Syntax SYSTem BEEP ENABle Boolean Argument Boolean 0 1 OFF ON Valid Modes Any SYSTem BEEP IMMediate Description Causes the system to emit a...

Page 201: ...k Description Set or return the subnet mask for the Ethernet port Syntax SYSTem COMMunicate LAN SMASk character data Argument character data subnet mask in nnn nnn nnn nnn dot decimal format Valid Modes Any for queries DHCP AutoIP must be disabled OFF to set the subnet mask SYSTem COMMunicate LAN DHCP STATe Description Set or return the state of DHCP AutoIP system for the Ethernet port If DHCP Aut...

Page 202: ...ot decimal format Valid Modes Any SYSTem COMMunicate LAN CURRent DGATeway Description Returns the current default gateway for the Ethernet port Syntax SYSTem COMMunicate LAN CURRent DGATeway Returns character data current default gateway IP address in nnn nnn nnn nnn dot decimal format Valid Modes Any SYSTem COMMunicate LAN CURRent SMASk Description Returns the current subnet mask for the Ethernet...

Page 203: ... Description Returns the display image in bitmap format Syntax SYSTem DISPlay BMP Returns Binary data in IEEE 488 2 definite length format Valid Modes Any SYSTem ERRor NEXT Description Returns the next queued error code number followed by a quoted ASCII text string describing the error Note that errors are stored in a f irst in first out queue so if more than one error has occurred repeating this ...

Page 204: ...lid Modes Any SYSTem ERRor COUNt Description Returns the number of errors that currently exist in the error queue A value of 0 means that there are no errors in the queue Therefore either no errors have occurred or all errors have been read See Appendix A for a more detailed description of the error codes that may be returned Syntax SYSTem ERRor COUNt Returns numeric error code Valid Modes Any SYS...

Page 205: ...real time clock On entry resets seconds to 00 Syntax SYSTem TIMe MINUTE numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 though 59 Valid Modes Any SYSTem VERSion Description Return the SCPI version compliance claimed Syntax SYSTem VERSion Returns character data Version Code as year version YYYY V will return 1999 0 Valid Modes Any ...

Page 206: ...ntax TRACe 1 2 AVERage DATA NEXT Returns P index P index 1 P index 2 P index count or V index V index 1 V index 2 V index count Valid Modes All TRACe COUNt Description Set or return the number of trace points which will be returned each time the TRACe DATA query is issued At the completion of each read INDEX is automatically incremented by COUNT If COUNT is set to a number greater than the number ...

Page 207: ...DF COUNt or the terminal running time is reached as defined by TRIGger CDF TIMe When set to OFF the CCDF will clear all data and restart If set to ON the entire sample population will be decimated divided by two and new samples will continue to accumulate into the same histogram Decimating has the effect of maintaining the sh ape of the statistical result while slowly decaying away the effect of p...

Page 208: ...se a new sweep This feature is used to help synchronize the power meter with burst waveforms such as a TDMA or GSM frame The trigger holdoff resolution is 10 nanoseconds and it should be set to a time that is just slightly shorter than the frame repetition interval Syntax TRIGger HOLDoff numeric_value Argument numeric_value 0 0 to 1 0 seconds in 10 ns increments 0 0 no holdoff Valid Modes Pulse mo...

Page 209: ...ssist in locating the signal Syntax TRIGger MODe character data Argument character data AUTO AUTOPKPK NORMAL FREERUN Valid Modes Pulse mode only TRIGger POSition Description Set or return the position of the trigger event on displayed sweep Assuming zero trigger delay setting the position to LEFT causes the entire trace to be post trigger Setting it to RIGHT causes the entire trace to be pre trigg...

Page 210: ...osition is given in divisions relative to the left edge of the screen so with zero trigger delay setting the vernier control to 0 0 causes the entire trace to be post trigger Setting it to 10 0 causes the entire trace to be pre trigger And setting to 5 0 will display both the pre and post trigger portions of the trace Note that the TRIGger DELay setting is in addition to this setting and will caus...

Page 211: ... alarms CALculate 1 2 LIMit FAIL Return the status of all alarms Boolean summary LL UL LLL ULL CALCulate 1 2 LIMit BOTH STATe Set return upper and lower limit alarms Forces Both to same state Boolean 0 1 OFF ON CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer POWer Set return lower limit power level numeric_value 300 0 to 300 0 dBm CALCulate 1 2 LIMit LOWer STATe Set return lower limit alarms Boolean 0 1 OFF ON CALCulat...

