GE RPV311 Technical Manual Download

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Chapter 1

– Introduction

RPV311

RPV311-TM-EN-7

9.2

RA331

Variants

Order Number

1-5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Model Type

RA331 Acquisition Module for RPV311

RA331

Power Supply

24-48 Vdc

100-250 Vdc / 110-240 Vac

Analogue Inputs 1 to 4

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 1 A; full-scale 20 A (Ith = 32 A)

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 5 A; full-scale 100 A (Ith = 160 A)

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 5 A; full-scale 14 A (Ith = 32 A)

Voltage inputs ±10 Vdc / Current inputs 0-20 mAdc

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 100 mA; full-scale 100 mA (Ith = 2 A)

Not installed

Analogue Inputs 5 to 8

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 1 A; full-scale 20 A (Ith = 32 A)

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 5 A; full-scale 100 A (Ith = 160 A)

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 5 A; full-scale 14 A (Ith = 32 A)

Voltage inputs ±10 Vdc / Current inputs 0-20 mAdc

Voltage inputs 115 V / Current inputs 100 mA; full-scale 100 mA (Ith = 2 A)

Not installed

Digital Inputs 1 to 16

24 V / 48 V

125 V

250 V

Not installed

Digital Inputs 17 to 32

24 V / 48 V

125 V

250 V

Not installed

Customization / Regionalisation

GE branding

Hardware Design Suffix

Third version

Issue D

Summary of Contents for RPV311

Page 1: ...GE Grid Solutions RPV311 Distributed Multifunction Fault Recorder Technical Manual Platform Hardware Version C Platform Software Version 13 Publication Reference RPV311 TM EN 7 imagination at work ...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...24 9 4 RA333 26 Chapter 2 Safety Information 27 1 Health and Safety 27 2 Symbols 27 3 Installation Commissioning and Servicing 28 3 1 Lifting Hazards 28 3 2 Electrical Hazards 28 3 3 Fusing Requirements 30 3 4 Equipment Connections 31 3 5 Pre energisation Checklist 32 3 6 Peripheral Circuitry 32 3 7 Upgrading Servicing 33 4 Decommissioning and Disposal 33 5 Standards Compliance 34 5 1 EMC Complian...

Page 4: ...tal Channels 66 7 DC Channels 67 8 Thresholds 68 8 1 Adding New Voltage Thresholds 70 8 2 Adding New Current Thresholds 71 8 3 Adding New Power Thresholds 73 8 4 Adding New Digital Thresholds 75 8 5 Adding New DC Thresholds 75 9 Cross Trigger 76 10 Fault Recorder 76 10 1 Trigger d Recording 76 10 2 Continuous Recording 78 11 Disturbance Recorder 78 11 1 Trigger d Recording 79 11 2 Continuous Recor...

Page 5: ...COMTRADE files download 131 Chapter 6 Records 132 1 Continuous and Triggered Fault Records 132 1 1 Recorded Values 132 1 2 Recording Times by Trigger 132 1 3 Sampling Rate 133 1 4 Re trigger and Record Concatenation 133 1 5 Trigger Burst Limiter 134 2 Continuous and Trigger d Disturbance Records 134 2 1 Recorded Values 135 2 2 Recording Times by Trigger 135 2 3 Sampling Rate 136 2 4 Re trigger and...

Page 6: ...48 6 TWFL in Mixed Hybrid Lines 150 6 1 K Factor Calculation Overhead Section 150 6 2 K Factor Calculation Underground Section 151 Chapter 8 PMU 153 1 Synchrophasor Measurement and Broadcast 153 1 1 Reported Values 153 1 2 Accuracy Limits 154 1 3 Communication Ports Transmission Rates 155 1 4 Timestamp 155 1 5 Configuration 155 1 6 Standards Compliance 155 2 WMU Waveform Measurement Unit 155 Chapt...

Page 7: ...5 Communication Through Network Using the Serial Port 211 6 Accessing the Equipment 212 6 1 Computer Support Applications 212 6 2 Minimum Computer Requirements 212 6 3 Communication Configuration 213 6 4 Auto Upload 213 Chapter 15 Installation 214 1 Handling the Goods 214 1 1 Receipt of the Goods 214 1 2 Unpacking the Goods 214 1 3 Storing the Goods 214 1 4 Dismantling the Goods 215 2 Normal Use o...

Page 8: ...es not light up 249 2 2 Alarm in processing module lights up 249 2 3 SYNC does not lights up 250 2 4 Date or time incorrect 250 2 5 Time drift throughout operation week 250 3 RPV311 Firmware Update 250 4 Product Support Tools PST 251 5 RA331 RA332 and RA333 Troubleshooting 251 5 1 MAINS indicator does not light up 251 5 2 READY indicator does not light up 251 5 3 PPS indicator does not light up On...

Page 9: ...t Inputs 267 2 5 Current clamps inputs specification 267 2 6 DC Transducer Inputs 268 2 7 Digital Inputs 268 2 8 Fiber optic Links 269 2 9 RA33x Power Supply 269 2 10 Environmental Conditions 270 2 11 Type Tests RA33x 270 2 12 Safety Tests 273 2 13 Environmental tests 273 2 14 Enclosure Protection IEC 60529 274 2 15 Dimensions 274 2 16 Current Clamps 276 Chapter 18 Wiring Diagrams 277 1 Connection...

Page 10: ...ection for Sampled Values channels 56 Figure 16 Equipment access control configuration section 57 Figure 17 Adding new user section 58 Figure 18 Changing the administrator password section Changing the administrator password section 59 Figure 19 Record management configuration section 60 Figure 20 Auto upload configuration section 61 Figure 21 Email Fax configuration 62 Figure 22 Adding and editin...

Page 11: ...Monitoring sequence 101 Figure 48 Records monitoring sequence Fault disturbance TW and average series103 Figure 49 Records monitoring sequence harmonics flicker and SOE 104 Figure 50 Equipment settings monitoring sequence 106 Figure 51 Circuit and channel settings monitoring sequence 107 Figure 52 Relays PMU and MODBUS settings monitoring sequence 108 Figure 53 General information monitoring seque...

Page 12: ... screen of the GOOSE Configurator 181 Figure 82 Screen to configuration on the SCL file 183 Figure 83 Association of a GOOSE Control Block with a digital input 184 Figure 84 Filter parameters 185 Figure 85 RPV Manager main window 187 Figure 86 Downloaded records 188 Figure 87 Alarms tab 188 Figure 88 Device window 191 Figure 89 Transmission Line configuration 192 Figure 90 Current Circuit name 192...

Page 13: ... Figure 114 Analog input terminals 224 Figure 115 Screws of the Back Panel 225 Figure 116 Internal Jumper 225 Figure 117 Analog Input Terminals to TW Measurement 228 Figure 118 Analog Input Terminals 229 Figure 119 Screws of the Back Panel 230 Figure 120 Internal Jumper 230 Figure 121 Analog Input Terminals 233 Figure 122 Screws of the Back Panel 234 Figure 123 Internal Jumper 234 Figure 124 Conne...

Page 14: ...ber optic pair 242 Figure 138 RPV311 Dimensions 243 Figure 139 RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions 244 Figure 140 RA331 RA332 and RA333 panel cutout 245 Figure 141 Mounting panel to install two remote acquisition modules RA331 332 in a 19 inch rack 246 Figure 142 RPV311 Dimensions 265 Figure 143 RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions 275 Figure 144 AEMC MN312 PN 2468 current clamps 276 ...

Page 15: ...product We consider that this manual provides the necessary information but if you consider that more details are needed please contact us All feedback should be sent to our contact centre via the following URL http www gegridsolutions com alstomenergy grid grid contactcentre 1 1 Target Audience This manual is aimed towards all professionals charged with installing commissioning maintaining troubl...

Page 16: ...nguage IMB Imbalance IEEE Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IED Intelligent Electronic Devices IP Internet Protocol IRIG B Inter Range Instrumentation Group Rate Designation B KML Keyhole Markup Language MAC Media Access Control MODBUS Modicon Bus PC Computer PMU Phasor Measurement Unit PST Product Support Tools Pst Short term flicker seve...

Page 17: ...et ports and optionally has a double internal converter for optical Ethernet interfaces Monitoring and configuration are performed through a web interface also it has a human machine interface on the front panel for displaying information It has a MODBUS and DNP3 interface for SCADA integration The RA331 module allows data acquisition of up to 8 analogue channels voltage current or DC transducers ...

Page 18: ...ication 4 1 RPV311 Nameplate Information about the company power supply and the serial number and part number is shown on a small nameplate affixed to the rear of the equipment as shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Location of Serial Number Part Number and specifications 4 2 RA331 RA332 and RA333 Nameplate Information about the company power supply the serial number and part number and specifications abou...

Page 19: ...channel 50 60 Hz channels 256 points per cycle sampling rate 50 60 Hz channels Frequency response of DC to 3 0 kHz 8 bit opto isolated analog to digital converters independent for each channel high speed channels MHz sampling frequency high speed channels Internal time skew compensation Sampling rate synchronized to external IRIG B reference Channel capacity Up to 64 analog inputs voltage current ...

Page 20: ...ker according to IEC 61000 4 15 1997 A1 2003 optional Cross trigger using standard network connection One end fault location based on Takagi algorithm Flexible communication Two 10 100BaseT electrical Ethernet interfaces Two embedded optical Ethernet converters RS232 serial port for modem connection Support for IEC 61850 Up to 320 binary inputs related to IEC 61850 8 1 GOOSE messages optional Two ...

Page 21: ...trical power generation transmission or distribution equipment It is the solution for applications which require flexibility allowing installation of RPV311 Processing Unit in existing panels and the Acquisition Modules RA331 RA332 and RA333 near to the plant seeing monitored the applications installation Figure 1 Functional design overview 8 Programs Under the GPL 2 License The RPV311 uses GPL 2 ...

Page 22: ...45 copper or duplex ST type connector 100BASE X Ethernet interfaces O Functions and Protocols Fault Recorder Sequence of Events Recorder Disturbance Recorder Continuous Fault and Disturbance Recorder Phasor Measurement Unit PMU GOOSE Message Subscription MODBUS DNP3 0 Interface Power Quality IEC 61850 9 2LE Inputs Travelling Wave Fault Location Waveform Measurement Unit WMU Customization Regionali...

Page 23: ...c D Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 100 mA full scale 100 mA Ith 2 A P Not installed X Analogue Inputs 5 to 8 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 1 A full scale 20 A Ith 32 A 1 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 100 A Ith 160 A 5 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 14 A Ith 32 A T Voltage inputs 10 Vdc Current inputs 0 20 mAdc D Voltage inputs 115 V Current input...

Page 24: ...ts 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 14 A Ith 32 A T Voltage inputs 10 Vdc Current inputs 0 20 mAdc D Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 100 mA full scale 100 mA Ith 2 A P Not installed X Analogue Inputs 9 to 12 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 1 A full scale 20 A Ith 32 A 1 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 100 A Ith 160 A 5 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scal...

Page 25: ...tion RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 25 125 V 2 250 V 3 Not installed X Digital Inputs 17 to 32 24 V 48 V 1 125 V 2 250 V 3 Not installed X Customization Regionalisation GE branding C Hardware Design Suffix Third version C Issue D ...

Page 26: ...uts 115 V Current inputs 100 mA full scale 100 mA Ith 2 A P Not installed X Analogue Inputs 5 to 8 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 1 A full scale 20 A Ith 32 A 1 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 100 A Ith 160 A 5 Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 5 A full scale 14 A Ith 32 A T Voltage inputs 10 Vdc Current inputs 0 20 mAdc D Voltage inputs 115 V Current inputs 100 mA full s...

Page 27: ...ent Qualified personnel are individuals who are familiar with the installation commissioning and operation of the equipment and the system to which it is being connected familiar with accepted safety engineering practises and are authorised to energise and de energise equipment in the correct manner trained in the care and use of safety apparatus in accordance with safety engineering practises tra...

Page 28: ...nual is the direct equivalent of the European term Earth 3 Installation Commissioning and Servicing 3 1 Lifting Hazards Many injuries are caused by Lifting heavy objects Lifting things incorrectly Pushing or pulling heavy objects Using the same muscles repetitively Plan carefully identify any possible hazards and determine how best to move the product Look at other ways of moving the load to avoid...

