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Agilent Technologies E4428C Скачать руководство пользователя страница 621

Chapter 17

597

W-CDMA Downlink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test

Configuring for Transmit Diversity and BERT

Configuring Signal Parameters

1. Press

Link Control

>

5

>

Enter

.

This positions the cursor on the DPCH.

2. Press

PhyCH Setup

>

Ref Measure Setup

>

64 kbps

.

This selects the 64 kbps reference measurement channel (RMC) as shown in the stated 3GPP TS
standard and configures two dedicated channels (DCH, transport channels). If desired, you can adjust the
TFCI bits for the DPCH and set a secondary scramble code. Notice that

Ref 64

is showing as the data

type for DPCH one.

3. Press the

Mode Setup

hardkey to return to the first-level W-CDMA softkey menu.

Generating the Baseband Signals and Synchronizing the ESG Transmissions

1. Press the

W-CDMA Off On

softkey to On for both ESG one and two.

This step can be performed at anytime during the setup. The advantage of turning the format on before
setting up the signal, if you have a spectrum analyzer or some other measuring equipment connected, is
you can see the changes as they are made. However you may experience a slight delay in signal
processing while the ESG updates the W-CDMA signal with any changes that are made.

2. On ESG one, press

More (1 of 2)

>

Mlt ESG Sync Trigger

.

The output signal for both ESGs are now synchronized and ready to be received by the user equipment
(UE).

NOTE

If any signal parameters are changed after the W-CDMA format is turned on and the

Mlt ESG

Sync Trigger

softkey is pressed, it may cause a loss of synchronization. You will need to press

the

Mlt ESG Sync Trigger

softkey after any parameter change is applied to the signal to ensure

proper synchronization between ESG one and two.

Configuring the UE

Using the UE controller, configure the mobile for the call setup procedure to receive the combined ESG
signals, ensuring that the receiver frequency is set to the same as the ESGs.

The UE must be able to demodulate and decode the data from the ESG, and then send this data back to the
ESG for the BERT measurement. The return signal to the ESG must be a TTL or CMOS level signal.

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Содержание E4428C

Страница 1: ...ware revisions signal generator design and operation may vary from descriptions in this guide We recommend that you use the latest revision of this guide to ensure you have up to date product information Compare the print date of this guide see bottom of page with the latest revision which can be downloaded from the following website http www agilent com find esg Manufacturing Part Number E4400 90...

Страница 2: ... Agilent products to which it pertains including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Agilent shall not be liable for errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing use or performance of this document or any of the Agilent products to which it pertains Should Agilent have a written contract with the U...

Страница 3: ...3 Frequency Key 7 4 Amplitude Key 7 5 Knob 7 7 Save Key 7 7 Menu Keys 7 8 Recall Key 7 9 EXT 1 INPUT Connector 8 10 EXT 2 INPUT Connector 8 11 Help Key 8 12 Trigger Key 8 13 LF OUTPUT Connector 8 14 RF OUTPUT Connector 9 15 Mod On Off Key 9 16 RF On Off Key 9 17 Numeric Keypad 9 18 Incr Set Key 9 19 Arrow Keys 10 20 Hold Key 10 21 Return Key 10 22 Display Contrast Increase Key 10 23 Display Contra...

Страница 4: ...OUT Connector 18 6 TRIG IN Connector 18 7 10 MHz IN Connector 18 8 SWEEP OUT Connector 18 9 10 MHz OUT Connector 18 2 E4438C Vector Signal Generator Overview 19 Standard Vector Signal Generator Features 20 Options 21 Understanding Baseband Generator Options 21 Firmware Upgrades 22 To Upgrade Firmware 22 Calibration 23 Modes of Operation 24 Continuous Wave 24 Swept Signal 24 Analog Modulation 24 Di...

Страница 5: ...e Key 30 23 Display Contrast Decrease Key 30 24 Local Key 30 25 Preset Key 30 26 Standby LED 31 27 Line Power LED 31 28 Power Switch 31 29 SYMBOL SYNC Connector Option 001 601 or 002 602 31 30 DATA CLOCK Connector Option 001 601 or 002 602 31 31 DATA Connector Option 001 601 or 002 602 32 32 Q Connector 32 33 I Connector 32 Front Panel Display 33 1 Frequency Area 33 2 Annunciators 34 3 Digital Mod...

Страница 6: ...nnector 41 14 DIGITAL BUS 43 15 AC Power Receptacle 43 16 GPIB Connector 44 17 RS 232 Connector 44 18 LAN Connector 44 19 TRIG OUT Connector 45 20 BURST GATE IN Connector Option 001 601 or 002 602 45 21 TRIG IN Connector 45 22 10 MHz IN Connector 45 23 SWEEP OUT Connector 45 24 10 MHz OUT Connector 46 25 BASEBAND GEN REF IN Connector Option 001 601 or 002 602 46 3 Basic Operation 47 Using Table Ed...

Страница 7: ... 84 Waveform Licenses 85 Using the Web Server 86 Activating the Web Server 86 4 Basic Digital Operation 89 Custom Modulation 90 Custom Arb Waveform Generator 90 Custom Real Time I Q Baseband 91 Arbitrary ARB Waveform File Headers 92 Creating a File Header 92 Modifying Header Information 94 Dual ARB Player Waveform Sequence File Headers 100 Editing and Viewing File Headers in the Dual ARB Player 10...

Страница 8: ... Waveform Sequence Dual ARB Only 139 Viewing a Marker Pulse 141 Using the RF Blanking Marker Function 142 Setting Marker Polarity 144 Triggering Waveforms 145 Source 146 Mode and Response 146 Accessing Trigger Utilities 147 Setting the Polarity of an External Trigger 148 Using Gated Triggering 148 Using Segment Advance Triggering 150 Using External Triggering 151 Using Waveform Clipping 154 How Po...

Страница 9: ... 179 Differential Encoding 180 Differential Data Encoding 181 How Differential Encoding Works 182 Using Differential Encoding 184 User Defined I Q Maps 188 Creating a User Defined I Q Map 188 Storing a User Defined I Q Map File 190 Moving I Q Symbols 190 User Defined FSK Modulation 192 Modifying a Default FSK Modulation 192 Storing an FSK Modulation 193 Creating a User Defined FSK Modulation 193 C...

Страница 10: ...10 Configuring Pulse Modulation 211 Setting the RF Output Frequency 211 Setting the RF Output Amplitude 211 Setting the Pulse Period and Width 211 Activating Pulse Modulation 211 Configuring the LF Output 212 Configuring the LF Output with an Internal Modulation Source 213 Configuring the LF Output with a Function Generator Source 214 7 Digital Signal Interface Module 215 Clock Timing 216 Clock an...

Страница 11: ...g the Clock Signal 245 Selecting the Data Parameters 249 Digital Data 251 8 Bluetooth Signals 253 Accessing the Bluetooth Setup Menu on the ESG 254 Setting Up Packet Parameters 255 Setting up Impairments 257 Using Burst 259 Setting the Burst Power Ramp 259 Using Clock Gate Delay 260 Turning On a Bluetooth Signal 261 9 BERT 263 Setting Up a PHS Bit Error Rate Test BERT 264 Required Equipment 264 Co...

Страница 12: ...on 290 Gate Delay Function in the Clock Mode 292 Triggering 292 Data Processing 295 Repeat Measurements 296 Testing Signal Definitions 297 RF Loopback BER Option 300 299 Synchronization 299 Erased Frame Detection 300 Downlink Errors 300 Frame Structure 300 Verifying BERT Operation 302 Verification Setup 302 10 CDMA Digital Modulation 307 cdma2000 Forward Link Modulation for Component Test 308 Acti...

Страница 13: ...e Baseband Signal 332 Configuring the RF Output 333 Applying a User Defined FIR Filter to a cdma2000 Waveform 334 IS 95A Modulation 336 Creating a Predefined CDMA State 336 Creating a User Defined CDMA State 337 Applying Changes to an Active CDMA State 339 Creating a User Defined Multicarrier CDMA State 339 Applying Changes to an Active Multicarrier CDMA State 341 11 GPS Modulation 343 Real Time M...

Страница 14: ...l Modulation State 374 Creating a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State 375 Storing a Custom Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State 377 Applying Changes to an Active Multicarrier TDMA Digital Modulation State 377 Using the Real Time I Q Baseband Generator 378 Selecting Predefined Custom Modulation Modes 378 Creating User Defined Custom Modulation 379 14 Real Time TDMA Formats 381 E...

Страница 15: ...e RF Output 402 PHS Framed Modulation 403 Activating Framed Data Format 403 Configuring the First Timeslot 403 Configuring the Second Timeslot 403 Generating the Baseband Signal 403 Configuring the RF Output 404 PDC Framed Modulation 405 Activating Framed Data Format 405 Configuring the First Timeslot 405 Configuring the Second Timeslot 405 Generating the Baseband Signal 405 Configuring the RF Out...

Страница 16: ...ate 424 Creating a User Defined W CDMA Uplink State 425 W CDMA Concepts 429 Understanding TPC Values 431 Understanding TFCI TPC and Pilot Power Offsets 432 Calculating Downlink Scramble Codes 434 W CDMA Frame Structures 438 Downlink PICH Frame Structure 438 Downlink PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure 439 Downlink DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure 440 Uplink DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure 442 16 W CDMA Uplink Digit...

Страница 17: ...ing the Baseband Signal 481 Configuring the PRACH Code Setup 481 Configuring the PRACH Power Setup 487 Configuring the PRACH Timing Setup 490 Viewing a Multiple PRACH Signal 495 Connecting the ESG to a Base Station 496 Overload Testing with Multiple PRACHs Multiple ESGs 497 Connecting the ESG to the Base Transceiver Station 499 Configuring the ESGs 500 Setting Up the LF Output as the PRACH Start T...

Страница 18: ... UE Setup 542 Locating Rear Panel Input Signal Connectors 543 Configuring Rear Panel Output Signals 545 Accessing the Output Trigger Signal Menu 545 Selecting an Output Signal 545 Deselecting an Output Signal 547 Adjusting Code Domain Power 548 Scaling to 0 dB 548 Setting Equal Channel Powers 549 W CDMA Uplink Concepts 550 Data Channel Air Interface Block Diagram 550 Reference Measurement Channels...

Страница 19: ...wo 595 Generating the Baseband Signals and Synchronizing the ESG Transmissions 597 Configuring the UE 597 Making the BERT Measurement 598 Out of Synchronization Testing Overview 600 Configuring for Out of Synchronization Testing 601 Equipment Set up 601 Setting the RF Output 602 Accessing the W CDMA Modulation Format and Selecting Downlink 603 Setting UP the W CDMA Signal Parameters 603 Selecting ...

Страница 20: ...cramble Codes 634 W CDMA AWGN Measurements and Bandwidths 635 Special Power Control Considerations When Using Compressed Mode 638 W CDMA Frame Structures 639 Downlink PICH Frame Structure 639 Downlink PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure 640 Downlink DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure 641 18 Troubleshooting 643 If You Encounter a Problem 644 Basic Signal Generator Operations 645 Cannot Turn Off Help Mode 645 No RF...

Страница 21: ... Sequence 653 Error Messages 655 Error Message File 655 Error Message Format 656 Error Message Types 657 Upgrading Firmware 658 Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Technologies 659 Contacting Agilent Sales and Service Offices 660 ...

Страница 22: ...Contents xxii ...

Страница 23: ... Module Bluetooth Signals BERT CDMA Digital Modulation GPS Modulation Multitone Waveform Generator Custom Digital Modulation Real Time TDMA Formats W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test W CDMA Uplink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test W CDMA Downlink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test Troubleshooting Programming Guide Getting Started with Remote Operation Using IO Interfaces Programming...

Страница 24: ...er Test Digital Commands Volume 3 Receiver Test Digital Commands continued Compatibility with E44xxB SCPI Commands Overview E4428C 38C SCPI Commands ESG E44xxB Commands 8648A B C D Commands 8658B 8657A B D J Programming Codes Service Guide Troubleshooting Replaceable Parts Assembly Replacement Post Repair Procedures Safety and Regulatory Key and Data Field Reference Volume 1 Symbols Numerics A H V...

Страница 25: ...nalog Signal Generator and includes the following major sections Standard Analog Signal Generator Features on page 2 Options on page 3 Firmware Upgrades on page 3 Calibration on page 4 Modes of Operation on page 5 Front Panel Overview on page 6 Front Panel Display on page 12 Rear Panel Overview on page 16 ...

Страница 26: ...faces closed loop AM dc synthesized FM to 10 MHz rates maximum deviation depends on the carrier frequency phase modulation pulse modulation a function generator that includes the following features 50Ω low frequency output 0 to 3 Vp selectable waveforms sine square ramp triangle noise swept sine dual sine and pulse variable frequency modulation rates variable triggering in list and step sweep mode...

Страница 27: ...sist To Upgrade Firmware The following procedure shows you how to download new firmware to your ESG using a LAN connection and a PC For information on equipment requirements and alternate methods of downloading firmware such as GPIB refer to the Firmware Upgrade Guide which can be accessed at http www agilent com find upgradeassistant 1 Note the IP address of your signal generator To view the IP a...

Страница 28: ...P address at power on Because of this when DHCP is enabled the IP address may be different each time you turn on the instrument DHCP does not affect the hostname 12 Click Browse and double click the firmware revision to upgrade your signal generator 13 In the Upgrade Assistant click Next 14 Once connection to the instrument is verified click Next and follow the on screen prompts NOTE Once the down...

Страница 29: ...generator produces a CW signal The signal generator is set to a single frequency and power level Swept Signal In this mode the signal generator sweeps over a range of frequencies and or power levels Both list and step sweep functionality is available Analog Modulation In this mode the signal generator modulates the CW signal using one of four analog modulation types AM two paths FM two paths ΦM no...

Страница 30: ... Panel Feature Overview 1 Display The LCD screen provides information on the current function Information can include status indicators frequency and amplitude settings and error messages Labels for the softkeys are located on the right hand side of the display For further description of the front panel display refer to Front Panel Display on page 12 2 Softkeys Softkeys activate the function indic...

Страница 31: ...dB 1 50th of 10 dB By modifying either value or both you change the amount for each turn of the knob For more information on softkeys refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Key and Data Field Reference 7 Save Key This hardkey accesses a menu of softkeys enabling you to save data to the signal generator s instrument state memory register The instrument state register is a section of memory d...

Страница 32: ...th this hardkey 13 LF OUTPUT Connector This BNC connector is the output for modulation signals generated by the low frequency LF source function generator This output is capable of driving 3 Vp nominal into a 50Ω load On signal generators with Option 1EM this output is relocated to a rear panel female BNC connector AM FM ΦM 1 Vp produces the indicated deviation or depth When using the AC coupled i...

Страница 33: ...r which is always present on the display indicates whether active modulation formats have been enabled or disabled with the Mod On Off hardkey 16 RF On Off Key This hardkey toggles the operating state of the RF signal present at the RF OUTPUT connector The RF On Off annunciator is always visible in the display to indicate whether the RF is turned on or off 17 Numeric Keypad The numeric keypad cons...

Страница 34: ...ther hardkey to end the hold mode 21 Return Key This hardkey enables you to retrace your key presses When in a menu with more than one level More 1 of 3 More 2 of 3 etc the Return key will always return you to the first level of the menu 22 Display Contrast Increase Key This hardkey when pressed or held causes the display background to darken 23 Display Contrast Decrease Key This hardkey when pres...

Страница 35: ...r Switch This switch activates full power to the signal generator when set to the on position and deactivates all signal generator functions when in standby mode In standby mode the signal generator remains connected to the line power and power is supplied to some internal circuits ...

Страница 36: ...annunciators that represent various active functions Figure 1 2 Front Panel Display 1 Frequency Area The current frequency setting is shown in this portion of the display In this same area the ESG displays the indicators for frequency offset OFFS and multiplier MULT functions In addition REF appears when you enable the frequency reference mode and CHANNEL is turned on when you turn on a frequency ...

Страница 37: ...or appears when the attenuator hold function is turned on When this function is on the attenuator is held at its current setting ERR This annunciator appears when an error message is placed in the error queue This annunciator will not turn off until you have viewed all of the error messages or cleared the error queue You can access error messages by pressing Utility Error Info EXT1 LO HI This annu...

Страница 38: ... remotely controlled over the GPIB RS 232 or VXI 11 Sockets LAN interface RF ON OFF This annunciator indicates when the RF signal is present RF ON at the RF OUTPUT or if the RF signal is not present RF OFF at the RF OUTPUT Either condition of this annunciator is always visible in the display S This annunciator appears when the signal generator has generated a service request SRQ over the GPIB RS 2...

Страница 39: ...nd Data Field Reference 5 Error Message Area Abbreviated error messages are reported in this space When multiple error messages occur only the most recent message remains displayed Reported error messages with details can be viewed by pressing Utility Error Info 6 Text Area This area of the display is used to show status information about the signal generator such as the modulation status sweep li...

Страница 40: ... 3 provides input output and remote interface connections Figure 1 4 shows a portion of the rear panel for signal generators with Option 1EM which moves front panel connectors to the rear panel For Option 1EM connectors not described in this section see Front Panel Overview on page 6 Figure 1 3 Rear Panel Feature Overview Figure 1 4 ...

Страница 41: ...and RS 232 connectors 3 RS 232 Connector This female DB 9 connector is an RS 232 serial port that can be used for controlling the signal generator remotely It is functionally equivalent to the GPIB and LAN connectors The following table shows the description of the pinouts Figure 1 5 shows the pin configuration Figure 1 5 Table 1 1 RS 232 Connector Pin Number Signal Description Signal Name 1 No Co...

Страница 42: ...ering can occur on either the positive or negative edge The damage levels are 5 5 volts and 0 5 volts 7 10 MHz IN Connector This female BNC connector accepts a 3 5 to 20 dBm signal from an external timebase reference that is within 10 ppm standard timebase or 1 ppm high stability timebase The nominal input impedance is 50Ω The signal generator detects when a valid reference signal is present at th...

Страница 43: ...Vector Signal Generator and includes the following major sections Standard Vector Signal Generator Features on page 20 Options on page 21 Firmware Upgrades on page 22 Calibration on page 23 Modes of Operation on page 24 Front Panel Overview on page 26 Front Panel Display on page 33 Rear Panel Overview on page 37 ...

Страница 44: ...s closed loop AM dc synthesized FM to 10 MHz rates maximum deviation depends on the carrier frequency phase modulation pulse modulation a function generator that includes the following features 50Ω low frequency output 0 to 3 Vp selectable waveforms sine square ramp triangle noise swept sine dual sine and pulse variable frequency modulation rates variable triggering in list and step sweep modes au...

Страница 45: ...ry different in others They are similar in that all four versions support the same signal generation formats such as W CDMA cdma2000 WLAN and many others All four versions offer both arbitrary waveform capability and real time baseband generation capability The first obvious difference between these four baseband generators is that they offer different playback memory sizes This is primarily impor...

Страница 46: ...e IP address of your signal generator To view the IP address on the ESG press Utility GPIB RS 232 LAN LAN Setup 2 Use an internet browser to visit http www agilent com find upgradeassistant 3 Scroll down to the Documents and Downloads table and click the link in the Latest Firmware Revision column for the E4428C 38C ESG 4 In the File Download window select Run 5 In the Welcome window click Next an...

Страница 47: ... click the firmware revision to upgrade your signal generator 13 In the Upgrade Assistant click Next 14 Once connection to the instrument is verified click Next and follow the on screen prompts NOTE Once the download starts it cannot be aborted NOTE When the User Attention message appears you must first cycle the instrument s power then click OK When the upgrade completes the Upgrade Assistant dis...

Страница 48: ...nd FM two paths ΦM normal and high bandwidth Pulse modulation Some of these modulation types can be used together Digital Modulation In this mode the signal generator modulates a CW signal with either a real time I Q signal or arbitrary I Q waveform I Q modulation is only available on the E4438C An optional internal baseband generator Option 001 601 002 602 adds the following digital modulation fo...

Страница 49: ...ing the Real Time I Q Baseband Generator on page 378 Multitone mode produces up to 64 continuous wave signals or tones with adjustable amplitude and frequency spacing To learn more refer to Multitone Waveform Generator on page 365 Dual ARB mode is used to control the playback sequence of waveform segments that have been written into the ARB memory located on the internal baseband generator These w...

Страница 50: ...an include status indicators frequency and amplitude settings and error messages Labels for the softkeys are located on the right hand side of the display For further description of the front panel display refer to Front Panel Display on page 33 2 Softkeys Softkeys activate the function indicated by the displayed label to the left of each key 3 Frequency Key Pressing this hardkey makes frequency t...

Страница 51: ...E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Key and Data Field Reference 6 Menu Keys These hardkeys access softkey menus enabling configuration of list and step sweeps utility functions the LF output and various analog and digital modulation types For detailed information on these keys refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Key and Data Field Reference 7 Save Key This hardkey accesses a menu of softke...

Страница 52: ...gger event for a function such as a list or step sweep The trigger mode must be set to Trigger Key prior to initiating a trigger event with this hardkey AM FM ΦM 1 Vp produces the indicated deviation or depth When using the AC coupled input selection with a signal that has a peak input voltage that differs from 1 Vp by more than 3 the signal generator displays the HI LO annunciator Pulse Modulatio...

Страница 53: ... On Off Key Pressing this hardkey enables or disables all active modulation formats AM FM ΦM Pulse or I Q that are applied to the output carrier signal This hardkey does not set up or activate an AM FM ΦM Pulse or I Q format each individual modulation format must still be set up and activated for example AM AM On or nothing will be applied to the output carrier signal when the Mod On Off hardkey i...

Страница 54: ...g the left and right arrow hardkeys Once an individual digit or character is highlighted its value can be changed using the up and down arrow hardkeys 20 Hold Key This hardkey blanks the softkey label area the active function area and the text areas of the display Softkeys arrow hardkeys the knob the numeric keypad and the Incr Set hardkey have no effect once this hardkey is pressed Press any othe...

Страница 55: ... of the symbol The signal must be valid during the falling edge of the data clock signal and may be a single pulse or continuous When the SYMBOL SYNC itself is used as the symbol clock the CMOS falling edge is used to clock the DATA signal The maximum clock rate is 50 MHz The damage levels are 5 5 volts and 0 5 volts On signal generators with Option 1EM this input is relocated to a rear panel SMB ...

Страница 56: ...a signal applied to this connector press Mux I Q Source 1 or I Q Source 2 and then select either Ext 50 Ohm or Ext 600 Ohm On signal generators with Option 1EM this input is relocated as an SMB to the rear panel 33 I Connector This female BNC input connector accepts an externally supplied analog in phase component of I Q modulation The signal level is 0 5 Vrms for a calibrated output level The inp...

Страница 57: ...annunciators that represent various active functions Figure 2 2 Front Panel Display 1 Frequency Area The current frequency setting is shown in this portion of the display In this same area the ESG displays the indicators for frequency offset OFFS and multiplier MULT functions In addition REF appears when you enable the frequency reference mode and CHANNEL is turned on when you turn on a frequency ...

Страница 58: ...en this function is on the attenuator is held at its current setting BERT This annunciator appears when the Option UN7 bit error rate test BERT functions are turned on ENVLP This annunciator appears if the burst envelope modulation is turned on ERR This annunciator appears when an error message is placed in the error queue This annunciator will not turn off until you have viewed all of the error m...

Страница 59: ...le in the display S This annunciator appears when the signal generator has generated a service request SRQ over the GPIB RS 232 or VXI 11 Sockets LAN interface SWEEP This annunciator appears when the signal generator is sweeping in list or step mode T This annunciator appears when the signal generator is in talker mode and is transmitting information over the GPIB RS 232 or VXI 11 Sockets LAN inte...

Страница 60: ...n the function selected For detailed softkey descriptions refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Key and Data Field Reference 6 Error Message Area Abbreviated error messages are reported in this space When multiple error messages occur only the most recent message remains displayed Reported error messages with details can be viewed by pressing Utility Error Info 7 Text Area This area of the...

Страница 61: ... 3 provides input output and remote interface connections Figure 2 4 shows a portion of the rear panel for signal generators with Option 1EM which moves front panel connectors to the rear panel For Option 1EM connectors not described in this section see Front Panel Overview on page 26 Figure 2 3 Rear Panel Feature Overview Figure 2 4 ...

Страница 62: ...d 0 5 volts This connector accepts a high impedance TTL compatible signal or a 75Ω input 4 BER DATA IN Connector Option UN7 Use this female SMB connector to input the data streams for the bit error rate measurements The rising positive or falling negative edge of the BER CLK IN signal selected by the softkey or the SCPI command is used to trigger the reading of the data The damage levels are 5 5 v...

Страница 63: ...RF that is modulated with FM or ΦM The output power is nominally 2 dBm 5 dB The output frequency range is from 249 99900001 MHz to the maximum specified frequency of your signal generator or 4 GHz for Option 506 instruments If the RF output frequency is below this range the coherent carrier output signal will have the following frequency Frequency of coherent carrier 1E9 Frequency of RF output in ...

Страница 64: ...ning of each short code sequence for use in synchronizing CDMA analysis instruments There is a marker on off condition associated with each waveform point The marker 1 level is 3 3 V CMOS high when positive polarity is selected 3 3 V CMOS low when negative polarity is selected The output on the EVENT 1 connector occurs whenever Marker 1 is turned on in the waveform Markers are automatically turned...

Страница 65: ...pattern that is being continuously output The trigger edge is latched and then sampled by the falling edge of the internal data bit clock to synchronize the trigger with the data bit clock timing The minimum delay from the trigger edge to the first bit of the frame is 1 5 to 2 5 bit clock periods This connector is the source for the external trigger for all of the ARB waveform generator triggers W...

Страница 66: ...epts a signal that triggers an internal pattern or frame generator to start single pattern output Minimum pulse width is 100 ns Damage levels are 5 5 and 0 5 V SYM SYNC OUT Pin 5 of the Aux I O connector is used with an internal baseband generator This pin outputs the CMOS symbol clock for symbol synchronization one data clock period wide Damage levels are 5 5 volts and 0 5 volts BER MEAS TRIG BER...

Страница 67: ...e Option 601 or 602 This connector is not operational for general purpose customer use Signals are present only when a Baseband Studio option is installed for details refer to www agilent com find basebandstudio 15 AC Power Receptacle The power cord receptacle accepts a three pronged cable that is shipped with the signal generator The line voltage is connected here View looking into rear panel con...

Страница 68: ... the pin configuration Figure 2 6 18 LAN Connector LAN based communication is supported by the signal generator via the LAN local area network connector The LAN connector enables the signal generator to be remotely programmed by a LAN connected computer The distance between a computer and the signal generator is limited to 100 meters 10Base T on a single cable For more information about the LAN re...

Страница 69: ...is changed from a BNC to an SMB connector With Option 401 this connector is used for system reset trigger input 21 TRIG IN Connector This female BNC connector accepts a CMOS signal for triggering operations such as point to point in manual sweep mode or an LF sweep in external sweep mode Triggering can occur on either the positive or negative edge The damage levels are 5 5 volts and 0 5 volts 22 1...

Страница 70: ...and generator can be locked to this external reference the RF frequency remains locked to the 10 MHz reference The nominal input impedance is 50Ω at 13 MHz AC coupled This connector accepts a TTL or 10 dBm sine wave external reference at rates from 250 kHz through 100 MHz The internal clock for the arbitrary waveform generator is locked to this signal when external reference is selected in the ARB...

Страница 71: ...page 50 Generating the Modulation Format on page 58 Modulating the Carrier Signal on page 60 Creating and Applying User Flatness Correction on page 61 Using the Memory Catalog on page 68 Using the Instrument State Registers on page 70 Using Security Functions on page 75 Enabling Options E4438C Only on page 84 Using the Web Server on page 86 ...

Страница 72: ...de Values table editor as shown below Figure 3 1 Active Function Area displays the active table item while its value is edited Cursor an inverse video identifier used to highlight specific table items for selection and editing Table Editor Softkeys select table items preset table values and modify table structures Table Items values arranged in numbered rows and titled columns The columns are also...

Страница 73: ... row of the currently selected column Page Up and Page Down displays table items that occupy rows outside the limits of the ten row table display area Load Store opens a menu of softkeys Load From Selected File Store To File Delete File Goto Row Page Up and Page Down used to load table items from a file in the memory catalog or to store the current table items as a file in the memory catalog The s...

Страница 74: ...ese examples however use the factory defined preset state the Preset Normal User softkey in the Utility menu must be set to Normal 2 Observe the FREQUENCY area of the display in the upper left hand corner The value displayed is the maximum specified frequency of the signal generator 3 Press RF On Off The RF On Off hardkey must be pressed before the RF signal is available at the RF OUTPUT connector...

Страница 75: ... will be 0 00 Hz the frequency output by the hardware minus the reference frequency Although the display changes the frequency output does not change Any subsequent frequency changes are shown as incremental or decremental to 0 Hz 1 Press Preset 2 Press Frequency 700 MHz 3 Press Freq Ref Set This activates the frequency reference mode and sets the current output frequency 700 MHz as the reference ...

