Orban OPTIMOD-FM 8700 Operating Manual Download Page 320

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6-18

TECHNICAL DATA

ORBAN MODEL 8700i

BASE BOARD

PART #

DESCRIPTION

COMPONENT IDENTIFIER

24635.000.01

IC 74HCT374

24900.000.01

IC, HEX INVERTER, SMT

U11, U13

24967.000.01

IC, 74ACT245DW

U3, U5

24978.000.01

IC, 74ACT244SC

U14, 15

24979.000.01

IC, BAT54C-7

D13, 14, 15, 16, 17

24982.000.01

IC, 74HC4051M

U19

24983.000.01

IC, 7064STC100-10

24984.000.01

IC, LP2987IM-5.0

U20

25008.000.01

IC, PS2506-4

U10, 12

25112.001.01

LED, RED/GREEN, BI-
CLR/POLR

27017.025.01

CONNECTOR, RIGHT ANGLE,
PC BOARD MOUNT, 25P

J10

27147.018.01

IC, SOCKET, DIP, 18 PIN,
DUAL

SU18

27223.002.01

CABLE, FLAT, 2 LONG, 14
CONDUCTOR

27371.040.01

CONNECTOR HEADER
PC104 STACK 40P

HEADER2

27371.064.01

CONNECTOR HEADER
PC104 STACK 64P

HEADER1, HEADER3

27406.014.01

CONNECTOR, SOCKET,
STRIP, 14 PIN

27421.004.01

CONNECTOR, HEADER,
DOUBLE ROW, 4P, 2 X 2

J3B, J6

27421.006.01

CONNECTOR, HEADER,
DOUBLE ROW, 6P, 2 X 3

27421.010.01

CONNECTOR, HEADER,
DOUBLE ROW, 23", 2 X 5

J12

27421.050.01

CONNECTOR HEADER STR
.23 2x25

27426.003.01

CONNECTOR, HEADER, 3
PIN, SINGLE RW

J11

27451.005.01

CONNECTOR, STR, DBL
ROW, 26 PIN

27451.024.01

HEADER, STR, DBLROW,
PCMOUNT

27500.000.01

CONNECTOR MOL53047-
0510 5PIN

J14

28086.000.01

CRYSTAL, 4.0 MHz, HC49US

29521.000.01

INDUCTOR, 3.9UH, JM391K

L1, L2, L3

32166.000.06

CIRCUIT BOARD, BASE
BOARD

44093.100.01

SOFTWARE PIC 8300 U18

U18

47010.016.01

SUBASSEMBLY RECPTL-
W/SHRINK

J3A

47010.017.01

SUBASSEMBLY RECPTL-
W/SHRINK

J3A

Summary of Contents for OPTIMOD-FM 8700

Page 1: ...Operating Manual OPTIMOD FM 8700i Digital Audio Processor Version 1 1 Software...

Page 2: ...his symbol wherever it appears alerts you to the presence of uninsulated dangerous voltage inside the enclosure voltage that may be sufficient to constitute a risk of shock I This symbol wherever it a...

Page 3: ...pilled into the enclosure through openings Damage Requiring Service The appliance should be serviced by qualified service personnel when The power supply cord or the plug has been damaged or Objects h...

Page 4: ...apr svente autoris Safety Instructions Spanish Hacer funcionar el aparato s lo con la tensi n y clase de corriente se aladas en la placa indicadora de caracter sticas Reemplazar los fusibles s lo por...

Page 5: ...so that the threads do not scrape the paint inside the slotted holes Packing When you pack the unit for shipping 1 Tighten all screws on any barrier strip s so the screws do not fall out from vibrati...

Page 6: ...0 000 volts This is the spark or shock you may have felt when touching a doorknob or some other conductive surface A much smaller static discharge is likely to destroy one or more of the CMOS semicond...

Page 7: ...Operating Manual OPTIMOD FM 8700i Digital Audio Processor Version 1 1 Software...

Page 8: ...232 Serial Port Serial 1 1 12 RS 232 Serial Port Serial 2 1 12 100 Mbps Ethernet Port for Remote Connectivity 1 13 Dante Audio Over IP Ethernet Ports 1 13 LOCATION OF OPTIMOD FM 1 13 Optimal Control...

Page 9: ...AND OUTPUT CONNECTIONS 2 6 Cable 2 6 Connectors 2 6 Analog Audio Input 2 6 Analog Audio Output 2 7 AES3 Digital Input and Output 2 8 Connecting a Ratings Encoder 2 8 COMPOSITE OUTPUT AND SUBCARRIER I...

Page 10: ...NS 2 74 Preparing for Communication through a Null Modem Cable 2 74 Connecting Using Windows 7 Direct Serial Connection 2 74 Preparing for Communication through Modems 2 85 SNMP SUPPORT 2 85 SNMP Netw...

Page 11: ...e Modify 3 18 Advanced Modify 3 18 Gain Reduction Metering 3 19 To Create or Save a User Preset 3 19 To Delete a User Preset 3 20 ABOUT THE PROCESSING STRUCTURES 3 21 FACTORY PROGRAMMING PRESETS 3 22...

Page 12: ...HD Limiting page 3 81 Unique HD Audio Controls 3 81 ITU R MULTIPLEX POWER CONTROLLER 3 83 MPX Power Meter 3 84 Figure 3 7 Multiplex power over 15 minute observation interval with Multiplex power cont...

Page 13: ...2 Audible Noise on Air 5 3 Whistle on Air Perhaps Only in Stereo Reception 5 4 Interference from stereo into SCA 5 4 Figure 5 1 Typical 8700i baseband spectrum with heavy processing 0 100 kHz 5 4 Shri...

Page 14: ...RIPTION 6 7 Overview 6 7 Control Circuits 6 8 User Control Interface and LCD Display Circuits 6 8 Input Circuits 6 9 Output Circuits 6 10 DSP Circuit 6 13 Power Supply 6 13 Audio Over IP Module 6 14 S...

Page 15: ...Contains Parts Locator Drawing 6 51 Interconnects Schematic 1 of 8 6 52 L and R Analog Inputs Schematic 2 of 8 6 53 L and R Analog Outputs Schematic 3 of 8 6 54 Composite SCA Schematic 4 of 8 6 55 Di...

Page 16: ...x I O Board Aux O Board Contains Parts Locator Drawing 6 78 Interconnects Schematic 1 of 6 6 79 SCA Inputs Sync Digital Composite Schematic 2 of 6 6 80 Dante SRC CPLD Schematic 3 of 6 6 81 Dante Codec...

Page 17: ...g output 2 7 Analog auto fallback 2 40 Analog baseband outputs 1 10 analog composite output 2 5 Analog delay remote control 2 62 analog fallback 2 32 Analog I O 1 10 analog I O 2 5 analog input fallba...

Page 18: ...24 BS 1770 Limiter too much GR 5 8 BS 1770 Loudness Control Threshold 3 81 BS 1770 loudness meter limitations 2 41 BS 1770 safety limiter and FInal Limit Drive 2 41 setup 2 32 BS 1770 Safety Limiter...

Page 19: ...outputs 1 10 Compression Defined 3 3 Compression Ratio AGC 3 43 Compressor look ahead and bass clipper mode 3 49 Computer Connecting to 2 4 Troubleshooting connections 5 8 Computer interface Ethernet...

Page 20: ...control HD 3 80 diversity delay on off from API 2 55 Diversity delay composite on off 3 77 control via GPI 2 62 diversity delay 3 77 DJ Bass control 3 35 Drive control Multiband 3 63 DSP Block diagram...

Page 21: ...rs 2 14 Gate indicators 3 2 Gate Threshold 2 Band 3 59 AGC 3 41 Multiband 3 66 Gateway Setting via terminal program 2 52 Gateway 2 64 68 92 GPI programming 2 61 ground loop eliminating in composite 1...

Page 22: ...Input level Line up 1 21 Input level meters 1 23 Input Select Control via GPI 2 61 Input selector I O setup 2 27 Inspection of contents 2 1 Instrumental format 3 28 Interface type Changing via termina...

Page 23: ...ss meter 1 24 Loudness Safety Limiter setup 2 32 low delay monitor 3 45 low delay monitor processor 1 4 28 L R will not null 5 6 M Main board Reinstalling 4 5 Matrix AGC 3 43 Max Delta GR AGC 3 42 Max...

Page 24: ...posite 2 9 composite Specifications 6 4 digital Specifications 6 3 Output configuration 2 21 Output level I O setup 2 33 Output levels Quick setup 2 22 Output meters 1 23 overshoot reduction 1 20 Over...

Page 25: ...upply Circuit description 6 13 14 Parts list 6 32 pre emphasis setting 2 27 Pre emphasis in STLs 1 13 Quick setup 2 19 Side effect of changing 3 19 preset recalling 2 41 Preset 8400 compatibility 3 95...

Page 26: ...ight channel balance I O setup 2 31 Rock format 3 29 Rotary encoder Removing 4 3 Rotary Encoder Reassembling 4 6 Routine maintenance 4 1 RS232 board Reinstalling 4 5 RS 232 connector 2 5 RS 232 interf...