Page 29: ...ing Disassembly of the equipment may expose sensitive electronic circuitry Take suitable precautions against electrostatic voltage discharge ESD to avoid damage to the equipment NEVER look into optical fibres or optical output connections Always use optical power meters to determine operation or signal level Testing may leave capacitors charged to dangerous voltage levels Discharge capacitors by r...

Page 30: ... fuse type with a maximum current rating of 10 Amps and a minimum dc rating of 250 V dc may be used for the auxiliary supply for example Red Spot type NIT or TIA Alternatively a miniature circuit breaker MCB of type C 10A rating compliant with IEC 60947 1 and IEC 60947 3 may be used Digital input circuits should be protected by a high rupture capacity NIT or TIA fuse with maximum rating of 10 A or...

Page 31: ...c shock other devices connected to the RPV311 and RA33x shall have protective class equal or superior to Class I Watchdog self monitoring contacts are provided to indicate the health of the device on some products We strongly recommend that you hard wire these contacts into the substation s automation system for alarm purposes Earth the equipment with the supplied PCT Protective Conductor Terminal...

Page 32: ...larity rating label equipment documentation Check CT circuit rating rating label and integrity of connections Check protective fuse or miniature circuit breaker MCB rating Check integrity of the PCT connection Check voltage and current rating of external wiring ensuring it is appropriate for the application 3 6 Peripheral Circuitry Do not open the secondary circuit of a live CT since the high volt...

Page 33: ...r operational range That situation can cause malfunctioning and or irreversible damage to those devices In that occasion the communication to the Reason equipment might be compromised but its recording operational and safety capacities will not be affected Take extreme care when using external test blocks and test plugs such as the MMLG MMLB and P990 as hazardous voltages may be exposed Ensure tha...

Page 34: ...l File 5 1 EMC Compliance Compliance with IEC 60255 26 2013 was used to establish conformity 5 2 Product Safety 2006 95 EC Compliance with IEC 61010 1 2010 was used to establish conformity Protective Class Protective Class 1 This equipment requires a protective conductor earth to ensure user safety Installation category IEC61010 1 2010 Overvoltage Category II Environment IEC 60068 2 1 IEC 60068 2 ...

Page 35: ...nitoring and configuration are performed through a web interface also it has a human machine interface on the front panel for displaying information It has a MODBUS and DNP3 interface for SCADA integration The RA331 module allows data acquisition of up to 8 analog channels voltage current or DC transducers and up to 32 digital channels The RA332 module allows data acquisition of up to 16 analog ch...

Page 36: ... sum of the slots value of each RA do not exceed the maximum number of 12 Note Differently from the RA331 332 the RA333 has two link One for the DFR functionality and another for the TW functionality 2 Mechanical Implementation 2 1 RPV311 2 1 1 Main features Fan less and no rotating part design Trigger waveform recorder at 256 128 or 64 points per cycle Continuous waveform recorder at 16 points pe...

Page 37: ...ed optical Ethernet converters RS232 serial port for modem connection Support for IEC 61850 Up to 320 binary inputs related to GOOSE messages optional Two Ethernet ports for redundant connection optional One Ethernet port for Process Bus Sampled Values connection optional Local interface on the front panel dry contact relays for remote signalling Fax and or e mail message after detection of a trig...

Page 38: ...rface Back view of the RPV311 showing all the main components on the back panel Figure 4 Back view of the RPV311 D Up to 8 pairs of connectors for fiber optic links For each link there is an Act indicator that lights up when the link is receiving data of the acquisition module E AC or DC power input F 4 dry contact relays G Electrical and Optical optional IRIG B input for the external synchronizat...

Page 39: ... 2 Components Figure 5 shows all the components of the RA331 module Figure 5 Rear and front views of the RA331 respectively A AC or DC power input B Mains and Ready back panel indicators The Mains is lit when the module is powered Ready indicator lights up after the module self test is completed C Up to 8 analog inputs for voltage current or DC transducers identified as 101 to 108 D Up to 32 digit...

Page 40: ...erters 256 points per cycle sampling rate Frequency response of DC to 3 0 kHz Fiber optic interface to connect to the processing module Up to 2 km fiber optic links Front panel mounting or internal panel mounting 2 3 2 Components Figure 6 shows all the components of the RA332 module Figure 6 Rear view of the RA332 A AC or DC power input B Mains and Ready back panel indicators Mains is lit when the...

Page 41: ...A332 are the same as the RA331 see Figure 5 2 4 RA333 2 4 1 Key Features 3 high speed analog inputs with 5 MHz Up to 8 analog inputs with 50 60 Hz voltage current DC transducers Up to 32 digital inputs 16 bit analog to digital converters 256 points per cycle sampling rate for 50 60 Hz acquisition 8 bit analog to digital converters 5 MHz sampling frequency for high speed acquisition Frequency respo...

Page 42: ...ule C Connector for fiber optic link between RA333 and processing module of the TW acquisition The connector has an Act indicator that lights up when its link is active i e it is receiving requests of the processing module D Connector for fiber optic link between RA333 and processing module of the analog acquisition The connector has an Act indicator that lights up when its link is active i e it i...

Page 43: ...tor lights up when a traveling wave signal is detected and the RA333 is transmitting the data for processing module The TW PPS blinks once per second indicating that the unit is synchronized The TW LINK indicates that the TW module in the RA333 is communicating with the RPV311 processing unit The TW READY indicates that the TW module in the RA333 is healthy MAINS lights up when the RA333 is powere...

Page 44: ......

Page 45: ...rface When the equipment is accessed a copy of the current configuration is maintained on the equipment until a new configuration is sent To enter the configuration interface click on the CONFIGURE button of the initial Web Interface A new window is open The username and password are required The default username and password are Default username and password to enter the configuration interface U...

Page 46: ...iguration to the equipment the user must define the changes to be included in the configuration history By clicking the OK button the configuration is send and the equipment will be temporarily unavailable E Arrows to pass by the menu items If the configuration is not transmitted to the equipment the changes are not applied Opening more than one configuration section at a time is not allowed If a ...

Page 47: ... report about the configuration select the revision of the configuration and click on the REPORT button A new window will open displaying all the information about the configuration selected 2 Equipment 2 1 Identification On this screen shown below it is possible to configure the equipment identifier location and owner These three fields make up the equipment file name pursuant to the COMNAME rule...

Page 48: ...G B signal has the CF extensions IEEE1344 timing information as date hour year time zone and daylight saving time can be provided by the signal Time zone and daylight saving time information can also be manually set via the Web Interface overriding the information of the IRIG B signal 2 2 1 Time Source On the screen TIME SOURCE it is possible to configure how the RPV311 will interpret the time zon...

Page 49: ...red as well as day light saving configurations The configurable settings are A The TIMEZONE defines if time zone information is supplied by the IEEE1344 extensions of the IRIG B signal or if it is manually set When Auto is selected the RPV311 will use the same local time sent within the IRIGB signal When Manual is selected the RPV311 will use the UTC time retrieved using information from the Time ...

Page 50: ...etwork broadcast address to which the equipment is connected D The IP text field allows user to enter the equipment s IP address E The PORT scroll box allows user to select the communication port of the equipment used as gateway Ethernet 1 and Ethernet 2 can be configured The Ethernet port enables the RPV to connect to the TCP IP UDP IP networks The RPV311 allows point to point communication with ...

Page 51: ...PORT FOR ROUTING check box enables the use of the equipment as a router for another network D The MODEM check box allows permanent communication between an RPV311 and a server through a telephone line E The DIAL OUT NUMBER text field allows user to enter a number to be dialed via modem This can be left blank if a direct serial communication link is used F The MODEM INIT STRING text field allows us...

Page 52: ...h simultaneous acquisition of all channels provided by the IRIG B signal thus ensuring that the frequency acquisition is kept constant The analog channels for current measurement use internal shunts to minimize the effects of phase variation caused by transformers There is a delay in the data transmission of the acquisition module for the processing module proportional to the length of the fiber o...

Page 53: ...Fiber length text field allows user to enter the fiber length in meters to compensate the delay in the data transmission between the acquisition and processing modules All analog channels have two configuration options Circuits and channels will be configured based on the option selected In the Inputs section shown in Figure 13 it is possible to configure the analog inputs of the acquisition modul...

Page 54: ...med by Sampled Values data incoming of Merging Units The acquisition is done by connecting the Process Bus Ethernet port to the Sampled Values generator If the acquisition is done by Sampled Values there is no physical link to configure The configuration is performed by Subscription links Each subscription link contains data of 4 current Phases A B C and Neutral and 4 voltage Phases A B C and Neut...

Page 55: ... E The VLAN ID text field allow user to insert the VLAN ID of the monitored Sampled Values F The VLAN PRIORITY scroll box allow user to select the priority of the Sampled Values data at the configured VLAN G The SAMPLE RATE scroll box allow user to select the Sampled Values sample rate 80 points per cycle is used for protection purposes and 256 points per cycles is used for measurement purposes H ...

Page 56: ...JUSTMENT text field allows user to enter a correction factor to adjust the accuracy of the measurement 2 6 Access Control The equipment has independent access control to Check the equipment status monitor the measured values access the records and the equipment s configuration Firmware Upgrade Maintenance Modem connection In the section shown in Figure 16 it is possible to determine whether the pa...

Page 57: ...llows user to enter an independent password to access the automatic file records scanning The factory set default password is 12345 This field cannot be disabled D The GOOSE CONFIGURATION PASSWORD text field allows user to enter an independent password to configure the GOOSE application The factory set default password is 12345 This field cannot be disabled The password can have up to 8 characters...

Page 58: ... above D The ALLOW user to configure equipment check box allows user to set the equipment and also to access the Web Interface To delete a user select the user in the configuration interface menu and click on the REMOVE button User can be deleted only if there is more than one user entered and may be performed by any user who is authorized to access equipment setup In the User admin section shown ...

Page 59: ...ORD text field allows user to enter a new password to access the Web Interface maximum 8 characters C The CONFIRM text field allows user to confirm password entered in the field above The user administrator is always able to configure the equipment and cannot be deleted 2 8 Record Management In this section shown in Figure 19 it is possible to configure the permanent deletion of equipment records ...

Page 60: ...ess of each destination server and the type of record which will be sent When a new record is generated and the record type is enabled for auto upload it is automatically transmitted to the servers If at the upload time the server is not available or the network is unreadable the record is not retransmitted In this case the record will be transmitted only through the automatic scanning by the serv...

Page 61: ... DISTURBANCE STEADY STATE TRAVELING WAVE OR SOE check boxes these records will be automatically uploaded to a preset destination 2 9 2 E mail Fax The RPV311 is capable of sending email up to 4 different addresses and fax up to 2 different numbers Upon creating a new COMTRADE file the RPV send a warning email fax with the name of the register that has been created The file name contains the time st...

Page 62: ...The default sequence is ABC To add a new voltage circuit select the VOLTAGE CIRCUITS section and fill in the following The IDENTIFIER text field allows user to enter a single code for the circuit being defined maximum 15 characters No editing allowed The WIRING scroll box allows user to select a number of elements used for measuring 1 2 3 or 4 No editing allowed Selecting the 3 PHASE CIRCUIT SYNTH...

Page 63: ...ch as nominal value and transformation ratio The frequency is calculated individually for each circuit as long as the magnitude of the voltage is over 10 of the nominal magnitude configured in the Voltage Circuit window The frequency track occurs within the range of Nominal Frequency 5Hz Figure 22 Adding and editing voltage circuits 4 Current Circuits Considering the input type configurations it i...

Page 64: ...REQUENCY REFERENCE scroll box allows user to select a reference voltage circuit The RATIO text fields allows user to enter ratio of power transformers for each input Once the circuit is created it appears in the configuration interface menu When selecting the circuit a screen shows the characteristics of the circuit selected as shown in Figure 23 It is possible to edit some parameters such as nomi...

Page 65: ...er to select a code of the current circuit to be used Once the circuit is created it shows in the configuration interface menu When selecting the circuit a screen shows the characteristics of the circuit selected as shown in Figure 24 It is possible to edit the voltage or current circuit The frequency is calculated individually for each circuit as long as the magnitude of the voltage is over 10 of...

Page 66: ...ons of the digital channels are stored in the sequence of events SOE record To add a new digital channel select the Digital Channels section and fill in the following The IDENTIFIER text field allows user to enter a single code for the channel being defined maximum 15 characters No editing allowed The INPUT scroll box allows user to define the input to which each digital channel is connected No ed...