Страница 76: ...TUDE area of the display and also in the active entry area Amplitude is still the active function until you press another front panel function key You can also change the amplitude using the up and down arrow keys and the knob Setting the Amplitude Reference and Amplitude Offset The following procedure sets the RF output power as an amplitude reference to which all other amplitude parameters are r...

Страница 77: ...g list sweep data see Storing Files on page 69 During swept RF output the FREQUENCY and AMPLITUDE areas of the signal generator s display are deactivated depending on what is being swept This section provides an explanation of the differences between step sweep and list sweep You will learn two ways to configure the signal generator s RF output to sweep a defined set of frequency and amplitude poi...

Страница 78: ... 1 Press Preset 2 Press Sweep List This opens a menu of sweep softkeys 3 Press Sweep Repeat Single Cont This toggles the sweep repeat from continuous to single 4 Press Configure Step Sweep 5 Press Freq Start 500 MHz This changes the start frequency of the step sweep to 500 MHz 6 Press Freq Stop 600 MHz This changes the stop frequency of the step sweep to 600 MHz 7 Press Ampl Start 20 dBm This chan...

Страница 79: ... and progression of the sweep is shown by a progress bar List Sweep List sweep allows you to create a list of arbitrary frequency amplitude and dwell time values and sweep the RF output based on the entries in the List Mode Values table Unlike a step sweep that contains linear ascending descending frequency and amplitude values spaced at equal intervals throughout the sweep list sweep frequencies ...

Страница 80: ...out generating errors If sweep remains on during editing errors occur whenever one or two point parameters frequency power and dwell are undefined 2 Press Configure List Sweep This returns you to the sweep list table 3 Use the arrow keys to highlight the dwell time in row 1 4 Press Edit Item The dwell time for point 1 becomes the active function 5 Press 100 msec This enters 100 ms as the new dwell...

Страница 81: ...ress Insert Item A duplicate of the highlighted dwell time is inserted for point 9 shifting the existing value down to complete the entry for point 10 Activating List Sweep for a Single Sweep 1 Press Return Sweep Freq Ampl This turns the sweep on again No errors should occur if all parameters for every point have been defined in the previous editing process 2 Press Single Sweep The signal generato...

Страница 82: ...dulation format s first menu with off as the format status and Figure 3 3 shows an example of the ESG display when the format is active The modulation format is now generated however the carrier signal is not modulated until the Mod On Off key has been set to on Depending on the modulation format the signal generator may require a few seconds to build the signal Within the digital formats you may ...

Страница 83: ...Chapter 3 59 Basic Operation Generating the Modulation Format Figure 3 3 Modulation Format On First AM Menu Modulation format is On Active Modulation Format Annunciator ...

Страница 84: ...ion format is turned on To Turn the Modulation On Press the Mod On Off key until the MOD ON annunciator appears in the display The carrier signal is now modulated with all active modulation formats This is the factory default To Turn the Modulation Off Press the Mod On Off key until the MOD OFF annunciator appears in the display The carrier signal is no longer modulated or capable of being modulat...

Страница 85: ...reate and apply user flatness correction to the signal generator s RF output Afterward follow the steps in Recalling and Applying a User Flatness Correction Array on page 66 to recall a user flatness file from the memory catalog and apply it to the signal generator s RF output Creating a User Flatness Correction Array In this example you will create a user flatness correction array The flatness co...

Страница 86: ...ration factors into the power meter as appropriate 4 Enable the power meter s cal factor array NOTE For operating information on your particular power meter sensor refer to its operating guide Connect the Equipment Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3 5 on page 63 NOTE During the process of creating the user flatness correction array the power meter is controlled by the signal generator via ...

Страница 87: ... E4418B or E4419B b Press Meter Address enter the power meter s GPIB address Enter c For E4417A and E4419B power meters press Meter Channel A B to select the power meter s active channel d Press Meter Timeout to adjust the length of time before the instrument generates a timeout error if unsuccessfully attempting to communicate with the power meter 3 Press More 2 of 2 Configure Cal Array More 1 of...

Страница 88: ...u are not using an Agilent E4416A 17A 18B 19B power meter or if your power meter does not have a GPIB interface you can perform the user flatness correction manually For instructions see Performing the User Flatness Correction Manually on page 65 1 Press More 1 of 2 User Flatness Do Cal This creates the user flatness amplitude correction value table entries The signal generator enters the user fla...

Страница 89: ... output amplitude based on the correction value entered 6 Repeat steps 2 through 5 until the power meter reads 0 dBm 7 Use the down arrow key to place the cursor over the frequency value for the next row The RF output changes to the frequency value of the table row containing the cursor as shown in the FREQUENCY area of the display 8 Repeat steps 2 through 7 for every entry in the User Flatness ta...

Страница 90: ...data contained in the file FLATCAL1 The user flatness correction array title displays User Flatness FLATCAL1 6 Press Return Flatness Off On This applies the user flatness correction data contained in FLATCAL1 Returning the Signal Generator to GPIB Listener Mode During the user flatness correction process the power meter is controlled by the signal generator via GPIB and no other controllers are al...

Страница 91: ...presets the signal generator and returns it to GPIB listener mode The signal generator can now receive remote commands executed by a remote controller connected to the GPIB interface 3 Recall your instrument state from the instrument state register For instructions see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 92: ...ell time STAT instrument state data controlling instrument operating parameters such as frequency amplitude and mode UFLT user flatness calibration correction pair data user defined frequency and corresponding amplitude correction values NOTE You may have additional file types depending on which options you have installed in your signal generator Viewing Stored Files 1 Press Utility Memory Catalog...

Страница 93: ...log of List Files 3 Press Store to File This displays a menu of alphabetical softkeys for naming the file Store to is displayed in the active function area 4 Enter the file name LIST1 using the alphabetical softkeys and the numeric keypad The maximum file name length is 23 characters alphanumeric and special characters 5 Press Enter The file is now displayed in the Catalog of List Files showing th...

Страница 94: ... shows additional signal generator settings that are not saved with the save operation Waveform data is stored in NVWFM If you have a waveform file and want to save signal generator settings associated with that file you must first select the waveform in volatile waveform memory WFM1 When you save the signal generator settings associated with that file to instrument state memory a reference to the...

Страница 95: ...his saves the instrument state configured in step 1 to sequence 1 register 01 of the instrument state register If a waveform is selected or being played then the name of the waveform file will also be saved in sequence 1 register 01 of the instrument state register 6 Press Add Comment to Seq 1 Reg 01 This enables you to add a descriptive comment to sequence 1 register 01 The comment appears in the...

Страница 96: ...ates saving signal generator settings associated with a waveform file NOTE The save function saves only a reference to a waveform file name no waveform data is stored Use Save function to save signal generator settings and use the Store function to save waveform data Signal generator settings such as frequency power attenuator level and so forth are not saved when a waveform file is saved Signal g...

Страница 97: ...mory The section Recalling an Instrument State for a Waveform File on page 73 describes how to recall this instrument state and associated waveform file Recalling an Instrument State for a Waveform File This procedure applies to signal generators with Option 001 601 or 002 602 and demonstrates recalling signal generator settings associated with a waveform file This procedure uses the same signal g...

Страница 98: ...ce and register you want to delete 5 Press Delete Seq n Reg nn This deletes the chosen register Deleting All Registers within a Sequence 1 Press Preset 2 Press the Recall or Save hardkey Notice that the Select Seq softkey shows the last sequence that you used 3 Press Select Seq and enter the sequence number containing the registers you want to delete 4 Press Delete all Regs in Seq n This deletes a...

Страница 99: ...em chapter of the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators SCPI Command Reference for more information Understanding Memory Types The ESG comprises several memory types each used for storing a specific type of data Before removing sensitive data it is important to understand how each memory type is used in the signal generator The following tables describe each memory type used in the base instrument opti...

Страница 100: ...N configuration It is only overwritten during the firmware installation or upgrade process Because this 32 MB memory chip contains 20 MB of user data and 12 MB of firmware memory described here a selective chip erase is performed User data areas are selectively and completely sanitized when you perform the Erase and Sanitize function Yes Yes LAN configuration front panel entry or remotely Battery ...

Страница 101: ...attery backed Table 3 2 Baseband Generator Memory Options 001 601 and 002 602 Memory Type and Size Writable During Normal Operation Data Retained When Powered Off Purpose Contents Data Input Method Remarks Waveform Memory SDRAM 40 320 MB Yes No waveforms including header and marker data and PRAM normal user operation User data is completely sanitized when you perform the Erase and Sanitize functio...

Страница 102: ...er Not battery backed Table 3 3 Hard Disk Memory Option 005 Memory Type and Size Writable During Normal Operation Data Retained When Powered Off Purpose Contents Data Input Method Remarks Media Storage Built in Hard Disk 6 GB or 10 GB 4 GB usable in both cases Yes Yes user files including flatness calibrations IQ calibration instrument states waveforms including header and marker data modulation d...

Страница 103: ...rite All CAUTION Do not use this function with signal generator firmware revisions C 04 84 C 04 86 or C 04 95 If you have one of these revisions installed please upgrade immediately to revision C 04 96 or later This function performs the same actions as Erase All and then clears and overwrites the various memory types in accordance with Department of Defense DoD standards as described below To car...

Страница 104: ...and the GPIB address In vector models the user IQ Cal is also saved in this area The following key presses or SCPI commands can be used to clear the IQ cal file and to set the operating states that are not affected by a signal generator power on preset or RST command to their factory default Instrument Setup On the front panel press Utility Power On Preset Restore System Defaults Confirm Restore S...

Страница 105: ... upgrade immediately to revision C 04 96 or later 1 Press Utility Memory Catalog More 1 of 2 Security Security Level 2 Choose from the following selections None equivalent to a factory preset no user information is lost Erase equivalent to Erase All Overwrite equivalent to Erase and Overwrite All Sanitize equivalent to Erase and Sanitize All Activating the Secure Mode CAUTION Once you activate sec...

Страница 106: ... the instrument failure on the repair order If the instrument is still under warranty you will not be charged for the new processor board For the optional hard disk choose one of the following options Discard the hard disk and send the instrument to a repair facility Indicate on the repair order that the hard disk was removed and must be replaced A new hard disk will be installed and the instrumen...

Страница 107: ...Chapter 3 83 Basic Operation Using Security Functions Figure 3 6 ESG Screen with Secure Display Activated ...

Страница 108: ...or display which lists any enabled software options and the software options that can be enabled 2 Verify that the host ID shown on the display matches the host ID on the license key certificate The host ID is unique for each instrument If the host ID on the license key certificate does not match your instrument the license key cannot enable the software option 3 Verify that any required hardware ...

Страница 109: ... The waveform license allows waveforms created on one ESG to be downloaded to another ESG Encrypted waveforms can be played by other ESGs that have the same options and licenses A waveform license is written to the signal generator when a software application that generates waveform data is installed on the PC 1 Access the Waveform Licenses menu Utility Instrument Adjustments Instrument Options Wa...

Страница 110: ... to Agilent s products support manuals and website NOTE The Web Server service is compatible with the latest version of the Microsoft Internet Explorer web browser 1 The Signal Generator Web Control menu button on the Web Enabled ESG web page will access a second web page This web page shown in Figure 3 8 provides a virtual instrument interface that can be used to control the signal generator You ...

Страница 111: ...depending on your LAN configuration Use the LAN Config Manual DHCP softkey to select a Manual or DHCP dynamic host communication protocol LAN configuration Refer to E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generator Key and Data Field Reference for more information 6 Press the enter key on the computer s keyboard The web browser will display the signal generator s homepage as shown below in Figure 3 7 This web page ...

Страница 112: ...ple click on the Frequency hardkey then use the front panel key pad to enter a frequency You can also use the up and down arrow keys to increase or decrease the frequency You can use the SCPI Command text box at the bottom of the front panel display to send commands to the signal generator Enter a valid SCPI command then click the SEND button The results of the command will be displayed on a separ...

Страница 113: ...standing the I Q Modulator Filter on page 120 Local Settings for ARB Waveform Formats and the Dual ARB Player on page 122 Using Waveform Markers on page 129 Triggering Waveforms on page 145 Using Waveform Clipping on page 154 Using Waveform Scaling on page 162 Using Customized Burst Shape Curves on page 166 Using Finite Impulse Response FIR Filters on page 173 Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR ...

Страница 114: ...ents Custom Arb Waveform Generator The signal generator s Arb Waveform Generator mode is designed for out of channel test applications This mode can be used to generate data formats that simulate random communication traffic and can be used as a stimulus for component testing Other capabilities of the Arb Waveform Generator mode include configuring single or multicarrier signals Up to 100 carriers...

Страница 115: ...stream generated in this mode can be used for receiver bit error analysis This mode is limited to a single carrier The Real Time I Q Baseband mode has more data and modulation types available than the Arb Waveform Generator mode supports custom I Q constellation formats has the capability to generate continuous PN sequences for bit error rate testing BERT needs no waveform build time when signal p...

Страница 116: ...gramming Guide for details on downloading files The following ESG setting and parameter information can be saved to the file header ARB sample clock rate Runtime scaling only in the dual ARB player Marker 1 4 settings and routing functions page 129 Polarity ALC hold RF blanking High crest mode only in the dual ARB player Modulator attenuation Modulator filter I Q output filter used when routing si...

Страница 117: ... stored to non volatile memory NVWFM the associated file header information is automatically saved to the signal generator s USER HEADER directory and the marker file is automatically saved to the signal generator s USER MARKERS directory When a waveform file residing in WFM1 is selected for playback the file header settings along with the marker file settings are automatically applied to the ESG ...

Страница 118: ...t level softkey menu 1 From the first level softkey menu shown in Figure 4 1 open the Header Utilities menu Press More 1 of 2 ARB Setup Header Utilities Figure 4 2 on page 95 shows the default file header for the AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM CDMA2000 digital modulation waveform The Header Field column names the parameters for the file header The Saved Header Settings column shows that the signal generator set...

Страница 119: ...ttings the Saved Header Settings column lists the settings saved in the file header File Header Description The file header contains the following information 32 Character Description A description entered for the header such as a the waveform s function saved edited with the Edit Description softkey see Figure 4 2 You can use the displayed alpha symbol softkeys and the numeric keypad to enter inf...

Страница 120: ...nge of Points softkey located in the Marker Utilities softkey menu See Setting Marker Points in a Waveform Segment on page 137 for more information Alt Ampl Routing This will display which marker if any triggers the ESG s alternate amplitude feature when the marker signal is low When the marker signal goes high the trigger is terminated disengaging alternate amplitude You still need to configure t...

Страница 121: ... Set the I Q modulation filter to a through Press I Q Mod Filter Manual Auto to Manual Through 7 Set marker one to blank the RF output at the set marker point s Press More 2 of 2 Marker Utilities Marker Routing Pulse RF Blank Marker 1 For information on setting markers see Using Waveform Markers on page 129 8 Set the polarity of Marker 1 negative Press Return Marker Polarity Marker 1 Polarity Neg ...

Страница 122: ...der values have not changed as shown in Figure 4 4 below Figure 4 4 Differing Values between Header and Current Setting Columns 10 Save the current settings to the file header Press the Save Setup To Header softkey The settings from the Current Inst Settings column now appear in the Saved Header Settings column The file header has been modified and the current instrument settings saved This is sho...

Страница 123: ...the header information Once you turn the modulation format off the header information is available only through the dual ARB player NOTE If you turn the modulation format off and then on you overwrite the previous AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file and its file header To avoid this rename the file before you turn the modulation format back on see Storing Waveform Segments to Non Volatile Memory on page 112 Pag...

Страница 124: ... memory NVWFM move it to WFM1 and then play it Refer to Loading Waveform Segments from Non Volatile Memory on page 113 for information on loading files from NVWFM Edits to file headers can only be performed when the waveform file is playing After making changes to the signal generator settings and parameters you can apply these new settings to the waveform by pressing the Save Setup To Header soft...

Страница 125: ... Off One of the differences between the dual ARB player and other Arb formats is that you can view a file header without the dual ARB being on ARB Off On softkey set to Off However you cannot edit the displayed file header This was done to prevent an accidental change to a file header for an AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file that may be playing in a modulation format With the dual ARB player turned off perfor...

Страница 126: ... associated waveform file is being played by the dual ARB player When you select another file header for viewing the header editing softkeys are grayed out as shown in Figure 4 6 This procedure will guide you through the available viewing choices 1 Press Mode Dual ARB ARB Setup Header Utilities View Different Header Notice that the waveform files in the table are listed in alphabetical order Page ...

Страница 127: ...u have a choice of three waveform file types that can be displayed in the table accessed in step one These choices are shown in Figure 4 8 Figure 4 8 Waveform File Type Selection NVWFM This choice will display all of the waveform segments currently stored in non volatile memory Seq This choice will display all of the waveform sequence files Table Current Waveform File Type ...

Страница 128: ...o press the View Different Header select the current playing waveform file and press View Header The second way is to press Return and then Header Utilities Playing a Waveform File containing a Header After a waveform file AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM has been generated by a modulation format and the format is turned off the AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file is accessible to and can be played back only in the dual ARB pl...

Страница 129: ...n and they will be applied to the signal generator instead of the saved header settings To reapply the saved header settings reselect the waveform for playback NOTE The signal generator used to play back a stored waveform file must have the same options as are required to generate the file Summary Display Waveform is not Selected Preset Settings Applied Waveform Selected Saved Header Settings Appl...

Страница 130: ...oad waveform files from the signal generator s memory A waveform file is automatically generated whenever an ARB modulation format is turned on This automatically generated file is named AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM Because this default file name is shared among all ARB formats it must be renamed if you want to save the information contained in the file If the file is not renamed it will be overwritten when a...

Страница 131: ...redefined 64 channel forward link CDMA configuration The 64 channel forward link AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is stored in volatile waveform memory WFM1 During waveform generation the CDMA and I Q annunciators are shown on the ESG s front panel display e Press CDMA Off On until Off is highlighted The AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file is in use while the ARB modulation format is on preventing you from performing the modif...

Страница 132: ... a waveform sequence and the total of all segments and repeated segments cannot exceed the limit count Figure 4 11shows a waveform sequence made up of two sequences and three segments In this example the segment count is eleven Figure 4 11 Waveform Sequence Diagram Building a Waveform Sequence The following procedure shows how to create edit and store a waveform sequence using the two waveform seg...

Страница 133: ... segments and used them to build and store a waveform sequence complete the steps in the previous procedures Creating Waveform Segments on page 107 and Creating a Waveform Sequence on page 108 NOTE A waveform segment must reside in volatile memory WFM1 before it can be played individually or as part of a waveform sequence Refer to Loading Waveform Segments from Non Volatile Memory on page 113 for ...

Страница 134: ...e or they can be saved using a different waveform sequence name NOTE If you do not store changes to the waveform sequence before exiting the waveform sequence editing display changes will not be made Modifying the Sequence 1 Press Waveform Sequences 2 Highlight the waveform sequence for example FWDCH_64 FWDCH_9 3 Press Edit Selected Waveform Sequence 4 Highlight the first waveform entry for exampl...

Страница 135: ...signal The Carrier Bandwidth softkey sets the bandwidth over which the noise is integrated and the Noise Bandwidth Factor softkey allows you to select a flat noise bandwidth Refer to the E4428C 38C ESG SCPI Command Reference for remote operation commands and the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generator Key and Data Field Reference for key descriptions The following procedure sets up a carrier and modulates...

Страница 136: ... waveform sequence will result in losing the waveform segments when the signal generator is turned off or rebooted during an ESG firmware upgrade When this occurs you cannot play the waveform sequence until the segments are recreated using the same file names that the sequence expects If you attempt to play the sequence without the segments an error ERROR 629 File format invalid will be reported s...

Страница 137: ...This is accomplished using the Load All From NVWFM Memory softkey Using Waveform 5 Pack Licensing Options 221 229 Waveform 5 Pack licensing enables you to create generate and permanently license up to 45 Signal Studio waveforms e g Each Option 22x enables licensing of five waveforms Option 221 222 223 229 Each Waveform 5 Pack License includes one N7699A D01 30 day Signal Studio demo license N7699A...

Страница 138: ...Option 22x only redeem one N7699A D01 at a time e g after the first 30 day N7699A D01 license expires redeem the 2nd etc This maximizes the time allowed for waveform creation using the N7699A D01 30 day Signal Studio demo license refer to the E4438C 22x Entitlement Certificate N7699A D01 30 day Signal Studio demo license cannot be purchased separately from Option 22x Downloaded waveforms can be li...

Страница 139: ... a waveform to a signal generator using any of the N76xxB Signal Studio Software Refer to your Signal Studio Software Help 2 Save the file to NVWFM memory Before you can license a waveform with the Waveform 5 Pack licensing the waveform must be saved in the non volatile memory NVWFM a Press Local Mode Dual ARB Waveform Segments Load Store to Store b Use the arrow keys to highlight the file to be l...

Страница 140: ...rial license is not licensable until after the 14 day trial expires 5 Pack Licensed This waveform is licensed by Option 22x 5 Pack License Not Required This message applies to Any free waveforms provided with the Agilent ESG e g RAMP_TEST_WFM and SINE_TEST_WFM etc Any customer created waveform Any waveforms that have a valid license e g Trial TRL licenses Advanced Design System ADS etc Refer to ww...

Страница 141: ...y active if you have previously stored a Waveform 5 Pack file in non volatile memory NVWFM The softkey 5 Pack History also tracks the history of licensed waveform files that may no longer be available in non volatile memory e g if the waveform file has been deleted from non volatile memory the 5 Pack History softkey remains active 5 Pack History retains a catalog of the Redemption Date Waveform ID...

Страница 142: ...of all of the Waveform 5 Pack files in the WFM1 memory and the non volatile storage NVWFM 1 On the signal generator a Press Mode Dual ARB ARB Setup Waveform Utilities 5 Pack Licensing Find All Waveforms The instrument displays a catalog titled Waveform 5 Pack Search Results NOTE If no files are found you can reload the backup copies that were made in Step e on page 116 ...

Страница 143: ...ment s non volatile memory NVWFM This warning is displayed when an attempt is made to license a waveform that has not been saved to non volatile memory NVWFM Waveforms cannot be licensed unless they have been stored to non volatile memory Press the Backup Waveform To Int Storage softkey This warning is displayed when there is insufficient memory or other problems with the non volatile memory and t...

Страница 144: ... filtering is applied separately to the I and Q paths Since they are post reconstruction filters they do not apply any oversampling Because the filters are for the I and Q signals and not the modulated signal they are filtering the I Q bandwidth which has up to 40 MHz for I and 40 MHz for Q 80 MHz total I Q bandwidth This means that when viewed through the RF output the filter size appears to be t...

Страница 145: ...r Auto 3 If not already done turn on the modulation format 4 Turn on the RF output ARB Signal The I Q modulator filter selections reside within the modulation format menu instead of in the I Q menu as for the real time signals For more information see I Q Attenuator and Filters Settings on page 122 1 Configure the signal 2 Within the ARB modulation format menu set the I Q modulator filter a Press ...

Страница 146: ... player When you set these signal generator parameters within one modulation format they will not apply to the others These settings are applied to the signal generator when the modulation format is turned on or the saved waveform is selected in the dual ARB player They can also be saved to the file header The I Q output attenuator I Q Output Atten softkey located in the I Q hardkey menu still mai...

Страница 147: ... the dual ARB player are accomplished by accessing the ARB Setup softkey menu located in each of the ARB formats and the dual ARB player The location of this softkey menu is shown in Figure 4 14 When you save the signal generator setup using the front panel Save hardkey function with an ARB format or the dual ARB player the local settings for the three parameters are also saved Figure 4 14 ARB I Q...

Страница 148: ...lder commands would override the local settings Waveform Runtime Scaling Waveform runtime scaling enables you to set the scaling value that is applied to the waveform while it is playing You can set waveform runtime scaling in the ARB Setup softkey menu located in the dual ARB player The location of this softkey is shown in Figure 4 14 This setting is only available for the dual ARB player When yo...

Страница 149: ...dual ARB player Waveform Markers Waveform markers are used to mark specific points on a waveform and are available for use in all ARB modulation formats The signal generator provides four markers Each marker can be associated with the RF blanking function the ALC hold function and the alternate amplitude triggering function A marker can implement one or all three functions For more information ref...

Страница 150: ... trigger selection for the alternate amplitude feature in the Amplitude hardkey menu should be set to internal When the marker signal goes low the alternate amplitude function is triggered When the marker signal goes high the trigger is terminated disengaging alternate amplitude Marker settings are located in the Marker Utilities softkey menu The location of this softkey and the marker softkey men...

Страница 151: ...ic Digital Operation Local Settings for ARB Waveform Formats and the Dual ARB Player Figure 4 15 ARB Marker Location and Softkey Menus First Level Softkey Menu Not all ARB formats will have a Second Page Opt 403 softkey ...

Страница 152: ... functions But they will affect the RF blanking function After the waveform has been generated regenerated you can modify the predetermined settings to suit your measurement needs The following list explains the predetermined settings for marker one and two according to the selected payload data type Truncated PN9 or 8 bit pattern Marker one outputs a five sample point wide pulse 500 ns at the EVE...

Страница 153: ...le associated with it the signal generator creates a marker file without any marker points Factory supplied segments have a marker point on the first sample for all four markers The following procedures demonstrate how to use markers while working in the dual ARB player but the process is the same when working in any ARB format These procedures also discuss two types of points a marker point and a...

Страница 154: ...ual ARB player you can modify a waveform segment s marker points either without playing the waveform or while playing the waveform in an ARB modulation format In an ARB modulation format you must play the waveform before you can modify a segment s marker points Saving Marker Polarity and Routing Settings Marker polarity and routing settings remain until you reconfigure them preset the signal gener...

Страница 155: ... output signal the carrier plus any modulating signal when the marker signal goes high The marker signal has a minimum of a two sample point delay in its response relative to the waveform signal response To compensate for the marker signal delay offset marker points from the waveform sample at which you want the ALC sampling to begin NOTE Because it can affect the waveform s output amplitude do no...

Страница 156: ...ows a marker set to sample the waveform s area of highest amplitude Note that the marker is set well before the waveform s area of lowest amplitude This takes into account the response difference between the marker and the waveform signal Pulse Unleveled Example of Incorrect Use Waveform 1022 points Marker range 110 1022 Marker polarity Positive This example shows a marker set to sample the low pa...

Страница 157: ...polarity Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points the marker signal goes high during the off points The ALC samples the waveform during the off marker points Marker On Marker On Sampling both on and off time sets the modulator circuitry incorrectly for higher signal levels Note the increased amplitude at the beginning of the pulse Marker Off M...

Страница 158: ...RB player but you can access the marker utilities through the ARB Setup softkey in all ARB formats 1 Select the ARB waveform player press Mode Dual ARB 2 Press ARB Setup Marker Utilities NOTE Most of the procedures in this section begin at the Marker Utilities softkey menu When using an ARB format other than dual ARB you must turn on the format to enable the Set Markers softkey ...

Страница 159: ...isplay Markers Zoom in Max The maximum zoom in range is 28 points Experiment with the Zoom functions to see how they display the markers The display can show a maximum of 460 points displayed waveforms with a sample point range greater than 460 points may not show the marker locations The Set Marker display These softkeys change the range of waveform sample points shown on the marker display Each ...

Страница 160: ... from Step 3 for any remaining marker points that you want to remove Clearing a Range of Marker Points The following example uses a waveform with marker points Marker 1 set across points 10 20 This makes it easy to see the affected marker points The same process applies whether the existing points are set over a range or as individual points page 130 1 In the Marker Utilities menu page 134 select ...

Страница 161: ...ge 135 and remove any unwanted points page 130 Placing a Marker Across a Range of Points 1 In the Marker Utilities menu page 134 press Set Markers 2 Highlight the desired waveform segment In an ARB format there is only one file AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM and it is already highlighted 3 Highlight the desired marker number Press Marker 1 2 3 4 4 Set the first sample point in the range in this example 10 Press...

Страница 162: ...ly Spaced Markers The following example sets markers across a range of points and specifies the spacing skipped points between each marker You must set the spacing before you apply the marker settings you cannot apply skipped points to a previously set range of points 1 Remove any existing marker points page 130 2 In the Marker Utilities menu page 134 press Set Markers 3 Highlight the desired wave...

Страница 163: ... cycle the power the setting remains the same for the next loaded sequence As You Create a Waveform Sequence After you select the waveform segments to create a waveform sequence and before you name and save the sequence you can enable or disable each segment s markers independently Enabling a marker that has no marker points page 137 has no effect on the auxiliary outputs 1 Select the waveform seg...

Страница 164: ...only for the third segment In an Existing Waveform Sequence If you have not already done so create and store a waveform sequence that contains at least three segments page 108 Ensure that the segment or segments are available in volatile memory page 113 1 Press Mode Dual ARB Waveform Sequences and highlight the desired waveform sequence 2 Press Edit Selected Waveform Sequence and highlight the fir...