Page 27: ...ultiband Downward Expander 3 72 Stereo encoder control via GPI 2 61 SSB VSB Operation 3 12 Testing 4 11 Stereo encoder 3 12 Stereo enhancement 3 8 Stereo Enhancer Amount 3 38 Depth 3 38 Diffusion 3 38...

Page 28: ...former Composite isolation 2 10 Troubleshooting Installation 5 1 true peak control 1 3 Two band structure Customizing settings 3 57 Setup controls 3 57 Two band structure 3 21 55 U Ultra low Latency a...

Page 29: ...and HD processing 3 15 controls 3 38 description of 3 10 Xponential Loudness 1 6...

Page 30: ......

Page 31: ...matched by analog processors OPTIMOD FM 8700i is descended from the industry standard OPTIMOD FM audio processors Thousands of these processors are on the air all over the world They have proven that...

Page 32: ...is enables them to use their available bit bandwidth most efficiently by concentrating on the part of the audio spectrum that is critical to perceived audio quality This is particularly true for low r...

Page 33: ...ereo pilot tone RDS RBDS and subcarriers The stereo encoder s stereo subchannel modulator can operate in normal double sideband mode and in an experimental compatible single sideband mode that is offe...

Page 34: ...wing you to dial in FM limiter sound when desired by talent Its delay is approximately 5 ms An AES11 sync input allows you to synchronize the output sample rate of either or both AES3 outputs to this...

Page 35: ...the stereo pilot tone and the digital composite sample rate to a high precision external reference like a GPS based frequency standard This facil itates using the 8700i in single frequency network ap...

Page 36: ...ruc tures in earlier Orban digital processors The 8700i s two MX structures five band and two band are similar to their 8500 counterparts except that they use the 8700i s MX peak limiting technology t...

Page 37: ...iting needed to constrain peak modulation to 100 Controllable The 8700i can be remote controlled by 5 12V pulses applied to eight program mable optically isolated GPI general purpose interface ports T...

Page 38: ...le real time clock which allows automation of vari ous events including recalling presets at pre programmed times To maintain accuracy this clock can be automatically synchronized via the Internet to...

Page 39: ...tore this in a User Preset Either way the Factory Preset remains for you to return to if you wish User Presets are stored in non volatile memory that does not require battery backup Input output Confi...

Page 40: ...input can accommodate house sync It will lock the 8700i s two AES3 outputs to this sync even if the digital input is asynchronous to house sync In Ratings Encoder Loop Through mode AES3 output 2 driv...

Page 41: ...sum into the composite baseband outputs before the digitally con trolled composite attenuators The sensitivity of the both SCA inputs are variable from 220 mV p p to 10 V p p to produce 10 injection I...

Page 42: ...5 connector that can be activated by 5 12V DC They can control various functions of the 8700i These functions are listed in step 2 on page 2 61 Computer Interface On the rear panel of the 8700i are se...

Page 43: ...ation will increase but average modulation will not The modulation level must consequently be reduced to accommodate the larger peaks Reduced average modulation level will cause reduced loudness and a...

Page 44: ...interface be tween the audio facility and the link connecting the audio facility to the transmitter The link might be telephone post lines analog microwave radio or various types of digital paths This...

Page 45: ...r with bet ter control of peak modulation than if you use most external stereo encoders An exception is Orban s 8218 stereo encoder which does not add overshoot and in fact contains its own overshoot...

Page 46: ...format achieves best results We will elaborate below Digital Links Digital links may pass audio as straightforward PCM encoding or they may apply los sy data reduction processing to the signal to red...

Page 47: ...e linear filters which have con stant group delay at all frequencies If they do not remove spectral energy from the original signal the sample rate conversion whether upward or downward will not add o...

Page 48: ...unity than composite microwave STLs However problems include gain and phase matching of the left and right channels overloads induced by preemphasis and re quirements that the audio applied to the mic...

Page 49: ...This frees the system from potential overshoot The Orban 8200ST can be readily config ured to produce a pre emphasized output Further it is common for a microwave STL to bounce because of a large infr...

Page 50: ...t the carrier deviates no further than 75 kHz after overshoot This overshoot reduction can be selected on the INPUT OUTPUT screen and the remote operation can be selected in SYSTEM SETUP NETWORK REMOT...

Page 51: ...relative difference between the absolute peak level and the indications of a VU meter and a PPM for a few seconds of music program Studio Line up Levels and Headroom The studio engineer is primarily c...

Page 52: ...e PPMs that indicate level directly in dBu maximum program and line up level is often 6dBu Instantaneous peaks will reach 11dBu or more Transmission Levels Figure 1 1 Common Audio Meter Scales Aligned...

Page 53: ...eter like a PPM and a peak indicating light which is calibrated to turn on whenever the instantaneous peak modulation exceeds the overmodulation threshold Line Up Facilities Metering of Levels and Sub...

Page 54: ...omposite signal in the analog domain after the composite signal is metered Therefore you must mentally add the subcarriers to the meter indication or refer to an external calibrated modulation monitor...

Page 55: ...BS 1770 meter on your Optimod indicates LK or LU you can choose which label to use via a control available on the HD DIGITAL RADIO tab in I O SETUP The other BS 1770 associated controls for digital ra...

Page 56: ...e link s preemphasis filter At 100Hz switching the de emphasis out or in will have negligible effect on the level appearing at the 8700i s left and right audio outputs You can adjust the frequency and...

Page 57: ...ich introduces notches in the spectrum that the talent hears when he or she talks All digital processors induce this coloration to a greater or lesser extent Fortunately it does not cause confusion or...

Page 58: ...e anti aliased clippers operating at 256 kHz sample rate Some talent moving from an analog processing chain will require a learning period to become accustomed to the voice coloration caused by bone c...

Page 59: ...ess Enter button This will restore the processing preset in use prior to the Test Mode 2 Place the 8700i in Bypass mode by remote control To do this you must first program any two Remote Interface inp...

Page 60: ...Programming on page 2 44 Warranty User Feedback User Feedback We are very interested in your comments about this product We will carefully re view your suggestions for improvements to either the produ...

Page 61: ...ions on how long an implied warranty lasts so the above exclusions and limitations may not apply to you INTERNATIONAL WARRANTY Orban warrants Orban products against evident defects in material and wor...

Page 62: ......

Page 63: ...Item 1 Operating Manual 2 Line Cords domestic European 4 Rack mounting screws 10 32 x with washers 10 1 Null modem cable for software upgrades and PC Remote connection 1 Ethernet crossover cable 1 PC...

Page 64: ...0 60 Hz AC power passes through IEC standard mains connectors and RF filters designed to meet the standards of all international safety authorities The power cords are terminated in U ground plugs USA...

Page 65: ...ts and outputs See the hookup and grounding information on the following pages Audio Input and Output Connections Page 2 6 AES3 Digital Input and Output Page 2 8 Connecting a Ratings Encoder Page 2 8...

Page 66: ...ent limited by a 310 resistor The tally outputs are protected against reverse polarity I To avoid damaging the 8700i limit the current into a tally output to 30 mA DO NOT connect a tally output direct...

Page 67: ...Ethernet cable to connect the port to a switch or hub or a crossover Ethernet cable to connect it directly to your computer s Ethernet port See Networking and Remote Control on page 2 63 The Audio Ov...

Page 68: ...use with a backup processor or stereo encoder When so configured the analog SCA1 input will be connected to analog composite output 1 when no power is applied To locate J1 is which close to the two BN...

Page 69: ...k wire to the common or ground terminal of the driving unit Analog Audio Output Electronically balanced and floating outputs simulate a true transformer output The source impedance is 50 The output ca...

Page 70: ...balance of Category 5 5e 6 cable makes shielding unnecessary The AES3id standard is best for very long cable runs up to 1000 meters This specifies 75 unbalanced coaxial cable terminated in BNC connect...

Page 71: ...y do not carry SCAs that have been ap plied to the digital composite SCA inputs Each output s level is independently adjustable from 13 7 dBu to 10 6 dBu The output impedance of composite output 1 and...

Page 72: ...ept any subcarrier or combinations of sub carriers above 23 kHz Below 5 kHz sensitivity rolls off at 6 dB octave to suppress hum that might otherwise be introduced into the subcarrier in puts which ar...

Page 73: ...ODER This output appears on a male XLR type connector on the rear panel This output is fully compatible with and interoperable with the de facto industry standard digital connection being implemented...

Page 74: ...must be connected together In a low RF field cable shields should be connected at one end only preferably the source output end In a high RF field audio cable shields should be connected to a solid ea...

Page 75: ...re stored on air upon power up If not saved your edited preset will appear in the RECALL list of available presets as the name of its parent present prefixed by the abbreviation modif for modified Ho...

Page 76: ...ne for the multiband limiter each with its own Gate Thresh control When gating occurs the AGC and com pressor s recovery times are slowed drastically to prevent noise rush up dur ing low level passage...

Page 77: ...displayed on the 8700i s color LCD It al ways appears when the Two Band Structure is active When the Five Band Structure is active the meter only appears when the Multiplex Power Controller is turned...