Page 67: ...ill in the following The IDENTIFIER text field allows user to enter a single code for the channel being defined maximum 15 characters No editing allowed The INPUT scroll box allows user to define the input to which each DC channel is connected No editing allowed The FREQUENCY REFERENCE scroll box allows user to select a reference voltage circuit The GAIN and the OFFSET text field allows user to de...

Page 68: ...8 Thresholds Measured values are continuously monitored and may be tested once every cycle of the nominal frequency of the system against lower and upper thresholds and range rates involving Magnitude Frequency Active Reactive and Apparent Powers Positive and Negative Sequences Imbalance Digital Signals Variation d dt GOOSE Signals The variation thresholds are calculated using a 1 cycle time windo...

Page 69: ...o 𝑈 imbalance o THD total harmonic distortion o VOSC voltage oscillation o FRQOSC frequency oscillation measured from voltage Power upper and lower limits and rate of change o S combined apparent power o S1 fundamental apparent power o P1 fundamental active power o Q1 fundamental reactive power Power upper limits o S𝑂𝑆𝐶 power swing DC Transducers upper and lower limits Digital channels L to H tran...

Page 70: ...ive sequence variation dVIMB unbalance variation dVFRQ frequency variation dVTHD THD variation The OPERATOR scroll box allows user to select greater than or less than for analog magnitude The VALUE text field allows user to enter the magnitude value associated with greater than or less than operator The HOLD TIME text field allows user to enter the time in milliseconds where the threshold needs to...

Page 71: ...Thresholds To add a current threshold fill in the following The SOURCE scroll box allows user to define a code of a current circuit used No editing allowed The QUANTITY scroll box allows user to select the associated magnitude to be monitored For current circuits ABC and N magnitude or effective value ABC1 and N1 phasors 𝑆 positive sequence 𝑆 negative sequence IIMB imbalance IFRQ frequency ITHD to...

Page 72: ...LD TIME text field allows user to enter the time in milliseconds where the threshold needs to be exceeded to be considered valid The HYSTERESIS text field allows user to enter a quantity in whose the value needs to be smaller in relation to the threshold to determine the end of the event and to reset the threshold detector Once the threshold is created it appears in the configuration interface men...

Page 73: ... variation SOSC power swing The OPERATOR scroll box allows user to select greater than or less than for analog magnitude The VALUE text field allows user to enter the magnitude value associated with greater than or less than operator The HOLD TIME text field allows user to enter the time in seconds where the threshold needs to be exceeded to be considered valid For the SOSC power threshold this fi...

Page 74: ... to delete the threshold Power Swing Voltage Oscillation and Frequency Oscillation The parameters that are configurable in Power Swing Voltage Oscillation and Frequency Oscillation threshold are Oscillation magnitude in MVA PU and Hz Oscillation time in seconds and Hysteresis in percentage The Operator scroll box can only be set to Greater Than To trigger the RPV311 uses a fixed band pass filter a...

Page 75: ...ll box allows user to define a code of a DC channel used No editing allowed The Operator scroll box allows user to select greater than or less than for analog magnitude The Value text field allows user to enter the magnitude value associated with greater than or less than operator The Hold time text field allows user to enter the time in milliseconds where the threshold needs to be exceeded to be ...

Page 76: ... Trigger The cross trigger is performed through an Ethernet broadcast UDP message sent whenever the device triggers then all the RPV311 within the network with the cross trigger enabled will receive the message and trigger as well 10 Fault Recorder The RPV311 allows user to register triggered and continuous fault recorder 10 1 Trigger d Recording In this section shown in Figure 31 it is possible t...

Page 77: ...ses AND and OR logic operators over previously defined thresholds Initially all preset thresholds are displayed as implicit OR operators one per line To enable thresholds individually click on the threshold and select ENABLE To disable discarded thresholds individually click on the threshold and select DISABLE To break or remove complex thresholds click on the threshold and select CUT LAST To crea...

Page 78: ...A The ENABLED check box allows user to enable the continuous fault recording feature B The QUANTITY scroll box allows user to select the derived quantity of continuous disturbance records C The DESELECT ALL button allows user to deselect magnitudes selected It is possible only to enable the fault continuous recorder if the disturbance continuous recorder is disabled It is not possible to use both ...

Page 79: ... The ENABLED check box allows user to enable the disturbance triggered recorder feature B The PRE TIME text field allows user to enter the recording time before the event in seconds The POST TIME text field allows user to enter the recording time after the event in seconds The TIME OUT text field allows user to enter the maximum times in seconds where the event will be recorded The DISABLED FOR MI...

Page 80: ...ow Click on the threshold and select CUT LAST Click on the threshold to which is desired to add the previously selected threshold and then select the threshold to be added D Selecting the RECEIVE ETHERNET CROSS TRIGGER or SEND ETHERNET CROSS TRIGGER check box enables these features It allows the start of the recording of an exceeded threshold by Ethernet cross trigger E The SELECT QUANTITY button ...

Page 81: ...f the fault continuous recorder is disabled It is not possible to use both recorders simultaneously 12 Traveling Waves Recorder The RPV311 allows user to configure a traveling wave recorder for fault location by trigger To start the configuration it is necessary add a new recorder in accordance with the position of selected links in equipment Once created the traveling wave recorder can be configu...

Page 82: ...t the threshold to be added D Selecting the RECEIVE ETHERNET CROSS TRIGGER or SEND ETHERNET CROSS TRIGGER check box enables these features It allows the start of the recording of an exceeded threshold by Ethernet cross trigger Note The maximum number of RA333 that can be connected to the RPV311 is 4 The RA333 module has to be connected to the RPV311 processing module before its initianilzaton Othe...

Page 83: ...r The average series the following voltage and current circuits quantities magnitude or effective value neutral magnitude or effective value frequency unbalance and total harmonic distortion Figure 36 Steady state recorder average series configuration section A The PERIOD scroll box allows user to select the recording average series every 1 or 10 minutes 14 2 Harmonics In this section shown in Fig...

Page 84: ...eld shows all the circuits previously configured B The TYPE field shows the circuit type C The check box allows the selection of preset circuits for the steady state record formation In the harmonics recorder only 2 circuits can be selected at the same time 14 3 Flicker Figure 38 shows the configuration screen of the Flicker feature ...

Page 85: ...le to monitor circuits that are not included in either group To add new groups fill in the following The IDENTIFIER text field allows user to enter a single code for the group being defined maximum 15 characters No editing allowed The IDENTIFIER field shows all the circuits and channels previously configured The TYPE field shows the circuits type The check box allows user to include the preset cir...

Page 86: ... fields Figure 39 Adding and editing a group A The REMOVE button allows user to delete the group 16 Relays Relays indicate events or state transitions and set off the alarm on the equipment RPV311 provides four relays three relays set by the user and one factory default relay which signals internal equipment failure 16 1 On time In this section shown in Figure 40 it is possible to configure the re...

Page 87: ...0 Relays on time configuration section A The TIME scroll box allows user to select the relays on time for logging signaling events 1 to 10 seconds 16 2 Relays 2 3 and 4 In this section shown in Figure 41 it is possible to configure the relay signaling events ...

Page 88: ...der to combine several LOG events to trigger the alarm use comma to separate the LOG numbers for instance 709 710 B The WARNINGS check box allows user to select the following events for signaling Equipment not ready Primary power failure Equipment unsync Fault recorder lack of memory Disturbance recorder lack of memory Steady state recorder lack of memory SOE recorder lack of memory Link communica...

Page 89: ... and frequency The parameters present on the screen are GROUP this setting displays all the values related to the selected group that can be transmitted Each group has a particular setting for the frequency and rate of change of frequency related to it The ENABLE check box allows user to enable data packet transmission The ID text field allows user to enter a single PMU transmitter ID the range is...

Page 90: ...e to choose if the HDR frame will be sent UNICAST Sets the addressing of the respective streams of data to Unicast mode This kind of transmission connects to a single IP address and the routing of the messages though the available Ethernet ports are managed by the RPV system It is important that the destination IP and the RPV311 share the same subnetwork address MULTICAST Sets the addressing of th...

Page 91: ...DESELECT ALL button allows user to deselect all the magnitudes selected Note Whenever MODBUS DNP3 feature is enabled the RPV will send both types of messages It is not possible to enable just one protocol 19 DNP3 The DNP3 functionality is fully associated with the MODBUS functionality in the RPV311 To use the DNP3 protocol it is necessary to insert a configuration key at the equipment to unlock th...

Page 92: ...nnels sequentially associating to an integer number plus an increment starting at zero for each digital channel GOOSE digital channels are not added to the DNP3 database 19 2 DNP3 configuration example 19 2 1 Adding digital channels First step for digital channel DNP3 database association is to create a digital channel Figure 43 shows the digital channels configured and table below shows associate...

Page 93: ...r MODBUS The MODBUS analog data are shown in section 1 3 To configure the analog data access the MODBUS DNP3 menu via web interface Analog data are added in a sequential way like the digital channels but the starting number for the analog channels is 5 Numbers 0 1 2 3 and 4 are reserved for equipment information Note For analog channels the first number associated at the DNP3 database is 5 Numbers...

Page 94: ...Chapter 4 Configuration RPV311 94 RPV311 TM EN 7 Figure 44 Analog channels selected A The field is only used for analog quantities with DNP3 B Used to configure the digital inputs that will be sent ...

Page 95: ...voltage circuit phase B RMS value VC CV1 102 07 CV1 voltage circuit phase C RMS value VN CV1 103 08 CV1 voltage circuit neutral RMS value VC1 CV1 mag 106 09 CV1 voltage circuit phase C phasor magnitude VN1 CV1 mag 107 10 CV1 voltage circuit neutral phasor magnitude VA1 CV1 phi 110 11 CV1 voltage circuit phase A phasor angle VS CV1 mag 112 12 CV1 voltage circuit positive sequence magnitude VS CV1 m...

Page 96: ...Chapter 4 Configuration RPV311 96 RPV311 TM EN 7 Note The phase angles are sent in degrees for the MODBUS and radian for DNP3 ...

Page 97: ... 4 status indicators ALARM Lights up when the equipment requires attention of the operator TRIGGER Flashes when a threshold has been triggered SYNC Lights up when the internal clock and the acquisition system are synchronized through the IRIG B signal READY Lights up when the equipment has passed through the self test routines and is in normal operation 1 2 Menu Navigation The navigation buttons a...

Page 98: ...elow is displayed in the local menu Date and time If the equipment is in normal operation If the equipment is using the IRIG B timing and the signal quality Date and time since last power up Percentage of mass memory used To access the items use the sequence shown in Figure 46 ...

Page 99: ...RPV311 Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 TM EN 7 99 Figure 46 Status monitoring sequence ...

Page 100: ...ties are separated by the name of the circuit and the data is updated once per second To view the values related to quantities associated with a circuit select the circuit group choose the circuit type voltage current or power and then select the name of the circuit to be monitored To access the Monitoring items use the sequence shown in Figure 47 ...

Page 101: ...RPV311 Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 TM EN 7 101 Figure 47 Monitoring sequence ...

Page 102: ...cord select the type of the record Waveform Synchrophasors Steady state TW or SOE and then select the date and the time of the record to be viewed For each record the following data will be shown Time stamp of the record Record duration Thresholds exceeded triggered records only Time quality The fault location waveform records only To access the Record use the sequence shown in Figures 49 and 50 ...

Page 103: ...RPV311 Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 TM EN 7 103 Figure 48 Records monitoring sequence Fault disturbance TW and average series ...

Page 104: ...Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 104 RPV311 TM EN 7 Figure 49 Records monitoring sequence harmonics flicker and SOE ...

Page 105: ...tion related to Equipment identification Synchronization information Communication settings gateway serial port and Ethernet Information about voltage current and power circuits and digital channels Relay configuration To access the Setting items use the sequence shown in Figures 51 to 53 ...

Page 106: ...Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 106 RPV311 TM EN 7 Figure 50 Equipment settings monitoring sequence ...

Page 107: ...RPV311 Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 TM EN 7 107 Figure 51 Circuit and channel settings monitoring sequence ...

Page 108: ...Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 108 RPV311 TM EN 7 Figure 52 Relays PMU and MODBUS settings monitoring sequence ...

Page 109: ... Shows general information about the equipment such as Equipment model Processor Module identification Frequency Type of sequence Key to enable the equipment functions Features features enabled To access the items of General Information use the sequence shown in Figure 53 ...