Страница 165: ...orm segment that has at least one marker point set page 137 The process is the same for a waveform sequence This procedure uses the factory supplied segment SINE_TEST_WFM in the dual ARB Player Factory supplied segments have a marker point on the first sample point for all four markers as shown 1 Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform and highlight the SINE_TEST_WFM segment 2 Press ARB Off On to On 3...

Страница 166: ...ker Routing on the softkey label either before or after setting the marker points page 137 setting a marker function before you set marker points may change the RF output RF Blanking includes ALC hold described on page 131 note Caution regarding unleveled power The signal generator blanks the RF output when the marker signal goes low 1 Using the factory supplied segment SINE_TEST_WFM set Marker 1 ...

Страница 167: ... Positive When marker polarity is positive the default setting the RF output is blanked during the off maker points 200 180 Point 1 Marker Segment RF Signal RF Signal 200 180 Point 1 Marker Segment Marker Polarity Negative When marker polarity is negative the RF output is blanked during the on maker points 3 3V 0V 3 3V 0V ...

Страница 168: ... Utilities menu page 134 press Marker Polarity 2 Select the marker polarity as desired for each marker number As shown on page 142 Positive Polarity On marker points are high 3 3V Negative Polarity On marker points are low 0V Default Marker Polarity Positive Set each marker polarity independently See Also Saving Marker Polarity and Routing Settings on page 130 ...

Страница 169: ...al generator requires only a single trigger In this situation the ESG recognizes the first trigger event and ignores the rest When you select a trigger mode you may lose the signal carrier plus modulation from the RF output until you trigger the modulating signal This is because the ESG sets the I and Q signals to zero volts prior to the first trigger event which suppresses the carrier If you crea...

Страница 170: ...al uses framed or unframed data Because the ESG provides only unframed data to transmit a framed data signal you must create an external file that incorporates the framing and download it to the ESG see the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Programming Guide Unframed data transmits during active states and stops during inactive states The signal stops at the last transmitted symbol and restarts at ...

Страница 171: ...he current segment to finish then play advances to the next segment which plays continuously Continuous repeats the waveform until you turn the signal off or select another waveform trigger mode or response Continuous has the following functions Free Run immediately triggers and plays the waveform triggers received during play are ignored Trigger Run plays the waveform when a trigger is received s...

Страница 172: ...the ESG stops the waveform file playback at the last played sample point and restarts the playback at the next sample point when the inactive state occurs Real Time Custom When the active state occurs the ESG transmits the data pattern When the inactive state occurs the transmission stops at the last transmitted symbol and restarts at the next symbol when the active state occurs Continuous Single ...

Страница 173: ... for playback sequence or segment a Preset the signal generator b Press Mode Dual ARB Select Waveform c Highlight a waveform file for this example SINE_TEST_WFM d Press Select Waveform 5 Select the waveform trigger method a Press Trigger Gated b Press Trigger Trigger Setup and note that for the Gate Active Low High softkey the default selection is High which is the selection used in this example 6...

Страница 174: ...orm modulating the output during the gate inactive periods low The following figure shows an example display NOTE In the real time Custom mode the behavior is reversed when the gating signal is high you see the modulated waveform Using Segment Advance Triggering Segment advance triggering enables you to control the segment playback within a waveform sequence The following example uses a waveform s...

Страница 175: ...er the first waveform segment to begin playing repeatedly Press the Trigger hardkey 7 Optional Monitor the current waveform Connect the output of the signal generator to the input of an oscilloscope and configure the oscilloscope so that you can see the output of the signal generator 8 Trigger the second segment Press the Trigger hardkey The second segment in the sequence now plays Pressing the Tr...

Страница 176: ...Waveform Trigger 1 Press Trigger Single 2 Press Trigger Trigger Setup Trigger Source Ext 3 Press Ext Polarity Neg Pos until Pos is highlighted 4 Press Ext Delay Off On to On 5 Press Ext Delay Time 100 msec The waveform will now trigger once 100 milliseconds after it detects a change in TTL state from low to high at the PATT TRIG IN rear panel connector Configuring the Function Generator Set the fu...

Страница 177: ...ustom multicarrier CDMA state is stored in volatile ARB memory The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 890 01 MHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The externally single triggered custom multicarrier CDMA waveform is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector 100 msec after receiving a chan...

Страница 178: ...nly with the dual ARB mode How Power Peaks Develop To understand how clipping reduces high power peaks it is important to know how the peaks develop as the signal is constructed I Q waveforms can be the summation of multiple channels see Figure 4 17 Whenever most or all of the individual channel waveforms simultaneously contain a bit in the same state high or low an unusually high power peak negat...

Страница 179: ...form The magnitude of the RF envelope is determined by the equation where the squaring of I and Q always results in a positive value As shown in Figure 4 18 simultaneous positive and negative peaks in the I and Q waveforms do not cancel each other but combine to create an even greater peak Figure 4 18 Combining the I and Q Waveforms ...

Страница 180: ... can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation This causes intermodulation distortion which generates spectral regrowth Figure 4 19 Peak to Average Power Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that develops on each side of the carrier similar to sidebands and extends into the adjacent frequency bands see Figure 4 20 Consequently spectral regrowth interferes with communication in the...

Страница 181: ... I and Q waveforms separately I Q Notice in Figure 4 22 on page 158 that the clipping level is different for I and Q therefore it appears as a rectangle in the vector representation With either method the objective is to clip the waveform to a level that effectively reduces spectral regrowth but does not compromise the integrity of the signal Figure 4 23 on page 159 uses two complementary cumulati...

Страница 182: ...158 Chapter 4 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 4 22 Rectangular Clipping ...

Страница 183: ...Chapter 4 159 Basic Digital Operation Using Waveform Clipping Figure 4 23 Reduction of Peak to Average Power ...

Страница 184: ...vious step 3 Press Select Waveform This selects the waveform and returns you to the previous softkey menu 4 Press ARB Off On to On The dual Arb player must be turned on to display the CCDF plot in the following steps 5 Press ARB Setup Waveform Utilities Waveform Statistics and ensure that AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is highlighted on the display 6 Press CCDF Plot and observe the position of the waveform s cu...

Страница 185: ...the previous softkey menu 4 Press ARB Off On to On The dual Arb player must be turned on to display the CCDF plot in the following steps 5 Press ARB Setup Waveform Utilities Waveform Statistics and ensure that AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM is highlighted on the display 6 Press CCDF Plot and observe the position of the waveform s curve which is the darkest line 7 Press Return Return Clipping 8 Ensure that the C...

Страница 186: ... Over Range Errors Occur The ESG utilizes an interpolator filter in the conversion of the digital I and Q baseband waveforms into analog waveforms The clock rate of the interpolator is four times that of the baseband clock The interpolator therefore calculates sample points between the incoming baseband samples to equal the faster clock rate and smooth out the waveform giving it a more curve like ...

Страница 187: ...nates DAC Over Range Errors Scaling reduces or shrinks a baseband waveform s amplitude while maintaining its basic shape and characteristics such as peak to average power ratio If the fast rising baseband waveform is scaled enough to allow an adequate margin for the overshoot the interpolator filter is then able to calculate sample points that include the ripple effect thereby eliminating the over...

Страница 188: ...d is well suited for eliminating DAC over range errors In the Dual ARB Player To play a waveform in the Dual ARB Player ensure that the waveform exists in volatile memory This procedure first creates a waveform file using the Custom modulation format which the signal generator automatically stores in volatile memory 1 Press Preset Mode Custom Arb Waveform Generator Digital Modulation Off On to On ...

Страница 189: ...in Volatile Memory This procedure enables you to permanently scale a waveform file You can then store the scaled waveform segment to non volatile memory for future use Scaling is cumulative and non reversible 1 Press Preset Mode Custom Arb Waveform Generator Digital Modulation Off On to On This generates a custom arbitrary waveform for use in this procedure You can also use a previously stored or ...

Страница 190: ...ed You can however modify the following aspects of the burst shape Rise time the period of time specified in bits where the burst increases from a minimum of 70 dB 0 to full power 1 Fall time the period of time specified in bits where the burst decreases from full power 1 to a minimum of 70 dB 0 Rise delay the period of time specified in bits that the start of the burst rise is delayed Rise delay ...

Страница 191: ...and fall delays equal 0 the burst shape is attempting to synchronize the maximum burst shape power to the beginning of the first valid symbol and the ending of the last valid symbol of the timeslot The following figure illustrates a bursted signal in an EDGE frame with a rise delay of 0 and a fall delay of 1 bit 0 1 Power Rise Delay Rise Time Fall Time Fall Delay Time User Defined Values User Defi...

Страница 192: ...m you want Turn on framing Adjust the burst rise and fall delay and rise and fall time for the timeslots If you find that the error vector magnitude EVM or adjacent channel power ACP increases when you turn bursting on you can adjust the burst shape to assist with troubleshooting Creating a User Defined Burst Shape Curve Using this procedure you learn how to enter rise shape sample values and mirr...

Страница 193: ...Confirm Delete Of All Rows Entering Sample Values Use the sample values in the following table 1 Highlight the value 1 000000 for sample 1 2 Press 4 Enter 3 Press 6 Enter 4 Enter the remaining values for samples 3 through 9 from the table above 5 Press More 2 of 2 Edit Fall Shape Load Mirror Image of Rise Shape Confirm Load Mirror Image Of Rise Shape This changes the fall shape values to a mirror ...

Страница 194: ...ress More 1 of 2 Display Burst Shape This displays a graphical representation of the waveform s rise and fall characteristics as shown in Figure 4 28 Figure 4 28 To return the burst to the default conditions press the following keys Return Return Confirm Exit From Table Without Saving Restore Default Burst Shape ...

Страница 195: ...rst Shape Curve Once a user defined burst shape file is stored in memory it can be recalled for use with real time I Q baseband generated digital modulation This example requires a user defined burst shape file stored in memory If you have not created and stored a user defined burst shape file complete the steps in the previous sections Creating a User Defined Burst Shape Curve on page 168 and Sto...

Страница 196: ...m modulation or TDMA state with user defined burst shape created in the previous sections During waveform generation the CUSTOM or appropriate TDMA annunciator and I Q annunciator activate The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 800 MHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off The current real time I Q baseband digital ...

Страница 197: ...MA2000 digital communications format a dual arbitrary waveform generated state Creating a User Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor In this procedure you use the FIR Values table editor to create and store an 8 symbol windowed sync function filter with an oversample ratio of 4 Accessing the Table Editor 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 3 Press More 1 of 2 CDMA2000 Define Filt...

Страница 198: ...ntil all 16 values have been entered Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order The signal generator provides a mirror table function that automatically duplicates the existing coefficient values in the reverse order 1 Press Mirror Table The last 16 coefficients 16 ...

Страница 199: ...n 4 and 16 and 512 coefficients So if you enter more than 32 symbols or 512 coefficients the instrument is unable to use the filter If the oversample ratio is different from the internal optimally selected one then the filter is automatically resampled to an optimal oversample ratio For this example the desired OSR is 4 which is the default so no action is necessary Displaying a Graphical Represen...

Страница 200: ...apter 4 Basic Digital Operation Using Finite Impulse Response FIR Filters Figure 4 31 2 Press Return 3 Press Display Impulse Response Refer to Figure 4 32 Figure 4 32 4 Press Return to return to the menu keys ...

Страница 201: ... as FIR_1 The FIR_1 file is the first file name listed If you have previously stored other FIR files additional file names are listed below FIR_1 The file type is FIR and the size of the file is 260 bytes The amount of memory used is also displayed The number of files that can be saved depends on the size of the files and the amount of memory used Refer to Figure 4 33 Figure 4 33 Memory is also sh...

Страница 202: ...he values and store the new files Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 More 1 of 2 CDMA2000 Define 3 Press Filter Define User FIR More 1 of 2 Load Default FIR Gaussian 4 Press Filter BbT 0 300 Enter 5 Press Filter Symbols 8 Enter 6 Press Generate NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument A value bet...

Страница 203: ...ing tool in this case it indicates that a coefficient value is missing resulting in an improper Gaussian response 4 Press Return 5 Press More 2 of 2 6 Highlight coefficient 15 7 Press 1 Enter Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters alphanumeric and special characters 1 Press Load Store Store To File 2 Name the file NEWFIR2 3 Press Enter The contents of the curren...

Страница 204: ...d modulation based on the default 4QAM template the I Q Values table editor contains data that represent four symbols 00 01 10 and 11 mapped into the I Q plane using two distinct values 1 000000 and 1 000000 These four symbols can be differentially encoded during the modulation process by assigning symbol table offset values associated with each data value The following illustration shows the 4QAM...

Страница 205: ... a secondary encoded data stream that is defined by changes in the digital state from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 of the raw data stream This differentially encoded data stream is then modulated and transmitted In differential data encoding a change in a raw data bit s digital state from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1 produces a 1 in the encoded data stream No change in digital state from one bit to the next in ...

Страница 206: ...sed to encode the data by transitioning through the I Q State Map in a direction and distance defined by the symbol table offset value Entering a value of 1 will cause a 1 state forward transition through the I Q State Map as shown in the following illustration NOTE The following I Q State Map illustrations show all of the possible state transitions using a particular symbol table offset value The...

Страница 207: ...l data 00 the differential encoding transitions for the data stream in 2 bit symbols 0011100001 appear in the following illustration Data Value 00000001 transition 1 state backward with Symbol Table Offset 1 Data Value 00000010 transition 2 states forward with Symbol Table Offset 2 Data Value 00000011 no transition with Symbol Table Offset 0 Data Value 00000000 transition 1 state forward with Symb...

Страница 208: ...hange rather than a particular signal state It is available for custom real time I Q baseband generator waveforms and real time I Q baseband generator TDMA waveforms It is not available for waveforms generated by the dual arbitrary waveform generator The signal generator s Differential State Map table editor enables you to modify the differential state map associated with user defined I Q and user...

Страница 209: ... Mode Real Time TDMA desired format More 1 of 2 Modify Standard Modulation Type Define User I Q More 1 of 2 Load Default I Q Map QAM 4QAM This loads a default 4QAM I Q modulation and displays it in the I Q table editor The default 4QAM I Q modulation contains data that represent 4 symbols 00 01 10 and 11 mapped into the I Q plane using 2 distinct values 1 000000 and 1 000000 These 4 symbols will b...

Страница 210: ...re 4 37 on page 186 Figure 4 37 Editing the Differential State Map 1 Press 1 Enter This encodes the first symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1 The symbol rotates forward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 0 is modulated 2 Press 1 Enter This encodes the second symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1 The symbol rotates backward through the state map by 1 value when a da...

Страница 211: ...001 00000010 00000011 the symbol values are 00 01 10 and 11 respectively Applying Custom Differential Encoding Press Return Differential Encoding Off On This applies the custom differential encoding to a user defined modulation NOTE Notice that UNSTORED appears next to Differential State Map on the signal generator s display Differential state maps are associated with the user defined modulation f...

Страница 212: ... teaches you how to perform the following tasks Accessing and Clearing the I Q Table Editor on page 188 Entering I and Q Values on page 189 Displaying the I Q Map on page 189 Use the following procedure to create and store a 4 symbol unbalanced QPSK modulation Accessing and Clearing the I Q Table Editor 1 Press Preset 2 Perform the following keypress sequence required for your format type For Cust...

Страница 213: ...rst entry in the list of Distinct Values and that 0 500000 and 1 000000 are listed as the distinct values Displaying the I Q Map 1 Press Display I Q Map An I Q map generated using the current values in the I Q Values table editor is displayed The map in this example has four symbols The map uses the following four unique values 0 5 1 0 0 5 and 1 0 to create the four symbols It is not the number of...

Страница 214: ...pad The maximum file name length is 23 characters 3 Press Enter The user defined I Q map is now stored in the Catalog of IQ Files Moving I Q Symbols Use the following procedure to manipulate symbol locations to simulate magnitude and phase errors In this example you edit a 4QAM constellation to move one symbol closer to the origin Loading the Default 4QAM I Q Map 1 Press Preset 2 Perform the follo...

Страница 215: ...ke a mistake use the backspace key and then retype The I value updates and the highlight moves to the first Q entry Next the Q value updates and the highlight moves to the following I entry Displaying the I Q Map Press More 2 of 2 Display I Q Map Note that one symbol has moved as shown For instructions on storing this modified I Q map to the signal generator s memory catalog see Storing a User Def...

Страница 216: ...rors to a default FSK modulation Loading the Default 4 Level FSK 1 Press Preset 2 Perform the following keypress sequence required for your format type For Custom Format Press Mode Custom Real Time I Q Base Band Modulation Type Define User FSK More 1 of 2 Load Default FSK For TMDA Formats Press Mode TDMA desired format More 1 of 2 Modify Standard Modulation Type Define User FSK More 1 of 2 Load De...

Страница 217: ...area press the following keys Edit Keys Clear Text 2 Enter a file name for example NEWFSK using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad 3 Press Enter The user defined FSK modulation is now stored in the Catalog of FSK Files Creating a User Defined FSK Modulation Accessing and Clearing the Table Editor 1 Press Preset 2 Perform the following keypress sequence required for your format type For Custom F...

Страница 218: ... for data 0000 0001 0010 and 0011 to configure a user defined FSK modulation Each time you enter a value the Data column increments to the next binary number up to a total of 16 data values from 0000 to 1111 For instructions on storing this user defined FSK modulation to the memory catalog see Storing an FSK Modulation on page 193 ...

Страница 219: ...nsmitted as a continuous unframed data stream according to the protocol of the active TDMA format transmitted as the data for a custom modulation or real time CDMA format or for GPS applications User files are not available for signals generated by the dual ARB waveform generator A real time digital modulation personality must be selected when desired real time format appears in the key press path...

Страница 220: ... and Using Bit Files NOTE When you create new file the default name appears as UNTITLED or UNTITLED1 and so forth This prevents overwriting previous files Hexadecimal Data File Name indicator Cursor Bit Data Offset Position indicator in Hex in Hex ...

Страница 221: ... shown in the Position indicator Renaming and Saving a User File In this example you learn how to store a user file If you have not created a user file complete the steps in the previous section Creating a User File on page 195 1 Press More 1 of 2 Rename Editing Keys Clear Text 2 Enter a file name for example USER1 using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad 3 Press Enter The user file has now bee...

Страница 222: ... User File 3 Highlight the file USER1 4 Press Edit File The Bit File Editor opens the file USER1 Modifying an Existing User File In this example you learn how to modify an existing user defined data file If you have not created stored and recalled a user defined data file complete the steps in the previous sections Creating a User File on page 195 Renaming and Saving a User File on page 197 and Re...

Страница 223: ... Errors to a User File In this example you learn how to apply bit errors to a user defined data file If you have not created and stored a user defined data file complete the steps in the previous sections Creating a User File on page 195 and Renaming and Saving a User File on page 197 1 Press Apply Bit Errors 2 Press Bit Errors 5 Enter 3 Press Apply Bit Errors Notice both Bit Errors softkeys chang...

Страница 224: ...200 Chapter 4 Basic Digital Operation Creating and Using Bit Files ...

Страница 225: ... waveform generator is available only for the E4438C Vector Signal Generator with Option 001 601or 002 602 and Option 403 Arb Waveform Generator AWGN on page 202 Real Time I Q Baseband AWGN on page 203 For adding real time AWGN to waveforms using the Dual ARB player see Adding Real Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Option 403 on page 111 ...

Страница 226: ...ion or random using the random selection When the AWGN generator is active the AWGN and I Q annunciators are displayed on the front panel of the signal generator Arb Waveform Generator AWGN 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode More 1 of 2 AWGN Arb Waveform Generator AWGN 3 Press Bandwidth 1 25 MHz 4 Press Waveform Length 131072 5 Press Noise Seed Fixed Random until Random is highlighted This configures a r...

Страница 227: ...0 MHz Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 500 MHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off Generating the Waveform Press AWGN Off On until On is highlighted This generates an AWGN waveform with the parameters defined in the previous procedure During waveform generation the AWGN and I Q annunciators activate The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier ...

Страница 228: ...204 Chapter 5 AWGN Waveform Generator Configuring the AWGN Generator ...

Страница 229: ...205 6 Analog Modulation ...

Страница 230: ...e frequencies and a percent of peak amplitude setting for the second tone available from function generator only Swept Sine swept sine wave with adjustable start and stop frequencies sweep time and sweep trigger settings available from function generator only Triangle triangle wave with adjustable amplitude and frequency Ramp ramp with adjustable amplitude and frequency Square square wave with adj...

Страница 231: ...ator is now configured to output a 0 dBm amplitude modulated carrier at 1340 kHz with the AM depth set to 90 and the AM rate set to 10 kHz The shape of the waveform is a sine wave notice that sine is the default for the AM Waveform softkey Turning on Amplitude Modulation Follow these remaining steps to output the amplitude modulated signal 1 Press the AM Off On softkey to On 2 Press the front pane...

Страница 232: ...ing so the I Q Source setting may differ If you change the I Q Source setting while wideband AM is on it disables the wideband AM signal To reenable the signal turn wideband AM off and then back on The following steps set up wideband AM 1 Press the AM hardkey 2 Press AM Path 1 2 WB to WB 3 Connect an external AM source to the front panel I INPUT connector and turn the external modulation on The ma...

Страница 233: ...FM Dev 75 kHz 3 Press FM Rate 10 kHz The signal generator is now configured to output a 0 dBm frequency modulated carrier at 1 GHz with a 75 kHz deviation and a 10 kHz rate The shape of the waveform is a sine wave Notice that sine is the default for the FM Waveform softkey Press More 1 of 2 to see the softkey Activating FM 1 Press FM Off On to On 2 Press RF On Off The FM and RF ON annunciators are...

Страница 234: ...ftkey 3 Press FM Dev 25 pi rad 4 Press FM Rate 10 kHz The signal generator is now configured to output a 0 dBm phase modulated carrier at 3 GHz with a 0 25 p radian deviation and 10 kHz rate The shape of the waveform is a sine wave Notice that sine is the default for the FM Waveform softkey Press More 1 of 2 to see the softkey Activating FM 1 Press FM Off On 2 Press RF On Off The FM and RF ON annu...

Страница 235: ...Width 24 usec The signal generator is now configured to output a 0 dBm pulse modulated carrier at 2 GHz with a 100 microsecond pulse period and 24 microsecond pulse width The pulse source is set to Internal Pulse Notice that Internal Pulse is the default for the Pulse Source softkey Activating Pulse Modulation Follow these remaining steps to output the pulse modulated signal 1 Press Pulse Off On t...

Страница 236: ...adjustable amplitude and frequency Dual Sine dual sine waves with individually adjustable frequencies and a percent of peak amplitude setting for the second tone available from function generator only Swept Sine a swept sine wave with adjustable start and stop frequencies sweep time and sweep trigger settings available from function generator only Triangle triangle wave with adjustable amplitude a...

Страница 237: ...ress the FM ΦM hardkey 3 Press FM Dev 75 kHz 4 Press FM Rate 10 kHz 5 Press FM Off On You have set up the FM signal with a rate of 10 kHz and 75 kHz of deviation The FM annunciator is activated indicating that you have enabled frequency modulation Configuring the Low Frequency Output 1 Press the LF Out hardkey 2 Press LF Out Amplitude 3 Vp 3 Press LF Out Off On You have configured the LF output si...

Страница 238: ...e Function Generator Configuring the Waveform 1 Press LF Out Waveform Swept Sine 2 Press LF Out Start Freq 100 Hz 3 Press LF Out Stop Freq 1 kHz 4 Press Return Return This returns you to the top LF Output menu Configuring the Low Frequency Output 1 Press LF Out Amplitude 3 Vp This sets the LF output amplitude to 3 Vp 2 Press LF Out Off On The LF output is now transmitting a signal using the functi...

Страница 239: ...n E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Options 003 004 and 601 602 Functions features and operation of the N5102A are explained and demonstrated Clock Timing on page 216 Data Types on page 232 Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test on page 230 Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode on page 234 Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode on page 243 ...

Страница 240: ...oftkey menus The clock rate and sample rate are usually the same They will differ when serial mode is selected or when there are multiple clocks per sample Figure 7 1 Data Setup Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration The N5102A module clock rate is set using the Clock Rate softkey and has a range of 1 kHz to 400 MHz The sample rate is automatically calculated and has a range of 1 kHz to 100 MHz Th...

Страница 241: ...d size For example a five bit sample for an LVTTL or CMOS logic type yields the following values in serial mode Clock rate of 5 kHz through 150 MHz Sample rate of 1 kHz through 30 MHz Refer to Table 7 3 and Table 7 4 for the serial clock rates Table 7 1 Warranted Parallel Output Level Clock Rates and Maximum Clock Rates Logic Type Warranted Level Clock Rates Maximum Clock Rates typical IQ Signal T...

Страница 242: ... signal or an input signal clocks per sample is always set to one Refer to Table 7 5 for the Output mode parallel and parallel interleaved port configuration clock rates Table 7 3 Output Serial Clock Rates Logic Type Minimum Rate Maximum Rate LVDS 1 x word size kHz 400 MHz LVTTL and CMOS 1 x word size kHz 150 MHz Table 7 4 Input Serial Clock Rates Logic Type Data Type Minimum Rate Maximum Rate LVD...

Страница 243: ...lly through the Ext Clock In connector Device generated externally through the Device Interface connector Table 7 5 Output Parallel and Parallel Interleaved Clock Rates Logic Type Signal Type Minimum Rate Maximum Rate LVDS IQ 1 x clocks sample kHz the smaller of 100 x clocks sample MHz or 400 MHz IF 4 kHz 400 MHz Other IQ 1 x clocks sample kHz the smaller of 100 x clocks sample MHz or 150 MHz IF 4...

Страница 244: ...nterface connectors Common Frequency Reference The clocking flexibility of the digital signal interface module allows the setting of arbitrary clock rates for the device under test In general the clock rate inside the ESG will be different from the interface module clock rate so the interface module performs a rate conversion An important aspect of this conversion is to have accurate clock rate in...

Страница 245: ...that clock signal can be applied to this connector and used as the frequency reference as long as the frequencies are within the specified range Whenever an external clock signal or frequency reference is connected to the BASEBAND GEN REF IN connector its frequency needs to be entered into the current signal generator modulation format For information on the BASEBAND GEN REF IN connector refer to ...

Страница 246: ...erface Module Clock Timing Figure 7 3 Frequency Reference Setup Diagrams for the N5102A Module Clock Signal NOTE Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs Internally Generated Clock Device DUT Supplied Clock ...

Страница 247: ...and Q samples are held constant to accommodate the additional clock periods This reduces the sample rate relative to the clock rate by a factor equal to the clocks per sample selection For example when four is selected the sample rate is reduced by a factor of four sample rate to clock rate ratio Figure 7 4 demonstrates the clock timing for each clocks per sample selection For input mode the clock...

Страница 248: ...l Interface Module Clock Timing Figure 7 4 Clock Sample Timing for Parallel Port Configuration 1 Sample Period Q sample 1 Clock Per Sample 1 Clock Clock and sample rates are the same I sample Clock 4 bits per word 4 bits per word ...

Страница 249: ...iod 4 Clocks Per Sample 4 Clocks Sample rate decreases by a factor of four I sample Q sample Clock 4 bits per word 4 bits per word 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Per Sample 2 Clocks I sample Q sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of two Clock 4 bits per word 4 bits per word ...

Страница 250: ...er for parallel interleaved transmissions and creates a reduction in the sample rate relative to the clock rate The clocks per sample selection is the ratio of the reduction Figure 7 5 shows each of the clocks per sample selections for a parallel IQ interleaved port configuration using a word sized of four bits and the clock timing relative to the I and Q samples For a parallel QI interleaved port...

Страница 251: ...during the second two Clock Q sample 4 bits per word I sample 4 bits per word clock periods the sample rate is decreased by a factor of four 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Per Sample 2 Clocks The I sample is transmitted for one clock period and the Q sample is transmitted during the second Clock Q sample 4 bits per word I sample 4 bits per word clock period the sample rate decreases by a factor of two ...

Страница 252: ... degree selections for clock rates below 10 MHz and greater than 200 MHz The skew is displayed in nanoseconds with a maximum range of 5 ns using a maximum of 127 discrete steps Both the skew range and the number of discrete steps are variable with a dependency on the clock rate The skew range decreases as the clock rate is increased and increases as the clock rate is decreased The maximum skew ran...

Страница 253: ...r 7 229 Digital Signal Interface Module Clock Timing Figure 7 7 Clock Phase and Skew Adjustments Clock skew adjustment 90 degree phase adjustment Clock Phase adjusted skew adjusted clock clock Data Phase and ...

Страница 254: ... is providing the clock to the device CAUTION The Device Interface connector on the interface module communicates using high speed digital data Use ESD precautions to eliminate potential damage when making connections Figure 7 8 Example Setup using the ESG 10 MHz Frequency Reference NOTE You must disconnect the digital bus cable and the digital module while downloading firmware to the ESG Signal g...