Page 78: ...he 8200ST in the rack Connect the 8200ST s audio input and output Refer to the 8200ST Operating Manual if you require information about installa tion audio input and audio output connections to the 82...

Page 79: ...following assumes that a VU meter is used to determine 8200ST line drive levels with program material A Set controls as follows HF LIMITER Set to match the preemphasis of the transmission system L R...

Page 80: ...tematic procedure for setting up the 8700i It should be adequate for most users without special or esoteric re quirements Following this section you can find more detailed information regard ing setup...

Page 81: ...00i to synchronize to an Internet timeserver See Synchronizing Optimod to a Network Time Server in page 2 69 4 Set preemphasis in regional settings screen A Locate to the Regional Settings screen SYST...

Page 82: ...h it was designed There are separate settings for the analog and digital inputs If you provide both analog and digital inputs to the 8700i optimum adjustment is achieved when the same amount of proces...

Page 83: ...set the input to the source analog digital or DIG J17 that you will use for normal programming DIG J17 applies J 17 de emphasis to the incoming digital signal It is only applicable to certain STLs li...

Page 84: ...In the U S we recommend using 900 s peak weighting on the peak modulation indicator as permitted by F C C rules This will cause the monitor to ignore very low energy overshoots and will produce the h...

Page 85: ...c formats Feel free to audition different presets and to choose the one whose sound you prefer This preset may have a very dif ferent name than the name of your format This is OK You can easily modify...

Page 86: ...the knob c Locate to the INPUT OUTPUT UTILITIES screen B Set the MULTIPLEX POWER THRESHOLD to 0 0 dB If your transmission system introduces overshoot in the signal path after the 8700i including the t...

Page 87: ...optional The BS 1770 safety limiter and meter have been included to allow your Optimod to comply with government regulations in countries that enforce BS 1770 based loudness control per EBU Recommend...

Page 88: ...hown at http www orban com contact if you discover an error in our calibration D The calibration of the 1770 LOUDNESS THRESH control is correct if the transmit ter s modulation level was calibrated us...

Page 89: ...ectly Analog and Digital I O Setup For the following I O calibration parameters use the Locate joystick to highlight in put output parameters When the desired parameter is highlighted turn the front p...

Page 90: ...with a Studio Level Control System that has a built in 100 Calibra tion Tone such as the Orban 6300 8200ST Studio Level Controller or 4000 Transmission Limiter step C page 2 29 or Calibrate with an O...

Page 91: ...ust the 8700i s CLIP LEVEL to indicate 2 dB on the input meters D Calibrate with an Orban 464A Co Operator Skip this step if you are calibrating in another manner The 464A does not have a built in 100...

Page 92: ...700i s CLIP LEVEL so that the program peaks indicate approxi mately 2 dB on the meter on the screen e Recall your regular AGC preset in Optimod PC 5 Adjust the Analog Input s Reference Level 9 dBu to...

Page 93: ...required e g if that was its setting prior to setting REFERENCE LEVEL e Skip to step 6 E Calibrate using Program Skip this step if you are using tone to calibrate the 8700i to your stand ard studio le...

Page 94: ...cause the Phase Corrector adds about 250 ms of delay to the audio path if you do not wish to use it we recommend defeating it in SYSTEM UTILITIES via the PHASE CORRECTOR control If you defeat it this...

Page 95: ...3 dB of loss that the 100 PEAK LEVEL control introduces after the peak limiters Unless the peak limiters produce gain reduction this arrangement keeps the overall gain constant from the input of the...

Page 96: ...gital outputs have identical functionality so you could use either one in the steps below D Set the AES1 OUT SOURCE control to the desired source FM FM DELAY HD or MONITOR In most facilities you will...

Page 97: ...figure the 8700i to lock its 19 kHz pilot tone and output sample frequency to this input When a valid reference signal is applied to this input it locks the Opti mod s Internal DSP clock to this input...

Page 98: ...ut sample rate to a signal applied to its AES3 input The Ratings Encoder Loop through mode has a standard fallback strategy To prevent an audio mute your Optimod will automatically bypass the loop tho...

Page 99: ...emphasized If you wish to ap ply de emphasis before these meters navigate to INPUT OUTPUT UTILITIES and set the FM OUTPUT METER to DE EMPH The default is PRE EMPH 14 Set the polarity of the analog FM...

Page 100: ...ERSITY DELAY control to IN or OUT as appropriate for your installa tion 16 Set up digital composite There is one AES3 digital composite output at 192 kHz sample rate Its sample rate is locked to the 8...

Page 101: ...TE screen The OUT SOURCE parameter located in the INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT1 screen needs to be set to MONITOR to make the Monitor Mute feature work 18 Defeat the final clipper optional If you are using the...

Page 102: ...DIGSILENCE when the analog input is in silence detect fallback they will indicate ANASILENCE A Navigate to INPUT OUTPUT SILENCE DETECT B Set the SILENCE THRESHOLD to the level below which the 8700i wi...

Page 103: ...you prefer This preset may have a very different name than the name of your format This is OK You can easily modify a preset with the 8700i s one knob LESS MORE fea ture Navigate to the Basic Modify s...

Page 104: ...e Windows settings in the machine running PC Remote software See Synchronizing Optimod to a Network Time Server on page 2 69 If you are planning to set your Optimod s time via PC Re mote and or the In...

Page 105: ...he PC Remote application c Navigate to the Event Type field and set the desired event You can recall any factory or user preset and can activate BYPASS mode for scheduled network testing or EXIT TEST...

Page 106: ...n plaintext form PC Remote then writes the fetched User Presets in encrypted form on your hard drive where they remain for the duration of your PC Remote session If PC Remote exits normally it will er...

Page 107: ...apital letters because the passcode is case sensitive For example if you set up your passcode as OOPS25 you must enter it as OOPS25 not as oops25 or Oops25 C When you have finished creating your passc...

Page 108: ...l automatically re lock af ter the time delay set in step 2 on page 2 44 Provided you have ALL SCREENS privileges you can set the delay as desired by following the in structions in that step 8700i Use...

Page 109: ...des are assigned to 8700i except the ADMIN default Passcode When you attempt a connection to the 8700i via Direct Modem and Ethernet connections the Enter Passcode Screen will prompt you to enter a Pa...

Page 110: ...ally Please note that resetting the unit to its factory defaults I Resets all global parameters to factory default settings Deletes all Automation Events Restores Remote Interface inputs 1 8 to no fun...

Page 111: ...ike HyperTerminal A Connect an available RS232 serial port COM port on your computer to Serial Port 2 on the 8700i You do not need to remove power from either your computer or the 8700i when you do th...

Page 112: ...and Response RESTORE FACTORY DEFAULTS Are you sure yes no YES factory defaults restored Restored NO or any response other than YES abort Defaults not restored To protect against accidental loss of set...

Page 113: ...Using IP yyy yyy yyy yyy In the above table XXX XXX XXX XXX the specified IP address yyy yyy yyy yyy the present or default IP address in use 192 168 254 254 is the factory default Any out of range o...

Page 114: ...d 6 To change the Port Command Response PO XXXXX valid port PO xxxxx entered invalid port ERROR Using PO yyyyy PO Using PO yyyyy In the above table XXXXX the specified port yyyyy the present port in u...

Page 115: ...Modem Direct entered invalid argument ERROR Using Ty Modem Direct TY Using Ty Modem Direct 10 To recall a preset Command Response RP XXXXXXX PASSCODE valid passcode and preset name ON AIR XXXXXXX inva...

Page 116: ...values are 0 0 000015625 to 13 0000000000 10 total digits in incre ments of 0 000015625 returns the current delay time PASSCODE ANY VALID PASSCODE As long as the delay change does not exceed 1 3 seco...

Page 117: ...this command anytime after the 8700i boots up The 30 minute timeout does not apply In HD Radio installations this command is useful when switching the 8700i be tween transmitters if the transmitters...

Page 118: ...is command You can apply this command any time after the 8700i boots up The 30 minute timeout does not apply 16 To fetch real time operational status information from the Optimod This provides a real...

Page 119: ...the Optimod disconnects automatically Default is 15 minutes The timeout reverts to the default each new connection if you change the timeout for one connection it is not retained for the next one Comm...

Page 120: ...current setting of the Terminal Port will appear B If you wish to change the Terminal Port Locate to TERMINAL PORT Press the ENTER button to access the SET TERMINAL PORT screen C Locate to CLEAR then...

Page 121: ...TEM SETUP NETWORK REMOTE NETWORK screen F Name and save the Session if you wish G Click OPEN H Activate the CAPS LOCK on your computer to ensure that you type in upper case You can now recall presets...

Page 122: ...makes the network connection between the comput er executing putty exe and 8700i and specifies the txt file to use The txt file contains the 8700i commands The following two examples recall the preset...

Page 123: ...t the input As you turn the control knob the functions listed below will appear in the highlighted field A momentary pulse of voltage will switch most functions except as noted Preset Name switches th...

Page 124: ...he diversity delay for Digital Output 1 Ana log Digital 1 Digital 2 Composite if it is configured to emit the output of the analog FM processing chain see page 3 77 There is also a DIGITAL OUT 2 DELAY...