Page 110: ...Chapter 5 Operation RPV311 110 RPV311 TM EN 7 Figure 53 General information monitoring sequence ...

Page 111: ...PV311 web interface features To access the monitoring interface enter the equipment s Ethernet IP in a web browser If the Flash Player 9 0 or higher plug in is not already installed on the computer it will be automatically installed by the operating system The Ethernet interface default settings are shown in Chapter 14 Communications If the equipment is not fond with the default IP settings refer ...

Page 112: ...d to the direction desired Click on the single arrow to move one step or on the double arrow to move 10 steps To finish the session click on the LOGOUT button A confirmation box will appear Click Yes to confirm or No to keep logged in If the screen is closed before pressing the logout button the user will remain connected until a time delay expires 1 minute 2 3 Status In the Status screen the stat...

Page 113: ...d IRIG B signal and the acquisition system is synchronized with the IRIG B signal even if the time quality is different of locked Time quality indicates the received IRIG B signal quality Memory usage indicates the memory usage related to the fault disturbance TW steady state and SOE records and log Last power up indicates the date and time since the last power up B The REFRESH button allows user ...

Page 114: ... information Position indicates the link position of A to L Module indicates the module type related to the link position Status indicates the status of the link Active if it is sending and receiving data and inactive if it is not C The REFRESH button allows user to refresh the screen information D The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 4 Log The Log screen shown in Figure 57 displays...

Page 115: ...des shall be entered with 3 digits C The LIST button allows user to show the list of records according to the filtering parameters D Logs listed with the following information Time stamp indicates the date and time of event log yyyymm dd hh mm ss uuuuuu 0000 UTC time offset Code indicates the log code Description describes the log E The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 5 Manual Trig...

Page 116: ... recording is triggered C The TRIGGER button allows user to trigger the selected record D The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 6 Records This section describes how to access different types of records on the RPV311 For details about the records see Chapter 6 Records The Fault recorder screen shown in Figure 59 displays a history of equipment fault records ...

Page 117: ...ters If clicking LIST finds no record available a window will be opened with a message No records available So click OK and return to the previous section E Fault records listed with the following information Time stamp indicates the date and time of event log yyyymm dd hh mm ss uuuuuu 0000 UTC time offset Cause indicates threshold exceeded Duration record length in seconds F The DETAILS button al...

Page 118: ... to their selection C The Trigger and the Continuous boxes allow user to select either or both types of record to be present on the list D The LIST button allows user to show the list of records according to the filtering parameters If clicking LIST finds no record available a window will be opened with a message No records available So click OK and return to the previous section E Disturbance rec...

Page 119: ...shown in Figure 61 displays a history of equipment traveling wave records Figure 61 Traveling Wave recorder screen A The Search box allows user to choose the period of time of the oldest to the latest to display B The Manual Filter box allows user to filter the records manually according to the their selection C The LIST button allows user to show the list of records according to the filtering par...

Page 120: ...he record This information is also included in the HDR file F The COMTRADE button allows download of record line per line and saving it in the COMTRADE format and compression as zic file G The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 6 3 Steady state The Steady state recorder screen shown in Figure 62 displays a history of equipment steady state records Figure 62 Steady state recorder scree...

Page 121: ...pened with a message No records available So click OK and return to the previous section E Steady state records listed with the following information Time stamp indicates the date and time of event log yyyymm dd hh mm ss uuuuuu 0000 UTC time offset Cause indicates threshold exceeded Duration record length in seconds F The COMTRADE button allows download of record line per line and saving it in the...

Page 122: ...tes the date and time of event log yyyymm dd hh mm ss uuuuuu 0000 UTC time offset Cause indicates threshold exceeded Duration record length in seconds E The COMTRADE button allows download of record line per line and saving it in the Comtrade format and compression as zic file F The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 7 Monitoring With the Web Interface it is possible to monitor the va...

Page 123: ...uit and a current circuit The following values are computed once per cycle Voltage and current measurement S Combined apparent power S1 Fundamental apparent power P1 Phasors Q1 Phasors neutral Reactive power has a positive sign for circuits with inductive characteristics and a negative sign for circuits with capacitive characteristics DC Transducers Measurement The RMS value of the DC channels tra...

Page 124: ...elect which type of recording to trigger B The TRIGGER button allows user to trigger the selected record C Quantities selected to be monitored D RE SCALE button E Plots with time evolution for the values related to the selected quantity The graphics show the time evolution of the selected quantity with the update frequency of 2 points per second The time selected is related to the pre fault time o...

Page 125: ...n Figure 65 Figure 65 Monitoring circuit quantities via Web interface A Phasor angle for each phase of the selected circuit B Selected circuit to be monitored C Quantities related to the circuits being monitored Phasor angles measured and displayed are absolute angles referenced to the PPS signal provided by the synchronization When no sync signal is connected the measured angles are referenced to...

Page 126: ...he purpose of turning this process faster for subsequent reboots on the device This filter will not interfere with the registering of the DC components generated by faults 2 7 4 Digital Channels The status of each digital channel can be monitored via Web Interface as shown inFigure 66 Access MONITORING DIGITAL CHANNELS It is possible to monitor the status of up to 64 digital channels per page and ...

Page 127: ...ls A Status of the digital channel B Changes pages being monitored C Shows the number of the page being monitored 2 8 Configuration History The Configuration History screen shown in Figure 67 displays the history of changes made in the equipment configuration and its corresponding revision number ...

Page 128: ...e stamp indicates the date and time of change in configuration User indicates the user who changed the configuration Description describes the change B The REPORT button allows user to print an equipment configuration report C The CLOSE button allows user to close the section 2 9 General Information The General Information screen shown in Figure 68 displays general information about the equipment ...

Page 129: ...e sequence reference ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA Firmware version the current firmware version for the equipment B The key related to the features enabled on the equipment C The equipment features enabled or disabled D The SETUP button allows user to set some features of the equipment E The CLOSE button allows user to close the section Clicking on the Setup button will open a screen shown in Figure 69...

Page 130: ... sequence reference E The Key box allows user to enable the equipment features F The LOGOUT button allows user to logout of the section G The TRANSMIT button allows user to send the changes to the equipment When contacting our support personnel it is necessary to inform the equipment serial number and part number Alstom s support personnel will send an email with the new key In order to enable the...

Page 131: ... listed below Scanner software Chapter 12 Software RPV Tools Simple platform that download specific types of files fault disturbance SOE TW from specific IP address with preset time intervals RPV Manager Chapter 13 Software RPV Manager Elaborate software that downloads the records from several separate RPVs performs TW fault location and shows the equipment alarms Auto upload which is a feature of...

Page 132: ...trigger signal of another recorder or by a manual trigger using the Web Interface Continuous and triggered fault records share the same mass storage area 1 1 Recorded Values The following values are recorded by the fault recorder Voltage waveform of all voltage circuits A B C and N Current waveform of all current circuits A B C and N Transducer waveform of all transducer channels Digital channels ...

Page 133: ...log and digital inputs are recorded at the same sampling rate depending on the type of recorder i e Triggered fault records 256 128 or 64ppc and Continuous fault record 16ppc 1 4 Re trigger and Record Concatenation When two or more consecutive triggers happen case the post fault time of the first trigger and the pre fault time of the second trigger cross each other then the RPV311 concatenates bot...

Page 134: ... is based on the number of triggers time interval both parameters are user configurable When the limit is exceeded recording will be disabled for a period of time defined by the user Parameter Allowed values Increment Number of triggers 0 12 1 Time interval 0 60 s 1 s Disabling time 1 60 min 1 min 2 Continuous and Trigger d Disturbance Records Disturbance records can be created in the following wa...

Page 135: ...ce records share the same mass storage area 2 1 Recorded Values The following values are recorded by the continuous and triggered disturbance recorders RMS value of voltage and current circuits Voltage and current phasors Frequency of voltage circuits Positive sequence of voltage and current circuits Negative sequence of voltage and current circuits Imbalance of voltage and current circuits Total ...

Page 136: ...eling waves have a wave front with a very fast rise time and a down time which is relatively slow The waves move at speeds near that of light away of the fault point toward the end points of the line The waves are not limited to the transmission line where the fault occurred spreading through the adjacent electrical system with decreasing amplitude the result of the combined effects of the impedan...

Page 137: ... the processing module at this moment The complete transfer of data takes about 2 minutes and in this time the BUSY indicators are lit While data is being transferred to the processing module 2 minutes new TW records will not be registered During this time the other acquisition and processing modules continue functioning normally 3 3 Recording Times The recording parameters are fixed and the recor...

Page 138: ...he values obtained at every measuring window are aggregated over 𝑇vs 3 s Values resulting of the 𝑇vs 3 s aggregation are aggregated a second time over 𝑇sh 10 min using classifiers The result is the cumulative probability for each harmonic component of the input signal For each harmonic component of the input signal the value that does not exceed the 𝑝 1 10 50 90 95 and 99 percentiles in the 𝑇sh ti...

Page 139: ... power lines parameters The data are formatted according to the requirements of Alstom s Analise software The tri files have the sequence of digital events The data was formatted according to the requirements of Alstom s Analise software The following information about the register and the RPV311 can be found within the zic file Trigger cause Date Equipment health and sync status Memory usage Last...

Page 140: ...e in EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION LOCATION up to 12 characters DEVICEID Equipment identifier configurable in EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFIER up to 12 characters COMPANY Equipment owner description configurable in EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION OWNER up to 12 characters DURATION sssssuuuuuu Duration of the record seconds microsseconds TYPE Record type Fault fault record Disturbance disturbance record Avg...

Page 141: ...onfiguration and records are stored in the SSD non volatile memory 7 Record Management and Access Records can be accessed in three ways Through the Web Interface see further information in Chapter 5 Operation Through the Scanner which is part of the RPVTools package see further information in Chapter 12 Software RPV Tools Through auto upload see further information in Chapter 4 Configuration Manag...

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Page 143: ... to be synchronized with a GPS Clock as accurate as possible The signal used to extract the traveling waves if the voltage signal from the secondary circuitry of the VT During a fault the RPV311 in each terminal will register the waveform of the traveling wave in a COMTRADE file after being triggered by any of the thresholds described in Chapter 4 Thresholds The COMTRADE files of both ends of the ...

Page 144: ... which the traveling wave gets to terminal A tb time which the traveling wave gets to terminal B The means to get the COMTRADE files from the RPV311 to the computer where the fault location will be performed are described in Chapter 5 Operation COMTRADE files download The TW record is a COMTRADE file with 100ms prior to the trigger plus 1 cycle after the trigger that means approximately 117 ms 60 ...

Page 145: ... that point 2 3 Underground and Overhead Cables There are no restraints regarding the fact that the cable is underground In the calculation of the fault location there is a parameter k as presented in the fault location formula aforementioned that depends on the physical characteristics of the wire When the TW fault locator method is used on combination of cable the k parameter becomes the mean va...

Page 146: ...1 manual in topic 14 5 The fault location should be 50 of the line Alternatively it is possible to useone RPV311 and two RA333 connected to the same RPV311 Taking care when creating the powerline file in which only the line parameter will be different for example terminal_a LOCATION IDENTIFIER LINE_A terminal_a terminal_b LOCATION IDENTIFIER LINE_B terminal_b Another possibility that also tests th...

Page 147: ...essary to configure two transmission lines in the TW Fault Locator tool which means to create two powerline configuration files The first powerline configuration file is regarding line A B with length and k1 equal to L1 L1 L1 Figure 74 and the second powerline file configuration regarding the section C B with length and k1 equal L1 L2 Figure 74 In order to locate the fault is necessary to combine ...

Page 148: ...e than 50 of the length of the line and the result of the fault location of line C B also returns more the 50 of the length then we know the fault is in the L1 section as in Figure 74 Figure 75 Example 2 Now consider the result of fault location on line A B being at more than 50 of the length and the result of the fault location on line C B at less than 50 then we know the fault is in the L2 secti...

Page 149: ...RPV311 Chapter 9 TW Fault Locator RPV311 TM EN 7 149 Figure 75 TW Fault Location example 1 ...

Page 150: ...ng the fault distance calculations The wave velocity is related to the relative permittivity of the main insulation and different thicknesses of the semi conducting layers Assuming one constant wave velocity for such a line will result in errors 6 1 K Factor Calculation Overhead Section In the case of K factor relating to overhead line without insulating material it is considered that the dielectr...