Страница 255: ...e module 3 Select the break out board that has the output connector suited for the application NOTE If the Device Interface mating connector is used with the device under test refer to Figure 7 8 for the device interface connection and connect the device to the N5102A module Then proceed to Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode on page 234 or Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode on page ...

Страница 256: ...send filtered samples to the digital module at a rate between 50 MHz and 100 MHz Selecting Pre FIR Samples sends unfiltered samples to the digital module at a rate equal to the sample rate of the current format Input Mode When the data type is Samples the data samples coming through the digital module are injected at a point that bypasses the filtering process If Pre FIR Samples is selected the da...

Страница 257: ...cesses a menu that enables you set the desired filtering parameters Table 7 7 Maximum Sample Rate for Selected Filter Filter Maximum Rate Gaussian Nyquist Root Nyquist Rectangle Edge UN3 4 GSM Gaussian IS 95 IS 95 w EQ 50 MHz IS 95 Mod IS 95 Mod w EQ 25 MHz APCO 25 C4FM 12 5 MHz ...

Страница 258: ...le is configuring the ESG using one of the real time or ARB modulation formats or playing back a stored file using the Dual ARB player For information on configuring the ESG refer to Chapter 4 Basic Digital Operation on page 89 1 Preset the signal generator 2 Select the modulation format TDMA Custom and so forth and set the desired parameters 3 Turn on the modulation format Accessing the N5102A Mo...

Страница 259: ...change 2 Select the logic type required for the device being tested A caution message is displayed whenever a change is made to the logic types and a softkey selection appears requesting confirmation 3 Refer to Figure 7 10 Press the Port Config softkey In this menu select either a serial parallel or parallel interleaved data transmission NOTE Within the data and clock setup softkey menus some soft...

Страница 260: ... the Word Size softkey For more information on all of the softkeys refer to Key and Data Field Reference 1 Refer to Figure 7 11 Press the Data Setup softkey Figure 7 11 Data Setup Menu Location This softkey menu accesses the various parameters that govern the data received by the device under test The status area of the display shows the number of data lines used for both I and Q along with the cl...

Страница 261: ...ing to the communication standard of the active modulation format This is the preset selection and the one most commonly used However if the device being tested already incorporates FIR filters the Pre FIR Samples selection should be used to avoid double filtering 3 Select the data type that is appropriate for the test 4 Press the Numeric Format softkey From this menu select how the binary values ...

Страница 262: ...can be done for I samples Q samples or both The choice to use negation is dependent on the device being tested and how it needs to receive the data 8 Press the Gain Offset Scaling softkey Use the softkeys in this menu for the following functions reduce sample values for both I and Q using the Scaling softkey increase or decrease the sample values independently for I and Q using the I Gain and Q Ga...

Страница 263: ... the clock source selection discussed later in this procedure The bottom graphic shows the clock position relative to the data The displayed clock signal will change to reflect the following clocks per sample selection clock phase choice clock skew adjustment clock polarity selection If the device or external clock does not match the frequency one of the following error messages will appear on the...

Страница 264: ...ate is viewed on the first level and Data Setup softkey menus 3 Select the clocks per sample value to fit the test 4 Press the Clock Source softkey From this menu select the clock signal source With each selection the clock routing display in the signal generator clock setup menu will change to reflect the current clock source This will be indicated by a change in the graphic 5 Select the clock so...

Страница 265: ... any time the clock rate setting is changed Refer to Clock Timing for Phase and Skew Adjustments on page 228 7 Enter the required phase adjustment 8 Press the Return softkey to return to the clock setup menu 9 Press the Clock Skew softkey This provides a fine adjustment for the clock relative to its current phase position The skew is a phase adjustment using increments of time This enables greater...

Страница 266: ... to the N5102A module Generating Digital Data Press the N5102A Off On softkey to On Digital data is now being transferred through the N5102A module to the device The green status light should be blinking This indicates that the data lines are active If the status light is solidly illuminated not blinking all the data lines are inactive The status light comes on and stays on blinking or solid after...

Страница 267: ...0 and configure the test setup Accessing the N5102A Module User Interface All parameters for the N5102A module are set with softkeys on the ESG signal generator Press Aux Fctn N5102A Interface This accesses the UI first level softkey menu shown in Figure 7 15 that is used to configure the digital signal interface module Notice the graphic in the ESG display showing a setup where the N5102A module ...

Страница 268: ...TE If only Option 004 is installed the direction softkey will be unavailable and the mode will always be input Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 7 16 Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 1 Refer to Figure 7 16 Press the Logic Type softkey From this menu choose a logic type CAUTION Changing the logic type can increase or decrease the signal voltage level To avoid damaging ...

Страница 269: ...unavailable Press the Help hardkey on the ESG front panel and then the softkey that is unavailable 4 Select the port configuration for the device being tested Configuring the Clock Signal 1 Refer to Figure 7 17 Press the Clock Setup softkey Figure 7 17 Clock Setup Menu Location From this softkey menu set all of the clock parameters that synchronize the data between the N5102A module and the device...

Страница 270: ...h the rate the samples are entering the digital module Verify that the input clock rate matches the specified clock rate under the clock setup menu Figure 7 18 Clock Setup Softkey Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration The top graphic on the display shows the current clock source that provides the output clock signal at the Clock Out and Device Interface connectors The graphic changes to reflect t...

Страница 271: ...e setting is changed Refer to Clock Timing for Phase and Skew Adjustments on page 228 For the External selection the signal is supplied by an external clock source and applied to the Ext Clock In connector For the Device selection the clock signal is supplied through the Device Interface connector generally by the device being tested If Internal is Selected Using an external frequency reference th...

Страница 272: ...Press the Return softkey to return to the clock setup menu 7 Press the Clock Skew softkey This provides a fine adjustment for the clock relative to its current phase position The skew is a phase adjustment using increments of time This enables greater skew adjustment capability at higher clock rates For clock rates below 25 MHz this softkey is inactive The skew has discrete values with a range tha...

Страница 273: ...you will see that the frequency reference is now connected to the DUT and the DUT has an input clock line going to the N5102A module Selecting the Data Parameters This procedure guides you through the data setup menu Softkeys that have self explanatory names are generally not mentioned For example the Word Size softkey For more information on all of the softkeys refer to the Key and Data Field Ref...

Страница 274: ...d to avoid double filtering Refer to Data Types on page 232 for more information 3 Select the data type that is appropriate for the test needs 4 Press the Numeric Format softkey From this menu select how the binary values are represented Selecting 2 s complement allows both positive and negative data values Use the Offset Binary selection when components cannot process negative values 5 Select the...

Страница 275: ...y Use this softkey menu to adjust the I Q scaling and access filter parameters If the selected data type is Samples the Filter softkey is grayed out inactive For more information on user defined filtering refer to the Using Finite Impulse Response FIR Filters on page 173 and Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor on page 178 Digital Data If the N5102A digital module is not on press Retu...

Страница 276: ...252 Chapter 7 Digital Signal Interface Module Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode ...

Страница 277: ...253 8 Bluetooth Signals This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 278: ...irments that include additive white gaussian noise AWGN using the front panel keys of the ESG The procedures in this chapter build on each other and are designed to be used sequentially 1 Press Preset then press Mode More 1 of 2 Wireless Networking Bluetooth NOTE For this section the frequency and amplitude are set to typical Bluetooth values 2 Press Frequency 2 402 GHz Amplitude 10 dBm Mode Setup...

Страница 279: ...ntities the access code the header and the payload In the following example you will set the parameters of the DH1 packet 1 Press Packet DH1 This accesses a menu that enables you to set the packet parameters The following figure displays the packet menu 2 Press BD_ADDR 000000 00 1000 Enter This modifies the hexadecimal Bluetooth device address Each Bluetooth transceiver is allocated a unique 48 bi...

Страница 280: ...ress and is used to distinguish between the active members participating on the piconet NOTE The all zero AM_ADDR is reserved for broadcast messages 4 Press Payload Data 8 Bit Pattern 10101010 Enter This selects a repeating 8 bit pattern as the payload data The following figure now displays the new packet parameters ...

Страница 281: ...ation index is defined as the ratio of peak to peak frequency deviation to the bit rate When modifying the Mod Index parameter the peak to peak frequency deviation only is changed 6 Press Symbol Timing Err 1 ppm This sets the symbol timing error in parts per million 7 Press AWGN This accesses a menu from which you can select the parameters of the additive white Gaussian noise AWGN to be applied as...

Страница 282: ...Bluetooth Signals Setting up Impairments 8 Press Return Impairments Off On to On This returns you to the Impairments menu and turns the impairments function on The following figure displays the impairment parameters ...

Страница 283: ...d then ramps down at the end of the packet transmission When burst is off the transmitted packets link in a series with no power ramping The default burst setting is on but for troubleshooting you may want to turn bursting off For this example burst is left in the on position Setting the Burst Power Ramp This procedure builds upon the previous procedure Press Burst Power Ramp 4 Symbols This sets t...

Страница 284: ...9 and is intended to be used during bit error rate BER testing 1 Press Packet DH1 Payload Data Continuous PN9 Return This activates the configuration that generates clock and gate signals relative to the Bluetooth signal 2 Press Clock Gate Delay 4 Symbols The clock and gate will be delayed 4 symbols to synchronize with the demodulated data signal from the device under test DUT at the input of the ...

Страница 285: ...ignal This procedure builds upon the previous procedure Press Bluetooth Off On to On This turns the operating state of the Bluetooth signal generator on The front panel I Q and BLUETTH annunciators appear and the signal builds The following figure displays the Bluetooth signal parameters ...

Страница 286: ...262 Chapter 8 Bluetooth Signals Turning On a Bluetooth Signal ...

Страница 287: ...263 9 BERT This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 288: ...cting the Radio Data Format on page 266 Setting the Radio to a Receiver Mode on page 267 Selecting the BERT Data Pattern and Total Bits on page 267 Selecting the BERT Trigger on page 267 Starting BERT measurements on page 268 Required Equipment The following equipment is required to make BERT measurements ESG Signal Generator model E4438C with Options 001 601or 002 602 402 and UN7 an external cont...

Страница 289: ... 265 BERT Setting Up a PHS Bit Error Rate Test BERT Connecting the Test Equipment Refer to Figure 9 1 1 Connect the cables between your radio and the ESG as follows Figure 9 1 Setup for a PHS Bit Error Rate Test ...

Страница 290: ...r during the off timeslots Notice that the Configure Timeslots softkey has become an active softkey Observe the display and notice that the normal preset condition for downlink timeslot 1 has the timeslot turned on and configured as a traffic channel TCH 3 Press Configure Timeslots The Timeslot softkey shows that downlink timeslot 1 is selected as the active timeslot The Timeslot Off On softkey sh...

Страница 291: ...an ESG with Options UN7 and 300 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Baseband BERT Configure BERT If the Data softkey does not show that PN9 is the selected data pattern press Data PN9 The selected PN sequence must match the data PN sequence used on the channel being measured For example if the DCH DTCH is using PN9 data then the data selection in the BERT function must also be PN9 2 Press Total Bits 100...

Страница 292: ...a BERT measurement check the following Make sure that the cable connections are properly configured Make sure that the data pattern for the BERT measurement specified by the Data softkey matches the data pattern in the traffic channel TCH for the RF signal being input to the radio under test Make sure that the RF is turned on Make sure that the amplitude is set to the correct level Make sure that ...

Страница 293: ...mat or a packet data channel PDCH in the EDGE format Required Equipment The following equipment is required to make loopback BERT measurements VSA Series Transmitter Tester model E4406A with the following required options Option BAH GSM Measurement Personality NOTE Option 202 replaces Option BAH in the VSA if EDGE support is required Option 300 321 4 MHz IF Output ESG Vector Signal Generator model...

Страница 294: ...Figure 9 2 BTS Loopback Test Equipment Setup NOTE This example uses an ARFCN of 124 for the BCH and synchronizes to the TCH midamble in timeslot 2 on ARFCN 124 You can substitute as appropriate for your BTS All key presses assume factory defined defaults at preset ...

Страница 295: ... 3 To set up GSM mode for BTS test Press Mode Setup Radio Band P GSM Return Toggle Device BTS MS until BTS is underlined Toggle Freq Hopping On Off until Off is underlined 4 To set the frequency Press FREQUENCY Channel ARFCN 124 Center Freq will show 959 800 MHz Select Burst Type Normal Toggle TSC Std until Auto is underlined 5 To lock the VSA and ESG to the BTS 13 MHz reference Press System Refer...

Страница 296: ...onization the transmitter must be configured to generate multiframe data in the timeslot to be tested TCH synchronization requires that the training sequences match between the ESG timeslot configuration and the timeslot sent by the base station The default for the ESG which is TSC0 can be modified 1 Press Preset 2 Press Aux Fctn BERT BTS BERT GSM Loopback Configure Measurement Transmit Settings 3...

Страница 297: ...imeslot 1 Enter Press Timeslot Type Normal Configure Normal E Multiframe Channel TCH FS PN9 or PN15 Press Return Return Return Timeslot Ampl Main Delta to Delta Timeslot Off On to On Repeat these steps for timeslot 3 8 Press Amplitude More 1 of 2 Alternate Amplitude Alt Ampl Delta 50 dB 9 To set up traffic channel 124 in GSM mode Press Frequency More 1 of 2 Freq Channels Press Device BTS MS to MS ...

Страница 298: ...eband BERT softkey menu that is accessed by pressing the Aux Fctn BERT Baseband BERT softkeys 11 Press Mode Setup RF On Off Refer to Figure 9 5 The screen now displays channels 1 2 and 3 turned on and channels 1 and 3 with a 50 dB alternate amplitude setting Also the RF annunciator is turned on and the new power level is shown in the amplitude area of the display Figure 9 5 ...

Страница 299: ...Technologies E4406A VSA Series Transmitter Tester and Configuring GSM Mode on the ESG Vector Signal Generator in this chapter to prepare the test equipment for synchronization 2 Press Aux Fctn BERT BTS BERT GSM Loopback 3 Press Sync Source BCH TCH PDCH to BCH 4 Press GSM BERT Off On to On Synchronize to BCH TCH PDCH Refer to Figure 9 6 on page 275 You will briefly see Synchronizing to BCH flashing...

Страница 300: ...e Measurement Timeslot 2 Enter This sets the ESG to expect the TCH in timeslot 2 8 Press Return Synchronize to BCH TCH PDCH to begin synchronization to the TCH NOTE For the EDGE format do the following to achieve TCH Sync Lock Press Configure Measurement Timeslot 2 Enter Return Adjust Gain Then you will see Synchronizing to TCH flashing on the display followed by the Synchronizing to PN message On...

Страница 301: ...al turn it off at this time 1 Follow the instructions under Configuring GSM Mode on the Agilent Technologies E4406A VSA Series Transmitter Tester and Configuring GSM Mode on the ESG Vector Signal Generator in this chapter to prepare the test equipment for synchronization 2 Set up the base station and start sending the TCH signal now The TCH is only required to contain a valid midamble 3 On the ESG...

Страница 302: ...will see Synchronizing to TCH flashing on the display followed by the Synchronizing to PN message Once synchronization is achieved the Ready TCH Sync Lock message is displayed Refer to Figure 9 9 Figure 9 9 Making Loopback BERT Measurements The following procedure shows you how to configure the frame count set pass fail limits and set early stop criteria for loopback BERT measurements 1 Press Conf...

Страница 303: ...yed beneath the softkey and Stop Thrs CII 300 appears in the status area of the display Figure 9 10 6 Press the Trigger hardkey to start the measurement You will see Pass or Fail displayed on the lower left corner of the screen when either of the following occurs The measurement completes normally in this case after 100 frames The measurement terminates early due to the designated number of events...

Страница 304: ...s amplitude with high and low amplitude boundaries and how to set both the target error percentage and the frame count for an amplitude sensitivity search 1 Press Aux Fctn BERT BTS BERT GSM Loopback 2 Press Configure Measurement Measurement Mode BER BLER Search to Search Notice that the Configure Sensitivity Search and Arm Sensitivity Search softkeys are enabled 3 Press Configure Sensitivity Searc...

Страница 305: ... Option 300 Figure 9 12 4 Press Frame Count 100 Enter 5 Press Target 2 6 Press Pass Amplitude 95 dBm 7 Press High Amplitude 86 dBm 8 Press Low Amplitude 104 dBm 9 Press Return Arm Sensitivity Search Sensitivity search is now armed refer to Figure 9 13 ...

Страница 306: ...ment After the search is complete Pass or Fail is displayed on the lower left corner of the screen when either of the following occurs The result equals or is less than the target percent within the high to low amplitude range The high or low amplitude level is passed at the target BER RBER Refer to Figure 9 14 ...

Страница 307: ...y Search to terminate a measurement NOTE To select an alternate trigger mode for example Immediate Press Return Configure Triggers BERT Trigger Source Immediate NOTE For efficiency the search routine uses shorter measurements initially with the final measurements being over the frame length selected ...

Страница 308: ...ue and then adjusting the initial value Measuring the Initial Delay Value 1 Configure the BTS and the VSA setup Refer to Figure 9 15 Figure 9 15 System Configuration for Measuring External Delay Value 2 Set up the BTS to transmit the frame trigger EDGE burst at timeslot 0 3 On the VSA press Mode EDGE w GSM 4 Press Measure Waveform Time Domain 5 Press Meas Setup Trig Source Ext Front 6 Press Makers...

Страница 309: ...th the EDGE Format Figure 9 16 8 Calculate the offset value X using the following equation Where in the EDGE mode 3 693 µs is equal to 1 symbol Adjusting the Delay Value 1 Configure the ESG BTS and VSA setup Refer to Figure 9 17 on page 286 X symbols D 227 8 3 693 ...

Страница 310: ...lue calculated in the previous section NOTE If the frame trigger is in the forward direction of timeslot 0 as shown in Figure 9 16 on page 285 enter the X value as a negative value 7 Press Return Synchronize to BCH PDCH Synchronization should occur and display a Ready status However if Synchronizing keeps flashing or the Ready status appears for less than a second increase or decrease the delay va...

Страница 311: ... value by rotating the knob slowly to find the range of delay values that display a Ready status NOTE Although the delay value can be entered in 0 25 units the actual uplink burst position can be changed in 1 0 symbol units 10 If the PDCH is synchronized by a delay value within a 3 symbol range choose the center value to set as the frame trigger delay ...

Страница 312: ...ock is not available from the UUT use the DATA CLK OUT signal from the ESG baseband modulator Figure 9 18 Clock Gate Function When you use the clock gate function the clock signal to the BER CLK IN connector is valid only when the clock gate signal to the BER GATE IN connector is ON Press the Clock Gate Off On softkey to toggle the clock gate function off and on The Clock Gate Polarity Neg Pos sof...

Страница 313: ...ey is set to On and the Clock Gate Polarity Neg Pos softkey is set to Neg The clock signal in B part is effective Therefore the bit error rate is measured using the clock and data signals in B part Clock Gate Delay Function This function enables you to restore the timing relationship between the clock gate timing as it passes through the unit under test UUT and the packet data The shifted clock si...

Страница 314: ... Tester Option UN7 Figure 9 20 Clock Delay Function In this example the clock delay function is off Figure 9 21 shows the input of the internal error detector of UN7 through AUX I O and indicates that the data is delayed from the clock ...

Страница 315: ...I O connector CH2 BER MEAS END pin 1 of AUX I O connector In this example the clock delay function is on The rising edge of the clock was delayed by 200 ns and was adjusted to the center of the data Figure 9 22 indicates the result of the using the clock delay function Figure 9 22 CH1 CH2 CH1 CH2 ...

Страница 316: ...y two clocks Figure 9 23 shows that CH0 and CH1 are the input of the clock and data from the rear panel input connectors of UN7 CH2 is the gated clock through the AUX I O connector Figure 9 23 CH0 BER CLK IN rear panel SMB connector CH1 BER GATE IN rear panel SMB connector CH2 BER TEST OUT pin 20 of AUX I O connector Triggering This section describes the operating principles of the triggering func...

Страница 317: ...it Error Rate Tester Option UN7 Figure 9 24 In this example the triggering sequence is where you have an incoming data clock and data bit sequences the trigger is active and the BERT measurement begins Refer to Figure 9 25 ...

Страница 318: ...ted by stored data bits If the BERT measurement accepts data bits immediately after receiving a trigger set the trigger delay to On and the trigger delay count to a value corresponding to the data format For PN9 set the delay to 9 Refer to Figure 9 26 Figure 9 26 In this example the triggering sequence is where the trigger delay is active with a cycle count ...

Страница 319: ...MHz are supported for BERT analysis on un framed or framed PN sequences Note that the BERT analyzer supports only continuous PN sequences Synchronization Immediately after the trigger event the DSP for the BERT measurement tries to establish synchronization using the first incoming bit stream If the Bit Delay Off On softkey is set to On the number of bits specified by the Delayed Bits are ignored ...

Страница 320: ...il judgement update modes cycle end and fail hold With cycle end selected either pass or fail judgement is made for the results of each measurement cycle With fail hold selected the fail judgement is retained whenever a failure occurs during one loop of BERT repeat measurements Fail hold mode allows you to determine when a failure occurs at least once during an entire cycle of measurements Repeat ...

Страница 321: ...ows the relationships between a trigger event and the output signals at the BER MEAS END and BER TEST OUT connectors If a BER MEAS END signal stays high following a trigger event the BERT measurement is in progress and other trigger events are ignored This state is stored in the status register and can be queried Figure 9 30 Testing Signal Definitions ...

Страница 322: ...BER TEST OUT signal to the falling edge of the BER MEAS END signal T3 is a minimum requirement time measured from the falling edge of the BER MEAS END signal to the next trigger event T3 should be greater than 0 second The pulse output of the BER TEST OUT for the Nth 1 test result ends prior to the falling edge of the BER MEAS END signal for the Nth measurement so you can use this edge to start la...

Страница 323: ...BTS may need to be set to transmit a signal in the selected timeslot prior to achieving synchronization The test equipment can lock to this signal if it contains the correct midamble Once synchronized the test equipment uses this information to determine the required TCH transmit timing If the BTS is set accordingly any timeslot can be transmitted with the correct timing to enable it to be looped ...

Страница 324: ...n TCH payload errors detected by convolutional decoding of the return path This records errors introduced into the TCH between the downlink coding BTS transmitter and decoding VSA ESG processes and should normally be zero For any payload errors detected during a measurement the measurement is extended by a speech frame for every downlink error detected If a downlink problem results in errors intro...

Страница 325: ...a The ESG offers full flexibility of loading all timeslots Edge Frame Structure 52 frame PDCH multiframe structure Frames 12 blocks of 4 frames 2 idle frames and 2 frames used for the PTCCH TS1 7 No SCH but otherwise don t care During TCH Synchronization TSX 26 frame TCH Multiframe Structure Frame 25 idle Frame 12 don t care Other frames TCH During Measurements Timeslot under test 26 frame full ra...

Страница 326: ...dity of your BERT measurements This procedure only checks the signal generator s BERT operation and does not ensure system performance to specifications Verification Setup The following steps set up the signal generator for the BERT measurement validation 1 Refer to the figures below and make the following connections on the signal generator s rear panel DATA OUT Aux I O connector pin 8 to BER DAT...

Страница 327: ...ff On to On Display BER Exp to Display Update Cycle End Cont to Cont The following steps configure BERT measurement parameters 8 Press Configure BERT Total Bits to 100000 Special Pattern Ignore Off On to Off 9 Press More 1 of 2 BERT Resync Off On to Off Pass Fail Off On to Off 10 Press Return I O Setup Gate Off On to Off Impedance 75 Ohm High to High 11 Press Polarity Setup Clock Polarity Pos Neg ...

Страница 328: ...e connecting the DATA OUT to BER DATA IN connectors Notice the No Data annunciator in the lower left corner of the display and the BER result is approximately 50 The Error Bits counter updates the error bit count Re establishing the connection turns the annunciator off and sets the error bits count to 0 bits and BER 0 00000000 3 Disconnect the cable connecting the DATA CLK OUT to BER CLK IN connec...

Страница 329: ...th the Error Bits counter reading 0 Bits and BER 0 00000000 If the verification procedures produce the expected results then the signal generator BERT measurement function is operating correctly If the above procedure produces unexpected results then contact the Agilent Service Center For a list of Agilent Service Centers refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Installation Guide ...

Страница 330: ...306 Chapter 9 BERT Verifying BERT Operation ...

Страница 331: ...307 10 CDMA Digital Modulation This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 332: ...fined Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 3 Press CDMA2000 Select Pilot This selects a pilot cdma2000 forward link waveform The display changes to FWD CDMA2000 Setup SR1 Pilot Forward link is the default setting for link direction and therefore does not need to be set Generating the Waveform Press CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates the predefined pilot CDMA forward ...

Страница 333: ...e Default Forward Link Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 3 Press More 1 of 2 CDMA200 Define Edit Channel Setup The table editor is now displayed as shown in Figure 10 1 Notice that the default predefined channel configuration is forward link with 9 channels at spread rate 1 The vertical scroll bar at the side of the screen indicates that there are more rows on the second page Use...

Страница 334: ...B by pressing Adjust Code Domain Power Scale to 0 dB 8 Highlight the Data value RANDOM in table row 3 9 Press Edit Item 11001100 Enter The forward link channel parameters have now been modified as shown in Figure 10 2 Figure 10 2 10 Press Return The text area displays FWD CDMA2000 Setup SR1 9 Channel Modified as the current configuration You now have a modified traffic channel with a data rate of ...

Страница 335: ...s The first page displays only channels one through nine To see the additional channels press the following key sequence Return Goto Row Page Up The display shows that the total power is now at 13 22 dB You can rescale the total channel power to 0 dB by pressing Adjust Code Domain Power Scale to 0 dB Press Return The text area displays the current configuration FWD CDMA2000 Setup SR1 9 Channel Mod...

Страница 336: ...d cdma2000 Reverse Link Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 3 Press Link Forward Reverse until Reverse is highlighted 4 Press CDMA2000 Select Pilot This selects a pilot cdma2000 reverse link waveform The display changes to FWD CDMA2000 Setup SR1 Pilot Generating the Waveform Press CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates the predefined pilot cdma2000 reverse link waveform...

Страница 337: ...on page 314 Accessing the Table Editor with the Default Reverse Link Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 3 Press Link Forward Reverse until Reverse is highlighted 4 Press More 1 of 2 CDMA200 Define Edit Channel Setup The table editor is now displayed as shown in Figure 10 4 Notice that the default predefined channel configuration is reverse link with 5 channels at spread rate 1 Fig...

Страница 338: ...Enter The forward reverse channel parameters have now been modified as shown in Figure 10 5 Figure 10 5 8 Press Return The text area displays RVS CDMA2000 Setup SR1 5 Channel Modified as the current configuration You now have a modified traffic channel with a data rate of 4800 and a power level of 10 00 dB transmitting 00110011 To store a custom cdma2000 state see Storing a Component Test Waveform...

Страница 339: ...lay shows that the total power is now at 1 37 dB You can rescale the total channel power to 0 dB by pressing Adjust Code Domain Power Scale to 0 dB Press Return Return The text area displays the current configuration RVS CDMA2000 Setup SR1 5 Channel Modified as shown in Figure 10 6 Figure 10 6 To store a custom cdma2000 state see Storing a Component Test Waveform to Memory on page 316 ...

Страница 340: ...ing the active entry area press the following keys Edit Keys Clear Text b Using the alphabetic menu and the numeric keypad enter the file name using a maximum length of 23 characters c Press Enter For CDMA Waveform Format a Press CDMA Define Multicarrier Define when Multicarrier Off On is On Store Custom State Store Custom Multicarrier when Multicarrier Off On is On Store To File If there is alrea...

Страница 341: ...t Custom CDMA2000 State Custom CDMA2000 Multicarrier when Multicarrier Off On is On b Highlight the desired file c Press Select File d Press CDMA2000 Off On until On is highlighted For CDMA Waveform Format a Press Setup Select Custom CDMA State Custom CDMA Multicarrier when Multicarrier Off On is On b Highlight the desired file c Press Select File d Press CDMA Off On until On is highlighted The fi...

Страница 342: ...e Multicarrier cdma2000 Setup Table Editor on page 318 Modifying a Multicarrier cdma2000 4 Carrier Template on page 319 Activating a Custom Multicarrier cdma2000 Setup on page 320 Storing a Component Test Waveform to Memory on page 316 Recalling a Component Test Waveform on page 317 Opening the Multicarrier cdma2000 Setup Table Editor 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 Multicarrier Off ...

Страница 343: ...a2000 template that was loaded in the previous procedure 1 Highlight the second channel carrier in table row 2 2 Press Edit Item SR3 Direct Pilot 3 Highlight the value 625 000 kHz in the Frequency Offset field 4 Press Edit Item 825 kHz 5 Highlight the value 0 00 dB in Power field of the second row 6 Press Edit Item 10 dB This modifies the 4 carrier cdma2000 template as shown in Figure 10 8 on page...