Page 125: ...Input Silent Indicates that the level at either or both digital input chan nels is below the threshold set in step 19 on page 2 40 AES Input Error Indicates that the 8700i s AES input receiver chip h...

Page 126: ...umbers in the Subnet Mask When the Subnet Mask entry is complete toggle to SAVE and press the Enter button The 8700i will not accept an invalid Subnet Mask like 255 255 255 300 C If necessary set the...

Page 127: ...00i to the Serial 1 connector on the 8700i s rear panel b Connect the other end to your computer s COM port You are now ready to connect your computer to your 8700i through a null modem cable connecte...

Page 128: ...of the modem modem in c Connect the modem cable from the modem to the SERIAL 1 port of the 8700i d Set the modem to AUTO ANSWER and turn it on For 3Com U S Robotics 56kbps fax modem EXT set dip switch...

Page 129: ...ive before you attempt to use the 8700i up date or remote applications In all cases regardless of whether your PC communicates to the 8700i through its serial port or Ethernet connector it uses the pp...

Page 130: ...and adds an Orban Optimod 8700i fold er to your computer s Start Menu This folder contains shortcuts to the PC Re mote application and to the documentation If you accepted the option during installat...

Page 131: ...if you are connecting via direct serial cable or modem you should have successfully in stalled the necessary Windows services and connected to your 8700i Note that Ethernet connections are preferred b...

Page 132: ...chronize your Optimod to a timeserver 2 Choose a timeserver As of April 2016 http tf nist gov tf cgi servers cgi provides a current list of timeservers available on the Internet You network may also h...

Page 133: ...computer will return the De fault Gateway 5 Specify the time sync from the Optimod PC Remote software Skip this step if you wish to specify the timeserver and time sync parameters from your Optimod s...

Page 134: ...NOTE Manually setting your Optimod s clock via Set Time Set Date Daylight Time and the remote contact closure Reset to Hour and Reset to Midnight will not work when the automatic synchronization funct...

Page 135: ...y the updater s command line window s closing automatically and your 8700i s rebooting Your 8700i will continue to pass audio normally while the update is oc curring However the audio will be interrup...

Page 136: ...refer to that product However they are fully appli cable to the 8700i Preparing for Communication through a Null Modem Cable 1 Configure your 8700i A On your 8700i s front panel navigate to SETUP NET...

Page 137: ...rol Panel Find the Mo dem applet This is normally under the Phone and Modem section Click on it to start the Phone and Mo dem applet B In the Phone and Modem applet click on the Modems tab and click A...

Page 138: ...ppear a Tick Don t detect my modem I will select it from a list b Proceed to next step by clicking on the NEXT button D The Install New Modem window will appear a Select Communication s cable between...

Page 139: ...ALLATION 2 77 E Select the Serial com port to which the NULL cable is con nected Proceed to next step by click ing on the NEXT button F At the Modem installation is finished window click FINISH to com...

Page 140: ...r for the device Communications cable between two computers This configuration is also commonly known as Di rect Cable Communications 2 Set up the Network for the Direct Cable Connection You must next...

Page 141: ...MOD FM DIGITAL INSTALLATION 2 79 A Go to the Network and Sharing Center and click on Set up a new connection or network link B In the Choose a connection op tion window select Set up a di al up connec...

Page 142: ...e modem device D When prompted to Type the information from your Internet Service Provider enter a dummy number to the phone number field Windows will not use it E Choose a name for your connection an...

Page 143: ...Optimod Although you did not specifically install any thing that states PPP the PPP protocol has nev ertheless been installed 3 Configure the Direct Cable Connection adapter In this step you will cust...

Page 144: ...In the Direct Serial PPP Properties window select the General tab D Click the Configure but ton and select 115200 bps E Click OK to close the window F Make sure your bps set tings saves correctly a Di...

Page 145: ...e Click OK to dismiss the Properties window f Restart your computer Restarting should ensure that the bps setting is saved G Select the Networking tab a Unselect the Internet Protocol Version 6 b Cli...

Page 146: ...sing this connection from 8700i PC Remote automatically opens a Windows Direct Con nection to your 8700i You can connect by selecting the desired con nection from the drop down list in the CONNECT men...

Page 147: ...in B Connect the modem cable from the modem to the serial port of the 8700i C Set the modem to AUTO ANSWER and turn it on For 3Com U S Robotics 56kbps fax modem EXT set dipswitches 3 5 and 8 in the d...

Page 148: ...he 8700i mib file is in the location where you installed your PC Remote application The default 8700i install location is Program Files Orban Optimod 8700i PC Remote or Program Files x86 Orban Optimod...

Page 149: ...IP Primary and Secondary Manager Port Station Name System Diagnostics Orban walks through all of the get commands and displays their status Set Control Diversity Delay Primary and Secondary Manager IP...

Page 150: ...mmunity string along with all SNMP requests If the community string is correct the device responds with the requested information If the community string is incorrect the device simply discards the re...

Page 151: ...ion from the 8700i Use the System I O the default to set up the RDS to generate static RDS Change the RDS data dynamically by using processing presets Change the RDS data dynamically by using terminal...

Page 152: ...am Name PTYN Default undefined Music Speech MS Default Music Decoder Info DI Default Stereo Traffic Program TP Default 0 TA Timeout TATIME Default 30 57kHz RDS Subcarrier RDS Default Off Subcarrier Le...

Page 153: ...Optimod will update the RDS output when a control is changed or if you select the DONE button Using Processing Presets RDS adjustment via processing presets are available only from PC Remote To use pr...

Page 154: ...you recall the processing preset again the RDS generator will revert to transmitting 1234 be cause the terminal settings are not saved The INIT command clears any values previously sent from the Term...

Page 155: ...the command to the Telnet client which will write it to the screen The returned information will look similar to the following PS undefined DPS undefined DPSS 2 Seconds DPST Off RT KKDB MORE HIT MUSI...

Page 156: ...rminal Commands Table 2 2 lists the terminal commands Note that you can fetch the status of the RDS generator as follows command returns current value ST returns current value of all controls HELP ret...

Page 157: ...1 Station broadcasts routine traffic info TP 0 No Traffic TA Traffic Alert ON AIR NOW 0 Flag Off 1 Flag On Flag valid only when TP 1 TA 0 No Traffic Alert TATIME TA Timeout 0 Timer Off 1 255 seconds...

Page 158: ...me ters to the currently active RDS control set either the System Set tings or the User Preset group NOTE Any changes will not ap pear in the PC application if it is open You must reconnect to see the...

Page 159: ...6 21 94 7 72 99 8 123 104 9 174 89 7 22 94 8 73 99 9 124 105 0 175 89 8 23 94 9 74 100 0 125 105 1 176 89 9 24 95 0 75 100 1 126 105 2 177 90 0 25 95 1 76 100 2 127 105 3 178 90 1 26 95 2 77 100 3 12...

Page 160: ...Music 14 Jazz Serious Classics Music 15 Classical Music Other Music 16 Rhythm and Blues Music Weather 17 Soft R and B Music Finance 18 Foreign Language Children s Programs 19 Religious Music Social Af...

Page 161: ...eband your Optimod s RDS generator is locked in quadrature with respect to the pilot tone so Figure 2 5 is for reference only If your transmission system is correctly broadcasting stereo and controlli...

Page 162: ...dary network to the Opti mod s AUDIO NETWORK 2 port The Dante network will automatically discover the Optimod and configure its IP address Then the Optimod will appear in applications like Dante Contr...

Page 163: ...PUT screen The 8700i s Dante outputs are Channel 1 DANTE 1 LEFT OUTPUT Channel 2 DANTE 1 RIGHT OUTPUT Channel 3 DANTE 2 LEFT OUTPUT Channel 4 DANTE 2 RIGHT OUTPUT In your 8700i these appear as outputs...

Page 164: ...DANTE 1 output controls For a more detailed explanation of these controls refer to step 11 on page 2 33 OUTPUT SOURCE Set to FM FM DELAY includes HD Radio diversity delay MONITOR or HD OUTPUT LEVEL Se...

Page 165: ...d to create streams for public consumption they lack a number of features compared to current state of the art streaming software which typically supports the HLS protocol the MPEG4 HE AAC family of c...

Page 166: ...tication not supported iTunes should work but we have not yet tested it As of June 2017 the following players are known not to work Windows Media Player Internet Explorer Microsoft Edge Setup Except f...

Page 167: ...best quality particularly if you are streaming the output of your Optimod s HD processing chain For conven ience 44 1 kHz is also available for MP3 Opus only supports 48 kHz AUDIO CHANNELS Select acco...

Page 168: ...an drive As of June 2017 the documentation was available here http wiki shoutcast com wiki SHOUTcast_Getting_Started_Guide http icecast org docs The Optimod s SHOUTcast2 and Icecast2 servers run one a...

Page 169: ...vice on your LAN including the IP address of your Optimod s re mote control Ethernet interface Normally this would have been done in step 3 on page 2 105 4 Run the installer and follow the instruction...