Page 151: ...nd distance between the conductors of the transmission line in question Therefore during commissioning the K is usually set to 0 99 and improved later based on the data from subsequent fault location distances 6 2 K Factor Calculation Underground Section In this type of table the insulation material have permeability and permittivity well defined for the entire cable which makes it easier to calcu...

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Page 153: ...lectable of the list below Reported values user selectable Phasors Voltage synchrophasors any phase Current synchrophasors any phase Positive and Negative sequence for voltage circuits Positive and Negative sequence for current circuits Frequency Frequency and frequency variation of one circuit Scalars Any DC channel Voltage RMS value any phase Current RMS value any phase Voltage circuit imbalance...

Page 154: ...𝑖 𝑛 are the measured values while 𝑋𝑟 and 𝑋𝑖 are the theoretical values of the input signal at the instant of measurement All 1A and 5A analog inputs boards in RA33x modules have the proper accuracy necessary for the RPV311 PMU solution to be rated as level 1 compliant according to IEEE C37 118 under the condition below Influence quantity Range TVE max Signal frequency 5 Hz of Fnom 1 Signal magnitu...

Page 155: ...t 50Hz the rates are 10 25 or 50 frames per second 1 4 Timestamp The reported timestamp is synchronized to the UTC second rollover and refers to the middle of the sampling window 1 5 Configuration The PMU configuration is carried out through the Web Interface For details about the PMU configuration see Chapter 4 Configuration 1 6 Standards Compliance The RPV311 PMU complies with the following stan...

Page 156: ...rame 6 STAT 2 Bit mapped flags 7 PHASORS 4 x PHNMR or 8 x PHNMR Phasor estimates May be single phase or 3 phase positive negative or zero sequence 4 or 8 bytes each depending on the fixed 16 bit or floating point format used as indicated by the FORMAT field in configuration the frame The number of values is determined by the PHNMR field in configuration 1 2 and 3 frames 8 FREQ 2 4 Frequency fixed ...

Page 157: ...e Up to 8 simultaneous connections are allowed at a maximum rate of 60 accesses per second 1 1 Register Types Each register reports 16 bit data Registers are divided into 3 groups Register Type 0 Status 100 to 199 Analog data 200 to 223 Digital channels 1 2 Status The equipment status is reported by the following registers Register Type 0 General State Bit 0 General failure Bit 1 Low primary power...

Page 158: ...its Positive sequence of voltage and current circuits Negative sequence of voltage and current circuits Imbalance of voltage and current circuits Total harmonic distortion of voltage and current circuits Apparent combined power of power circuits Apparent fundamental power of power circuits Active fundamental power of power circuits Reactive fundamental power of power circuits RMS value of transduc...

Page 159: ...RPV311 Chapter 9 MODBUS RPV311 TM EN 7 159 The MODBUS configuration is carried out through the Web Interface For details about the MODBUS configuration see Chapter 4 Configuration ...

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Page 161: ...atabase a number is associated These numbers are integers and start at zero The number associated follows the order that the digital channels are created at equipment configuration For each analog channel added to the DNP3 library database a number is associated These numbers are integers and for analog channels start at number five The number associated follows the order that the analog channels ...

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Page 163: ... the sequence of event SOE record The equipment can detect up to 320 binary inputs The dataset types supported are Boolean data type 1 bit Bitstring data type group of 64 bits Enumeration data type compare with some value to create a Boolean state GOOSE messages can be filtered by VLAN MAC addresses and by the application identifier The association between the GOOSE messages and digital channels i...

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Page 165: ...n the PC according to the user configuration The Configuration Tool allows user to receive manage save and transmit the configuration between the equipment and a PC The Fault Locator application allows user to define where an event has happened based on traveling wave records two ends of the transmission line The GOOSE Configurator allows the user to configure the RPV in order for it to receive an...

Page 166: ... quick access to the applications will be created on the Desktop and an RPV directory will be created in the root directory where Windows is installed For example C RPV conftool conf The same applications also can be accessed by clicking Start Programs RPV It is necessary to restart the PC to complete the removal process The RPV Tools installation is in the same disk where Windows is installed The...

Page 167: ...w Configuration file fields interval xxx interval Time interval between the beginning of a cycle and the beginning of another expressed in seconds equipment enabled xxx Indicates whether the configured RPV will be scanned or not yes or no address xxx xxx xxx xxx address IP address of the RPV to be scanned timeout xx timeout Waiting time for communication with the RPV expressed in seconds record xx...

Page 168: ...s scanning fault disturbance steady state and SOE records no baud rate limit automatic deletion of records activated modem telephone number for connection to the modem 21080 300 Second RPV activated scanning RPV 192 168 0 199 waiting time for connection of 60 seconds scanning fault records no baud rate limit automatic deletion of records no modem xml version 1 0 encoding UTF 8 scanner interval 300...

Page 169: ...lert window may appear during the first cycle of the Scanning Click on the UNBLOCKED button to start the second cycle Example C RPV scanner resources scanner Scanner 02A00 Starting cycle 1 1 Scanning records of the RPV 192 168 0 195 fault disturbance steadystate soe 1 Records transferred of 192 168 0 195 Waiting 300 0 seconds for the next cycle 1 2 5 Terminating the Scanner To stop using the Scann...

Page 170: ... 1 2 7 Logging The Scanner generates a log file with all the information about the ongoing process The log messages are available in the directory C RPV scanner log scanner log 1 2 8 Troubleshooting Problem Solution The connection with the RPV311 was not possible Check if the modem or the network is working ...

Page 171: ...to from the equipment Once it is received the equipment configuration is stored locally and may be edited or renamed without requiring any other access to such equipment To send a configuration it is mandatory that the connection to equipment be available The same configuration may be sent to different pieces of equipment The user must beware that all configuration parameters are immediately effec...

Page 172: ...sion the Convert button is applicable only for the model RPV 310 Before using the Configuration Tool it may be necessary to install a plug in file related to the firmware version installed on the equipment 1 3 2 Plug in Every equipment model and firmware upgrade has a new plug in file to incorporate the changes to the Configuration Tool The plug in file is available with the firmware release Insta...

Page 173: ...face will open in the default Web browser Click on the RECEIVED button A new window will open Type IP address of the equipment and click on the OK button An RPV like configuration interface will open It is possible to check the configuration parameters as if user were on line with the equipment Change the configuration if necessary Click on the SAVE button A new window will open and require a name...

Page 174: ...ion To edit a stored configuration follow these steps Select the name of the stored configuration to be edited and click on the EDIT button Change the configuration parameters and click on the SAVE button A new window will open requiring the name of the configuration maximum of 22 characters including _ 0 9 a z and A Z Click on the SAVE button once again to save it on the PC Click on the FINISH bu...

Page 175: ...Locator 1 4 1 Description The TW Fault Locator is a tool that uses the records of the traveling wave front signals at two ends of a transmission line to locate a fault in this line To record traveling waves in RPV it is necessary to install the appropriate acquisition module RA333 The records of traveling waves at both ends of the line should be transferred of RPV s to the specific area of records...

Page 176: ...E Is the identification of the towers and their geographic coordinates This information must be provided by the user latitude nnn latitude longitude nnn longitude distance nnn distance tower The geographic coordinates are optional and must be provided by the user The technical note Traveling Wave Fault Locator NT0802 shows how the coefficients K1 and K2 are calculated A model of the power line con...

Page 177: ...Pórtico substation1 latitude 13 82689 latitude longitude 48 29898 longitude distance 0 distance tower tower id 1 name T1 latitude 13 82665 latitude longitude 48 29866 longitude distance 43 7 distance tower tower id 581 name Pórtico substation2 latitude 15 923331 latitude longitude 48 175103 longitude distance 248593 3 distance tower towers line 1 4 3 The Traveling Wave Fault Location The graphical...

Page 178: ...r terminal The TW Fault Locator Software considers the time zone information in the COMTRADE file s name in order to set the register of both sides of the transmission line at UTC Time for calculations Therefore lines that go beyond two diferent time zones will not canse the algorithm to miscalculate the fault location C Selector of sensitivity for the fault location D Buttons for fault location w...

Page 179: ...out the same event or the wavefront is less than the threshold set In this case change the threshold levels of the location and click the LOCATE button again If the fault is still not located use the graphical tool to identify the times of the wave fronts in the two terminals manually To use the graphical tool click on the VIEWER button Each terminal of the transmission line has a record of travel...

Page 180: ... when the cursor is positioned It is possible to only one open window graphics for viewing If the viewer is open and runs a new location for another set of records it is necessary to close the preview window and open it again After manually setting the times of the wave fronts it is possible to use the LOCATE BY CHART button to find the fault of the time stamps marked on the graph While the fault ...

Page 181: ...application is shown in Figure 81 and has the following characteristics A The GOOSE s list the configuration files loaded These files are divided into GOOSE CONTROL BLOCK which are composed of datasets with binary elements that can be associated with the digital channels of the RPV B The Digital channel of the RPV has the 320 binary magnitudes of the RPV which can be associated to GOOSE messages T...

Page 182: ...is received the previous file will be overwritten Creating a new configuration To create a new configuration access FILE NEW CONFIGURATION This will create a template configuration file called TEMP CFG This file will be saved in the directory CONFIG_FILES and can be opened and or modified When saving changes to file TEMP CFG it is recommended that the user save it with a different name because eve...

Page 183: ... to a digital input do the following Initially select an element GOOSE binary of the GOOSE Control Block list obtained of the SCL files generated by IED Select one of the 320 RPV digital inputs according to GOOSE Click on the button to make association between the GOOSE message and the previously selected RPV digital input The message indicating the operation will show in the status area To remove...

Page 184: ...TERS A screen will open and show the parameters that can be changed shown in Figure 84 The parameters that can be changed in the configuration files are Ethernet indicates the Ethernet interfaces used for capture VLAN enables the VLAN filtering MAC Address filtering enables MAC address filtering Filtering by identifying the application enables the filtering by identifying the application ...

Page 185: ...To save changes in the configuration file access FILE SAVE THE CONFIGURATION The user is recommended to save files received of the RPV with name different of that of the temp cfg that is saved when creating a new configuration 1 5 4 Additional Tools Setting the Colors To set the colors used on the GOOSE Configurator access TOOLS SETTING THE COLORS The colors may indicate Currently selected item Ex...

Page 186: ...V311 TM EN 7 186 View the Configuration Files To view the contents of the configuration file to be sent to the equipment access TOOLS VIEW THE CONFIGURATION FILES A new window will open only for reading of data it cannot be modified ...

Page 187: ...rsion 07A00 2 Software Description 2 1 RPV Manager Main Window 2 1 1 System Monitor Figure 85 RPV Manager main window The software main tab is called System Monitor All the substation and RPV311 configured in the software are listed in a tree menu on the left corner of the window The top level of the tree shows the user created facilities and the equipment installation on the second level After cl...

Page 188: ...of the equipment within the COMTRADE directory If communication is lost with the equipment only records in green will be displayed Download of records can be done automatically or manually In the manual case either a few selected records or all records can be downloaded Figure 86 Downloaded records 2 1 2 Alarms Alarms tab shows all registered equipment alarms including information of Time Quality ...

Page 189: ...enu 2 2 2 Manual Download Selected records Select the records required and click the button Get Selected All records Click Get All Double click on the downloaded record to open it is necessary to have a software to open zic files already installed To close this window use the close button in the top right or use File Exit A confirmation message will be shown after closing 2 2 RPV Manager Settings ...

Page 190: ...process to create a new Installation is 1 Click SETTINGS menu and then click INSTALLATIONS 2 Click NEW to create Type the Installation s name and description and then press OK The user can view the list of registered substations and add edit or remove a substation Substations can only be removed without any equipment being associated 1 1 1 2 CREATING DEVICES The user can view the list of registere...

Page 191: ...the Enable Auto COMTRADE Download and Enable Auto Refreshing At the end of the editing the software automatically communicates with the equipment in order to upgrade the name and location information If the equipment is associated with any transmission a message will be shown to the user at the beginning of the Edit After the closing the Device window the equipment updates are registered 1 1 1 3 T...

Page 192: ...ne has i e how many different propagation constants K used when the line has overhead an underground sections 6 Enter the line lengths and K for each section of the line Refer to Chapter 7 section 6 TWFL in Mixed Hybrid Lines for further information on the constant K 7 Enter the Threshold used in the TWFL Basic method Refer to 2 3 Automatic TW Faul Location for further information 8 Enter the name...