Страница 344: ...0 8 Activating a Custom Multicarrier cdma2000 Setup Using the custom 4 carrier cdma2000 setup from the previous procedure perform the following task to activate the custom multicarrier cdma2000 signal 1 Press Return More 2 of 2 CDMA2000 Off On until On is highlighted 2 Press RF On Off Figure 10 9 ...

Страница 345: ...d I Q annunciators appear on the display and the RF ON annunciator replaces the RF OFF annunciator as shown in the following figure The modulated signal is now present at the RF OUTPUT connector To store a custom multicarrier waveform refer to Storing a Component Test Waveform to Memory on page 316 To recall a custom multicarrier waveform refer to Recalling a Component Test Waveform on page 317 ...

Страница 346: ...he forward link is the signal generator s default setting for link direction and therefore does not need to be set 3 Press BaseStation Setup 4 Move the cursor to highlight the filter field 5 Press Edit Item Select IS 95 and IS 2000 IS 95 6 Press Return Return 7 Press BaseStation Setup 8 Move the cursor to highlight the PN Offset field 9 Press 9 Enter The cdma2000 forward link global parameters hav...

Страница 347: ...p parameters Modifying Channel Parameters This task teaches you how to edit the parameters for the selected channel 1 Move the cursor to highlight the forward fundamental channel F FCH 2 Press Channel Setup 3 Move the cursor to highlight the Radio Config field 4 Press 4 Enter NOTE An important change from earlier ESG models is that radio configuration is now independent between fundamental and sup...

Страница 348: ...ustments Adjusting Code Domain Power The tasks in this procedure build upon the previous procedure This procedure teaches you how to perform the following tasks Scaling to 0 dB on page 324 Setting Equal Channel Powers on page 325 Scaling to 0 dB After changing the relative power level for a channel the ESG automatically scales the total power to 0 dB while preserving the relative channel power lev...

Страница 349: ...active channels This task is an alternative to scaling to 0 dB Press Adjust Code Domain Power Equal Powers All active channels have now been set to equal powers Figure 10 12 shows the displayed normalized relative power levels after the Equal Powers softkey is pressed with seven active channels Figure 10 12 Managing Noise The tasks in this procedure build upon the previous procedure The following ...

Страница 350: ...r the F FCH channel to 20 dB Note that modifying the EbNo value for a channel will change the overall carrier to noise ratio and the EbNo value for all other active channels For reliable results when making hand calculations to determine or verify EbNo values it is recommended that you first scale the code domain power to 0 dB to display the normalized relative channel power levels see Scaling to ...

Страница 351: ... the output amplitude to 30 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined real time forward link cdma2000 signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Using the Instrument State Registers on page 70 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an I...

Страница 352: ...filter field 5 Press Edit Item Select IS 95 and IS 2000 IS 95 Mod 6 Press Return Return 7 Press Mobile Setup 8 Move the cursor to highlight the Long Code Mask field 9 Press 3FFF0000000 Enter The cdma2000 reverse link global parameters have now been changed so that you are using a modified IS 95 filter and a long code mask of 3FFF0000000 Editing Channel Setups The tasks in this procedure build upon...

Страница 353: ... the operating states of all channels with a single keypress This menu is only available for the reverse link when the RadioConfig 3 4 Traffic operating mode is selected You can also change the operating state of the selected channel using the Channel State Off On softkey or by editing the State field among the Channel Setup parameters Modifying Channel Parameters This task teaches you how to edit...

Страница 354: ...o note that varying the EbNo value on one channel will affect the EbNo values on all active channels Refer to Managing Noise on page 331 to learn how to make final noise adjustments Adjusting Code Domain Power The tasks in this procedure build upon the previous procedure This procedure teaches you how to perform the following tasks Scaling to 0 dB on page 330 Setting Equal Channel Powers on page 3...

Страница 355: ... power level of each channel depends on the number of active channels This task is an alternative to scaling to 0 dB Press Adjust Code Domain Power Equal Powers All active channels have now been set to equal powers Figure 10 15 shows the displayed normalized relative power levels after the Equal Powers softkey is pressed with five active channels Figure 10 15 Managing Noise The tasks in this proce...

Страница 356: ...ow set the EbNo value for the R FCH channel to 20 dB Note that modifying the EbNo value for a channel will change the overall carrier to noise ratio and the EbNo value for all other active channels For reliable results when making hand calculations to determine or verify EbNo values it is recommended that you first scale the code domain power to 0 dB to display the normalized relative channel powe...

Страница 357: ...2 Set the output amplitude to 30 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined real time reverse link cdma2000 signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instru...

Страница 358: ...e FIR file already be stored in memory For an example of creating and storing a FIR filter see Creating a User Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor on page 173 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb CDMA2000 More 1 of 2 CDMA2000 Define 3 Press Filter Select User FIR In this example there are two FIR files listed NEWFIR1 and NEWFIR2 These files were created in the examples in Chapter 4 Basic...

Страница 359: ...IR is displayed to indicate that a user defined FIR filter has been selected Once you have set the other modulation parameters to your satisfaction turn on Custom and the RF output and your user defined filter is in use NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument A value between 4 and 16 is chosen dependent on the symbol rate the number of bits pe...

Страница 360: ...up 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb IS 95A 3 Press Setup Select 64 Ch Fwd Generating the Waveform Press CDMA Off On This generates a predefined 64 channel forward CDMA waveform The display changes to CDMA Setup 64 Ch Fwd During waveform generation the CDMA and I Q annunciators appear and the predefined digital modulation state is stored in volatile ARB memory The waveform is now modulating the...

Страница 361: ...37 Modifying the Walsh Code on page 337 Modifying the Data on page 337 Modifying the Code Domain Power on page 338 Generating the Waveform on page 338 Configuring the RF Output on page 338 Selecting a CDMA Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode CDMA Arb IS 95A 3 Press Setup Select 32 Ch Fwd Inserting an Additional Channel 1 Press CDMA Define Edit Channel Setup 2 Highlight Traffic in the Type column of ...

Страница 362: ...m CDMA state created in the previous sections The display changes to CDMA Setup 32 Ch Fwd Modified During waveform generation the CDMA and I Q annunciators appear and the predefined digital modulation state is stored in volatile memory The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier For instructions on storing this custom CDMA state to the non volatile memory of the signal generator see Storing a Co...

Страница 363: ...ge 317 Creating a User Defined Multicarrier CDMA State In this procedure you learn how to customize a predefined multicarrier CDMA setup Rather than building a 4 carrier setup one carrier at a time you start with a predefined 3 carrier CDMA setup and modify the setup by adding an additional carrier and changing some of the default values This section teaches you how to perform the following tasks ...

Страница 364: ...625 kHz and a power level of 10 00 dBm as shown in the following figure Generating the Waveform Press Return CDMA Off On This generates a waveform with the user defined multicarrier CDMA state created in the previous sections The display changes to Multicarrier Setup 3 Carriers Modified During waveform generation the CDMA and I Q annunciators appear and the user defined multicarrier CDMA state is ...

Страница 365: ...n set to On while changes are made in the Multicarrier CDMA Setup table editor you must apply the changes before the updated waveform will be generated From the Multicarrier CDMA Setup table editor press the following keys to apply the changes and generate a new user defined multicarrier CDMA waveform based on the updated values Return Apply Multicarrier To store a custom multicarrier CDMA state f...

Страница 366: ...342 Chapter 10 CDMA Digital Modulation IS 95A Modulation ...

Страница 367: ... with Option 001 601 or 002 602 NOTE A previous version of Option 409 provided only single satellite Real Time GPS capability You can upgrade to the new version of Option 409 that includes Real Time MSGPS by downloading firmware revision C 04 97 to your E4438C ESG Single satellite Real Time GPS capability in firmware revision C 04 97 is compatible with the single satellite capability in the previo...

Страница 368: ...es that include the following information simulated location city latitude longitude elevation simulated date and time scenario duration satellite IDs present in view in the scenario pause and resume function for the currently playing scenario restart function that sets the currently playing scenario to the beginning without turning off the RF output adjustable number of satellites in view to incl...

Страница 369: ... generated within the ESG for a four satellite MSGPS simulation The ESG produces a simulated signal for each satellite and then sums them together to produce the MSGPS signal Use the Number of Satellites softkey to specify the number of satellites in the MSGPS simulation Figure 11 1 MSGPS Signal Generation Diagram ...

Страница 370: ...prompt press Enter 4 At the password prompt press Enter You are now in the signal generator s user directory 5 Type cd GPS 6 Type bin 7 Type put scenario_file 8 Type quit or bye to end your FTP session 9 Type exit to end the command prompt session Downloading Scenario Files Using SCPI Commands GPIB The following procedure describes how to download scenario files to an ESG using a SCPI command on a...

Страница 371: ...nk budget that will deliver a 150 dBm to 160 dBm power level at the receiver antenna Using NMEA data to monitor signal power One method to monitor the receiver s perceived signal level is to monitor the National Marine Electronics Association NMEA data stream from the receiver Most GPS receivers have the capability to output data via a serial RS232 connection in NMEA format An NMEA message called ...

Страница 372: ...formation refer to the following document available at http www nmea org pub 0183 NMEA 0183 Standard For Interfacing Marine Electronic Devices Table 11 1 GPGSV Fields GPGSV Field Description GPGSV 3 Number of GPGSV messages in this set 1 Number of this GPGSV in the set 1 of 3 12 Total number of satellites in view 21 71 000 Satellite 21 elevation 71 azimuth 0 CNO unknown 27 68 000 34 Satellite 27 e...

Страница 373: ...rio is displayed including the simulated location the date and time and the satellites in view 5 Press Number of Satellites and enter 5 to use only the first five satellites in view in the generated signal 6 Press Real time MSGPS Off On to On to play the selected scenario 7 Press Pause The scenario file stops playing 8 Press Resume The scenario file continues playing from the point at which it was...

Страница 374: ...onnector 2 Set the chip rate of the external clock to the desired value 3 Press Mode More 1 of 2 GPS Real Time MSGPS More 1 of 2 GPS Ref Clk Ext Int to Ext 4 Press GPS Ref f0 5 Use the numeric keypad to set the GPS reference clock to the same chip rate as the external clock NOTE The chip rate of the external source must match the chip rate of the reference clock set using the GPS Ref f0 softkey ...

Страница 375: ...1 to 32 with an additional range of 33 to 37 for other uses selectable data modes Raw Encoded and TLM simulated doppler shift with a 250 kHz range selectable internal or external chip clock reference source The signal generator s pre defined GPS signal setup includes a C A ranging code a satellite ID of 1 zero doppler shift a 10 23 Mcps reference clock and the Raw data mode enabled using PN9 data ...

Страница 376: ...S signal is generated within the ESG Notice that the C A code modulates the L band signal using the I axis of the I Q modulator and the P code modulates the L band signal using the Q axis Select the data provided by the data generator using the Data softkey or by choosing the TLM data mode Figure 11 3 GPS Signal Generation Diagram ...

Страница 377: ... Enc data mode enables the continuous transmission of 10 words per subframe with each word containing 24 bits of raw data and 6 trailing parity bits computed from the selected data by the ESG TLM The telemetry TLM mode enables the continuous transmission of a formatted TLM word a handover word HOW and default navigation data as outlined in the Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service...

Страница 378: ...able using the GPS Ref f0 softkey The factory set value is 10 23 Mcps the GPS standard You can use the internal chip clock or an external source to provide the reference To use an external reference connect the external source to the DATA CLOCK input connector NOTE If you use an external source to provide the chip clock reference the frequency of the external source must match the ESG s reference ...

Страница 379: ... rear panel The AUX I O connector outputs the SYMBOL SYNC OUT DATA CLOCK OUT and DATA OUT signals refer to 13 AUX I O Connector on page 41 for more information EVENT 1 and EVENT 2 are BNC connectors If the signal generator is configured with Option 1EM EVENT 1 and EVENT 2 connectors are changed from BNC to SMB connectors See Rear Panel Overview on page 37 Figure 11 5 GPS Signals ...

Страница 380: ...select the encoded mode for a user file that incorporates parity bits the parity bits will be recomputed and their values changed Bit Error Rate Test Measurements Bit error rate test BERT measurements require an ESG with Option UN7 Baseband BERT or a customer supplied external BER meter The GPS signal can be configured using either a PN9 or PN15 sequence To avoid disrupting the sequence use the Ra...

Страница 381: ...pad set the signal generator RF output amplitude to 120 dBm 10 Turn the RF output on by pressing the RF On Off hardkey on the signal generator front panel The real time GPS signal is now available at the signal generator RF OUTPUT connector Figure 11 6 on page 358 shows what the signal generator display should like after all steps have been completed Notice the GPS I Q and RF ON annunciators are o...

Страница 382: ...rence clock source to the chip rate value entered in Step 3 The maximum data rate for this input connector is 50 Mb s with a voltage range of 0 5 to 5 5 V NOTE The chip rate of the external source must match the chip rate value set using the GPS Ref f0 softkey Figure 11 7 on page 359 shows what the signal generator display should look like after all the steps have been completed The CA Chip Rate P...

Страница 383: ...ged from the GPS standard of 10 23 Mcps to 11 03 kcps This change in the reference signal frequency automatically changed the P and C A code chip rates Since the P code chip rate matches the reference frequency its chip rate is now 11 03 kcps the C A code rate is one tenth of the reference frequency and so is now 1 103 kcps For more information on the GPS option refer to Real Time GPS on page 351 ...

Страница 384: ...the receiver and the ESG as shown in Figure 11 8 Figure 11 8 Setup for a Receiver Sensitivity Test 2 Set the GPS data mode to TLM 3 Set the power level on the ESG 4 Set the L band frequency on the ESG 5 Set up the UE user equipment to receive the signal from the ESG 6 Turn on the GPS personality and the RF output on the ESG ...

Страница 385: ...n page 363 Setting Up the GPS Receiver on page 363 Selecting the BERT Data Pattern and Total Bits on page 363 Selecting the BERT Trigger on page 364 Starting BERT measurements on page 364 Required Equipment The following equipment is required to make BER measurements ESG Signal Generator model E4438C with Options 001 601or 002 602 409 and UN7 an external controller to control the receiver under te...

Страница 386: ...Figure 11 9 Setup for a GPS Bit Error Rate Test Setting the Carrier Frequency and Power Level 1 Press the Preset hardkey 2 Press the Frequency hardkey Using the numeric keypad set the signal generator RF output carrier frequency to 1 57542 GHz 3 Press the Amplitude hardkey Using the numeric keypad set the signal generator RF output amplitude to 135 dBm ...

Страница 387: ... has changed to RF ON Setting Up the GPS Receiver Setup the GPS receiver to accept the carrier frequency and output the data and clock signal used for the bit error rate measurements Selecting the BERT Data Pattern and Total Bits 1 Access the BERT function For an ESG with Option UN7 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Configure BERT For an ESG with Options UN7 and 300 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Baseb...

Страница 388: ...ator display NOTE If you encounter problems making a BER measurement check the following Confirm that the cables are properly connected Confirm that the data pattern for the BER measurement specified by the Data softkey matches the data pattern of the receiver under test Confirm that the data mode selected for the BER measurement is Raw Confirm that the RF is turned on Make sure that the amplitude...

Страница 389: ...365 12 Multitone Waveform Generator This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 390: ...ng the RF Output on page 367 Initializing the Multitone Setup Table Editor 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode More 1 of 2 Multitone 3 Press Initialize Table Number of Tones 5 Enter 4 Press Freq Spacing 20 kHz 5 Press Done You now have a multitone setup with five tones spaced 20 kHz apart The center tone is placed at the carrier frequency while the other four tones are spaced in 20 kHz increments from the...

Страница 391: ...efined in the previous sections During waveform generation the M TONE and I Q annunciators activate and the multitone waveform is stored in volatile ARB memory The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 100 MHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 0 dBm 3 Press RF On Off The multitone waveform is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTP...

Страница 392: ...itone Waveform In this example you learn how to store a multitone waveform If you have not created a multitone waveform complete the steps in the previous section Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform on page 366 1 Press More 1 of 2 Load Store Store To File If there is already a file name from the Catalog of MTONE Files occupying the active entry area press the following keys Edit Keys Clear Text 2...

Страница 393: ...ng a Multitone Waveform on page 368 then preset the signal generator to clear the stored multitone waveform from volatile ARB memory 1 Press Mode Multitone 2 Press More 1 of 2 Load Store 3 Highlight the desired file for example 5TONE 4 Press Load From Selected File Confirm Load From File 5 Press More 2of 2 Multitone Off On until On is highlighted The firmware generates the multitone waveform in AR...

Страница 394: ...370 Chapter 12 Multitone Waveform Generator Applying Changes to an Active Multitone Signal ...

Страница 395: ...371 13 Custom Digital Modulation This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 396: ...Setup on page 372 Generating the Waveform on page 372 Configuring the RF Output on page 372 Selecting a Predefined EDGE Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode Custom ARB Waveform Generator 3 Press Setup Select EDGE Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On This generates a waveform with the pre defined EDGE state selected in the previous section The display changes to Dig Mod Setup EDGE D...

Страница 397: ...t NADC Modifying the Modulation Type and Symbol Rate 1 Press Digital Mod Define Modulation Type PSK QPSK and OQPSK QPSK 2 Press Symbol Rate 56 ksps Modifying the Filter 1 Press Filter Select Nyquist 2 Press Return Return Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On This generates a waveform with the custom single carrier NADC digital modulation state created in the previous sections The...

Страница 398: ...om the Catalog of DMOD Files occupying the active entry area press the following keys Edit Keys Clear Text 3 Enter a file name for example NADCQPSK using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad with a maximum length of 23 characters 4 Press Enter The user defined single carrier digital modulation state is now stored in non volatile memory NOTE The RF output amplitude frequency and operating state se...

Страница 399: ...l Modulation State In this procedure you learn how to customize a predefined multicarrier digital modulation setup by creating a custom 3 carrier EDGE digital modulation state This section teaches you how to perform the following tasks Creating a Multicarrier Digital Modulation Setup on page 375 Modifying Carrier Frequency Offset on page 375 Modifying Carrier Power on page 376 Generating the Wavef...

Страница 400: ...rrier EDGE state created in the previous sections The display changes to Dig Mod Setup Multicarrier Modified During waveform generation the DIGMOD and I Q annunciators appear and the new custom multicarrier EDGE state is stored in volatile memory The waveform is now modulating the RF carrier For instructions on storing this custom multicarrier EDGE state to non volatile memory see Storing a Custom...

Страница 401: ...ntry area press the following keys Edit Keys Clear Text 3 Enter a file name for example EDGEM1 using the alpha keys and the numeric keypad with a maximum length of 23 characters 4 Press Enter The user defined multicarrier digital modulation state is now stored in non volatile memory NOTE The RF output amplitude frequency and operating state settings are not stored as part of a user defined digital...

Страница 402: ...s Preset 2 Press Mode Custom Real Time I Q Base Band 3 Press More 1 of 3 More 2 of 3 Predefined Mode APCO 25 w C4FM 4 Press More 3 of 3 This selects a predefined mode where filtering symbol rate and modulation type are defined by the APCO 25 w C4FM digital modulation standard and returns you to the top level custom modulation menu To configure data burst shape and differential data encoding parame...

Страница 403: ...coding on page 380 Generating the Waveform on page 380 Configuring the RF Output on page 380 Selecting Data 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode Custom Real Time I Q Base Band Data FIX4 3 Press 1010 Enter Return Configuring the Filter 1 Press Filter Select Gaussian 2 Press Filter BbT 3 Press 45 Enter Return Selecting a Symbol Rate 1 Press Symbol Rate 2 Press 25 ksps Return Selecting the Modulation Type Pre...

Страница 404: ... for the current real time I Q baseband digital modulation format For more information see Differential Encoding on page 180 To generate and output the custom digital modulation complete the steps in the following sections Generating the Waveform Press More 2 of 3 More 3 of 3 Press Custom Off On until On is highlighted This generates the custom real time I Q baseband waveform with the parameters d...

Страница 405: ... real time TDMA formats The ESG generates the modulation for these formats using the ESG s internal baseband generator This chapter includes the following sections EDGE Framed Modulation on page 382 GSM Framed Modulation on page 386 Enhanced Observed Time Difference E OTD on page 388 DECT Framed Modulation on page 401 PHS Framed Modulation on page 403 PDC Framed Modulation on page 405 NADC Framed ...

Страница 406: ...gnal see GSM Framed Modulation on page 386 Understanding External Data Connections NOTE The external data selection is not a choice for a GMSK timeslot When GMSK timeslots are part of the signal the Ext data selection for EDGE timeslots is unavailable The ESG provides various timeslot data selections One of these selections the Ext softkey provides the capability to use an external data signal con...

Страница 407: ... timeslot selection This is shown in step one where the timeslot type selection happened without first selecting the timeslot number Notice that a data selection FIX4 was made for timeslot zero but that none was made for timeslot one This means that timeslot one will use the default data selection of PN9 Configuring GMSK Timeslots 1 Press Timeslot 2 Enter 2 Press Timeslot Type GMSK 3 Press Configu...

Страница 408: ...es an EDGE signal with an active custom timeslot an active normal timeslot and two active GMSK modulated timeslots While the ESG builds the signal a status bar appears on the display After the signal building process the EDGE ENVLP and I Q annunciators appear indicating that the signal is modulating the RF carrier Configuring the RF Output 1 Press Frequency 891 MHz 2 Press Amplitude 5 dBm 3 Press ...

Страница 409: ...or timeslot one is now 15 dB lower than the other active timeslots To return the timeslot one to its previous power level select Main on the Timeslot Ampl Main Delta softkey The delta amplitude choice is available for each timeslot however all timeslots use the same delta value set in the Alternate Amplitude softkey menu ...

Страница 410: ...ulated signal see EDGE Framed Modulation on page 382 Activating Framed Data Format 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode Real Time TDMA GSM Data Format Pattern Framed Configuring the First Timeslot 1 Press Configure Timeslots Timeslot Type Access 2 Press Configure Access E FIX4 3 Press 1010 Enter Return Return Configuring the Second Timeslot 1 Press Timeslot 1 Enter 2 Press Timeslot Type Custom 3 Press Conf...

Страница 411: ...icating that the signal is modulating the RF carrier Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 891 MHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 5 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined GSM signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on ...

Страница 412: ...quipped with the E OTD feature The system will simulate a real world network complete with a serving cell Agilent E5515C 8960 Series 10 Wireless Communications Test Set and neighboring cells ESG Vector Signal Generator that can be used to test E OTD equipped handsets The ESG has no front panel user interface for the E OTD feature so signal setup is done using the GPIB interface Basic GSM Frame Str...

Страница 413: ...ion are used only by the base station and only transmitted on the first time slot labeled zero The forth type is a short burst 88 bits called the random access burst RACH and only used by the mobile station to make connection with the base station The remaining time is padded with guard bits to keep the timing of a slot consistent The frame structure for the base station and mobile station are the...

Страница 414: ...BTS to the mobile station Different formats exist for the makeup of the 51 frame multiframe but for E OTD type IV and V are used The common features of these channels are the frequency correction burst FCCH the synchronization burst SCH and the broadcast control channel BCCH These different channel types allow the mobile station to synchronize to the base station in the frequency domain and the ti...

Страница 415: ...ltiframe is transmitted on time slot zero and provides the mobile station with system information which the mobile station needs to gain access to the network The broadcast channel needs to remain at a constant power so other mobile stations can distinguish the broadcast channels from normal channels Therefore all eight time slots need to be used during each TDMA frame ...

Страница 416: ...d can originate from the base station or the mobile Refer to Figure 14 3 on page 392 Figure 14 3 GSM Multiframe Structure Combined Broadcast Channel Two separate 51 frame multiframes are used to form a repeating 102 frame sequence The main difference between the combined broadcast channel and the non combined broadcast channel is that some of the CCCH channels are replaced with standalone dedicate...

Страница 417: ... three parameters listed below MNC The mobile network code consists of 12 bits of data Normally eight bits are used but for PCS1900 NA federal regulation mandates that a 3 digit MNC will be used If two digits are used then the upper 4 bits of the field are fixed to 1111 For the ESG implementation the upper four bits are set to 1111 and the field range is 0 255 This field identifies the network ope...

Страница 418: ...igger pulse to TO where TO is defined as the middle of the training sequence The ESG will always produce RF quicker than the PSA due to a built in delay for the ESG Below is an equipment diagram and SCPI command procedure to measure the trigger to TO TO middle of the midamble of a burst measurement Some of the SCPI commands used in this procedure to set up the instruments and make the measurements...

Страница 419: ...PIB commands to set up the 8960 CALL OPER MODE GBTT CALL BCH 120 CALL TCH 1 CALL POW 10 CALL TCH TSL 2 CALL TRIG FRAM NIDL STAT ON The 8960 is now generation a broadcast channel BCH on absolute radio frequency channel number ARFCN 120 a traffic channel TCH on ARFCN 1 and is sending out a trigger pulse for every frame not idle The ESG is being triggered to generate a single slot traffic channel on ...

Страница 420: ...n slot 2 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH1 RADio GSM SLOT2 TYPE NORMal RADio GSM SLOT2 NORMal ENCRyption PN9 At this point the ESG is waiting for a trigger Sending a CALL statement to the 8960 resets the frame counters and sets a single trigger at the beginning of the multiframe Now both the 8960 and the ESG are running together but not perfectly aligned CALL TRIG OUTP FRAM SYNC Measure the t...

Страница 421: ...urther triggers will be ignored The trigger will be setup to use the external pattern trigger 1 Reset the ESG to its power on state RST Select the frequency band channel and power FREQuency CHANnels BAND BPGSm FREQuency CHANnels NUMBer 1 FREQuency CHANnels STATe ON POWer LEVel IMMediate AMPLitude 10dBm RADio GSM BURSt STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH1 RADio GSM SLOT1 DUMMy TSEQuence ...

Страница 422: ...Dio GSM SLOT1 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT2 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT3 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT4 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT5 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT6 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT7 STATe ON Setup the public land mobile network and base station color code values RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH PLMN 2 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH BCC 3 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH CELLid 4 RADio GSM SLOT0 NOR...

Страница 423: ...ency band channel and power FREQuency CHANnels BAND BPGSm FREQuency CHANnels NUMBer 1 FREQuency CHANnels STATe ON POWer LEVel IMMediate AMPLitude 10dBm Setup the ESG to have a Combined Broadcast Channel in slot 0 and all other time slots will have a normal burst with a PN9 sequence in the payload fields RADio GSM BURSt STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH2 RADio GSM SLOT1 NORMal ENCRypti...

Страница 424: ...ON RADio GSM SLOT5 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT6 STATe ON RADio GSM SLOT7 STATe ON Setup the public land mobile network PLMN and base station color code BCC values RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH PLMN 4 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH BCC 1 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH CELLid 4 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH MNC 4 RADio GSM SLOT0 NORMal ENCRyption BCH MCC 4 RADio GSM SLOT0 N...

Страница 425: ... Press Timeslot 1 Enter 2 Press Timeslot Type Traffic Bearer 3 Press Configure Traffic Bearer B field Other Patterns 4 1 s 4 0 s 4 Press Return Timeslot Off On to On Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press DECT Off On to On This generates a DECT signal with an active custom timeslot 0 and an active traffic bearer timeslot 1 The signal generator may require several seconds to build the signal D...

Страница 426: ... dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined DECT signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 427: ... Second Timeslot 1 Press Control Channel Dnlink Uplink 2 Press Timeslot Type Custom 3 Press Configure Custom Other Patterns 4 1 s 4 0 s 4 Press Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press PHS Off On to On This generates a PHS signal with an active downlink custom timeslot 1 and an active uplink custom timeslot 1 The signal generator may require several seconds to build the signal During this time ...

Страница 428: ...0 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined PHS signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 429: ...ull Half 2 Press Timeslot 3 Enter 3 Press Timeslot Type Down TCH 4 Press Configure Down TCH TCH Other Patterns 4 1 s 4 0 s 5 Press Return Timeslot Off On to On Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press PDC Off On to On This generates a half rate PDC signal with an active downlink traffic channel timeslot 0 and an active downlink traffic channel timeslot 3 The signal generator may require several...

Страница 430: ...dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined PDC signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 431: ...ull Half 2 Press Timeslot 4 Enter 3 Press Timeslot Type Down TCH 4 Press Configure Down TCH Data Other Patterns 4 1 s 4 0 s 5 Press Return Timeslot Off On to On Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press NADC Off On to On This generates a half rate NADC signal with an active downlink traffic channel timeslot 1 and an active downlink traffic channel timeslot 4 The signal generator may require seve...

Страница 432: ...dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined NADC signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 433: ... the Second Timeslot 1 Press Timeslot 2 Enter 2 Press Timeslot Type Up Custom 3 Press Configure Up Custom Other Patterns 4 1 s 4 0 s 4 Press Timeslot Off On to On Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press TETRA Off On to On This generates a TETRA signal with an active uplink control 1 timeslot 1 and an active uplink custom timeslot 2 The signal generator may require several seconds to build the ...