Page 170: ...Vx x x exe You will see a file called unins000 exe Double click it and follow the instructions on your screen It will remove all of the installation files ex cept for the upgrade installer StreamingUp...

Page 171: ...ach screen If multiple screens are available pressing and holding the knob left or right moves you to the previous and next function screens The yellow Escape button allows you to navigate quickly to...

Page 172: ...digital radio or SPLIT In SPLIT mode the 8700i s front panel display shows the gain reduction of the FM ana log multiband compressors on the left side of the split meters and the gain reduc tion of th...

Page 173: ...lex power produced by the 8700i The meter complies with the ITU R BS 412 standard and is calibrated and with reference to the 8700i s 100 peak modulation level HD HD Digital Radio G R meters show the...

Page 174: ...ch Fourier component Considered from this perspective a hard clipper has a wideband gain control signal and thus introduces sidebands that are far removed in fre quency from their associated Fourier c...

Page 175: ...ing to achieve market share great care should be taken not to alienate women by excessive stridency harshness or distortion OPTIMOD FM from Bach to Rock You can adjust OPTIMOD FM so that the output so...

Page 176: ...ing punch and clarity Another unfortunate trend is the tendency to put so much high frequency energy on the CDs that this energy cannot possibly survive the FM preemphasis de emphasis process Although...

Page 177: ...Input Conditioning including sample rate conversion defeatable 30 Hz highpass filtering and defeatable phase rotation Multipath Mitigator phase corrector Stereo Enhancement Two Band Gated AGC with tar...

Page 178: ...R signal through a delay line and adds this decorrelated sig nal to the unenhanced L R signal Gating circuitry similar to that used in the 222 style algorithm prevents over enhancement and undesired e...

Page 179: ...ial time delay for each tone Each time the frequency is halved the delay doubles Figure 3 2 shows the effect of the phase correction all 10 tones are now in phase Two Band Gated AGC The AGC is a two b...

Page 180: ...es that were modeled on the curves of Orban s classic analog parametrics like the 622B using a sophisticated proprietary optimization program The curves are matched to better than 0 15 dB This means t...

Page 181: ...rve from hard 0 to soft 10 Instead of a clip per MX presets use a sophisticated bass pre limiter located immediately before the system s main distortion controlled clipper In non MX presets the multib...

Page 182: ...itize SCAs SSB Stereo Encoder Operation Starting with version 1 1 the 8700i allows its stereo encoder s stereo subchannel modulator to operate in an experimental compatible single sideband vestigial s...

Page 183: ...e look ahead limiter in the system block diagram The group delay of the phase linear filters needed to create the SSB VSB waveform and the audio delay in the look ahead limiter together add approximat...

Page 184: ...itself However any pro cess that makes squared off waveforms above 5 kHz creates higher harmonics that end up in the stereo subchannel region 23 53 kHz The receiver then decodes these harmonics as if...

Page 185: ...y a two band processor with look ahead limiting Sophisticated multiband high frequency limiting and dis tortion cancelled clipping complete the chain We believe that this is the ideal processing for c...

Page 186: ...o supply a high frequency rolloff that tames excessive brightness in the HD output Simultaneously this HF rolloff may reduce high frequency artifacts in the relatively low bite rate codec used in the...

Page 187: ...ctive setup controls on the 8700i give you the flexibility to customize your station s sound Nevertheless as with any audio processing system proper adjust ment of these controls requires that you cho...

Page 188: ...therefore change EQ or stereo en hancement and not lose the ability to use LESS MORE When you create a user pre set the 8700i will automatically save your EQ and stereo enhancement settings along wit...

Page 189: ...lar high frequency texture a 75 s presets should have its B4 COMPRESSION THRESHOLD control set 3 dB higher than an equiva lent 50 s preset Gain Reduction Metering Unlike the metering on some processor...

Page 190: ...reset and NO otherwise If you an swer NO the 8700i will give you an opportunity to choose a new name for the preset you are saving You can save user presets from the 8700i PC Remote application See Us...

Page 191: ...ically wiring its various compo nents together the 8700i realizes its processing structures as a series of high speed mathematical computations made by Digital Signal Processing DSP integrated cir cui...

Page 192: ...difference in processing structure Unused structures operate constantly in the background so switching between structures occurs with a seamless cross fade Unlike older Orban processors like the 8200...

Page 193: ...MEDIUM MX 7 0 ROCK MEDIUM MIDBASS ROCK MEDIUM MID BASS 7 0 ROCK MEDIUM LOW BASS ROCK MEDIUM LOW BASS 7 0 ROCK OPEN ROCK OPEN 7 0 ROCK OPEN UL ROCK OPEN UL 7 0 ROCK SOFT ROCK SOFT 8 5 ROCK SOFT MX ROCK...

Page 194: ...ound you prefer This preset may have a very different name than the name of your format This is OK Try using the LESS MORE control to trade off loudness against processing artifacts and side effects O...

Page 195: ...he non MX versions and are therefore recommended if their longer delay is acceptable As their names imply the CLASSICAL 5 BAND and CLASSICAL 2 BAND presets are optimized for classical music gracefully...

Page 196: ...uts more energy in the frequency range below 120 Hz and is targeted more towards premium auto radios and other radios with substantial bass response below 100 Hz Measured in third octaves the two pres...

Page 197: ...lavor GOLD HEAVY BASS is appropriate for carefully produced music from the mid 1960s to the late 1970s This preset can increase the bass centered broadly around 60 Hz by as much as 6 dB which provides...

Page 198: ...a good choice for stations that want listeners to stay all day Stations programming classic jazz should also investigate the MELLOW JAZZ MX preset Stations programming smooth jazz should investigate t...

Page 199: ...1 4 These modern sounding presets are generally useful for popu lar music formats They produce somewhat less high frequency energy than the GREGG MX preset their main difference is the amount of bass...

Page 200: ...ver ROCK MEDIUM MX produces a cleaner less processed sound and may therefore be appropriate if you want to encourage listeners to stay tuned in for very long times For Album Oriented Rock AOR we again...

Page 201: ...eate your User Preset In general you should be conservative when equalizing modern well recorded pro gram material Except for Bass Shelf Gain most of the factory presets use less than 3 dB of equaliza...

Page 202: ...ra metric equalizer with conventional bell shaped curves within 0 15 dB worst case This provides warm smooth analog sounding equalization Low Frequency determines the center frequency of the equalizat...

Page 203: ...octaves The Equalizer Controls Group Basic Full Modify Name Advanced Name Range Bass Shelf BASS FREQ Bass Frequency 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220...

Page 204: ...esence boost tends to be audibly strident and fatiguing Moreover the sound quality although loud can be very irritating We suggest a maximum of 3 dB boost although 10 dB is achievable In some of our f...

Page 205: ...be highly dependent on the fundamental frequency of a given voice If the fundamental frequency is far above 100 Hz there will be lit tle voice energy in the bottom band and little or no audio bass bo...

Page 206: ...switched out Multipath Mitigator Phase Corrector See Multipath Mitigator Left Right Phase Skew Correction on page 3 8 Subharmonic Injection The subharmonic synthesizer generates subharmonics of fun da...

Page 207: ...o the 8700i s input the 8700i s speech music detector will detect this as speech so no subharmonics will be produced To test the sub harmonic synthesizer with tone there must be at least 2 dB of level...

Page 208: ...ath distortion that the stereo enhancement can add However if the origi nal program material exceeds this limit with no enhancement the enhancer will not reduce it Diffusion applies only to the DELAY...

Page 209: ...s block when it is in BYPASS mode It is normally set to 0 0 dB Preset Profile is a menu of 11 presets with various colors of Xponential Loudness processing FLAT FREQUENCY RESPONSE provides lowest spec...

Page 210: ...band AGC and there fore determines the amount of gain reduction in the AGC This also adjusts the idle gain the amount of gain reduction in the AGC section when the structure is gat ed It gates whenev...

Page 211: ...lance Moderate AGC moderate compression gives a more dense sound particularly as the release time of the multiband compressor is sped up Moderate AGC heavy compression particularly with a FAST multiba...

Page 212: ...0 dB which allows the AGC bass band to correct excessive bass as necessary but does not permit it to provide a dynamic bass boost Advanced AGC Controls The following AGC controls are found only in th...

Page 213: ...n gating circuits pre vent over enhancement AGC Ratio determines the compression ratio of the AGC The compression ratio is the ratio between the change in input level and the resulting change in outpu...

Page 214: ...nd difference channels set the MAX DELTA GR control to 3 0 and the MASTER DELTA THRESHOLD control to some positive number depending on how much automatic width control you want the 8700i to perform Ba...

Page 215: ...i s new peak limiter technology is active For a given limiter algorithm 8500 style or MX the peak limiter controls are common to the Two Band and Five Band structures except as noted in the control de...

Page 216: ...rate and is fully anti aliased whereas the composite limiter will inevitably introduce aliasing around 38 kHz upon demodulation in the receiver This is because it introduces spectrum in the stereo sub...

Page 217: ...kHz sweep you may be unable to see the effect of the pilot filter This is because the filter protects the pilot 250 Hz from 19 kHz and the spectrum analyzer will not resolve this when looking at the...