Page 212: ...ith internal calibrator CALibration 1 2 INTernal ZERO Start zero calibration with internal calibrator CALibration 1 2 EXTernal AUTO Start auto calibration with external calibrator CALibration 1 2 EXTernal FIXedcal Start fixed calibration with external calibrator CALibration 1 2 EXTernal ZERO Start zero calibration with external calibrator DISPlay BACKlight BRIGhtness Set return display brightness ...

Page 213: ...Ex numeric_value 20 set to 20dB div current units FETCh 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure POWer Return current Ppeak Pavgcyc Pavgpulse Ptop Pbot Overshoot FETCh 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure STATistical Return current Pavg Ppeak Pmin PkToAvgRatio CursorPwr CursorPct Sample Count FETCh 1 2 ARRay AMEAsure TIMe Return current Freq Period Width Offtime Dcyc Risetime Falltime FETCh 1 2 ARRay CW POWer Return current Pavg Pmax Pm...

Page 214: ...ge FETCh 1 2 TEMPerature AVERage Return average sensor internal temperature in degrees C FETCh 1 2 TEMPerature CURRent Return instantaneous sensor internal temperature in degrees C FETCh TEMPerature INTernal Return current internal instrument temperature in degrees C INITiate CONTinuous Set return state of mode which triggers meas cycles continuously Boolean 0 1 OFF ON INITiate IMMediate ALL Set m...

Page 215: ... an external 1 GHz calibrator output signal OUTPut EXTernal MODUlation Set or return the output modulation state for the 1 GHz calibrator OUTPut EXTernal POLArity Set or return the polarity of the duty cycle in the preset pulse control mode of the external 1 GHz calibrator OUTPut EXTernal PRESent Return true if a Model 2530 external 1 GHz calibrator is connected and powered up Otherwise return fal...

Page 216: ...vel numeric_value 200 00 to 200 00 dBm OUTPut MIO RECOroderMIN Set or return the Multi IO recorder output minimum or downscale 10 0V or 0 0V power reference level numeric_value 200 00 to 200 00 dBm OUTPut MIO RECOroder POLarity Set or return the recorder output polarity character data UNIPOLAR BIPOLAR OUTPut MIO RECOroder SCALing Set or return the Multi IO measurement mode when in recorder mode ch...

Page 217: ...en MK1 and MK2 READ 1 2 INTERval MINimum Return minimum instantaneous power between MK1 and MK2 READ 1 2 INTERval PKAVG Return peak to average power between MK1 and MK2 READ 1 2 MARKer 1 2 AVERage Return new reading at the specified marker READ 1 2 MARKer DELTa Return difference between MK2 and MK1 READ 1 2 MARKer 1 2 MAXimum Return maximum reading at the specified marker READ 1 2 MARKer 1 2 MINim...

Page 218: ...e 10 00 to 2500 00 SENSe 1 2 PULSe DISTal Set return distal parameter of the risetime numeric_value 50 00 to 100 00 SENSe 1 2 PULSe ENDGT Set return pulse gate end position in percent of pulse time duration numeric_value 60 00 to 100 00 SENSe 1 2 PULSe MESIal Set return mesial parameter of the risetime numeric_value 10 00 to 90 00 SENSe 1 2 PULSe PROXimal Set return proximal parameter of the riset...

Page 219: ...NDition Return value of Questionable Condition Register STATus QUEStionable ENABle Set return value of Questionable Enable Mask STATus QUEStionable EVENt Return value of Questionable Event Register STATus QUEStionable NTRansition Set return the negative transition filter STATus QUEStionable PTRansition Set return the positive transition filter SYSTem AUTOSET Perform AutoSetup SYSTem BEEP ENABle Se...

Page 220: ... 2100 SYSTem DISPlay BMP Returns the display image in bitmap format SYSTem ERRor Return system error code and description SYSTem ERRor NEXT Return system error code and description SYSTem ERRor CODE Return system error code SYSTem PRESet Set instrument to default conditions SYSTem TIMe HOUR Set get hour numeric_value 0 to 23 SYSTem TIMe MINUTE Set get minute numeric_value 0 to 59 SYSTem VERSion Re...

Page 221: ...EVel Set return trigger level Internal Trigger numeric_value 40 to 20 dBm plus offset External Trigger numeric_value 5 volts TRIGger MODE Set return trigger mode on display character data AUTOPKPK AUTO NORMAL FREERUN TRIGger POSition Set return trigger position on display character data LEFT MIDDLE RIGHT TRIGger SLOPe Set return trigger slope on display character data POS NEG TRIGger SOURce Select...