Страница 434: ... 0 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined TETRA signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector To store this real time I Q baseband digital modulation state to the instrument state register see Saving an Instrument State on page 71 To recall a real time I Q baseband digital modulation state see Recalling an Instrument State on page 72 ...

Страница 435: ...411 15 W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test This feature is available only in E4438C ESG Vector Signal Generators with Option 001 601or 002 602 ...

Страница 436: ... CDMA 3 Press W CDMA Select 3 DPCH This selects three predefined dedicated physical channels DPCH for a downlink waveform The display changes to DL WCDMA Setup 3 DPCH Downlink is the signal generator s default setting for link direction and therefore does not need to be set Generating the Waveform Press W CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates the predefined 3 DPCH W CDMA downlink wave...

Страница 437: ...ignal generator s non volatile memory modifications made to predefined channel configurations are lost when changes are made to link direction To store a custom W CDMA state see Storing a W CDMA Downlink Uplink State on page 417 Selecting a W CDMA Downlink Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode W CDMA Arb W CDMA 3 Press W CDMA Define Edit Channel Setup The channel table editor is now displayed as shown...

Страница 438: ...the TPC column NOTE TPC values are entered as hexadecimal digits For information on what these values represent refer to Understanding TPC Values on page 431 4 Highlight the value 0 00 in the TFCI Power dB field which is currently hidden from view The horizontal scroll bar at the bottom of the screen indicates that there are columns to the right of the Scramble Code column 5 Press Edit Item 2 dB 6...

Страница 439: ...hlight the value RANDOM in the Data field 13 Press Edit Item PN9 14 Highlight the value STD in the Scramble Type field 15 Press Edit Item Right Alternate 16 Highlight the value 0 in the Scramble Offset field 17 Press Edit Item 1 Enter NOTE For additional information on Scramble Type and Scramble Offset refer to Calculating Downlink Scramble Codes on page 434 The downlink DPCH channel parameters ha...

Страница 440: ...following figure The page only displays six channels To view the additional channels press the following keys Return Goto Row Page Up Figure 15 3 Clipping the Waveform 1 Press Mode Setup More 1 of 2 ARB Setup Waveform Utilities Clipping 2 Press Clip I jQ To 80 The waveform is now set to be clipped at 80 percent of its peak value NOTE If the waveform is active W CDMA Off On set to On clipping setti...

Страница 441: ...to On you must press the Apply Channel Setup softkey to force the updated waveform to generate For example perform the following steps 1 Press W CDMA Define Edit Channel Setup 2 Move the cursor to row 2 3 Press Delete Row Return Apply Channel Setup Notice that the waveform is regenerated to include the modification of the deleted row Any changes made in the Edit Channel Setup table editor while a ...

Страница 442: ...e not stored as part of a user defined W CDMA state file Recalling a W CDMA Downlink Uplink State This procedure teaches you how to recall a W CDMA state from the signal generator s non volatile memory If you have not created and stored a W CDMA state complete the steps in the previous sections Creating a User Defined W CDMA Downlink State on page 413 and Storing a W CDMA Downlink Uplink State on ...

Страница 443: ...WCDMA 3GPP Setup table editor is now displayed showing parameters for the default two carrier setup Adding a Carrier 1 Highlight the PCCPCH SCH carrier in table row 2 and press Insert Row 3 DPCH This adds a predefined 3 DPCH carrier between the two original default carriers You can also add a custom W CDMA carrier that has been previously created and stored Modifying Carrier Parameters 1 Press Ret...

Страница 444: ...2 and press Edit Item 8 Enter Refer to Multicarrier Setup Page 2 on page 421 7 Highlight the Pre FIR Clipping I jQ value for the new 3 DPCH carrier in row 2 and press Edit Item 50 Refer to Multicarrier Setup Page 2 on page 421 NOTE The E4438C allows you to clip each individual channel by setting the I jQ pre FIR and post FIR clipping percentage in the table editor and clip the composite waveform b...

Страница 445: ...lip I jQ To 80 The composite multicarrier waveform is now set to be clipped at 80 percent of its original peak value The waveform is clipped after FIR filtering NOTE If the waveform is active W CDMA Off On set to On clipping settings are not applied until you press the Apply Multicarrier softkey Generating the Waveform Press Mode Setup W CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates a wavefor...

Страница 446: ...g the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 2 17 GHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off until On is highlighted The user defined multicarrier W CDMA signal is now available at the signal generator s RF OUTPUT connector Storing a Multicarrier W CDMA State This procedure teaches you how to store a multicarrier W CDMA state to the signal generator s non volatile memory If you...

Страница 447: ...call a multicarrier W CDMA state from the signal generator s non volatile memory If you have not created and stored a multicarrier W CDMA state complete the steps in the previous sections Creating a User Defined Multicarrier W CDMA State on page 419 and Storing a Multicarrier W CDMA State on page 422 1 Press Preset to clear the stored W CDMA waveform from volatile ARB memory 2 Press Mode W CDMA Ar...

Страница 448: ...k Down Up 3 Press W CDMA Select DPCCH 3 DPDCH This selects a predefined setup which consists of one dedicated physical control channel DPCCH and three dedicated physical data channels DPDCH for an uplink waveform The display changes to UL WCDMA Setup DPCCH 3 DPDCH Generating the Waveform Press W CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates a predefined W CDMA uplink waveform with a DPCCH and...

Страница 449: ... signal generator s non volatile memory modifications made to predefined channel configurations are lost when changes are made to link direction To store a custom W CDMA state see Storing a W CDMA Downlink Uplink State on page 417 Selecting a W CDMA Uplink Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode W CDMA Arb W CDMA Link Down Up 3 Press W CDMA Define Edit Channel Setup The channel table editor is now displ...

Страница 450: ...n Other channel parameters can be modified in the same manner NOTE TPC values are entered as hexadecimal digits 0 9 A F For information on what these values represent refer to Understanding TPC Values on page 431 Inserting Additional Channels and Modifying I Q Settings 1 Press Insert DPDCH Channels 6 Enter Done 2 Press More 1 of 2 Second DPDCH I Q until the letter I is highlighted The I Q setting ...

Страница 451: ...you press the Apply To Waveform softkey Generating the Waveform Press Mode Setup W CDMA Off On until On is highlighted This generates a waveform with the custom W CDMA uplink state created in the previous sections The display changes to UL WCDMA Setup DPCCH Modified During waveform generation the WCDMA and I Q annunciators appear and the waveform is stored in volatile ARB memory The waveform is no...

Страница 452: ...Notice that the waveform is regenerated to include the modification of the deleted row Any changes made in the Edit Channel Setup table editor while a waveform is active will not be applied until the Apply Channel Setup softkey is pressed Configuring the RF Output 1 Set the RF output frequency to 2 17 GHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off until On is highlighted The custom W C...

Страница 453: ...Chapter 15 429 W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test W CDMA Concepts W CDMA Concepts Figure 15 8 Downlink Channel Structure ...

Страница 454: ...430 Chapter 15 W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test W CDMA Concepts Figure 15 9 Uplink Channel Structure ...

Страница 455: ...111 1000 0000 Notice that there are 15 digits in the binary TPC value Because one frame contains 15 timeslots one binary digit is assigned to each timeslot see Figure 15 11 on page 432 The assigned bit is then repeated enough times to fill the TPC bit field see the NTPC column of Table 15 7 Since the example in Figure 15 11 uses two TPC bits per timeslot the values are either 11 or 00 The TPC bits...

Страница 456: ...ls DPCCH are relative to the transmit power for data channels DPDCH Usually these offsets are set to a positive value refer to Figure 15 12 on page 432 The intent is to transmit control symbols at a higher level than data symbols to maintain the link between mobile and base Because only the DPCCH transmit power is offset the total transmit power is minimized and less noise is generated in the syst...

Страница 457: ...the data transmit power Power dB set to 6 02 dB with the following offsets TFCI Power set to 2 00 dB TPC Power set to 3 00 dB and Pilot Power set to 1 00 dB Because of these offsets the control symbols corresponding to TFCI TPC and Pilot will transmit at 4 02 dB 3 02 dB and 5 02 dB respectively Figure 15 13 Table Editor Showing TFCI TPC and Pilot Power Offsets ...

Страница 458: ...set fields in the downlink Edit Channel Setup table editor These fields are linked so that an entry to any field affects the actual scramble code To better understand the relationship please refer to the following formula Figure 15 14 Table 15 1 Where n scramble code Range 0 to 24575 i scramble code field input Primary Range 0 to 511 Secondary Range 0 to 511 k scramble offset field input Range 0 t...

Страница 459: ...cramble code whereas the left alternate adds 8192 Scramble Codes with Standard Scramble Type A primary scramble code is the product of the Scramble Code field entry and 16 Therefore the primary scramble code set contains all multiples of 16 from 0 through 8176 A secondary scramble code is the sum of the non zero Scramble Offset field entry and the primary scramble code The secondary scramble code ...

Страница 460: ... 16384 to the scramble code and left alternate adds 8192 refer to the following examples of scramble codes generated with the right alternate and left alternate scramble types Table 15 4 Where n scramble code i scramble code field input k scramble offset field input m scramble type field input Table 15 5 A Primary set Left Alternate B Secondary set Right Alternate i 6 i 8 n 16 i k m ...

Страница 461: ...Chapter 15 437 W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test W CDMA Concepts Figure 15 16 k 0 k 7 m 8192 m 16384 n 8288 n 16519 Table 15 5 A Primary set Left Alternate B Secondary set Right Alternate ...

Страница 462: ...t Test W CDMA Frame Structures W CDMA Frame Structures This section contains graphical representations of W CDMA frame structures with associated tables for both downlink and uplink channels Downlink PICH Frame Structure Figure 15 17 PICH Frame Structure ...

Страница 463: ...tion for Component Test W CDMA Frame Structures Downlink PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure Figure 15 18 PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure Table 15 6 Lengths of PCCPCH SCH Fields Parameter Symbols Per Slot Ndata 9 NSCH a a SCH comprises PSCH and SSCH 1 ...

Страница 464: ...annel Symbol Rate Ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame DPDCH Bits Slot DPCCH Bits Slot DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL Bits Slot Ndata1 Ndata2 NTFCI NTPC Npilot 15 7 5 512 90 150 10 0 4 0 2 4 15 7 5 512 30 120 150 10 0 2 2 2 4 30 15 256 240 60 300 20 2 14 0 2 2a 30 15 256 210 90 300 20 2 12 2 2 2a 30 15 256 210 90 300 20 2 12 0 2 4a 30 15 256 180 120 300 20 2 10 2 2 4a 30 15 256 150 150 300 20 2 8 0 2 8a 30 15 256 120...

Страница 465: ...80 240 16 4320 480 4800 320 56 232 8b 8 16 960 480 8 9120 480 9600 640 120 488 8b 8 16 192 0 960 4 1872 0 480 19200 1280 248 1000 8b 8 16 a The number of pilot bits can vary with channel symbol rates of 15 and 30 ksps b If TFCI bits are not used then DTX discontinuous transmission is used in the TFCI field Table 15 7 DPDCH and DPCCH Fields Continued Channel Bit Rate Kbps Channel Symbol Rate Ksps S...

Страница 466: ...tructure Figure 15 20 DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure Table 15 8 DPDCH Fields Channel Bit Rate kbps Channel Symbol Rate ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame Bits Slot Ndata 15 15 256 150 10 10 30 30 128 300 20 20 60 60 64 600 40 40 120 120 32 1200 80 80 240 240 16 2400 160 160 480 480 8 4800 320 320 960 960 4 9600 640 640 ...

Страница 467: ...res Table 15 9 DPCCH Fields Channel Bit Rate kbps Channel Symbol Rate ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame Bits Slot Npilot NTFCI NFBI NTPC 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 0 2 15 15 256 150 10 8 0 0 2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 1 2 15 15 256 150 10 7 0 1 2 15 15 256 150 10 6 0 2 2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 2 1 ...

Страница 468: ...444 Chapter 15 W CDMA Digital Modulation for Component Test W CDMA Frame Structures ...

Страница 469: ...s the following sections Equipment Setup on page 447 Understanding the PRACH on page 449 Generating a Single PRACH Signal on page 462 Multiple PRACH Overview on page 474 Setting Up a Multiple PRACH Signal on page 479 Overload Testing with Multiple PRACHs Multiple ESGs on page 497 DPCH on page 504 Compressed Mode Single Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence TGPS Overview on page 517 Setting Up Compress...

Страница 470: ...446 Chapter 16 W CDMA Uplink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test W CDMA Uplink Concepts on page 550 DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure on page 575 ...

Страница 471: ... DPCH channel modes ESG and Agilent E4440A PSA Spectrum Analyzer Setup Unless stated otherwise in a procedure both the PRACH and DPCH procedures use the setup shown in Figure 16 1 for viewing the ESG output Figure 16 1 PSA Setup ESG and Base Transceiver Station BTS Setup Unless stated otherwise in a procedure both the PRACH and DPCH procedures in this chapter use the base station setup shown in Fi...

Страница 472: ...448 Chapter 16 W CDMA Uplink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test Equipment Setup Figure 16 2 Base Transceiver Station Setup ...

Страница 473: ...d message part This gives you the ability to simulate an actual PRACH transmission where multiple preambles may be transmitted before the UE receives an acknowledgment AICH from a base station In the single PRACH mode you can even configure the message part to transmit when an AICH trigger is received In addition to controlling many other parameters of the PRACH you can adjust the preamble power t...

Страница 474: ...occupy any of the same access slots within an 80 ms time period If they do the subsequent second PRACH etc PRACH transmission that uses any of the same access slots will not occur See Understanding the 80 ms Transmission Time Period on page 474 for more information Preamble The preamble is used to signal a base station that a UE is trying to establish communications It is composed of a complex sig...

Страница 475: ...part However the preamble uses only the first 4096 chips of the selected scrambling code Message Part The message part is transmitted as part of the PRACH after the UE receives the AICH from the base station It contains the information necessary for the UE to establish a link with the base station This information is transmitted in two parts a control part and a data part These two parts form the ...

Страница 476: ...I bit The data part contains only data bits and is the request information used for establishing a connection with the base station Slot Formats Slot formats are used to determine the transmitted frame structure such as the symbol rate the number of bits per frame and the spread factor Each slot format is defined in the 3GPP standards and implemented in the ESG The control part and data part each ...

Страница 477: ...ge part power The PRACH power is determined by the component preamble or message part of the PRACH that has the highest power level If both components have the same power level then both components individually equal the PRACH power level The message part power is comprised of the absolute powers for the control part and data part A PRACH power value can be entered that exceeds the current display...

Страница 478: ...is used in determining the control part power level which influences the total message part power See Control Part Power for more information The preamble power can be adjusted so that it exceeds the current carrier power When this occurs the ESG will automatically adjust the carrier power The reverse is also true when you enter a new carrier power Control Part Power The control part power is an a...

Страница 479: ...on the data part power level Figure 16 8 shows an example of the influence of the control part power when the Pp m value is positive and the data part power is low enough that it has minimal impact on the overall message part power Figure 16 8 Control Part Power Determining Message Part Power Data Part Power The data part power is not directly entered It is adjusted and calculated using the differ...

Страница 480: ...using the following formula Relative power 20 Log beta 15 According to the 3GPP standards at any instant in time one of the betas for either the control or data power will result in a ratio of one 0 00 dB However the ESG gives you the flexibility to set your relative power Table 16 1 Control and Data Part Betas Beta Values for Control and Data Beta Amplitude Voltage Ratios 15 1 14 14 15 13 13 15 1...

Страница 481: ...d data part powers are the same power levels This results in a 3 dB two times the control part power increase in the message part power To calculate the data part absolute power perform the following steps where 1 Calculate the absolute power for the control part CntldBm PredBm Pp m The preamble power is represented by the Max Pwr field on the ESG 2 Calculate the relative power difference between ...

Страница 482: ...power levels you can make the message power less than equal to or greater than the preamble power In some situations the message part power can exceed the carrier power When this occurs the ESG will automatically adjust its carrier power up to its limits to accommodate the new message part power The following examples demonstrate some of the ways you can set the message part power Example 1 This w...

Страница 483: ...reamble power Power Control Modes The ESG gives you the opportunity to control your PRACH power using one of two methods a Pp m mode or a Total mode The mode selection is accomplished using the PRACH Power Setup Mode Pp m Total softkey Pp m Power Mode The Pp m mode lets you control the message part power by making changes to your control part and data part power levels The control part power level...

Страница 484: ...what control part power and Pp m value will result from a message part power value perform the following steps where 1 Determine the difference between the relative power values Pwrdiff Datapwr Cntlpwr 2 Calculate the control part power CntldBm MessdBm 10 Log 1 10 Pwr diff 10 3 Calculate the expected Pp m value Pp m CntldBm PredBm Pwrdiff difference between relative power values Cntlpwr relative c...

Страница 485: ...dulation for Receiver Test Understanding the PRACH Figure 16 11 shows the selection of the total mode along with the two fields mentioned earlier Figure 16 11 Total Mode Selection Total Power Mode Selected Pp m is Inactive Msg Pwr is Active ...

Страница 486: ...y to 1 95 GHz 3 Set the carrier power to 10 dBm 4 Turn on the RF output Selecting the PRACH and Single PRACH Modes 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link Down Up to Up 2 Press Link Control PhyCH Type PRACH 3 Press the PRACH Mode Single Multi softkey until Single is highlighted The factory default setting is the Single PRACH mode Selecting a Rear Panel Output Trigger 1 Press PRACH Rear Panel Set...

Страница 487: ... Refer to Figure 16 1 on page 447 for connecting the ESG to the E4440A PSA Figure 16 12 on page 464 shows the ESG output signal on the PSA display 1 Preset the spectrum analyzer 2 Select the W CDMA mode Press Mode W CDMA 3 Set the center frequency Press Frequency Channel Center Freq 1 95 GHz 4 Select the time domain measurement mode Press Measure More 1 of 2 Waveform Time Domain 5 Set a sweep time...

Страница 488: ... parameters for the physical and transport layers Modifying the Physical Layers This task includes an example of setting up the preamble power ramp 1 Press Link Control PhyCH Setup PRACH Power Setup 2 Set the preamble power a Move the cursor to highlight the Max Pwr field b Press 20 dBm This value is linked to the carrier signal power setting When the W CDMA format is first turned on the Max Pwr F...

Страница 489: ... which means that the PRACH initial starting power level first preamble will be 41 dBm The fourth preamble will be transmitted at the PRACH power level set in step 2b or 20 dBm This means the first three preambles will have power levels that are in increments of 7 dB less than the fourth preamble The initial power first transmitted preamble power level is calculated as follows 3 x 7 dB 21 dB 20 dB...

Страница 490: ...ove the cursor to highlight the TTI transmit time interval field b Press 10 msec 8 Press Apply Channel Setup When the Apply Needed annunciator appears press the Apply Channel Setup softkey You will not see a change in the signal until you press this softkey Figure 16 14 Display After Time Parameter Changes Modifying the Transport Layer The transport channel RACH is available when the PRACH physica...

Страница 491: ...uncture rate has changed because an increase in the block size increases the RACH data rate Figure 16 15 shows what the ESG display looks like once the transport channel parameters have been set Figure 16 15 Display after Transport Layer Setup Changing the PRACH Output Trigger Press Return Return PRACH Rear Panel Setup PRACH Output Signal Setup More 1 of 3 More 2 of 3 Message Pulse RPS22 Mode Setu...

Страница 492: ...section Modifying the PRACH Physical and Transport Layers on page 464 have been completed Notice the PSA sweep starts at the beginning of the message part and the message part has a time interval of 10 ms there are 5 ms per vertical division This is the result of setting the ESG PRACH trigger to message pulse and the preamble TTI field to 10 ms You can also see the preamble power ramping Figure 16...

Страница 493: ...ignal TTL trigger or if you prefer an external source can be used Connecting the AICH trigger signal to the ESG requires the use of the rear panel AUX I O connector See Rear Panel Overview on page 16 or Rear Panel Overview on page 37 for more information on the AUX I O connector An adapter will be needed to make the connection between the LF OUTPUT and pin 17 on the AUX I O connector Finding the R...

Страница 494: ...2 Select AICH as the entry for the Message Part field a Highlight the Message Part field b Press Edit Item AICH This sets up the PRACH signal so that the message part is not transmitted until an AICH trigger is received Since the ESG is not a receiver it cannot receive and demodulate a true AICH signal so the input has to be a trigger signal 3 Set the number of preambles to 1 a Highlight the Numbe...

Страница 495: ...H Trigger This procedure guides you through configuring the PSA for making a spectrum analysis measurement This is being done to familiarize you with the different measurement modes that exist for the PSA You could use the W CDMA mode time domain measurement to achieve the same results 1 Preset the spectrum analyzer 2 Select the spectrum analysis mode Press Mode Spectrum Analysis 3 Set the center ...

Страница 496: ...ion While the ESG cannot demodulate an actual AICH signal the base transceiver station can be configured to output a TTL trigger signal that is timed with the AICH transmission This trigger signal can then be used as the AICH trigger for the ESG to transmit its message part Or if you prefer you can follow the instructions shown in Setting Up the LF Output as the AICH Signal on page 471 and use the...

Страница 497: ...ver station to output a simulated AICH TTL trigger signal 3 If you need a trigger signal from the ESG to determine when it transmits the PRACH follow the instructions in the section Changing the PRACH Output Trigger on page 469 4 Set up the ESG to expect the AICH trigger by following the instructions in the section Configuring the PRACH Message for the AICH Trigger on page 470 5 Turn on the W CDMA...

Страница 498: ...3 transmission of an individual UE s PRACH multiple times up to 8 times within the 80 ms time period The number of times a UE s PRACH can be transmitted is dependent on the number of access slots each PRACH occupies incorporate AWGN additive white Gaussian noise with the multiple PRACH transmission transmit the preamble or the preamble plus the message part synchronize multiple ESGs to increase th...

Страница 499: ...t was configured to begin in access slot 11 the second transmission would not occur because slot 11 is partially occupied by the first PRACH transmission But different UEs can transmit in access slots occupied by other UEs Figure 16 21 illustrates an example of when a PRACH retransmission for the same UE is ignored It also demonstrates how PRACHs can occupy the same access slots when they are tran...

Страница 500: ...t signatures point to the appropriate channel codes for the control part and data part These codes are automatically selected when a signature is chosen and are listed in the ChCode Ctl Dat column The control part is always spread with the channelization code of spread factor 256 The spread factor for the data part is determined by the slot format but the node that the channelization code resides ...

Страница 501: ...e This denotes the access slot boundaries between PRACH repetitions Refer to PRACH Mode on page 560 for more information on trigger signals Understanding the Power Offset Between the Carrier and the Multiple PRACH The ESG has an 18 06 dB offset between the ESG carrier power and the multiple PRACH power level This offset is shown by the PRACH power level in the PRACH Power Setup display This is dem...

Страница 502: ...nt and the PRACH power level will decrease This is demonstrated in Figure 16 23 where the AWGN feature is on with a C N value of 0 0 dB Figure 16 23 Offset Power with Noise Added This offset will not create any problems with the multiple PRACH transmission The typical test that utilizes a multiple PRACH feature is used to discern a single PRACH transmission from among a group of PRACH signals The ...

Страница 503: ...ing DPCCH DPDCH in Compressed Mode or PRACH on page 570 for more information The procedure Selecting the PRACH and Multiple PRACH Modes on page 480 shows you how to access the W CDMA modulation format However most of the other procedures start from the first level W CDMA softkey menu which is shown in Figure 16 24 In this way each procedure can stand alone without regard to steps performed in othe...

Страница 504: ... the rear panel input output signal selections determine input trigger signal parameters and access the physical and transport channel set up tables menus Figure 16 25 shows this softkey menu level with the multiple PRACH mode selected Figure 16 25 Multiple PRACH Mode Selection Selecting the Rear Panel Output Trigger 1 Press PRACH Rear Panel Setup PRACH Output Signal Setup This sets up an output t...

Страница 505: ...ges as they are made Configuring the PRACH Code Setup In this procedure you will learn how to set the parameters for controlling the transmission for the various components that make up the PRACH In addition you will set the parameters that control the PRACH transmission as a whole It is divided up into four tasks Accessing the Code Setup Table on page 481 Controlling the PRACH Transmission on pag...

Страница 506: ...ion with a trigger for starting the PRACH transmission Use this feature when you want to measure the PRACH transmission for a set number of cycles or you just want to start the transmission using a trigger a Highlight the Number of 80ms field b Press Edit Item Two softkeys are now showing Enter and Infinity The Enter key is used when you want to enter a finite number of 80 ms period repetitions Yo...

Страница 507: ...ted In order to transmit a limited number of 80 ms periods you must set the PRACH signal for a manual trigger operation If the W CDMA format is on when you select Trigger the signal will transmit until the value in the Number of 80ms field has been reached Then the PRACH signal will terminate and the RACH Trg annunciator will gray out This means that the PRACH signal is waiting for a trigger to oc...

Страница 508: ...s are displayed ON and OFF When you select OFF the message part is not transmitted leaving only the preamble as the PRACH transmission c Press the ON softkey since we will be transmitting the PRACH with both the preamble and message part 2 Select the transmission time for the message part a Highlight the TTI transmit time interval field b Press 10 msec There are two valid entries for this field 10...

Страница 509: ... You will not see a change in the signal until you press this softkey Setting the Control Part Parameters 1 Select the message part control data a Highlight the Msg Ctrl Data field b Press Edit Item Notice that you have a selection of different control information types with the factory default being 3GPP STD pilot bit pattern as stated in the 3G TS 25 211 V3 3 0 2002 03 You can select a PN sequen...

Страница 510: ...e setting block size CRC size and puncture rate c Press the Transport CH softkey as the data selection type The softkey menu level where PRACH was selected as the channel type gives you access to the transport channel table editor where you can set its parameters 2 Select the message part slot format a Highlight the Slot Format field Note the 60 ksps symbol rate factory default shown in the Symbol...

Страница 511: ...s the Pp m mode The PRACH power has two parts the preamble and the message part Further the message part is comprised of two other powers control part and data part powers For more information on PRACH power control and modes see Power Control on page 453 and Power Control Modes on page 459 Notice as you make changes to the different power settings the message part power grayed out Msg Pwr field a...

Страница 512: ...ng the Control Part Power 1 Highlight the Pp m field 2 Press 5 dB The control part power is set with respect to the preamble power level The Pp m value is used to adjust the control part power level Do not confuse this as setting the message part power 5 dB above the preamble It is the combination of the control part and the data part power that determine the message part power However since the c...

Страница 513: ...ta part power 2 Set the data part power relative to the control part power a Highlight the Data Beta field b Press 5 Enter You have now set the data part power to be 9 54 dB lower than the control part power A beta of 5 equates to 9 54 dB Since the data part power is less than the control part power you will notice that the message part power is approximately 5 dB higher than the preamble power le...

Страница 514: ...um number of individual UE PRACH transmissions All eight UEs can be active at the same time and each can have a different or the same signature assignment For more information on understanding the PRACH Timing Setup display see Understanding the 80 ms Transmission Time Period on page 474 Accessing the PRACH Timing Setup Display Press Link Control PhyCH Setup PRACH Timing Setup This takes you into ...

Страница 515: ...mble signature to five a Highlight the Signature field that corresponds to UE1 b Press 5 Enter The range for this field is 0 to 16 2 Set the UE2 preamble signature to seven a Highlight the Signature field that corresponds to UE2 b Press 7 Enter 3 Set the UE4 preamble signature to zero a Highlight the Signature field that corresponds to UE4 b Press 0 Enter Configuring Access Slots When transmitting...

Страница 516: ...cement of the PRACHs within the 80 ms time period This task assumes factory preset conditions for the timing setup display 1 Setup UE1 for two PRACH transmissions For this task we will use the factory default access slot of zero for the first UE1 PRACH transmission Using the parameters that can be set in the PRACH code setup display you can calculate the number of access slots required for each UE...

Страница 517: ... the first access slot position for UE2 b Press 2 Enter This PRACH will start its transmission between the first preamble for UE1 and its message part The message part for UE2 will begin during the first message part for UE1 For the length of time that the message part for UE1 and UE2 occupy the same access slots they will be additive creating a stronger signal during that time period 3 Leave UE4 ...

Страница 518: ...leted timing setup display and a graphical representation of the setup by access slot when this procedure was used to configure the multiple PRACH signal Figure 16 33 on page 496 shows the output of the ESG with the same configuration on the Agilent E4440A PSA Spectrum Analyzer Figure 16 32 Multiple PRACH Timing Setup Timing Settings ...

Страница 519: ...ro Hertz span Press Span Zero Span This sets the PSA to function like an oscilloscope measuring in time rather than frequency 5 Set the sweep time to 80 ms Press Sweep 40 ms 6 Set the resolution bandwidth for a quick response time that captures the bursting nature of the PRACH components Press BW Avg 8 MHz Whenever you make a measurement in the zero Hertz span you need to set the resolution bandwi...