Page 218: ...ction produced by the control is of course unchanging and cannot intro duce audible artifacts The ideal dynamic gain reduction for the multiplex power controller is 2 to 3 dB with typical program mate...

Page 219: ...the bass clipper LLHARD automatically defeats the compressor look ahead This action is functionally equivalent to setting the LOOK AHEAD control to OUT except that it reduces input output delay by 5 m...

Page 220: ...ed Modify screen Bass Clip Thresh sets the clipping threshold of Orban s patented embedded bass clip per which is used only in the FM processing chain and not in the HD chain The clip per is embedded...

Page 221: ...hen to adjust the LESS MORE control to several settings throughout its range At each setting of the LESS MORE control examine the set tings of the MULTIBAND DRIVE and MB LIMIT THR controls This way yo...

Page 222: ...Figure 3 6 The MED and SOFT bass clipper characteristics use sophisticated look ahead algorithms that produce lower distortion than HARD mode regard less of where the HARDCLIPSHAPE control is set Howe...

Page 223: ...e IM distortion between bass and other program elements will occur Depending on your station s format you may prefer to have a cleaner sound with less bass or a sound with more distortion but punchier...

Page 224: ...ount of bass reduction that can occur Lower settings increase bass punch but do not protect against IM distortion as effectively as higher settings do There are two controls one for Speech mode and on...

Page 225: ...d HD channels are loudness matched There is no such hidden HD control corresponding to the PEAK LIMITER DRIVE control so adjusting the PEAK LIMITER DRIVE control requires you to manually adjust the HD...

Page 226: ...he spectral bal ance of the input as well as possible Their LESS MORE controls primarily affect the amount of compression not the maximum loudness CLASSICAL 2B AGC AND CLASSIC 2B AGC MX use the AGC se...

Page 227: ...een Except as noted these controls affect both the analog and HD processing chains 2B Drive control adjusts signal level going into the two band compressor and there fore controls the density of outpu...

Page 228: ...to defeat the gain riding AGC and to permit the two band compressor to perform all of the gain riding This will prevent excessive reduction of dynamic range and will produce the most natural sound ac...

Page 229: ...uck with a large amount of gain reduction on a long low level musi cal passage immediately following a loud passage It is common to set the 2B GATE THRESH control to 40 Higher settings are primarily u...

Page 230: ...starts to occur in the Master above 200 Hz band of the Two Band Compressor 2B Bass Comp Threshold determines the compression threshold of the bass band in the Two Band Compressor It can be used to set...

Page 231: ...equency limiting and excessive distortion due to clipping This control only affects the analog processing chain The HF Limiting control is in the clippers screen in the unit HF Clip Threshold not in M...

Page 232: ...oupling and high frequency coupling Start with one of these presets Spend some time listening critically to your on air sound Listen to a wide range of program material typical of your format and list...

Page 233: ...MB Release See above Gate Threshold Gate Thresh Off 44 15 dB Clipping MB Clipping 4 0 5 0 dB Speech Thr 4 0 5 0 dB Down Expander Down Expand Off 18 0 12 0 dB B5 Down Expander B5 Down Expand Off 18 0 1...

Page 234: ...To avoid excessive density with the FAST multiband release time we rec ommend using no more than 5 dB gain reduction in band 3 and compen sating for any lost loudness by speeding up the MB RELEASE in...

Page 235: ...ats Processing for this sound keeps the levels of announcers and guests consistent pulls low grade telephone calls out of the mud and keeps a proper balance between voice and commercials Voice is the...

Page 236: ...nsity MB Gate Thresh Threshold control determines the lowest input level that will be recognized as program by OPTIMOD FM lower levels are considered to be noise or background sounds and cause the AGC...

Page 237: ...n OFF The single ended noise reduction system combines a broadband downward expand er with a program dependent low pass filter These functions are achieved by caus ing extra gain reduction in the mult...

Page 238: ...pop and in strumental formats Band 4 5 Coupling control the extent to which the gain of band 5 6 2 kHz and above is determined by and follows the gain of band 4 The sum of the high frequency limiter c...

Page 239: ...only for fine tuning You can also get a similar effect by adjusting the compression threshold of the individual bands This is comparably risky with reference to clipper overload but unlike the MB BAN...

Page 240: ...shold but are also risky because they can significantly affect the amount of distortion produced by the back end clipping system You can use these controls to set independent frequency balances for mu...

Page 241: ...are likely to notice is intermodulation dis tortion between vocals and bass Be aware of this possibility when you are adjusting this control because the effect sometimes becomes clearer once you are...

Page 242: ...to experiment with lesser amounts of coupling to achieve a wider fat ter stereo image at the cost of some image instability Limiter Attack controls allow you to set the limiter attack anywhere from 0...

Page 243: ...set to HARD the speech music detector will auto matically set it to MEDIUM when speech is detected and HARD otherwise unless LATENCY is LOW in which case MEDIUM bass clipping is unavailable and bass...

Page 244: ...le giving you the flexibility to process the analog channel as you wish The stereo enhancer phase rotator and 30 Hz highpass filter are com mon to the two processing chains and their controls which af...

Page 245: ...nd controlling the analog peak level following the playback device s reconstruction filter to an accuracy of better than 0 5 dB For typical program material accuracy is 0 2 dB Thanks to true peak cont...

Page 246: ...ically adjusts the Optimod s delay to compensate for delay drift in the transmission path When no output emits the FM DELAY source and the delay in the composite output is OFF the extra 1 3 sec ond de...

Page 247: ...r the left and right gain reductions of the digital channel look ahead limiter ENABLED The HD look ahead limiter is not stereo coupled This prevents limiting on one channel from causing audible modula...

Page 248: ...3 stereo mono status bits to reflect the setting of this control The AES3 status bits appearing at the HD output are always set stereo even when the two audio channels carry identical mono signals HD...

Page 249: ...o cause a null sum the HD and FM channels and adjust the HD DELAY control to achieve the deepest null This works best if the HD and FM analog loudnesses are matched use the HD LIMIT DR control to do t...

Page 250: ...F dither It is thus a good compromise between white PDF dither and extreme noise shaping In many cases the source material has already been correctly dithered so you will not need to add dither and ca...

Page 251: ...dBFS When the BS 1770 Safety Limiter is ON this calibration is correct regard less of the setting of the Digital Output 100 PEAK LEVEL control Unique HD Audio Controls Included with each preset in th...

Page 252: ...receives no high frequency limiting or clipping and may therefore be as much as 6 dB brighter than the FM output If you wish to reduce this difference to smooth out the audible difference between the...

Page 253: ...Band 5 of the HD processing only This control allows you to reduce the high frequency response of the HD processing channel in a program adaptive manner and is intended to reduce strong sibilance ess...

Page 254: ...el This calibration is only correct if the transmitter and or studio transmitter link do not add overshoots to program material processed by the 8700i Such overshoots neces sitate turning down the 870...

Page 255: ...multiplex power controller is adjusted in the INPUT OUTPUT UTILITIES screen by the MULTIPLEX POWER THRESHOLD control Set it OFF if your country does not enforce the standard The control is located in...

Page 256: ...reset dependent and set by the MULTIPLEX POWER OFFSET control before the FM peaks limiters when the multiplex power controller is activated This complements the dynamic gain reduction produced by the...

Page 257: ...reduce the level of following as yet un known program material in order to ensure that the MPX power limit is not ex ceeded over the 60 second measurement period in question This kind of gain pumping...

Page 258: ...000 5000 6300 8000 9500 10000 12500 13586 76 15000 LOG Tone Mod Level 91 0 100 1 Tone Mod Type L R L R L R LEFT RIGHT Pilot ON ON OFF Table 3 15 Test Modes The Test Modes screen allows you to switch b...

Page 259: ...ch because it flattops bass transients and this allows the waveform to accommodate fundamentals that have a larger peak level by up to 2 dB than the peak level of the flat top The fundamental of a squ...

Page 260: ...the dynamics processing the dynamics processing will not fight any adjustments you make to this control However the downside is that the bass compressor will not act to prevent excessive drive to the...

Page 261: ...your computer s storage devices hard drives USB flash drives etc and to restore them later to your 8700i Note to users familiar with Optimod FM 8400 8700i PC Remote is a com pletely new application co...

Page 262: ...you are communicating with your 8700i through a network select the ETHERNET CONNECTION radio button and enter the appropriate IP address sub net mask port and gateway data These must agree with the va...

Page 263: ...e to use the keyboard The help box at the bottom of the screen always presents a short help mes sage for the function you have selected To modify a control setting A Choose PROCESSING PARAMETERS from...

Page 264: ...s hard drive A Select BACKUP TO PC from the FILE Menu B Click OK PC Remote will offer three options Save backup files User Presets system files and automation in plain text This allows the presets and...

Page 265: ...running on the 8700i If the preset system file or automation file was encrypted when it was originally saved PC Remote will request the password under which it was encrypted All User Presets are compa...

Page 266: ...b Select the desired automation file in the dialog box c Click the RESTORE button G Click DONE to dismiss the RESTORE dialog box To share an archived User Preset between 8700is A Navigate to the dire...