Page 193: ...val of any contact if any association with any warning a confirmation message will be displayed to the user 1 1 1 5 WARNINGS On this screen the user can view the list of warnings add edit or remove any warning By setting the warning the user can select which contact will receive the alarms It is possible to configure which events will make the RPV Manager send warning email according to the follow...

Page 194: ...d alarms history Calculate Traveling Wave fault location Execute the GOOSE configuration tool Chapter 12 Section 1 5 GOOSE Configurator Execute the RPV311 Configuration tool and manage the software plugins View records history Search for records with date filter View records report 1 1 1 6 SOFTWARE ALARMS AND HISTORY The Alarm window shows active alarms and the alarm history The Active Alarms tab ...

Page 195: ...tion 1 3 Configuration Tool This software is responsible for the management of the several RPV311 configurations and offline configuration Note The Configuration Tool access through the RPV Manager works only with firmware versions from 13A02 onwards To deal with firmware version before that the RPV Tools Chapter 12 Software RPV Tools should be used 1 1 1 10 PLUGINS MANAGEMENT This menu is used to...

Page 196: ...CORDS REPORT This option displays for the selected equipment month and year the number of downloaded registers They are separated by register type and displayed as a Pie chart in the records report window Number of records percentage are displayed by default and if the user passes the mouse over the register type displayed at the bottom of the window the number of records are displayed in the reco...

Page 197: ...e 2 2 5 Configuration Menu In the Configuration menu the user can Configure software polling Configure the coefficients used in TW calculation Configure e mail Choose which Browser will be used to open the Configuration Tool 1 1 1 15 POLLING On the Polling Configuration menu the user can configure the COMTRADE polling refresh and storage of files The Figure below shows the Polling configuration wi...

Page 198: ... the device will run when the Auto Polling is active Auto COMTRADE Polling Interval min interval in minutes that will be held the automatic download of COMTRADE files Auto Polling COMTRADE Age day maximum age in days of records that will be downloaded automatically in Auto Polling For example if a register was made 5 days ago and the RPV Manager is started today and the Auto Polling COMTRADE Age d...

Page 199: ...7 EMAIL Allows the configuration of the email accout that the RPV Manager will use to send emails 1 1 1 18 BROWSER This option allows the user to choose which Browser will be used to open the Configuration Tool The MS Internet Explorer and the Mozilla Firefox are supported 2 2 6 Help Menu About The About screen shows information on the software such as software version copyright ans memory usage F...

Page 200: ... most significant bits of the complete 32 bit register which contains the fault location and the register 30002 is a decimal representation of the 16 least significant bits of the 32 bit register The combination of them will result in the actual fault location in meters Below is the necessary operation to combine both fault location registers Actual fault location in meters Register_2 0XFFFF Regis...

Page 201: ...e mail fax Check the settings local and remote This refresh may occur in the following situations Refresh option from the equipment menu access by right clicking on the substations equipment tree in the System Monitor This option will update the data of the selected equipment Refresh All Devices access through the File menu This option will update all registered equipment Auto Refresh This option ...

Page 202: ...e field Auto Polling Interval must be changed in the Polling configuration screen 3 To activate or deactivate the Auto Polling access the menu Polling Auto to activate and Polling Manual to disable 4 To ensure that the software starts with the Auto option active Polling select the field Auto Polling on Init on the Polling configuration screen 5 COMTRADES records will only be downloaded that are yo...

Page 203: ...pter 13 RPV Manager RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 203 If the execution time of the Polling process exceeds the polling interval configured the next polling procees will be ignored until the pending execution ends ...

Page 204: ......

Page 205: ...s interface can be used only to communicate by Modem 1 1 Electrical and Optical Ethernet The RPV311 has 2 electrical 10 100 Mbps Ethernet interfaces for configuration monitoring and GOOSE reading and one electrical 100 Mbps Ethernet interface for Process Bus IEC 61850 9 2LE Sampled Values and GOOSE Optionally it is possible to use the double internal converter for optical Ethernet interface making...

Page 206: ...ce default settings are Ethernet 1 default setting IP Address 192 168 0 199 Netmask 255 255 255 0 Broadcast 192 168 0 255 Ethernet 2 default setting IP Address 192 168 1 199 Netmask 255 255 255 0 Broadcast 192 168 1 255 Gateway default setting Gateway 192 168 0 1 1 2 Serial Port The RPV311 has a serial communication port shown in Figure 99 for connection through modem which can be used to transfer...

Page 207: ...the pinout is not according to the standard and rather it follows the specification below DB9 Female Signal 5 DCD 4 RX 3 TX 2 DTR 1 GND 9 DSR 8 RTS 7 CTS 6 Not used In order to convert the RPV311 pinout to standard RS232 pinout the user shall use a cable or adapter with the following pinout specification DB9 Male DB9 Male 1 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 1 ...

Page 208: ... freed Port Protocol Use 22 TCP IP Remote record download automatic record upload firmware upgrade remote diagnostics and maintenance 80 TCP IP Interface Web remote access 123 UDP Time of day synchronism over SNTP 4041 TCP IP Real time monitoring using Web interface UDP Cross trigger 4042 TCP IP Manual Trigger 4713 4714 4715 4716 UDP IP Synchrophasors data streams 502 TCP MODBUS interface 20000 TC...

Page 209: ... 6 Orange solid 3 White orange stripe 1 White green stripe 4 Blue solid 4 Blue solid 5 White blue stripe 5 White blue stripe 6 Orange solid 2 Green solid 7 White brown stripe 7 White brown stripe 8 Brown solid 8 Brown solid Figure 100 Local communication with equipment using the electrical Ethernet port architecture In local communication with the equipment it is necessary that the device and the ...

Page 210: ...er connecting the equipment with the computer see Chapter 4 Configuration for details about equipment access Note Process Bus Ethernet port is used only to receive data of merging units Sampled Values measured on monitored Power System It is not possible to communicate to this RPV311 using that Ethernet port for s their purposes 3 1 Checking the Connection In order to verify whether the equipment ...

Page 211: ...ation for details about equipment access 5 Communication Through Network Using the Serial Port Communication via modem is a Dial in access method but in cases of automatic connection via modem the connection is permanent and is automatically started by the equipment For communication through network using the serial port it is first necessary to make a pre configuration of the computer as followin...

Page 212: ...may need to be installed and the minimum computer requirements should be met 6 Accessing the Equipment Enter the equipment IP via a web browser If the Flash Player 9 0 plug in or higher is not previously installed on the computer it will be automatically installed by the operating system For details about the Web Interface refer to Chapter 5 Operation 6 1 Computer Support Applications Internet Exp...

Page 213: ...s automatically When using the configuration interface each destination IP address should be entered along with the designated record type If at the upload time the server is not available or the network is unreadable the record will not be transmitted Within such case it is always advisable to use the application Scanner or the RPV Manager to For further Scanner application information see Chapte...

Page 214: ...ckaging 1 2 Unpacking the Goods When unpacking and installing the product take care not to damage any of the parts and make sure that additional components are not accidentally left in the packing or lost Do not discard any CDROMs or technical documentation These should accompany the unit to its destination substation and put in a dedicated place The site should be well lit to aid inspection clean...

Page 215: ...ection and assure user safety the RPV311 and RA33x shall be installed in an enclosed panel with recommended ingress protection rating of IP42 or above The Reason range of equipment shall be kept in an environment where their rear connection and sides are protected against impact and water The enclosing panel shall ensure that the equipment rear connections are not exposed meanwhile maintaining ade...

Page 216: ...in the panel make a cut with the drilling and dimensions described in Section 23 1 1 The screws used for fixation are of the M6 type It is possible to order an optional panel for installation of one or two modules adapted to a 19 inch rack To install either a single or two modules of RA331 RA332 or RA333 it is available for ordering the optional panels presented below The screws used for fixing ar...

Page 217: ...ith the Safety Section and the ratings on the equipment s rating label The connections Console1 Console2 MODEM and Process bus are non isolated and for local connection only 5 Power Supply Connections The RPV311 RA331 RA332 and RA333 can be powered up by DC or AC power source within the limits specified in Chapter 17 Technical Specifications The power connections shall use insulated flexible condu...

Page 218: ...0 4 in wide grounding strap to connect the back panel of the unit to a good grounding point on the mounting rack 6 RPV311 AC and DC Power Connection Figure 106 show the wiring diagram for the AC and DC of the RPV311 respectively Figure 106 AC DC power connection For compliance with IEC 61010 install a suitable external switch or circuit breaker in each current carrying conductor of RPV311 power su...

Page 219: ...ds An external 10 A category C bipolar circuit breaker is recommended The circuit breaker should have an interruption capacity of at least 25 kA and comply with IEC 60947 1 and IEC 60947 3 The switch or circuit breaker must be suitably located and easily reachable also it shall not interrupt the protective earth conductor For information about nominal voltage range maximum voltage range frequency ...

Page 220: ...eady been connected to the processing unit the Link indicator will light up indicating that there is a communication between the modules If the module does not work as described carefully check all power and signal connections Refer to Chapter 16 Maintenance and Troubleshooting for troubleshooting guide To turn off the module switch off the external switch or circuit breaker All indicators on the ...

Page 221: ...ossible to install up to 8 modules with 8 analog inputs each When it is using only RA333 it is possible to install a maximum of 4 modules with 8 analog and 3 TW inputs each one each TW board counts as 8 analogue channels The RA331 RA332 and RA333 can be connected to the same RPV311 processing module Each link on the RPV311 composed of a pair of fiber optic connectors is named from A to H For each ...

Page 222: ...odule as shown in Figure 111 These indicators LINK and ACT on the front panel and back panel respectively light up when the link is active i e it is receiving requests of the processing module Figure 111 RA331 RA332 and RA333 fiber optic connectors The connectors are identified as RX for receiving data and TX for transmitting data The corresponding fibers must be linked to the acquisition module s...

Page 223: ...lation related to A to H position must match the jumper identification For example ID 0 must be the first RA333 TW link ID 1 must be the second RA333 TW link and so on In order to configure these jumpers remove all connectors and cables which are connected to the module and remove the back panel of the RA333 removing the 12 screws of the panel and the screw of the protective grounding as shown in ...

Page 224: ...the RA332 Each analog input has three terminals positive voltage positive current and negative terminal which are used for the current and for the voltage as shown in Figure 114To define if the driver will measure voltage it is necessary to select an internal jumper in the module The binary and analog inputs are galvanically isolated Figure 114 Analog input terminals In order to configure the anal...

Page 225: ...n order to configure a channel for voltage connect the jumper between positions 1 and 2 as shown in Figure 116 Figure 116 Internal Jumper Place the board back in the case Secure the case by screwing the back panel and connecting the terminal cables Connections shall use insulated flexible wires of 1 5 mm cross section 8 mm ring terminals and M3 holes ...

Page 226: ...for a 3 phase circuit Connection diagram of the voltage inputs 4 element connection in this case the values shown are equivalent to the voltages of phases A B and C and to the neutral voltage applied to the equipment 3 element Phases A B and C connection in this case the fourth element is derived of the values measured by the other elements The three elements are equivalent to the values applied t...

Page 227: ...nnection in this case the neutral voltage is zero and the three phase to ground voltage are computed based on the two line to line voltages applied to the equipment In circuits of one element the measurements can be in two different ways An isolated phase or neutral measurement If the element is a phase only the voltage related to this channel is measured considering the off set compensation If th...

Page 228: ...igh speed Analog Voltage Inputs TW The RA333 module has 3 high speed analog inputs for measurement of TW voltage with a sampling frequency of 5 MHz All channels are identified from 301 to 303 Each analog input has two terminals positive voltage and negative which are used for one phase voltage as shown in Figure 117 The binary and analog inputs are galvanically isolated Figure 117 Analog Input Ter...

Page 229: ...on in this case the three elements are equivalent to the values of TW voltage 13 Analog Current Inputs The RA331 RA332 and RA333 modules have up to 8 16 or 8 analog inputs respectively which can be configured for measurement of current All channels are identified of 101 to 108 for the RA331 and RA333 and 101 to 116 for the RA332 Each analog input has three terminals positive voltage positive curre...