Страница 520: ...Multiple PRACH Signal Connecting the ESG to a Base Station 1 Connect the ESG to the base station as shown in Figure 16 2 on page 448 2 Configure the base station to receive the multiple PRACH signal Preamble for UE1 and UE4 Added Together Preamble for UE2 Message Part for UE1 and UE4 Added Together Message Part for UE1 UE2 and UE4 Added Together UE1 Second PRACH Transmission Remaining UE2 Message ...

Страница 521: ...his gives you the capability of transmitting up to 16 UEs When the Frame Sync Trigger signal is used for both ESGs they will synchronize to within one chip of the base station frame synchronization signal When ESG 2 is synchronized using the ESG Sync Pulse signal you may experience an additional half chip delay from ESG 2 Figure 16 34 shows the multiple ESG setup and Table 16 2 list the signals sh...

Страница 522: ...tart Trigger This is the trigger signal for ESG 1 to begin its PRACH transmission BURST GATE IN ESG Sync Pulse only for ESG 2 This signal lets ESG 2 synchronize with the BTS through ESG 1 This is used if the Frame Sync Trigger cannot be split between the two ESGs This may cause an additional one half chip delay in ESG 2 PATT TRIG IN PRACH Start Trigger Echo Back only for ESG 2 This signal triggers...

Страница 523: ... features to coordinate the synchronization and start triggers For example if a third ESG was needed you would follow the connections shown in Figure 16 34 on page 497 and the configuration instructions in the following sections for ESG 2 and apply them to ESG 3 The versatility of the ESG lets you configure the PRACH start trigger using a LF low frequency output signal The LF output can be configu...

Страница 524: ...On ESG 1 press Frame Sync Trigger Mode Single Cont to Cont b On ESG 2 press Frame Sync Trigger Mode Single Cont to Cont The single mode Single lets the ESG trigger off the first BTS frame pulse and ignores all subsequent frame timing pulses The continuous mode Cont enables the ESG to align its frame timing with each BTS frame timing pulse 5 Set the frame timing pulse interval a On ESG 1 press Fram...

Страница 525: ...mber of 80 ms period repetitions for a finite number of PRACH transmissions or using the infinity selection you can enable a continuous PRACH transmission once the PRACH start trigger is received by the ESG NOTE In order to have a finite number of transmitted 80 ms periods you will need to ensure that the PRACH trigger source is disabled once the PRACH transmission starts If the trigger source is ...

Страница 526: ...2 Frame Timing Setup ESG 1 is Synchronized with the BTS Timing Signal ESG 1 has Received the PRACH Start Trigger will gray out when a trigger is required Set to FClk Set to Cont ESG 2 is Synchronized with the ESG 1 Timing Signal ESG 2 has Received the PRACH Start Trigger will gray out when a trigger is required Set to ESG Set to Cont ESG 2 ESG 1 ...

Страница 527: ...Waveform More 1 of 2 Pulse 3 Press LF Out Period 80 msec This sets the trigger to occur every 80 msec 4 Press LF Out Width 8 usec 5 Press LF Out Amplitude 3 Vp Three volts was selected because the BURST GATE IN is a CMOS connection 6 Press LF Out Off On to On Figure 16 37 shows how the LF output display looks after all the steps from this procedure have been completed Figure 16 37 LF Output Setup ...

Страница 528: ...P specifications 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link Down Up to Up 2 Press Link Control Ref Measure Setup RMC 384 kbps 25 141 3 Press PhyCH Setup DPCH Power Setup 4 Press Adjust Code Domain Power Scale to 0dB This adjustment changes only the displayed power values the I Q channels are automatically adjusted to achieve zero dB power For more information on channel power see Adjusting Code Dom...

Страница 529: ...mal setup it provides a quick way of viewing the input and making a measurement This procedure guides you through setting up an occupied bandwidth measurement 1 Preset the spectrum analyzer 2 Select the W CDMA mode Press Mode W CDMA 3 Select the mobile setup Press Mode Setup Radio Device BTS MS to MS 4 Set the center frequency Press Frequency Channel Center Freq 1 95 GHz 5 Display the signal s ban...

Страница 530: ...Channel Setup When the Apply Needed annunciator appears press the Apply Channel Setup softkey The new settings are not be applied to the signal until this softkey is pressed You have now modified the DPDCH to have a 5 dB power level Figure 16 39 shows the power setup display with the new power value Figure 16 39 DPCH Power Setup Display 4 Change the symbol rate a Press Return DPCH Code Setup DPCH ...

Страница 531: ...group of data bits shown in the TrCH BER Cycle field The value ten means that ten of the 125 bits are error bits The error bit positions are randomly changed to prevent them from appearing in fixed positions and to ensure when multiple transport channels are used that errors can appear across all data blocks You can also enter zero for no error bit insertion The value for the TrCH BER ErrLen canno...

Страница 532: ...This task teaches you how to make changes to the transport layer parameters while maintaining an acceptable data puncture rate 1 Press Return Return Transport Setup 2 Press 3 Enter to highlight select channel 3 3 Press TrCH State Off On to On 4 Press TrCH Setup Refer to Figure 16 41 Notice the greyed out fields Max Puncture and Puncture The Max Puncture field shows the maximum amount of puncturing...

Страница 533: ...r to highlight the Rate Match Attr field b Press 256 Enter Notice that the puncture rate is now reduced to an acceptable level 7 Press Return 2 Enter TrCH Setup Notice that the puncture rate for DCH 2 matches the maximum puncture rate The puncture rate increased when the parameters for channel three were modified This can be adjusted by reducing the block size 8 Set the block size a Move the curso...

Страница 534: ... Spectrum Analysis 2 Set the center frequency to 1 95 GHz Press Frequency 1 95 GHz 3 Set the span to 10 MHz Press Span 10 MHz 4 Average the signal for better viewing Press BW Avg Average On Off to On 5 Remove text showing average value from the display Press ESC Adding Noise The tasks in this procedure build upon the procedure Viewing and Adjusting the Compressed Mode Signal on page 525 There are ...

Страница 535: ...you make parameter changes with the AWGN editor table 4 Set the channel to noise ratio C N a Move the cursor to highlight the C N value field b Press 25 dB NOTE C N values less than 10 dB may not be visible on a spectrum analyzer You have now set the overall carrier to noise ratio to 25 dB and turned on noise This is done to apply a discernible level of noise across the entire channel spectrum Fig...

Страница 536: ...rum analyzer You have now set the Eb No value for the DPDCH channel to 10 dB Notice that modifying the Eb No value for a channel will change the overall carrier to noise ratio and the Eb No value for all other active channels The 10 dB setting for Eb No has decreased the C N value to where the W CDMA signal is almost hidden by the noise For reliable results when making hand calculations to determi...

Страница 537: ...w to set up dynamic DPCH power control using an external signal In this closed loop example the ESG is used to communicate a UE response to TPC commands Connecting the ESG to a Base Transceiver Station 1 Connect the ESG to the base station as shown in Figure 16 44 2 Configure the base station to send a TPC signal and receive the RF signal Added Noise Level W CDMA Signal ...

Страница 538: ... Configuring the RF Output 1 Preset the ESG 2 Set the carrier frequency to 1 95 GHz 3 Set the carrier power to 10 dBm 4 Turn on the RF output Selecting a DPCH Channel 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link Down Up to Up 2 Press Link Control PhyCH Type DPCH Return Generating the Baseband Signal Press W CDMA Off On to On ...

Страница 539: ...em 35 dB NOTE The Min Power and Init Power fields are linked to the Power Step field The values will automatically round to a lower value if the selected Power Step value requires such an adjustment 4 Highlight the Init Power field and press Edit Item 20 dB Notice that the absolute power values changed 5 Highlight the Power Step field and press Edit Item 2 0 dB Notice that the Min Power field valu...

Страница 540: ... mode to On In this mode the transmission power remains constant In addition the ALC function is turned off and the ALC OFF annunciator appears on the status bar Figure 16 46 on page 516 shows how the power control feature is implemented Figure 16 46 DPCH External Power Control 8 Stop the power control Press Power Hold Off On to On 9 Return to initial power level Press Reset to Initial Power ...

Страница 541: ...verview on page 528 Table 16 3 Uplink Compressed Mode Parameters Name Definition Transmission gap pattern repetition count TGPRC Number of transmission gap patterns within the transmission gap pattern sequence Transmission gap connection frame number TGCFN CFN of the first compressed frame of the first pattern within the transmission gap pattern sequence Transmission gap slot number TGSN Slot numb...

Страница 542: ...he last radio frame Transmission gap pattern sequence identifier TGPSI This identifies the currently selected transmission gap pattern sequence Transmission gap pattern sequence TGPS This lets you select whether or not to transmit the current TGPSI Active it will be transmitted inactive it will not be transmitted Table 16 3 Uplink Compressed Mode Parameters Continued Name Definition ...

Страница 543: ...leting this procedure refer to Special Power Control Considerations When Using DPCCH DPDCH in Compressed Mode or PRACH on page 570 Equipment Setup Connect the ESG to the Agilent E4440A PSA Spectrum Analyzer or an equivalent instrument as shown in Figure 16 47 Figure 16 47 PSA Setup Configuring the RF Output 1 Press the Preset hardkey 2 Set the frequency and amplitude values 3 Press the RF On Off h...

Страница 544: ...enu From this display you can elect to set up the base station parameters downlink or the user equipment UE uplink 2 Using the Link Down Up softkey ensure that Up is highlighted as shown in Figure 16 48 Figure 16 48 First Level W CDMA Softkey Menu Setting UP the W CDMA Signal Parameters This procedure uses a reference measurement channel as the DPCH setup All other DPCH parameters use the factory ...

Страница 545: ...A Off On softkey to On This step can be performed at anytime during the setup The advantage of turning the format on before setting up the signal if you have a spectrum analyzer or some other measuring equipment connected is you can see the changes as they are made However you may experience a slight delay in signal processing while the ESG updates the W CDMA signal with any changes that are made ...

Страница 546: ...edure TGPSI 1 is used which is the factory preset cursor location The factory preset selection for the Compressed Mode Off On softkey is On Figure 16 50 TGPSI Display 3 Press the Comp Parameter Setup softkey shown in Figure 16 50 This accesses the table editor for the selected TGPS The table editor shown in Figure 16 51 is for setting the parameters for the selected TGPSI number which is TGPSI 1 f...

Страница 547: ...14 Enter Out of the 15 slots per frame the standard specifies that seven of them can be used as discontinuous transmission DTX slots However the total gap length can be spread over two frames The value 14 denotes 14 DTX slots which spans 2 frames This is called the double frame method If the value was seven or less this would mean that the DTX slots are contained in one frame 6 Set the second tran...

Страница 548: ...ly Needed annunciator appears press the Apply Channel Setup softkey The new settings are not applied to the signal until this softkey is pressed Pressing this key disables the compressed mode trigger Therefore whenever this key is pressed while transmitting in compressed mode the following step will have to be repeated 13 Press the Compressed Mode Start Trigger softkey The Comp trg annunciator app...

Страница 549: ... compressed mode transmission for a finite number of repetitions Configuring the E4440A PSA 1 Select the W CDMA mode Press Mode W CDMA 2 Select the mobile setup Press Mode Setup Radio Device BTS MS to MS 3 Set the center frequency to the ESG carrier frequency This procedure uses 1 95 GHz Press Frequency 1 95 GHz 4 Select the time domain measurement Press Measure More 1 of 2 Waveform Time Domain 5 ...

Страница 550: ... task will set up the ESG so that the transmitted gap patterns have a finite repetition This will enable you to have a clearer view of how the compressed signal parameters affect the transmission 1 Enter the number of transmitted gap patterns a Highlight the TGPRC field b Press 5 Enter 2 Press Apply Channel Setup Compressed Mode Start Trigger The Comp Trg annunciator comes on and then goes off aft...

Страница 551: ...ceiver Test Setting Up Compressed Mode for a Single TGPS Transmission Figure 16 53 Displayed Compressed Signal and Signal Parameters TGPL1 6 Frames TGPL2 4 Frames TGL1 14 DTX Slots TGL2 3 DTX Slots TGD 37 Slots PwrOffs 6 dB Spread Over 2 Frames TGSN Slot 8 ...

Страница 552: ...ompressed frame signal with multiple TGPSs is very similar to setting up a compressed frame signal using a single TGPS that is demonstrated in the section Configuring Compressed Mode on page 521 Each TGPS has the same parameters that are described in Table 16 3 on page 517 and the parameters are local to each pattern sequence with the exception of the PowOffs field This field is common global for ...

Страница 553: ...gital Modulation for Receiver Test Compressed Mode Multiple Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence TGPS Overview Figure 16 54 Multiple TGPS Compressed Frame Alignment Correct Compressed Frame Alignment Incorrect Compressed Frame Alignment ...

Страница 554: ...o This would require that TGPSI 1 has a CFN of two TGPS 2 has no offset so its CFN is zero For the compressed mode feature the CFN is set using the TGCFN transmission gap connection frame number field within the compressed mode display If you plan on a continuous signal output with multiple pattern sequences you have to ensure that the compressed frame alignment remains consistent It is easy to se...

Страница 555: ... Prior to setting your multiple TGPS parameters it is a good practice to diagram the compressed frame output and transfer the diagram settings to the ESG This can eliminate the trial and error method for properly aligning the compressed frames among the pattern sequences Equipment Setup Connect the ESG to the Agilent E4440A PSA Spectrum Analyzer or equivalent instrument as shown in Figure 16 55 Fi...

Страница 556: ...nu From this display you can elect to set up the base station parameters downlink or the user equipment UE uplink 2 Using the Link Down Up softkey ensure that Up is highlighted as shown in Figure 16 56 Figure 16 56 First Level W CDMA Softkey Menu Setting UP the W CDMA Signal Parameters This procedure uses a reference measurement channel as the DPCH setup All other DPCH parameters are left at facto...

Страница 557: ...his enables an output trigger signal at the rear panel EVENT 1 connector when a compressed frame is transmitted 2 Press the Mode Setup softkey to return to the first level W CDMA softkey menu Generating the Baseband Signal Press the W CDMA Off On softkey to On This step can be performed at anytime during the setup The advantage of turning the format on before setting up the compressed frame signal...

Страница 558: ...mode feature TGPSI 1 is the factory preset cursor location and On is the factory preset selection for the Compressed Mode Off On softkey Figure 16 58 TGPSI Display 2 Press the Comp Parameter Setup softkey shown in Figure 16 58 This accesses the table editor for the selected TGPS The table editor shown in Figure 16 59 is for setting the parameters for the selected TGPSI number which is TGPSI 1 for ...

Страница 559: ... the TGL1 field b Press 5 Enter Out of the 15 slots per frame the standard specifies that seven of them can be used as discontinuous transmission DTX slots However the total gap length can be spread over two frames The value 5 denotes 5 DTX slots Since the TGSN value previously entered is also five this would mean that the single frame method is being used 5 Set the second transmission gap length ...

Страница 560: ...rn sequences 8 Set the compressed frame power relative to the non compressed frames a Move the cursor to highlight the PwrOffs field b Press 6 dB This is a global setting for all TGPSIs It enables you to compensate for reduced spreading gain The higher power level makes the compressed frames easier to view 9 Press the TGPS Inactive Active softkey until Active is highlighted This enables TGPSI 1 an...

Страница 561: ... of the 15 slots per frame the standard specifies that seven of them can be used as discontinuous transmission DTX slots However the total gap length can be spread over two frames The value 7 denotes 7 DTX slots which are contained in one frame since the TGSN value is three So the single frame method is being used 4 Set the second transmission gap length which is expressed as a number of slots a M...

Страница 562: ...sion gap pattern which is expressed as a number of frames a Move the cursor to highlight the TGPL1 field b Press 5 Enter This value is the same as for TGPSI 1 This ensures that my frame alignment is consistent over time and keeps frame overlapping from occurring between the two pattern sequences for the current setup This setting alone does not keep the proper alignment consistent it is the combin...

Страница 563: ...il an external start trigger is received or the Compressed Mode Start Trigger softkey is pressed Compressed frame transmission is terminated when an external stop trigger is received the Compressed Mode Stop Trigger softkey is pressed or a parameter is changed and the Apply Channel Setup softkey is pressed You can also stop the transmitted compressed frames after a set number of transmissions by c...

Страница 564: ...er response time that captures the signal components Press BW Avg Res BW 8 MHz 5 Set a Sweep time that lets you view the signal parameters Press Sweep Sweep Time 100 ms This setting makes it easier to view the frames since each vertical graticle is 10 ms which is the same time period for one frame 6 Trigger the spectrum analyzer from the rear panel input using the supplied ESG trigger signal Press...

Страница 565: ...Up Compressed Mode for a Multiple TGPS Transmission Figure 16 63 Multiple TGPSIs on the Spectrum Analyzer Display TGPSI 2 5 Frames PwrOffs 6 dB TGPSI 1 5 Frames TGPSI 1 TGL1 5 Slots TGPSI 1 TGL2 7 Slots TGPSI 2 TGL1 7 Slots TGPSI 2 TGL2 3 Slots TGPSI 1 TGCFN 0 TGPSI 2 TGCFN 1 ...

Страница 566: ... This opens a menu where you can select the filtering type and adjust the chip rate for the simulated user equipment see Figure 16 64 Use the arrow keys or the knob to highlight the data fields for editing Press Edit Item to change the value for the desired user equipment parameter Figure 16 64 User Equipment Setup Press to Access the UE Parameters Press to Edit the Selected UE Parameter ...

Страница 567: ...or which the input signal is intended If the input signal is the AICH for the PRACH you would need to be in the PRACH mode to see which connector accepts the AICH signal 3 Select the channel mode DPCH or PRACH Once a mode is selected you will be returned to the previous softkey menu 4 Press DPCH Rear Panel Setup or PRACH Rear Panel Setup depending on the selected mode 5 Press DPCH Input Signal Set...

Страница 568: ...al Modulation for Receiver Test Locating Rear Panel Input Signal Connectors 6 To exit this display press either Mode Setup to return to the top level W CDMA softkey menu or press Return until you come to the desired softkey menu display ...

Страница 569: ...PCH mode The factory default is DPCH You need to select the mode for which the input signal is intended If the desired output signal is the PRACH pulse you would need to be in the PRACH mode to select the signal and an output connector 3 Select the channel mode DPCH or PRACH Once a mode is selected you will be returned to the previous softkey menu 4 Press DPCH Rear Panel Setup or PRACH Rear Panel ...

Страница 570: ...er the Signal column in row two of the text display NONE RPSO changed to Preamble pulse RPS21 This corresponds to the Event2 connector listed under the Rear Panel ports column Figure 16 67 shows what the ESG display looks like after the preamble pulse selection is made Figure 16 67 Output Trigger Signal Selection Event2 Connector Selection Highlighted Item Preamble Pulse Trigger Selected Preamble ...

Страница 571: ... More 3 of 3 This returns you to the top level output signal selection display shown in Figure 16 66 2 Highlight the Event2 connector listing 3 Press NONE RPSO Notice that the output signal selection listed in the Signal column has changed to None RPSO The none indicates that there is no signal output selected for the corresponding connector Figure 16 68 Deselected Signal Now No Trigger is Selecte...

Страница 572: ...er assigned values so the user can complete the relative power adjustments This task teaches you how to update the display to show the normalized relative channel power for each channel after completing your setup 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link Down Up to Up 2 Press Link Control PhyCH Type DPCH PhyCH Setup DPCH Power Setup Adjust Code Domain Power Scale to 0 dB DPCH is the factory defau...

Страница 573: ...e number of active channels This task is an alternative to scaling to 0 dB Press Adjust Code Domain Power Equal Powers Both channels have now been set to equal powers Figure 16 70 shows the displayed normalized relative power levels after the Equal Powers softkey is pressed with two active channels Depending on the entered channel powers the displayed total power may show a low residual value such...

Страница 574: ...for AMR 12 2 adaptive multi rate and UDI 64 unrestricted digital information protocols Along with user defined parameters for the DPCH the ESG also supports the predefined 12 2 kbps RMC 64 kbps RMC 144 kbps RMC AMR 12 2 kbps and UDI 64 kbps with compressed mode The signal generator provides one button setup capabilities for transport channel configuration The dedicated physical channel DPDCH is pr...

Страница 575: ...approximately seven decibels in depth peak compressed mode to peak normal mode Figure 16 71 RF Notch with Compressed Mode Transitions Table 16 4 The Uplink RMC Predefined DPDCH Configuration Parameter DPCH Values at Specified Reference Measurement Channel Channel Rate 12 2 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps UDI 64 kbps AMR 12 2 kbps Power 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB Beta 15 15 15 1...

Страница 576: ...ore important to allow for this time when you make changes to signal characteristics If you make changes using remote SCPI commands insert wait instructions into the program The following events can cause this unstable transition time amplitude and frequency changes RF switched on and off modulation switched on and off ALC switched on and off saving or recalling states Figure 16 72 DPCH Compressed...

Страница 577: ...sync signal is generated to time align all other signals The RF output signal is generated after the fixed delay of the processing time by the hardware This delay applies to DPCH mode only Refer to Synchronization Diagrams on page 562 for more information For increased measurement accuracy the signal generator s rear panel 10 MHz OUT frequency reference can be utilized by other instruments in the ...

Страница 578: ...ptions on connector assignments when using W CDMA uplink in DPCH mode For PRACH mode refer to Table 16 6 on page 556 Table 16 5 Connector Descriptions for DPCH Mode Connector Label Connector Type Input Ou tput Assigned Signal PATTERN TRIGGER IN BNC Input Frame sync trigger This signal determines the SFN frame timing of the ESG so it is synchronous with the base station ...

Страница 579: ...H signal power relative to the carrier power BASEBAND GEN REF IN BNC Input External system clock in This connector is used for chip clock input when using external data clock sources To use an external signal source as the data clock input press BBG Chip Clock Ext Int to Ext or send the appropriate SCPI command This clock rate can be multiplied by setting the Ext Clock Rate X1 X2 X4 softkey to eit...

Страница 580: ...hen operating in PRACH mode The AICH trigger instructs the signal generator to generate the message part The Message Part data field must be set to AICH ALT POWER IN AUX I O Pin 16 Input Unused BURST GATE IN BNC Input PRACH start trigger The connector is used for the PRACH start trigger when PRACH is selected in the physical channel setup The PRACH start trigger instructs the signal generator to b...

Страница 581: ...NC Output Signal assigned by user Default is none EVENT 2 BNC Output Signal assigned by user Default is none EVENT 3 AUX I O Pin 19 Output Signal assigned by user Default is none EVENT 4 AUX I O Pin 18 Output Signal assigned by user Default is none DATA OUT AUX I O Pin 7 Output Signal assigned by user Default is none DATA CLOCK OUT AUX I O Pin 6 Output Signal assigned by user Default is none SYMBO...

Страница 582: ...ons for DPCH Mode Signal Label Input Output Signal Description SCPI Syntax Frame Sync Trigger Input The input signal can be set to either the frame clock or the system frame number SFN reset signal by toggling the Sync Source FClk SFN softkey The frame clock can be set to 10 20 40 80 or 2560 ms FSYN TPC User File Trigger Input Trigger for user defined TPC bits USER CompressedModeStart Trigger Inpu...

Страница 583: ...ta Output DPCCH data after 2nd interleaver before spreading and scrambling RPS4 DPDCH Raw Data Clock Output The clock for DPDCH raw data The rate depends on the slot format data rate of DPDCH RPS3 DPCCH Raw Data Clock Output The clock for DPCCH raw data The rate of this clock is fixed at 15 kHz RPS5 10 ms Frame Pulse Output Indicates the frame boundaries for data generation RPS6 TTI Frame Pulse Ou...

Страница 584: ...ger to start AICH AITR None Output No signal RPS0 Chip Clock Output Chip clock 3 84 MHz is the default setting RPS1 Trigger Sync Reply system sync output Output Response pulse of the frame sync trigger The frame sync trigger reply indicates how much frame alignment was necessary RPS7 Preamble Raw Data Output Preamble data after 2nd interleaver before spreading and scrambling RPS15 Preamble Raw Dat...

Страница 585: ...h is specified through the user interface A PRACH data stream must begin on the leading edge of one of these pulses RPS17 10 ms Frame Pulse Output Indicates the frame boundaries for SFN RPS6 80 ms Frame Pulse Output Indicates the frame boundaries for SFN mod 8 0 RPS20 Preamble Pulse Output Indicates the start for each preamble access slot RPS21 Message Pulse Output Indicates the start of an access...

Страница 586: ...tput connectors relative to the RF Output connector for default signal assignments in DPCH mode Signal states are referenced to the chip clock provided at the DATA CLK OUT connector Figure 16 78 Signal Alignment for Default DPCH Mode DPCH Synchronization Figure 16 79 illustrates the timing alignment for the DPCH channel Delay time is defined by the sum of T0 1024 chips the standard timing offset b...

Страница 587: ...gest transport channel TTI period select 10 20 40 or 80 ms In Figure 16 80 Reference Measurement Channel 12 2k requires a frame clock of 20 ms or longer to achieve the correct frame number alignment Using a frame clock of 10 ms would cause an unpredictable frame timing alignment with the transport channel TTI period Best results are achieved when the frame clock is set to 80 or 2560 ms or a system...

Страница 588: ...es the frame number alignment for compressed mode when the TGPRC data field is set to Infinity In this case the frame clock period must be equal to or be a multiple of the compressed mode TG pattern length definition Figure 16 81 DPCH Synchronization Frame Number Alignment for Continuous Infinity Compressed Mode ...

Страница 589: ...e frame number alignment for compressed mode when it is required to align with CFN number counting This mode of operation requires a frame clock of 2560 ms or a system frame number reset signal as the frame sync trigger Figure 16 82 DPCH Synchronization Frame Number Alignment for Compressed Mode with CFN Number Count ...

Страница 590: ... the frame number alignment for the PRACH channel The frame number is aligned by the frame sync trigger signal from the BTS Best results are achieved when the frame clock is set to 80 or 2560 ms or a system frame number reset signal is used When the sync trigger is a frame clock of 10 20 or 40 ms the signal generator can align frame timing However an 80 ms period must equal the cycle of sub channe...

Страница 591: ...tor When Sync Trg replaces Out Sync as the current annunciator the frame sync trigger has either been received dark text or has not been received gray text The conditions are described as follows Sync Trg grayed out The frame sync trigger was not received after a trigger status reset Sync Trg active The frame sync trigger was received after the trigger status is reset Out Sync When the synchroniza...

Страница 592: ...tch the signal generator s frame generation the Out Sync annunciator is displayed Out Sync replaces Sync Trg under these conditions The signal generator s frame synchronization method depends on the trigger mode selected Single Trigger The frame timing is adjusted at the first trigger All triggers except the first one are ignored and not used for signal generator frame timing Continuous Trigger Al...

Страница 593: ...the internal frame timing whenever an external trigger is received If the single trigger mode is selected the signal generator checks the timing difference between the external trigger and the internal frame timing when the first trigger is received If continuous trigger mode is selected timing is checked at each trigger signal If there is a timing difference in either mode then the Out Sync annun...

Страница 594: ...or an input trigger the length of the RF gap is unpredictable Under these conditions the signal generator turns the ALC off Table 16 10 on page 570 shows the specific settings of the DPCCH DPDCH in compressed mode or PRACH that will turn the ALC off Notice that the settings may differ for the mechanical attenuator Table 16 9 Trigger Mode ESG output signal status on Out Sync Single The ESG outputs ...

Страница 595: ... every hour to maintain the correct output power level W CDMA AWGN Measurements and Bandwidths The AWGN additive white Gaussian noise feature produces a noise signal across a 7 68 MHz bandwidth 2x the W CDMA 3 84 MHz bandwidth and lets you enter values that adjust the noise level across this spectrum To resolve the noise signal s effect on the W CDMA signal the ESG also displays noise values acros...

Страница 596: ...ed reference channel versus setting the noise relative to the carrier power C N For example if you have the RACH transport channel selected as the data source Eb Ref field see Figure 16 88 with a 12 2 kbps data rate the bandwidth for the data is 12 2 kHz The data within this bandwidth has a certain power level This power level is what is used in the ratio for Eb No When you use Eb No you can selec...

Страница 597: ...the 3 84 MHz bandwidth DPCH Transmit Power Control by an External Signal Figure 16 89 illustrates the DPCH power control using an external signal When the Power Hold is turned off the ESG output responds to the power control trigger signal The transmit power control signal is sent from the base station and indicates whether to increase or decrease the power level Increases and decreases are done i...

Страница 598: ...574 Chapter 16 W CDMA Uplink Digital Modulation for Receiver Test W CDMA Uplink Concepts Figure 16 89 DPCH External Power Control ...