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Page 223: ...ch respond to the voltage of the signal With careful calibration accurate measurements can be obtained over a wide range of input power levels Modulated Carrier Power The average power of a modulated carrier which has varying amplitude can be measured accurately by a CW type power meter with a thermoelectric detector but the lack of sensitivity will limit the range Diode detectors can be used at l...

Page 224: ...ation table these samples can be averaged to yield average power without restriction to the diode square law region In addition if the signal is repetitive the signal envelope can be reconstructed using an internal or external trigger The envelope can be analyzed to obtain waveshape parameters including pulse width duty cycle overshoot risetime falltime and droop In addition to time domain measure...

Page 225: ...the input power For high input signal levels Region C the output is linearly proportional to the input In between these ranges Region B the detector response lies between square law and linear For accurate power measurements over all three regions illustrated in Figure 6 3 the detector response is pre calibrated over the entire range The calibration data is stored in the instrument and recalled to...

Page 226: ...cy may be significantly degraded Errors caused by even order harmonics can be reduced by using balanced diode detectors for the power sensor This design responds to the peak to peak amplitude of the signal which remains constant for any phase relationship between fundamental and even order harmonics Unfortunately for odd order harmonics the peak to peak signal amplitude is sensitive to phasing and...

Page 227: ...splay of automatic measurement results 6 2 1 Standard IEEE Pulse The key terms defined by the IEEE standard are abstracted and summarized below These terms are referenced to the standard pulse illustrated in Figure 6 4 Figure 6 4 IEEE Standard Pulse IEEE Std 194 1977 Note IEEE Std 194 1977 Standard Pulse Terms and Definitions has been superceded by IEEE Std 181 2003 Many of the terms used below ha...

Page 228: ...ference line located in the middle of a pulse at a specified percentage normally 50 of pulse magnitude 6 3 Automatic Measurements The 4540 Series power meters automatically analyze the waveform data in the buffers and calculate key waveform parameters The calculated values are displayed in text mode when you press the GRAPH TEXT system key 6 3 1 Automatic Measurement Criteria Automatic measurement...

Page 229: ...hat take place in one second Frequency Duty C Duty Cycle The ratio of the pulse on time to off time Offtime Off time The time a repetitive pulse is off Equal to the pulse period minus the pulse width Peak Peak Power The maximum power level of the captured waveform Pulse Pulse Power The average power level across the pulse width defined by the intersection of the pulse rising and falling edges with...

Page 230: ...udes 4 The processor locates each crossing of the Transition Threshold 5 Starting at the left edge of the screen the processor classifies each Transition threshold crossing according to whether it is positive going or negative going Because the signal is repetitive only three transitions are needed to classify the waveform as follows Type Sequence Description 0 none No crossings detected 1 Not use...

Page 231: ... screen and the transition threshold See Figure 6 6 For a level to be designated the top amplitude the number of crossings of that level must be at least 1 16 the number of pixels in the pulse width otherwise the peak value is designated the top amplitude 9 The process establishes the proximal mesial and distal levels as a percentage of the difference between top amplitude and bottom amplitude pow...

Page 232: ...omputes the rise and or falltimes of waveforms that meet the following conditions a The waveform must have at least one usable edge Types 2 through 7 b The signal peak must be at least 13 dB greater than the minimum sample value The risetime is defined as the time between the proximal and distal crossings The falltime is defined as the time between the distal and proximal crossings If no samples l...

Page 233: ...ial points j Overshoot Peak Power Top Amplitude k Average Power See Step 13 l Top Amplitude See Step 8 m Bottom Amplitude See Step 7 n Skew See Step 14 6 3 4 Average Power Over an Interval 13 The average power of the signal over a time interval is computed by a summing the sample powers in the interval b dividing the sum by the number of samples This process calculates Pulse Power Average Power an...

Page 234: ...left edge of the screen which passes through the mesial level or 50 point in trigger view The signal excursion must be at least 6 dB in power mode or 300 mV in trigger view mode 6 4 Statistical Mode Automatic Measurements When operating in Statistical mode the 4540 Series has a unique text format display that is available when the GRAPH TEXT system key is pressed A sample of the text display is sh...

Page 235: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Application Notes 6 13 Fig 6 9 Statistical Mode Text Display Page 1 Fig 6 10 Statistical Mode Text Display Page 1 ...

Page 236: ... cursor measurements display the user set position independent variable and measured values dependent variables where each enabled channel s movable cursor intersects the channel s CCDF trace The position or value measurement text for each dependent variable is displayed in the color of its channel The independent variable is white Note that the intersection of the movable cursors and the CCDF tra...