Page 230: ...emove the back panel of the RA331 RA332 or RA333 removing the 12 screws of the panel and the screw of the protective grounding as shown in Figure 119 Figure 119 Screws of the Back Panel Remove the board corresponding to the channel to be configured For each channel to be configured for current connect the jumper between positions 2 and 3 as shown in Figure 120 Figure 120 Internal Jumper ...

Page 231: ...the current inputs The RPV311 provides the capability for connecting some different current signal connections for a 3 phase circuit Connection diagram of the current inputs 4 element connection in this case the values shown are equivalent to the voltages of phases A B and C and to the neutral voltage applied to the equipment 3 element Phases A B and C connection in this case the fourth element is...

Page 232: ...onnection in this case the neutral voltage is zero and the three phase to ground voltage are computed based on the two line to line voltages applied to the equipment In circuits of 1 element the measurements can be in two different ways An isolated phase or neutral measurement If the element is a phase only the current related to this channel is measured considering the off set compensation If the...

Page 233: ... 16 or 8 analog inputs respectively which can be configured for measurement of voltages of DC transducers of 10 V to 10 V All channels are identified of 101 to 108 for the RA331 and RA333 and 101 to 116 for the RA332 Each analog input has three terminals positive voltage positive current and negative terminal which are used for the current and for the voltage as shown in Figure 121 To define if th...

Page 234: ...e RA331 RA332 or RA333 removing the 12 screws of the panel and the screw of the protective grounding as shown in Figure 122 The fixing screws are not included in the product order Figure 122 Screws of the Back Panel Remove the board corresponding to the channel to be configured For each channel to be configured to DC transducers of 10 V connect the jumper between positions 1 and 2 as shown in Figu...

Page 235: ...uts of 10 V Figure 124 Connection Diagram of DC Transducer Inputs 10 V 15 Analog DC Transducer Inputs 20 mA The RA331 RA332 and RA333 modules have up to 8 16 or 8 analog inputs respectively which can be configured for measurement of currents of DC transducers of 20 mA to 20 mA All channels are identified of 101 to 108 for the RA331 and RA333 and 101 to 116 for the RA332 Each analog input has three...

Page 236: ...ck panel of the RA331 RA332 or RA333 removing the 12 screws of the panel and the screw of the protective grounding as shown in Figure 126 The fixing screws are not included in the product order Figure 126 Screws of the back panel Remove the board corresponding to the channel to be configured For each channel to be configured to DC transducers of 20 mA connect the jumper between positions 2 and 3 a...

Page 237: ... of the equipment For information about DC transducer input specifications see Chapter 17 Technical Specifications 15 1 1 Connection diagram of the DC transducer inputs 20 mA Figure 128 Connection Diagram of DC Transducer Inputs 20 mA 16 Current Clamps In order to operate the equipment with the current clamps connection it is necessary that the RA33x have the proper analog input board CORTEC descr...

Page 238: ...2 insulated digital inputs and the RA333 module has up to 16 as shown in Figure 130 The digital inputs of RA331 and RA332 modules are identified of 201 to 232 The digital inputs of RA333 module are identified of 201 to 216 Make sure that the appropriate terminal pair are selected to the voltage applied Figure 130 Digital Input Terminals Each block of 8 inputs uses an appropriate connector which ca...

Page 239: ... equipment turns to sync mode If the IRIG B signal is not valid or not connected the device indicates no sync If the IRIG B signal is connected and valid the time quality of the time reference reported in the IRIG B frame is shown by the RPV311 but the time quality is not considered by the synchronization In the absence of the IRIG B signal the equipment can be synchronized by an SNTP time server ...

Page 240: ...ut electrical synchronism input specifications Chapter 17 Technical Specifications Figure 134 Connections diagram of optical synchronism inputs Information about optical synchronism inputs specifications see Chapter 17 Technical Specifications 19 Dry Contact Relays The RPV311 has 4 electromechanical signaling relays Each relay has one dry contact as shown in Figure 135 The first relay contact is n...

Page 241: ...y connection diagram Figure 136 Dry contact relay connection diagram For information about relay outputs specification see Chapter 17 Technical Specifications 20 Case Dimensions 21 RPV311 RPV311 dimensions Height front panel 132 55 mm 3 U Width front panel 482 6 mm 19 Width body 430 mm Depth body 260 mm Weight 4 0 kg ...

Page 242: ... 242 The RPV311 dimensions are shown in Figure 138 Dimension in accordance to IEC 60297 3 22 RPV311 Accessories Fiber optic pair ST connector Q026 Fiber type Multimode 62 5 125 µm Curvature ratio min 30 mm Connector ST Figure 137 Fiber optic pair ...

Page 243: ...pter 15 Installation RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 243 Figure 138 RPV311 Dimensions 23 RA33x RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions Height panel 220 92 mm 5 U Width panel 241 3 mm 1 2 19 Width body 100 mm Weight 3 0 kg ...

Page 244: ...RPV311 Chapter 15 Installation RPV311 TM EN 7 244 The RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions are shown in Figure 139 Figure 139 RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions ...

Page 245: ...Chapter 15 Installation RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 245 23 1 1 Panel Cutout The RA331 RA332 and RA333 panel cutout is shown in Figure 140 Figure 140 RA331 RA332 and RA333 panel cutout ...

Page 246: ...9 inch rack blank plate to to cover one cutout in case only one RA33x is being used 2468 Current Clamps 25 Panel for Installation of Two Remote Acquisition Modules Q61 The Mounting panel to install two remote acquisition modules RA331 332 in a 19 inch rack is shown in Figure 141 Figure 141 Mounting panel to install two remote acquisition modules RA331 332 in a 19 inch rack ...

Page 247: ... to ensure that they are functioning correctly and that the external wiring is intact It is the responsibility of the customer to define the interval between maintenance periods If your organisation has a Preventative Maintenance Policy the recommended product checks should be included in the regular program Maintenance periods depend on many factors such as The operating environment The accessibi...

Page 248: ...lock if fitted or injected directly into the device s terminals 1 2 Replacing the Unit If your product should develop a fault while in service depending on the nature of the fault the watchdog contacts will change state and an alarm condition will be flagged In the case of a fault you should normally replace the cradle which slides easily out of the case This can be done without disturbing the sch...

Page 249: ...leshooting 2 1 Ready in processing module does not light up The unit continuously executes an internal auto diagnosis routine The result of this diagnosis is reflected by the Ready led on the front panel of the unit on the status page of the Web Interface and by the failure relay normally closed contact on the back panel of the unit If the local interface does not operate the Ready indicator does ...

Page 250: ...nd connect signal if is not Verify the NTP SNTP server and guarantee this alternative source of timing 3 RPV311 Firmware Update When installing the application software package accompanying the equipment refer to Software Installation the Firmware Upgrade Tool FUT is installed and associated having an files with extension fw allowing an RPV firmware update to be easily carried out by user The step...

Page 251: ...ault location is on the user s Desktop Deselect ONLY CURRENT LOG to obtain all the log files Click on GET LOGS to start the process The OPEN DIR link opens the directory The UPLOAD FILE link opens the Web browser for uploading the file to Alstom s technical support personnel Online Equipment information is shown Click on the command in the tree and the result will show on the right Prompt Type the...

Page 252: ...ance order code The equipment shall be packed in its original package or a suitable package to protect against impacts and moisture 7 Instructions for Equipment Repair Service for Service Personnel The instructions presented in this topic shall only be followed by Alstom service Personnel In case any repair needs to be done follow the procedure below to ensure the safety of the operation 1 Disconn...

Page 253: ...iance 3 Place back the top side of the case and fasten it using the proper screws 4 Connect the grounding strap and then the power supply to the equipment 5 Wait for the equipment to initialize it will run self diagnostic routines and if everything is right the Ready LED on its front panel will light up indicating the equipment is safe and operational 6 Follow the procedures in the Chapter 2 Safet...

Page 254: ...ectrical Ethernet Ports 1 and 2 Use Configuration monitoring and GOOSE Interface 10BASE T 100BASE TX Bit Rate 10 100 Mbps Connector RJ 45 Isolation Level 1 44 KVdc Electrical Ethernet Process Bus Port Sampled Values Use IEC 61850 9 2LE Sampled Values and GOOSE Interface 10BASE T 100BASE TX Bit Rate 100 Mbps Connector RJ 45 Isolation Level 1 44 KVdc 1 2 Optical Ethernet Port optional Optical Ethern...

Page 255: ...imode 62 5 125 µm Emission Power 20 dBm Receiver sensitivity 32 dBm Maximum Applicable Power 14 dBm 1 3 Modem Serial Port Modem Serial Port Signal level RS232 Bitrate 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 bps Databits 7 or 8 Stopbits 1 or 2 Parity None even odd Connector DB9 female standard DTE Isolation Level 1 44 KVdc 1 4 TTL IRIG Input TTL IRIG Signal IRIG B004 ...

Page 256: ...RPV311 Chapter 17 Technical Specifications RPV311 TM EN 7 256 Minimum voltage input 4 20 V Maximum input voltage 9 80 V Impedance 500 kΩ Connector PCB pluggable Isolation Level 1 44 KVdc ...

Page 257: ... Optical IRIG Signal IRIG B004 Wavelength 820 nm Fiber type Multimode 62 5 125 µm Connector ST Sensitivity 24 dBm 1 6 Dry contact Relay Outputs Dry contact Relay Outputs Max Voltage 250 Vdc Max Current 1A Load Resistive Contact Numbers 1 normally closed 3 normally open Isolation Level 3 3 KVdc ...

Page 258: ...32 dBm Maximum Applicable Power 14 dBm 1 8 Power Supply Power Supply Nominal voltage range 100 250 V dc 110 240 V ac Maximum voltage range 80 300 V dc 88 264 V ac Frequency 50 60 Hz 3 Hz Power consumption MAX 60 VA Typically 50W Isolation Level 3 3 KVdc Power supply specifications 24 48 Vdc Operating nominal voltage 24 48 Vdc Operating voltage range 18 75 Vdc Power Consumption MAX 50W Isolation Le...

Page 259: ...sing As tested per 60068 2 1 40 C As tested per 60068 2 2 55 C 1 10 Type Tests RPV311 EMC tests were performed according to IEC 60255 26 referring to the following standards Type Tests RPV311 IEC 61000 4 2 2008 8kV contact 15KV air level 4 IEC 61000 4 3 2006 10 V m level 3 IEC 61000 4 4 2012 2 KV 5KHz level 3 IEC 61000 4 5 2005 Differential mode 2KV Common mode 1KV level 3 IEC 61000 4 6 2008 10V I...

Page 260: ...c 200ms Test level 70 residual voltage Duration time a c 30 cycles d c 500ms A C and d c voltage interruptions Test level 0 residual voltage Duration time a c 300 cycles d c 5s IEC 61000 4 16 1998 A2 2009 Test frequency Test frequency 16 7 Hz 50 Hz and 60 Hz Test Voltage 100V differential mode with 1 sec dwell time Coupling resistor 100 Ω Coupling capacitor 0 047µF 300V common mode with 1 sec dwel...

Page 261: ... up ramp 60s CISPR11 2009 Radiated emission Limits 30 to 230MHz 50dB μV m quasi peak at 3m 230 to 1000MHz 57dB μV m quasi peak at 3m CISPR22 2008 Radiated emission Limits 1 to 3GHz 56dB μV m average 76dB μV m peak at 3m 3 to 6GHz 60dB μV m average 80dB μV m peak at 3m The test frequency is defined based on the maximum internal frequency of equipment Conducted emission Limits 0 15 to 0 50MHZ 79dB μ...

Page 262: ...ycles 1 Configuration Operational throughout Vertical Axis Frequency Range 1Hz 35Hz Cross over Frequency 8 42Hz Severity 3 5mm zero peak displacement below 8 14Hz 1g zero peak acceleration above 8 14Hz Sweep Rate 1 Octave minute Number of Sweep Cycles 1 Configuration Operational throughout 1 11 Safety Tests Safety tests Safety IEC 61010 1 IEC 60255 5 Inpulse 5KV Dielectric withstand 3 3KVDC for 60...

Page 263: ...d IEC 60068 2 2 55 C 16 hours Dry heat IEC 60068 2 30 95 no condensation 55 C Damp heat IEC 60068 2 14 40 C to 55ºC 9 hours 2 cycles Change of temperature IEC 60255 21 1 Class 2 Vibration IEC 60255 21 2 Class 1 Shock 1 13 Enclosure Protection IEC 60529 Enclosure Protection IEC 60529 Front flush mounted with panel IP54 Rear and sides IP20 ...