Page 267: ...d or click the X on the upper right corner with the mouse Also please note the following behavior If you close the PC Remote connection from the PC you will be given the choice of staying connected th...

Page 268: ...olders recreate themselves in the previ ous location and restore their contents by copying it from their associated 8700is when 8700i PC Remote connects to such an 8700i Multiple Installations of Opti...

Page 269: ...can move all the Alias folders to the same location by using the PC Remote software Do not use an external file manager to do this The old Alias folders need to be re created under the Optimod 8700i P...

Page 270: ...hannel peak limiter in Optimod FM 8500 the new peak limiter typically provides 2 5 to 3 dB more power at high frequencies which minimizes audible HF loss caused by preemphasis limiting Drums and percu...

Page 271: ...3 9 U2 Within You Without You Measurements The improved performance of the MX peak limiter can be verified by objective measurements with real world program material To measure the improvements in hi...

Page 272: ...e frequencies and below A higher reading in a given frequency band indicates that that band has more power in the 8700i output than in the 8500 output HF Power Handling Figure 3 8 on page 3 100 shows...

Page 273: ...668 kHz caused by sustained electric guitar riding on top of bass Figure 3 10 on page 3 102 shows a piece of material that has been used by others to demonstrate distortion control This material consi...

Page 274: ...ented in Figure 3 8 Figure 3 11 on page 3 103 shows an example of program material with much more energy above 6 kHz than in the midrange making difference frequency intermodu lation in the midrange e...

Page 275: ...of broadcast audio processors has often suffered from objectively unverifiable hyperbole Meanwhile traditional measurements using static test sig nals like single tone harmonic distortion and multi t...

Page 276: ...urements have verified that the 8700i s new limiter technology has significantly im proved high frequency power handling capability distortion control and transient punch compared to Orban s previous...

Page 277: ...hat the 8700i is at fault The troubleshooting information in Section 5 will help you determine if the problem is with OPTIMOD FM or is somewhere else in the station s equip ment 3 Periodically check f...

Page 278: ...e Input Output Assembly A Make sure that AC power is disconnected from the 8700i B Remove the 14 conductor ribbon cable from the base board at JP600 C Remove the two 40 conductor ribbon cables from th...

Page 279: ...ber a quilt or a blanket 5 Removing the Headphone Amplifier Board Because they are socketed you can remove and replace the headphone amplifier driver chips without further disassembly If you need to r...

Page 280: ...e standoffs on which it is mounted Then lift the assembly off the standoffs 9 Removing the RS 232 Connector Board A If you have not done so yet remove the top cover step 1 above B Using a 3 16 inch he...

Page 281: ...g to steps 2 and 3 follow the instructions in reverse 14 Reinstalling the Base Board Referring to step 12 follow the instructions in reverse Note that you cannot replace the RS 232 board Display Inter...

Page 282: ...37 verify that all cables have been securely reattached B Verify that all removed hardware has been replaced and is secure 25 Replace the Top Cover Place top on the unit and reattach the seventeen thr...

Page 283: ...h away from high RF fields which could affect results In a high RF field it is for example very difficult to accurately measure the very low THD produced by a properly operating 8700i at most frequenc...

Page 284: ...ld control to Off e Navigate to SYSTEM SETUP Select TEST MODES Then Activate Bypass mode Navigate to the BYPASS button and press ENTER Set controls as in the table below Mode Bypass Frequency 400 Hz M...

Page 285: ...ut of tolerance they are reported one after another in a continuous loop with one green flash indicating the beginning of each count See Table 4 1 on page 4 8 3 Check Analog Output Trim Levels A Verif...

Page 286: ...erformance of Analog I O A Verify 8700i software controls are set to their default settings Refer to page 4 7 B Be sure you are still in BYPASS mode see step 3 F C Press ESCAPE until you see the Main...

Page 287: ...digital source generator connected to the 8700i 7 Test Digital Sample Rate Converter Transmitter A Set the sample rate of the digital source generator to 48 kHz B Navigate to Screen INPUT OUTPUT OUTP...

Page 288: ...TYPE to LEFT Measure the Right level on the stereo monitor at several frequencies in units of dB below 100 modulation This is left into right stereo separation It should not exceed 55 dB 50 15 000 Hz...

Page 289: ...GPI input navigate to SYSTEM SETUP NETWORK REMOTE 1 B You can test the RS232 Port 1 for functionality by verifying that you can con nect to a PC through a null modem cable See Installing 8700i PC Remo...

Page 290: ......

Page 291: ...The AES3 inputs and output are transformer coupled and have very good resistance to RFI If you have RFI problems and are using analog connections on either the in put or output using digital connectio...

Page 292: ...encies Many commercial monitors have this problem but most of these problem units can be modified to indicate peak levels accurately Orban uses the Belar Wizard series of DSP based monitors internally...

Page 293: ...pressor Each has its own thresh old control See MB GATE THRESH on page 3 66 In the Multiband structure dynamic single ended noise reduction see MB DOWN EXPANDER on page 3 67 can be used to reduce the...

Page 294: ...ately clean baseband with pro gram correlated noise below 80 dB above 57 kHz even when the composite limiter is used aggressively If the 8700i and the rest of the transmission system are operat ing co...

Page 295: ...y poor peak modulation con trol You will always achieve better peak control by defeating the preemphasis and input filters of an external stereo encoder permitting the 8700i to perform these func tion...

Page 296: ...ty problems unless it is very severe Talent Complains About Delay in Their Headphones Dedicate an output to low delay Monitor mode and use this to drive headphones See Monitoring on Loudspeakers and H...

Page 297: ...78 Even if the HD BANDWIDTH control is set to 20 kHz bandwidth will be limited to 15 kHz if the HD output s sample rate is set to 32 kHz and or if the sample rate of the audio applied to the 8700i s...

Page 298: ...ssing preset and save the result as a User Preset See step 22 C on page 2 41 Security Passcode Lost When Unit is Locked Out Please see If You Have Forgotten Your All Screens Passcode on page 2 47 Conn...

Page 299: ...red correctly on your PC D Ensure that you enabled the correct PC modem port settings E Ensure that the external modem attached to your 8700i is set to AUTO ANSWER F Make sure that the only Allowed Ne...

Page 300: ...ove polarities are reversed Because the characteristics of the 8700i s circuitry are essentially independent of IC opamp characteristics an opamp can usually be replaced without recalibration A defect...

Page 301: ...material if it is available If it is not use a sturdy double walled carton no smaller than 9 H x 15 5 D x 22 W 23 cm H x 40 cm D x 56 cm W with a minimum bursting test rating of 200 pounds 91 kg Plac...

Page 302: ......

Page 303: ...nfigured for flat or pre emphasized output Sample Rate 64 kHz to 512 kHz depending on processing being performed Noise Output noise floor will depend upon how much gain the processor is set for Limit...

Page 304: ...cessor has 5 ms of delay and provides a complete FM processing chain including 5 band compressor and distortion cancelled FM clipper The clipper drive is adjustable to allow dialing in the preferred a...

Page 305: ...processing preemphasis 50 s or 75 s The digital radio processing chain receives the output of the multiband limiter and processes it through a look ahead peak limiter that operates in parallel with th...

Page 306: ...ode Standard double sideband mode or compatible single side band vestigial sideband mode with SSB VSB crossover at 150 Hz SSB VSB mode adds approximately 12 ms of delay to the composite output signal...

Page 307: ...nnel at 192 kHz Subcarrier SCA Inputs NON DIGITIZED INPUTS Non Digitized Inputs 2 x non digitized analog are summed into the analog composite outputs but do not appear at the digital composite outputs...

Page 308: ...nnector 3 is reserved for future developments Ethernet Connector Female RJ45 connector for 10 100 Mbps networks using CAT5 ca bling Native rate is 100 Mbps Provides for connection to the 8700i PC Remo...

Page 309: ...y consists of swapping entire PC boards The section starts with an overview of the 8700i system identifying circuit sections and describing their purpose Then each user repairable section is treated i...

Page 310: ...ss audio until the time comes in the boot process to reload DSP program code into them At this point the audio will mute for about 2 seconds until the DSP code download has finished If you hear a 2 se...

Page 311: ...and is not field repairable 2 Color LCD Display The 5 7 color LCD is an active matrix quarter VGA panel The CPU addresses its con troller chip through the CPU s ISA bus The backlight on the display ha...

Page 312: ...gy that would otherwise cause aliasing distortion in the A D converter The corresponding right channel circuitry is functionally identical to that just described IC100 101 102 103 are socketed for eas...

Page 313: ...nt either the transmitter or monitor output of audio processing Component Level Description IC201 and associated components filter the left channel signal emerging from IC211 The purpose of these stag...

Page 314: ...e factory Component Level Description We will describe composite output 1 IC300 is a high speed D A converter chip that receives the digital composite signal at a 512 kHz sample rate It drives buffer...

Page 315: ...tracts the front panel metering data from the DSP chips During system initialization the SC520 queries the DSP hardware about its opera tional status and will display an error message on screen if th...