Page 237: ...quired for each channel in the current run Note The total number of data samples is affected by the terminal settings If Terminal Action is set to decimate then the sample count will be halved each time the Terminal Count or Time is reached This should have very little visible effect on the CCDF values since the entire population is decimated uniformly If Terminal Action is set to restart then the...

Page 238: ...ions also take into account the statistical shape of the expected error distribution Note that uncertainty figures for individual components may be provided given in either percent or dB The following formulas may be used to convert between the two units U 10 UdB 10 1 100 and UdB 10 Log10 1 U 100 Section 6 5 1 outlines all the parameters that contribute to the power measurement uncertainty followe...

Page 239: ...urement uncertainty from worst case values and scale factors is URSS U1 K1 2 U2 K2 2 U3 K3 2 U4 K4 2 UN KN 2 where U1 through UN represent each of the worst case uncertainty terms and K1 through KN represent the normalizing multipliers for each term based on its distribution shape This calculation yields what is commonly referred to as the combined standard uncertainty or UC with a level of confid...

Page 240: ...ρSRCE and sensor ρSNSR at the measurement frequency with the following equation Source Mismatch Uncertainty 2 ρSRCE ρSNSR 100 The source reflection coefficient is a characteristic of the RF source under test If only the SWR of the source is known its reflection coefficient may be calculated from the source SWR using the following equation Source Reflection Coefficient ρSRCE SWR 1 SWR 1 The sensor ...

Page 241: ...of a particular power sensor may be found on the sensor datasheet or the Boonton Electronics Power Sensor Manual It may be necessary to adjust the sensor noise for more or less filtering or averaging depending upon the application As a general rule within a decade of the datasheet point noise is inversely proportional to the filter time or averaging used Noise error is usually insignificant when m...

Page 242: ...te the fact that uncertainty calculation is not an exact science and requires some understanding of your specific measurement conditions Typical Example 1 Model 51075 CW Power Sensor 4540 Series measurement conditions Source Frequency 10 3 GHz Source Power 55 dBm 3 16 nW Source SWR 50 reflection coefficient 0 2 at 10 3 GHz AutoCal Source Internal 50MHz Calibrator AutoCal Temperature 25C Current Te...

Page 243: ... This is a relatively low level measurement so the noise contribution of the sensor must be included in the uncertainty calculations We ll assume default filtering The signal level is 55dBm or 3 16nW The RMS noise specification for the 51075 sensor is 30pW from the sensor s datasheet Noise uncertainty is the ratio of these two figures UNoise Error Sensor Noise in watts Signal Power in watts 30 0e ...

Page 244: ...alfactor Also note that the expanded uncertainty is approximately one half the value of the worst case uncertainty This is not surprising since the majority of the uncertainty comes from just two sources If the measurement frequency was lower these two terms would be reduced and the expanded uncertainty would probably be less than half the worst case Conversely if one term dominated for example if...

Page 245: ...SNSR 100 2 0 057 0 070 100 0 80 Step 5 The uncertainty caused by Sensor Shaping Error for a 57518 peak sensor is 4 at all levels from the sensor s datasheet But since we re measuring at 900MHz which is very close to the 1GHz AutoCal frequency we ll assume that the frequency dependent portion of the shaping error becomes very small and we ll estimate that 2 remains UShapingError 2 0 Step 6 The Sens...

Page 246: ...ource mismatch uncertainty 0 80 0 707 0 3199 5 sensor shaping error uncertainty 2 00 0 577 1 3333 6 sensor temperature drift uncertainty 1 69 0 577 0 9509 7 sensor noise drift uncertainty 0 00 0 500 0 0000 8 sensor calibration factor uncertainty 0 40 0 500 0 0400 ___________________________ Total worst case uncertainty 18 43 Total sum of squares 6 6729 2 Combined Standard uncertainty UC RSS 2 58 E...

Page 247: ...urfaces 7 3 Inspection If a 4540 Series instrument malfunctions perform a visual inspection of the instrument Inspect for signs of damage caused by excessive shock vibration or overheating Inspect for broken wires loose electrical connections or accumulations of dust or other foreign matter Correct any problems you discover and conduct a performance test to verify that the instrument is operationa...

Page 248: ...e downloaded here The installation utility may work with other versions of Microsoft Windows but has not been tested Procedure 1 Install the firmware update by downloading and running Upd4540_YYYYMMDD exe 2 Each version of instrument firmware requires a new software installation on the host computer This installation will remove previous firmware upgrade versions 3 Connect the 4540 Series Peak Pow...