Page 264: ... EN 7 264 1 14 Dimensions RPV311 dimensions Height front panel 133 55 mm 3 U Height rear 86 mm Width front panel 482 6 mm 19 Width rear 427 mm Depth 260 mm Weight 4 0 kg The RPV311 dimensions are shown in Figure 142 Dimension in accordance to IEC 60297 3 ...

Page 265: ...Chapter 17 Technical Specifications RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 265 Figure 142 RPV311 Dimensions ...

Page 266: ...idth DC to 3 0 kHz Attenuation 3000 Hz 0 1 dB Attenuation 6400 Hz 30 dB Time skew 0 µs Frequency Tracking Range Nominal Frequency 5Hz 2 2 Analog Acquisition High speed Only RA333 Module Analog acquisition RA333 Resolution 8 bits Sampling frequency 5 MHz Time skew 0 µs 2 3 Voltage Inputs Voltage inputs specifications 50 60 Hz Nominal Voltage 𝑉 𝑛 115 V Voltage range 0 02 230 V Analog Input Accuracy ...

Page 267: ...asurement CT Current range 0 01 20 A 0 25 100 A 0 01 14 A Analog Input Accuracy 0 1 FS 0 1 FS 0 1 FS Resistance 15 mΩ 3 mΩ 15 mΩ Burden In 0 02 VA 0 1 VA 0 02 VA Continuous overload rms 10 A 10 x 𝐼𝑛 20 A 4 x 𝐼𝑛 10 A 2 x 𝐼𝑛 AC current thermal withstand Ith rms for 1 sec 32 A 32 x 𝐼𝑛 160 A 32 x 𝐼𝑛 32 A 6 4 x 𝐼𝑛 2 5 Current clamps inputs specification Current clamp inputs Nominal Current In 100 mA Cl...

Page 268: ...to 10 V 20 to 20 mA Analog Input Accuracy 0 1 of FS magnitude range 1 of FS magnitude range Impedance 5 kΩ 10 Ω 2 7 Binary Inputs Binary Inputs specifications Nominal Voltage 125 Vdc 250 Vdc 24 48 Vdc Level Low 40 V 110 V 08 V Level High 85 V 170 V 17 V Impedance 82 kΩ 180 kΩ 15 kΩ Burden 0 25 W 0 5 W 0 2 W Continuous Overload 240 V 340 V 100 V 1 The digital inputs are protected against continuous...

Page 269: ... 32 dBm Maximum Applicable Power 14 dBm 2 9 RA33x Power Supply RA33x Power supply specifications Nominal voltage range 100 250 V dc 110 240 V ac Maximum voltage range 80 300 V dc 88 264 V ac Frequency 50 60 Hz 3 Hz RA331 and RA332 Power Consumption MAX 20 VA RA333 Power Consumption MAX 30 VA Power supply specifications 24 48 Vdc Operating nominal voltage 24 48 Vdc Operating voltage range 18 75 Vdc...

Page 270: ...ype Tests RA33x EMC tests were performed according to IEC 60255 26 referring to the following standards Type Tests RA33x IEC 61000 4 2 2008 8kV contact 15KV air level 4 IEC 61000 4 3 2006 10 V m level 3 IEC 61000 4 4 2012 2 KV 5KHz level 3 IEC 61000 4 5 2005 Differential mode 1KV Common mode 2KV level 3 IEC 61000 4 6 2008 10V IEC 61000 4 8 2009 30ª m continuos 300ª m 1s IEC 61000 4 11 2004 IEC 610...

Page 271: ...IEC 61000 4 16 1998 A2 2009 Test frequency 16 7 Hz 50 Hz and 60 Hz Test Voltage 100V differential mode with 1 sec dwell time Coupling resistor 100 Ω Coupling capacitor 0 047µF 300V common mode with 1 sec dwell time Coupling resistor 200 Ω Coupling capacitor 0 47µF Number of repetition 3 IEC 61000 4 17 1999 Test level 15 of rated d c value Test frequency 120Hz sinusoidal waveform IEC 61000 4 18 200...

Page 272: ...uency of the equipment On RA33x the maximum internal frequency is 100 MHz For this case the levels of CISPR 11 satisfy the normative IEC 60255 26 Conducted emission Limits 0 15 to 0 50MHZ 79dB μV quasi peak 66dB μV average 0 5 to 30MHz 73dB μV quasi peak 60dB μV average BS EN 60255 21 3 1995 Seismic Class 2 Horizontal Axes Frequency Range 1Hz 35Hz Cross over Frequency 8 14Hz Severity 7 5mm zero pe...

Page 273: ...of Sweep Cycles 1 Configuration Operational throughout 2 12 Safety Tests Safety tests Safety IEC 61010 1 IEC 60255 5 Inpulse 5KV Dielectric withstand 3 3KVDC for 60 seconds Insulation 100M Ω 2 13 Environmental tests Environmental tests IEC 60068 2 1 40 C 16 hours Cold IEC 60068 2 2 85 C 16 hours Dry heat IEC 60068 2 30 95 no condensation 55 C Damp heat IEC 60068 2 14 40 C to 85ºC 9 hours 2 cycles ...

Page 274: ... IEC 60529 Enclosure Protection IEC 60529 Front flush mounted with panel IP54 Sides IP20 Rear IP10 2 15 Dimensions RA33x dimensions Height front panel 222 mm 5 U Height rear 200 mm Width front panel 222 mm 1 2 19 Width rear 214 mm Depth 100 mm Weight 3 0 kg The RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions are shown in Figure 143 ...

Page 275: ...Chapter 17 Technical Specifications RPV311 RPV311 TM EN 7 275 Figure 143 RA331 RA332 and RA333 dimensions ...

Page 276: ...ication Manufacturer Model AEMC MN312 Dynamic range 0 1 A 100 A Frequency response 40 Hz 10 kHz Accuracy 2 0 02 mA 0 1 to 1 A 1 0 02 mA 1 to 80 A 2 0 02 mA 80 to 100 A Jaw opening 21 mm Maximum conductor size 20 mm Weight 180 g Operating temperature 10 55 C Figure 144 AEMC MN312 PN 2468 current clamps ...

Page 277: ...des the capability for making some different voltage signal connections for a 3 phase circuit Connection diagram of the voltage inputs 4 element connection in this case the values shown are equivalent to the voltages of phases A B and C and to the neutral voltage applied to the equipment 3 element Phases A B and C connection in this case the fourth element is derived of the values measured by the ...

Page 278: ...by the other elements The three elements are equivalent to the values applied to the equipment 2 element connection in this case the neutral voltage is zero and the three phase to ground voltage are computed based on the two line to line voltages applied to the equipment In circuits of 1 element the measurements can be in two different ways An isolated phase or neutral measurement If the element i...

Page 279: ...RPV311 Appendix A Equipment Log RPV311 TM EN 7 279 ...

Page 280: ... phase to ground voltage and the neutral voltage 2 Connection Diagrams of the TW Inputs The RPV311 provides the capability for connecting one 3 phase circuit phases A B and C Connection diagram for TW inputs 3 element Phases A B and C connection in this case the three elements are equivalent to the values of TW voltage 3 Connection Diagrams of the Current Inputs The RPV311 provides the capability ...

Page 281: ... of the values measured by the other elements The three elements are equivalent to the values applied to the equipment 3 element Phases A B and neutral connection in this case the fourth element is derived of the values measured by the other elements The three elements are equivalent to the values applied to the equipment 3 element Phases A C and neutral connection in this case the fourth element ...

Page 282: ...ways An isolated phase or neutral measurement If the element is a phase only the current related to this channel is measured considering the off set compensation If the element is a neutral the current related to this channel is measured without the off set compensation A 3 Phase synthesis The magnitude for the 3 phases is considered with the same value as that of the channel measured and balanced...

Page 283: ...s Power up and shutdown The equipment log cannot be erased by the user Its capacity is enough for approximately 5 years of typical use with past events being erased if memory space is needed Log Event Cause 000 Internal failure Hardware or processing failure 001 Invalid key The key applied to the equipment is not valid 010 Power up Equipment power up 011 Power off Equipment power off 012 Auto powe...

Page 284: ...ment synchronization of IRIG B external timing reference signal 103 Equipment unsync Loss of synchronization with IRIG B external timing reference 104 Out of sync IRIG B frame received at Equipment received out of sync IRIG B signal data 105 Missing IRIG B frame at Equipment did not receive IRIG B signal data 106 Time quality changed Time quality The time quality was changed 109 IRIG B type 00x In...

Page 285: ...t time reference provided by IRIG B signal 192 Internal clock running without external reference The internal clock is running without external reference 200 Configuration changed revision Equipment set up changed 202 Default configuration reestablished The default configuration was reestablished ...

Page 286: ...loss of Sampled Values SV connections 273 Stream sv stream up Indicates that the RPV311 is reading Sampled Values SV 280 Link down The link connection was down 281 Link up The link connection was up 282 Thresholds related to inputs of link disabled The thresholds related to inputs of the link was disabled 283 Thresholds related to inputs of link enabled The thresholds related to inputs of the link...

Page 287: ... an invalid acquisition module 296 Invalid conditioning module slot Exist an invalid conditioning module 300 Invalid Ethernet cross trigger Ethernet cross trigger communication was not validated by equipment 350 Operation user access via web user source Start of operation user access 351 Operation user access logout via web user source End of operation user access ...

Page 288: ...record downloaded by user 407 Fault record download name user source Fault record downloaded by user 408 Disturbance record download name user source Disturbance record downloaded by user 409 Traveling wave record download name user source Traveling wave record downloaded by user 414 Traveling wave record auto upload name user destination Traveling wave record auto uploaded 415 Steady state record...

Page 289: ...0 capacity 515 Steady state recorder memory usage limit exceeded Steady state recorder memory capacity exceeded 90 capacity 516 SOE recorder memory usage limit exceeded SOE recorder memory capacity exceeded 90 capacity 517 Fault recorder memory usage limit exceeded Fault recorder memory capacity exceeded 90 capacity 518 Disturbance recorder memory usage limit exceeded Disturbance recorder memory c...

Page 290: ...for removal Request for removal of all steady state records by user 551 Oldest steady state records scheduled automatically for removal Request for removal of oldest steady state records automatically 560 All SOE records scheduled manually for removal Request for removal of all SOE records by user 561 Oldest SOE records scheduled automatically for removal Request for removal of oldest SOE records ...

Page 291: ...er threshold exceeded at threshold Traveling wave recorder preset threshold exceeded 601 Traveling wave recorder threshold no longer exceeded at threshold Return to normal level for the traveling wave recorder 602 Maximum traveling wave recorder threshold time exceeded at threshold Indicates the maximum traveling wave recorder threshold time was exceeded 609 Traveling wave trigger detected at Indi...

Page 292: ...wave recorder Ethernet crosstrigger exceeded the maximum preset recording time 633 Start of traveling wave recorder Ethernet cross trigger ignored at identifier location owner Traveling wave recorder Ethernet crosstrigger ignored due to another cross trigger being recorded by equipment 634 End of traveling wave recorder Ethernet cross trigger ignored at identifier location owner Ignored traveling ...

Page 293: ... repeat in preset time period 722 Fault recording enabled at Recorder enable due to threshold exceeded 730 Fault recorder Ethernet crosstrigger started at identifier location owner Start of fault recorder Ethernet cross trigger detection 731 Fault recorder Ethernet crosstrigger finished at identifier location owner End of fault recorder Ethernet cross trigger detection 732 Fault recorder Ethernet ...

Page 294: ...al level for the disturbance recorder 802 Maximum disturbance recorderthreshold time exceeded at threshold Indicates the maximum disturbance recorder threshold time was exceeded 809 Disturbance recorder trigger detected at Indicates the detection of a disturbance recorder trigger 810 Disturbance recording started at Start of disturbance recording threshold exceeded 812 Disturbance recording extend...

Page 295: ...at identifier location owner Disturbance recorder Ethernet cross trigger exceeded the maximum preset recording time 833 Start of disturbance recorder Ethernet cross trigger ignored at identifier location owner Disturbance recorder Ethernet cross trigger ignored due to another cross trigger being recorded by equipment 834 End of disturbance recorder Ethernet cross trigger ignored at identifier loca...

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GE RPV311, Technical Manual

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