Page 316: ...ious supplies To find the test points refer to page 6 85 Audio Over IP Module The Optimod s Dante audio over IP circuitry is implemented by an Audinate Ultimo chip which is installed in the Optimod s...

Page 317: ...thmetic EBU European Broadcasting Union EBS Emergency Broadcasting System U S A EMI electromagnetic interference ESC escape FCC Federal Communications Commission USA regulatory agency FDNR frequency d...

Page 318: ...y parts used in the 8700i are surface mount devices SMT and are not intend ed for field replacement because specialized equipment and skills are necessary to remove and replace them The list below inc...

Page 319: ...8W 1 1 62K 0805 R41 42 20130 200 01 RESISTOR 2 00K 0805 R4 R56 R62 20130 249 01 RESISTOR 1 8W 1 2 49K 0805 R76 20130 562 01 RESISTOR 1 8W 1 5 62K 0805 R57 20131 100 01 RESISTOR 10K 0805 R5 6 15 16 17...

Page 320: ...CONNECTOR HEADER PC104 STACK 40P HEADER2 27371 064 01 CONNECTOR HEADER PC104 STACK 64P HEADER1 HEADER3 27406 014 01 CONNECTOR SOCKET STRIP 14 PIN J2 27421 004 01 CONNECTOR HEADER DOUBLE ROW 4P 2 X 2...

Page 321: ...472 01 RESISTOR NETWORK 4 7K CTS745C 8R BUSS RN2 RN3 RN4 20237 472 01 RESISTOR NETWORK 8R ISO 5 RN5 21139 000 01 CAPACITOR X7R 0 1uF 10 0805 C8 C9 C20 C21 C177 C179 C182 21141 000 01 CAPACITOR NPO 100...

Page 322: ...MD Y1 32200 000 02 CPU BOARD ASSEMBLY DRAWING 32201 000 02 PCB CPU BOARD 8700i 44094 100 01 FIRMWARE 8700i U6 20LV8D 62200 000 02 SCHEMATIC CPU BOARD 8700i RS 232 Board RS232 BOARD PART DESCRIPTION CO...

Page 323: ...x20 40P 2MM J805 27631 805 01 1 TEST POINT SMT TP401 TP402 28128 000 01 1 RELAY 5V 1A LOW SIG SMT K201 K202 K301 K302 K401 K501 K503 NO STUFF K502 K504 20171 619 01 1 RES 619 OHM 1 1 10W 0603 R241 R24...

Page 324: ...8 C349 C350 C351 C444 C445 C446 C447 C448 C710 C800 C801 27451 007 01 1 CONN DBL RW PC MNT 40 PIN J602 J603 24538 000 01 1 IC PCM1744 D A SOIC14 IC413 21183 475 01 1 CAP 0805 4 7uF 25 SMT X5R C436 C43...

Page 325: ...C302 24748 000 01 1 IC LM339M S014 IC307 24335 000 01 1 IC LO NOISE REG 100mA 3 3 IC411 23415 000 01 1 TRANS JFET MMBFJ113 SOT23 Q301 Q302 Q303 Q304 23214 000 01 1 TSTR NPN MMBT3904 Q605 Q607 Q608 Q80...

Page 326: ...100 01 1 RES MF 1 4W 1 10 ohm 120 R258 R340 29535 000 01 1 IND 3 9uH CHIP 1008 L307 L308 L309 L310 L403 L404 L407 L408 22210 000 01 1 DIODE MBR530 SOD123 CR605 CR607 CR608 CR701 CR801 27421 014 01 CON...

Page 327: ...25V X5R 0805 C444 C451 C505 C506 C507 CAP 4 7UF 50V CER X5R 10 SMT C501 CAP 47UF 6 3V CER X5R 20 SMT 0805 C508 C509 C510 CAP NPO 0 022UF 10 50V 0805 C601 CAP CER 50V 15PF 5 COG SMT C614 C615 C616 C61...

Page 328: ...1 HEADER 20x2 2MM J401 Tab Down 1G RJ45 J402 J403 DIMM CONN RIGHT ANGLE J501 Header 4 Pin J502 Tab Down 10 100M RJ45 J601 29539 000 01 1 IND 1K ACM3225 102 2P CHOKE COMMON MODE 100MHz L101 L102 L204...

Page 329: ...0603 R430 RES MF 1 8W 1 249OHM SMT R431 R432 R433 R434 R435 R436 R437 R438 R439 R440 Thick Film Resistors 1 10watt 100ohms 1 R441 R442 RES MF 1 16W 1 10OHM SMT 0603 R452 R453 R454 R455 R456 R457 RES...

Page 330: ...1 100K R0805 R706 R707 R708 R709 R710 20131 100 01 RESISTOR 10K 0805 R201 R202 R203 R204 R205 R206 R207 R208 R209 R603 R604 R806 R807 R808 R809 R810 R811 20128 249 01 RESISTOR 24 9K 1 0805 R805 20128...

Page 331: ...CAPACITOR X7R 0 1UF 10 0805 C501 C502 C503 C504 C505 C506 C507 C508 C509 C511 C512 C513 C514 C515 C516 C517 C518 C519 C521 C522 C523 C524 C525 C526 C527 C528 C529 C531 C532 C533 C534 C535 C536 C537 C...

Page 332: ...R130 R131 R138 R139 R140 R209 20128 010 01 RESISTOR 10 0805 R121 20130 100 01 RESISTOR 1 00K 1 0805 R107 R126 R127 R165 R166 R167 R202 20131 100 01 RESISTOR 10K 0805 R133 R134 R135 R136 R137 R203 R20...

Page 333: ...COMPONENT IDENTIFIER 20039 100 01 RESISTOR MF 1 8W 1 10 R2 R3 R8 20131 100 01 RESISTOR 10K 0805 R1 R6 20131 499 01 RESISTOR 1 8W 1 49 9K 0805 R10 R13 20543 103 01 TRIMPOTS AUDIO 10K TAPER A R12 21139...

Page 334: ...THREAD FORM 3x6MM 21112 282 01 CAPACITOR CERAMIC 0 0082UF 1KV 10 C1 22106 000 01 DIODE SMCJ26C TRANZORB D3 22209 000 01 DIODE SHOT 1A 60V SMD D1 D2 24758 000 01 LCD BACKLIGHT DRVR CCFT A1 25409 000 01...

Page 335: ...468 002 01 1 Connector 2P Molex PC Mount J8 29556 000 01 1 Inductor Toroid 14 75UH 3 4A L2 L3 27382 008 01 1 Connector Header 8 PIN 3 96MM J1 J2 24108 000 01 1 IC Temperature Fan Control TC650ACV U6 2...

Page 336: ...probably due to product improvements or production changes since the publication of this manual If you intend to replace parts please read page 6 16 Please note that because sur face mount parts are...

Page 337: ...neous 1 Schematic 7 of 8 6 58 Control and Miscellaneous 2 Schematic 8 of 8 6 59 DSP Board DSP Chips Local 3 3V regulator Contains Parts Locator Drawing 6 60 Interconnects Schematic 1 of 9 6 61 Enhance...

Page 338: ...te Schematic 2 of 6 6 80 Dante SRC CPLD Schematic 3 of 6 6 81 Dante Codec Network Interface Schematic 4 of 6 6 82 Streaming SRC Raspberry Pi Interface Schematic 5 of 6 6 83 Streaming Network Interface...

Page 339: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 37...

Page 340: ...6 38 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 341: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 39...

Page 342: ...6 40 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 343: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 41...

Page 344: ...6 42 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 345: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 43...

Page 346: ...6 44 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 347: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 45...

Page 348: ...6 46 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 349: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 47...

Page 350: ...6 48 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 351: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 49...

Page 352: ...6 50 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 353: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 51...

Page 354: ...6 52 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 355: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 53...

Page 356: ...6 54 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 357: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 55...

Page 358: ...6 56 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 359: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 57...

Page 360: ...6 58 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 361: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 59...

Page 362: ...6 60 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 363: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 61...

Page 364: ...6 62 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 365: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 63...

Page 366: ...6 64 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 367: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 65...

Page 368: ...6 66 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 369: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 67...

Page 370: ...6 68 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 371: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 69...

Page 372: ...6 70 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 373: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 71...

Page 374: ...6 72 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 375: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 73...

Page 376: ...6 74 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 377: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 75...

Page 378: ...6 76 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 379: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 77...

Page 380: ...6 78 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 381: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 79...

Page 382: ...6 80 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 383: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 81...

Page 384: ...6 82 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 385: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 83...

Page 386: ...6 84 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 387: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 85...

Page 388: ...6 86 TECHNICAL DATA ORBAN MODEL 8700i...

Page 389: ...OPTIMOD FM DIGITAL TECHNICAL DATA 6 87...

Page 390: ...TER 2 BAND CONTROL COUPLING COMPRESSOR LIMITER COMPRESSOR 5 BAND LOUDNESS CONTROLLER 2 BAND 5 BAND 5 BAND LIMITER COMPRESSOR LIMITER 5 BAND COMPRESSOR VCA CHANNELS 3 4 RDS DATA FUNCTION COMPOSITE DIGI...

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