Page 249: ...ess the green power key After a few seconds the instrument should display a text screen with the heading 4540 Bootloader ver with a specific version number 3 The 4540 Peak Power Meter is now ready for firmware upgrade via TCP IP LAN GPIB and USB update is not available in bootloader mode 4 Continue with step 5 above to install firmware Note The firmware update will be significantly slower in boot ...

Page 250: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Appendix A 7 4 This page intentionally left blank ...

Page 251: ...ge 121 Invalid argument 131 Invalid suffix 200 Execution error 213 Init ignored 221 Settings conflict 222 Data out of range 224 Illegal parameter value 227 CAL Level Limit Attempt to set the calibrator level greater than the Max Power level 240 Hardware Error 241 Error hardware missing 242 CH2 Not Responding Channel 2 is not responding to instrument control 243 CH1 Not Responding Channel 1 is not ...

Page 252: ... No external media 254 Disk full 256 Error file not found 257 File already exists 258 File create 259 Writing file 262 Folder not found 263 MFS Init 264 Flash init 265 R AM Disk init 266 Mem restore 280 Program error 295 Command not in language 296 Data out of range set to limit 297 Command not supported 313 Cal mem lost 315 Err license chksum 317 Temp comp table error 318 There is no image in the...

Page 253: ...mat 362 Snsr2 Page Blank 363 Snsr1 Page Blank 364 Sensor access fault 370 Function not available The procedure being attempted is not licensed for use 371 Err CH2 Sensor Data Checksum failure of the Channel 2 sensor EEPROM 372 Err CH1 Sensor Data Checksum failure of the Channel 1 sensor EEPROM 373 Measurement Error 374 DSP no results 375 Cmd not accepted 376 I2C Timeout Software has timed out whil...

Page 254: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Appendix A 8 8 This page intentionally left blank ...

Page 255: ...commonly used frequencies for Telecom applications A built in pulse generator and modulator capability provides a highly useful test signal Although controlled by the power meter the Model 2530 contains an independent AC power supply In normal use the calibrator circuits are continuously powered in standby mode for optimum thermal stability 9 2 Accessories Table 1 1 Accessories for the Model 2530 ...

Page 256: ...10 ms Internal Pulse Duty Cycle 10 to 90 in 10 increments Pulse polarity or for Internal and External pulses RF Connector Type N front or rear panel location External Pulse Input Type BNC rear panel TTL compatible Controller connector RJ 11 Controller Boonton 4530 or 4540 Series RF Power Meter Physical and Environmental Case Dimensions 8 4W x 3 5H x 13 5D inches 21 3 x 8 9 x 34 3 cm Half rack widt...

Page 257: ...HDB15 adapter p n 95125001A to connect the calibrator cable via the EXT CAL VGA OUT connector 2 Connect the AC power cord to a suitable AC power source 3 Press the upper half of the rocker type power switch located in the power entry module on the rear panel 4 The yellow LED on the front panel should illuminate and the 2530 is ready for use The green LED will illuminate only when the RF output is ...

Page 258: ...Boonton 4540 Series RF Power Meter Appendix B 9 4 This page intentionally left blank ...

Page 259: ...2 UPGRADES To use a Product identified as an upgrade you must first be licensed for the product identified by Boonton Electronics as eligible for the upgrade After upgrading you may no longer use the product that formed the basis for your upgrade eligibility 3 TRANSFERRABILITY This product is transferable only to other Boonton Model 4541 and Model 4542 RF Power Meter instruments You may not move t...

Page 260: ...cquired outside the United States then local law may apply 10 ENTIRE AGREEMENT This EULA including any addendum or amendment to this EULA which is included with the Product are the entire agreement between you and Boonton Electronics relating to the Product and the support services if any and they supersede all prior or contemporaneous oral or written communications proposals and representations w...

Page 261: ... at any time to 973 386 9191 E mail inquiries should be sent to service boonton com International customers should contact their authorized Boonton Electronics representative for assistance A current list of authorized US and international representatives is available on the Boonton website at www boonton com Limited Warranty Boonton Electronics warrants its products to the original Purchaser to b...

Page 262: ... ING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PAR TICULAR PURPOSE Boonton will not be liable for any incidental damages or for any consequential damages as defined in Section 2 715 of the Uniform Commercial Code in connection with products covered by the foregoing warranties END OF 4540 SERIES MANUAL ...

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