Страница 599: ...hical representations of W CDMA frame structures with associated tables for uplink channels Figure 16 90 DPCCH DPDCH Frame Structure Table 16 11 DPDCH Fields Channel Bit Rate kbps Channel Symbol Rate ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame Bits Slot Ndata 15 15 256 150 10 10 30 30 128 300 20 20 60 60 64 600 40 40 120 120 32 1200 80 80 240 240 16 2400 160 160 ...

Страница 600: ...el Bit Rate kbps Channel Symbol Rate ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame Bits Slot Npilot NTFCI NFBI NTPC 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 0 2 15 15 256 150 10 8 0 0 2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 1 2 15 15 256 150 10 7 0 1 2 15 15 256 150 10 6 0 2 2 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 2 1 Table 16 11 DPDCH Fields Continued Channel Bit Rate kbps Channel Symbol Rate ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame Bits Slot Ndata ...

Страница 601: ... generated by the signal generator s internal baseband generator This chapter includes the following sections Using W CDMA Downlink on page 578 Transmit Diversity Overview on page 586 Configuring for Transmit Diversity and BERT on page 589 Out of Synchronization Testing Overview on page 600 Configuring for Out of Synchronization Testing on page 601 Compressed Mode Overview on page 607 Setting Up f...

Страница 602: ...his section build on each other and are designed to be used sequentially Configuring the Base Station Setup 1 Press Preset 2 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA BS Setup This opens a menu where you can adjust the filtering type chip rate scrambling code and synchronization delay for the simulated base station see Figure 17 1 Figure 17 1 Base Station Setup Use the arrow keys or the knob to highlight...

Страница 603: ...e the cursor to edit other data channel fields as well 5 Press Return 6 Press Channel State Off On to Off Notice that toggling the channel state not only turns off or on the selected physical channel in this case DPCH but also turns off or on all of its data channels which are shown in the table editor To turn individual data channels off or on repeat steps 2 through 4 7 Press Channel State Off On...

Страница 604: ... some of the functional tests Use the arrow keys or the knob to highlight the data fields to be edited Once a field has been highlighted pressing the Edit Item softkey enables you to change the value Configuring the Transport Layer The steps in this procedure build upon the previous procedure 1 Press Return 5 Enter Or press the left arrow key 2 Press Transport Setup TrCH Setup This accesses the Do...

Страница 605: ...g Equal Channel Powers on page 582 Scaling to 0 dB After changing the relative power level for a channel the ESG automatically scales the total power to 0 dB while preserving the relative channel power levels Although the displayed total power changes in value as channel powers are adjusted the actual total power is maintained at 0 dB The displayed channel power levels remain unchanged reflecting ...

Страница 606: ...how to set the relative power level for all active channels to be equal for a total power level of 0 dB The normalized relative power level of each channel depends on the number of active channels This task is an alternative to scaling to 0 dB Press Adjust Code Domain Power Equal Powers All active channels have now been set to equal powers Figure 17 5 shows the displayed normalized relative power ...

Страница 607: ... dB NOTE Noise values less than 10 dB may not be visible on a spectrum analyzer You have now set the overall carrier to noise ratio to 10 dB and turned on noise This is done to apply a discernible level of noise across the entire channel space Setting Ec No 1 Move the cursor to highlight the Ec Ref field 2 Press Edit Item DPCH 2 3 Move the cursor to highlight the Ec No value field 4 Press 15 dB Yo...

Страница 608: ...t preset power cycle or another signal generation Applying New Settings The steps in this procedure build upon the previous procedure Signal parameters changes are not always automatically applied to the current signal being transmitted When this condition occurs an annunciator appears informing you that the new changes must be applied to the signal This procedure demonstrates how these types of c...

Страница 609: ...nd the Apply Channel Setup softkey shows as being active no longer grayed out The new settings are not be applied to the signal until this softkey is pressed Configuring the RF Output The steps in this procedure build upon the previous procedure 1 Set the RF output frequency to 2 11 GHz 2 Set the output amplitude to 10 dBm 3 Press RF On Off to On The user defined real time downlink W CDMA signal i...

Страница 610: ...y STTD encoding on the primary common control physical channel P CCPCH page indicator channel PICH and the dedicated physical channel DPCH The synchronization channel SCH uses time switched transmit diversity TSTD The ESG gives you the option of disabling the TSTD mode for the SCH The transmit diversity display for the ESG is shown in Figure 17 7 Figure 17 7 ESG Transmit Diversity Selection Displa...

Страница 611: ...nately transmits the SCH between the two antennas Normally the SCH is transmitted ten percent of the time for each slot of a radio frame A radio frame is 10 ms long and is comprised of 15 slots 0 14 During the TSTD transmission the SCH is broadcasted on antenna one during even numbered slots and on antenna two during odd numbered slots This is demonstrated in Figure 17 9 Figure 17 9 SCH TSTD Opera...

Страница 612: ...F Output on the ESG However using either of these two sources does involve several steps in configuring the trigger signal The second method of synchronizing is designed into the ESG providing an easier method for setup This method utilizes a multiple ESG synchronization trigger whereby the first ESG outputs a synchronization trigger signal to itself and ESG two All that is involved in configuring...

Страница 613: ...1 is generated when the antenna selection is made This will prevent you from performing the test Refer to Generating the Baseband Signal and Activating the Out Of Synchronization Test Feature on page 605 for instructions on accessing the Out of sync Test Off On softkey and Setting the Compressed Mode Parameters on page 615 for the locating the Compressed Mode Off On softkey Equipment Set Up Requir...

Страница 614: ...ure 17 10 and connect the cables for the ESGs and the UE Figure 17 10 Transmit Diversity Setup with BERT Configuring the RF Output for both ESGs 1 Press the Preset hardkey 2 Set the frequency and amplitude values 3 Press the RF On Off hardkey to On Steps two and three can be performed either before or after setting the W CDMA signal parameters ...

Страница 615: ...CDMA softkey menu From this display you can elect to set up the base station parameters downlink or the user equipment UE uplink 2 Using the Link Down Up softkey ensure that Down is highlighted as shown in Figure 17 11 Figure 17 11 First Level W CDMA Softkey Menu Setting UP Antenna One ESG One Selecting Antenna One Mode 1 Press the BS Setup softkey 2 Highlight the Tx Diversity field 3 Press the Ed...

Страница 616: ...antenna one Notice that the display summary for the Tx Diversity field now shows OpenLoop Ant1 This is shown in Figure 17 13 Figure 17 13 Antenna One Selection 5 Press the Return hardkey to return to the first level W CDMA softkey menu Antenna Selection TSTD Antenna Selection TSTD is not Active for the SCH on Selection when Tx Diversity is not used is Active for the SCH the Selected Antenna Transm...

Страница 617: ...ed in this task goes from the EVENT 1 connector on ESG one to the PATT TRIG IN connector on both ESGs 1 Press More 1 of 2 Rear Panel Output Setup 2 Highlight the signal type in the Signal column that corresponds to the Event1 rear panel connector listed in the Rear Panel ports column This is demonstrated in Figure 17 14 Figure 17 14 Highlighted Signal Type for the EVENT 1 Connector 3 Press More 1 ...

Страница 618: ...s 1 Press Link Control 5 Enter This positions the cursor on the DPCH 2 Press PhyCH Setup Ref Measure Setup 64 kbps This selects the 64 kbps reference measurement channel RMC as described in the stated 3GPP TS standard and configures two dedicated channels DCH transport channels If desired you can adjust the TFCI bits for the DPCH and the secondary scramble code Notice that Ref 64 is showing as the...

Страница 619: ...ESG Two All tasks within this section begin at the first level W CDMA softkey menu See Accessing the W CDMA Modulation Format and Selecting Downlink on page 591 for locating the first level W CDMA softkey menu Selecting Antenna Two Mode 1 Press the BS Setup softkey 2 Highlight the Tx Diversity field 3 Press the Edit Item softkey This displays the different transmit diversity selections which are s...

Страница 620: ...antenna two Notice that the display summary for the Tx Diversity field now shows OpenLoop Ant2 This is shown in Figure 17 18 Figure 17 18 Antenna Two Selection 5 Press the Return hardkey to return to the first level W CDMA softkey menu Antenna Selection TSTD Antenna Selection TSTD is not Active for the SCH on Selection when Tx Diversity is not used is Active for the SCH the Selected Antenna Transm...

Страница 621: ...spectrum analyzer or some other measuring equipment connected is you can see the changes as they are made However you may experience a slight delay in signal processing while the ESG updates the W CDMA signal with any changes that are made 2 On ESG one press More 1 of 2 Mlt ESG Sync Trigger The output signal for both ESGs are now synchronized and ready to be received by the user equipment UE NOTE ...

Страница 622: ...ns UN7 and 300 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Baseband BERT Configure BERT If the Data softkey does not show that PN9 is the selected data pattern press Data PN9 The selected PN sequence must match the data PN sequence used on the channel being measured For example if the DCH DTCH is using PN9 data then the data selection in the BERT function must also be PN9 2 Press Total Bits 5110 Bits 5110 bits ...

Страница 623: ...n the signal generator display NOTE If you encounter problems making a BER measurement check the following Make sure that the cable connections are properly configured Make sure that the data pattern for the BER measurement specified by the Data softkey matches the transmitted data pattern Make sure that the RF is turned on Make sure that the amplitude is set to the correct level Make sure that th...

Страница 624: ...detect when the DPCCH power returns to a sufficient amplitude When the UE determines that the DPCCH power is too low it is required to discontinue its transmission When the proper DPCCH power level is received the UE is required to begin transmitting This test is described in the 3GPP specifications The ESG provides a method of out of synchronization testing by implementing an adjustable discontin...

Страница 625: ...ation test will work only with DPCH one NOTE Ensure that transmit diversity has been set to None and compressed mode is off If either of the two features are active a conflict of settings error message error 221 is generated when the out of synchronization mode is turned on This will prevent you from performing the test Refer to Selecting Antenna One Mode on page 591 for instructions on accessing ...

Страница 626: ...tion Diagram Refer to Figure 17 19 and connect the cables Figure 17 19 Out of Synchronization Setup Setting the RF Output 1 Press the Preset hardkey 2 Set the frequency and amplitude values 3 Press the RF On Off hardkey to On Steps two and three can be performed either before or after setting the W CDMA signal parameters ...

Страница 627: ...e that Down is highlighted as shown in Figure 17 20 Figure 17 20 First Level W CDMA Softkey Menu Setting UP the W CDMA Signal Parameters This procedure uses the factory preset parameters for all channels except for the DPCH 1 Press Link Control 5 Enter PhyCH Setup 2 Ensure that an item on line one DPCH one is highlighted 3 Press Ref Measure Setup 12 2 kbps This configures DPCH one as a 12 2 kbps r...

Страница 628: ...CDMA softkey menu Selecting the Input DTX Gating Signal Trigger Polarity 1 Press More 1 of 2 Rear Panel Input Setup Trigger Polarity Setup Notice that there are three different trigger polarity softkeys two for the compressed mode feature and one for the DPCH DTX gate signal out of synchronization feature This is shown in Figure 17 22 Figure 17 22 Trigger Gating Signal Trigger Polarity Selection 1...

Страница 629: ...u can see the changes as they are made However you may experience a slight delay in signal processing while the ESG updates the W CDMA signal with any changes that are made 2 Press More 1 of 2 Out of sync Test Off On to On This prepares the ESG to receive the DPCH DTX trigger gating signal Configuring the UE Using the UE controller configure the mobile for the call setup procedure to receive the E...

Страница 630: ... More 1 of 2 Pulse 3 Press LF Out Period 500 msec In accordance with the 3GPP specifications the UE will cease transmission within a certain amount of time when the base station s DPCCH power level decreases by a certain amount Conversely the UE will again begin transmission within a certain amount of time once the DPCCH power level attains the correct power level With the ESG this is simulated by...

Страница 631: ...ed channels can automatically be configured using the provided reference measurement channels RMC or you can set your own custom configurations The ESG supports the following 3GPP defined DPCH channel configurations for compressed mode 12 2 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps AMR 12 2 kbps UDI IDSN 64 kbps With both the fully coded transport channels and the wide choice of RMCs you are able to fully te...

Страница 632: ... duration TGD This is the distance measured in slots from the beginning of the first transmission gap to the beginning of the second transmission gap Transmission gap pattern length 1 TGPL1 Duration of first transmission gap pattern that includes TGL1 2 Transmission gap pattern length 2 TGPL2 Duration of the second transmission gap pattern that includes TGL1 2 Stop connection frame number Stop CFN...

Страница 633: ... the correct sub format for the current slot format when you select the compressed mode method For example if you were using slot format 3 which includes the sub formats 3A and 3B and selected the SF 2 compressed mode method the ESG would use sub format 3B If you were to select puncturing as the compressed mode method then the ESG would automatically select sub format 3A Another feature of the ESG...

Страница 634: ... you from using the feature Refer to Selecting Antenna One Mode on page 591 for instructions on accessing the transmit diversity mode softkey selection menu and Generating the Baseband Signal and Activating the Out Of Synchronization Test Feature on page 605 for instructions on accessing the Out of sync Test Off On softkey Equipment Setup Required Equipment for Measuring the DPCH Symbol Power one ...

Страница 635: ...onnection Diagram for Measuring the DPCH Symbol Power Refer to Figure 17 23 and connect the cables for the ESG and PSA spectrum analyzer Figure 17 23 Compressed Mode Setup for a Symbol Power Measurement Connection Diagram for BERT Measurements Refer to Figure 17 24 and connect the cables for the ESG and the UE ...

Страница 636: ... BERT Setting the RF Output 1 Press the Preset hardkey 2 Set the frequency and amplitude values 3 Press the RF On Off hardkey to On Steps two and three can be performed either before or after setting the W CDMA signal parameters However they must be done before the power search is performed in the task Performing a Manual Power Search on page 617 ...

Страница 637: ... Figure 17 25 First Level W CDMA Softkey Menu Setting Up the W CDMA Signal Parameters This procedure uses the factory preset parameters for all channels except for the DPCH 1 Press Link Control 5 Enter PhyCH Setup 2 Ensure that an item on line one DPCH one is highlighted The compressed mode feature operates with only DPCH one If you were to try use DPCH two by itself or in unison with DPCH one an ...

Страница 638: ...ected is you can see the changes as they are made However you may experience a slight delay in signal processing while the ESG updates the W CDMA signal with any changes that are made Configuring Compressed Mode Selecting the Rear Panel Output Trigger Signal Performing this task is not required if you are performing BERT measurements A rear panel output signal is used to trigger an instrument so i...

Страница 639: ...he beginning of the first transmission gap 3 Set the first transmission gap length which is expressed as a number of slots a Move the cursor to highlight the TGL1 field b Press 14 Enter Out of the 15 slots per frame the standard specifies that seven of them can be used as discontinuous transmission DTX slots However the total gap length can be spread over two frames The value 14 denotes 14 DTX slo...

Страница 640: ...wer Offset and Triggering the Compressed Frame Function on page 618 Notice that when compressed mode is turned on the ALC feature of the ESG is turned off This is indicated by the ALC OFF annunciator showing in the display and shown in Figure 17 27 The Compressed Mode Off On softkey can be set to On at any time however doing it at the end applies the changes to the baseband signal so you do not ha...

Страница 641: ...This task will guide you in configuring and performing a manual power search If desired you can adjust the power search settings to meet your individual test needs 1 Press Amplitude Power Search Power Search Reference Fixed Mod to Mod Mod references the power search on the rms value of the I Q modulation whereas fixed uses a 0 5 volt reference during the power search operation From this current so...

Страница 642: ...not recognize the DPCH transmission 1 Set the compressed frame power relative to the non compressed normal frames a Move the cursor to highlight the PwrOffs field b Press 6 dB This enables you to compensate for reduced spreading gain The higher power level makes the compressed frames easier to view 2 Press the Apply Channel Setup softkey 3 Press the Compressed Mode Start Trigger softkey The compre...

Страница 643: ...g the Spectrum Analyzer 1 Preset the spectrum analyzer 2 Select the W CDMA measurement mode Press Mode W CDMA 3 Set the spectrum analyzer to receive a base station signal Press Mode Setup Radio Device BTS MS until BTS is underscored 4 Set the spectrum analyzer frequency to match the transmission frequency of the ESG a Press the Frequency hardkey b Using the numeric keypad enter the carrier frequen...

Страница 644: ...eas Setup Symbol Rate 30 ksps This sets the DPCH symbol rate for the 12 2 kbps RMC data rate and matches the ESG DPCH symbol rate shown in Figure 17 29 b Press Code Number 10 Enter This sets the channel code branch that the DPCH is using and is associated with the with the SF for the symbol rate of 30 ksps 3 84 Mcps 30 ksps SF 128 The code number is found on the ESG DPCH setup display and is shown...

Страница 645: ...nel input using the supplied ESG DPCH compressed frame trigger signal Press More 2 of 3 Trig Source Ext Rear NOTE If you have not started the triggering for the ESG compressed mode signal press the Compressed Mode Start Trigger softkey on the ESG 11 Start the measurement for the symbol power Press the Restart hardkey The spectrum analyzer may take a few moments to display the DPCH symbol power Dep...

Страница 646: ...knob to position the cursor at the desired location You can make further signal measurements on the PSA such as measuring the number of slots for a section on the display This is accomplished with Meas Interval x Slots and the Meas Offset x Slots softkeys located in the Meas Setup hardkey menu This can help you verify the signal parameters that were set on the ESG DPCH Spread Factor 128 27 and Cod...

Страница 647: ...the ESG BERT Data Pattern and Total Bits 1 Access the BERT function For an ESG with Option UN7 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Configure BERT For an ESG with Options UN7 and 300 Installed Press Aux Fctn BERT Baseband BERT Configure BERT If the Data softkey does not show that PN9 is the selected data pattern press Data PN9 The selected PN sequence must match the data PN sequence used on the channel b...

Страница 648: ... on the signal generator display NOTE If you encounter problems making a BER measurement check the following Make sure that the cable connections are properly configured Make sure that the data pattern for the BER measurement specified by the Data softkey matches the transmitted data pattern Make sure that the RF is turned on Make sure that the amplitude is set to the correct level Make sure that ...

Страница 649: ...chronization test or doing transmit diversity which is the same as the standard default downlink mode This section guides you through the softkey menus to where you can view the information 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link Down Up to Down default 2 Press More 1 of 2 Rear Panel Input Setup The information shown in the text area displays the connector and the type of input signal it accepts...

Страница 650: ...er Mode Setup to return to the first level W CDMA softkey menu or press Return until you come to the desired softkey menu display Default Input Signal Tx Diversity Display Compressed Mode Input Signal Display Out of Synchronization Test Input Signal Display NOTE The Out of Synchronization Test must be on to see this display NOTE Compressed Mode must be on to see this display BBG Reference in Signa...

Страница 651: ...re available at the rear panel For example if you select the DPCH Compressed Frame Indicator DRPS32 as an output trigger signal the ESG must be transmitting a compressed mode signal before this rear panel trigger is realized This section guides you through the softkey menus to where you can configure your signals Accessing the Rear Panel Output Signal Menu 1 Press Mode W CDMA Real Time W CDMA Link...

Страница 652: ...gure 17 33 Output Trigger Signal Selection To exit this display press either Mode Setup to return to the first level W CDMA softkey menu or press Return until you come to the desired softkey menu display Deselecting an Output Signal This procedure builds upon the previous procedure Selecting an Output Signal 1 Press More 3 of 5 More 4 of 5 2 Highlight the Event2 connector listing 3 Press NONE DRPS...

Страница 653: ...ear Panel Output Signals Signal Name Description 3 84 MHz chip clk DRPS4 Assigns a 3 84 MHz chip clock signal to the selected rear panel output port SFN reset signal DRPS5 Assigns a system frame number SFN reset signal to the selected rear panel output port SFN sync pulse DRPS6 Assigns a system frame number SFN synchronization pulse to the selected rear panel output port SCH slot pulse DRPS10 Assi...

Страница 654: ...tream to the selected rear panel output port prior to spreading and scrambling DPCH TimeSlot pulse DRPS25 Assigns the DPCH timeslot pulse to the selected rear panel output port DPCH 10ms Frame Pulse DRPS26 Assigns the DPCH 10 millisecond frame pulse to the selected rear panel output port DPCH data clk DRPS28 Assigns the DPCH data clock to the selected rear panel output port DPDCH data clk withOutD...

Страница 655: ...Assigns the primary common control physical channel P CCPCH data clock to the selected rear panel output port P CCPCH data DRPS39 Assigns the primary common control physical channel P CCPCH data to the selected rear panel output port DPCH ChipARB frame pulse DRPS40 Assigns the DPCH chip ARB frame pulse data to the selected rear panel output port DPCH TPC bits out DRPS41 Assigns the DPCH transmit p...

Страница 656: ...parameters all four RMCs the AMR 12 2 and the UDI ISDN are supported for use with the compressed mode feature The signal generator provides one button setup capabilities for transport channel configuration The dedicated physical channel DCH downlink is automatically setup by pressing the Ref Measure Setup softkey or sending the appropriate SCPI commands and then selecting the desired data type To ...

Страница 657: ...AMR 12 2 kbps UDI ISDN 64 kbps Power 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB 0 00 dB Channel Codea a ESG Channel 1 default shown Default channel code for Channels 2 through 4 are based on the equation Default Channel Code Channel 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 SecSrc Code OS 0 0 0 0 0 0 TPC Pat Steps 1 1 1 1 1 1 Datab b If a transport configuration parameter is changed using the Config Transport softkey and the ta...

Страница 658: ...ield value is zero then the scramble code is in the primary set Any non zero entry enables the secondary set The SecScr Code OS field value has a range of 0 through 15 A primary scramble code is the product of the Scrambling Code field value and 16 Therefore the primary scramble code set contains all the multiples of 16 from 0 through 8176 A secondary scramble code is the sum of the non zero SecSc...

Страница 659: ...ve the noise signal s effect on the W CDMA signal the ESG also displays noise values across the W CDMA 3 84 MHz bandwidth In addition the AWGN feature shows the bandwidth of the noise signal during the period when it has a flat frequency response This is called the flat noise bandwidth Figure 17 35 shows the different noise settings values as they appear on the W CDMA AWGN display along with a gra...

Страница 660: ...ensity ratio or C N carrier power to noise power ratio Any adjustment to either noise parameter Ec No or C N will affect the other they are not mutually exclusive Ec No lets you set the noise power relative to the power of a channel versus setting the noise relative to the carrier power C N For example if you select the P CCPCH called a reference channel the power level of this channel is used in ...

Страница 661: ...he total noise power in a 3 84 MHz bandwidth is calculated using the following formula Tp 10 Log Cw Nw 001 Tp total noise power dBm Cw linear carrier power watts across the 3 84 MHz bandwidth Nw linear noise power watts across the 3 84 MHz bandwidth These formulas clearly show the relationship between Ec No and C N and their effect on the total noise power across the 3 84 MHz bandwidth Ec No Chann...

Страница 662: ...e compressed mode is turned on Because the ALC is turned off the output power level may not be consistent with the power level entered on the ESG so a manual power search must be performed in order to ensure the correct output power level Pressing the Do Power Search softkey executes the manual power search function This is demonstrated in the task Performing a Manual Power Search on page 617 Temp...

Страница 663: ... for Receiver Test W CDMA Frame Structures W CDMA Frame Structures This section contains graphical representations of W CDMA frame structures with associated tables for downlink channels Downlink PICH Frame Structure Figure 17 37 PICH Frame Structure ...

Страница 664: ...odulation for Receiver Test W CDMA Frame Structures Downlink PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure Figure 17 38 PCCPCH SCH Frame Structure Table 17 7 Lengths of PCCPCH SCH Fields Parameter Symbols Per Slot Ndata 9 NSCH a a SCH comprises PSCH and SSCH 1 ...

Страница 665: ...s Channel Symbol Rate Ksps Spread Factor Bits Frame DPDCH Bits Slot DPCCH Bits Slot DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL Bits Slot Ndata1 Ndata2 NTFCI NTPC Npilot 15 7 5 512 90 150 10 0 4 0 2 4 15 7 5 512 30 120 150 10 0 2 2 2 4 30 15 256 240 60 300 20 2 14 0 2 2a 30 15 256 210 90 300 20 2 12 2 2 2a 30 15 256 210 90 300 20 2 12 0 2 4a 30 15 256 180 120 300 20 2 10 2 2 4a 30 15 256 150 150 300 20 2 8 0 2 8a 30 15 256...

Страница 666: ... 8 480 240 16 4320 480 4800 320 56 232 8b 8 16 960 480 8 9120 480 9600 640 120 488 8b 8 16 192 0 960 4 1872 0 480 19200 1280 248 1000 8b 8 16 a The number of pilot bits can vary with channel symbol rates of 15 and 30 ksps b If TFCI bits are not used then DTX discontinuous transmission is used in the TFCI field Table 17 8 DPDCH and DPCCH Fields Continued Channel Bit Rate Kbps Channel Symbol Rate Ks...

Страница 667: ...643 18 Troubleshooting ...

Страница 668: ...nerator is not operating properly refer to the proper section in this chapter for a possible solution If you do not find a solution refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Service Guide NOTE If the signal generator displays errors always read the error message text by pressing Utility Error Info ...

Страница 669: ...ey will exit the help mode and activate the key s function When you press Help in continuous mode help text is provided for the next key you press and that key s function is also activated except for Preset You will stay in help mode until you press Help again or change to single mode No RF Output Check the RF ON OFF annunciator on the display If it reads RF OFF press RF On Off to toggle the RF ou...

Страница 670: ... at the internal detector Depending on frequency it is possible for most of this LO feedthrough energy to enter the detector Since the detector responds to its total input power regardless of frequency this excess energy causes the ALC to reduce the RF output of the signal generator In this example the reverse power across the detector is actually greater than the ALC level which may result in los...

Страница 671: ...e signal generator is used with a spectrum analyzer that does not have preselection capability Some spectrum analyzers have as much as 5 dBm LO feedthrough at their RF input port at some frequencies If the frequency difference between the LO feedthrough and the RF carrier is less than the ALC bandwidth the LO s reverse power can cause amplitude modulation of the signal generator s RF output The ra...

Страница 672: ...ignal generator s automatic leveling control 6 Monitor the RF output amplitude as measured by the power meter 7 Press Amplitude and adjust the signal generator s RF output amplitude until the desired power is measured by the power meter Power Search Mode Power search mode executes a power search routine that temporarily activates the ALC calibrates the power of the current RF output and then disco...

Страница 673: ... the display OFFS tells you that an amplitude offset has been set An amplitude offset changes the value shown in the AMPLITUDE area of the display but does not affect the output power The amplitude displayed is equal to the current power output by the signal generator hardware plus the value for the offset To eliminate the offset press the following keys Amplitude More 1 of 2 Ampl Offset 0 dB REF ...

Страница 674: ...pl Is the sweep in continuous mode If the sweep is in single mode be sure that you have pressed the Single Sweep softkey at least once since completion of the prior sweep Try setting the mode to continuous to determine if the missing single sweep is blocking the sweep Is the signal generator receiving the appropriate sweep trigger Try setting the Sweep Trigger softkey to Free Run to determine if a...

Страница 675: ...available at the TRIG OUT connector however is asserted high only during the actual dwell time If the list dwell values are correct continue to the next step 4 Observe if the Dwell Type List Step softkey is set to Step When Step is selected the signal generator will sweep the list points using the dwell time set for step sweep rather than the sweep list dwell values To view the step sweep dwell ti...

Страница 676: ...Observe the display for error messages If either error message 311 or 700 is stored in the error message queue the signal generator s battery has failed 6 Refer to the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Service Guide for battery replacement instructions Saved an Instrument State in a Register but the Register is Empty or Contains the Wrong State If you have selected a register number that is greater...

Страница 677: ...ors Programming Guide Check for a progress bar on the signal generator display which indicates that an operation is in progress Press Preset Cycle power on the signal generator Fail Safe Recovery Sequence The fail safe recovery sequence should only be used if the previous suggestions do not resolve the problem NOTE This process will reset the signal generator but it will destroy data The fail safe...

Страница 678: ...o abort with no lost files At the conclusion of the sequence follow these steps 1 Cycle power Cycling power restores all previously installed options You should expect to see several error messages resulting from calibration files being restored from EEPROM 2 Perform the DCFM DCΦM calibration Refer to the DCFM DCΦM Cal softkey description in the E4428C 38C ESG Signal Generators Key and Data Field ...

Страница 679: ...ur instrument In the error message list an explanation is generally included with each error to further clarify its meaning The error messages are listed numerically In cases where there are multiple listings for the same error number the messages are in alphabetical order Characteristic Front Panel Display Error Queue Capacity errors 30 Overflow Handling Circular rotating Drops oldest error as ne...

Страница 680: ...s through the front panel display error queue the error numbers messages and descriptions are displayed on an enumerated 1 of N basis Error messages appear in the lower left corner of the display as they occur Explanation provided in the Error Message List This is not displayed on the instrument ...

Страница 681: ...within the GPIB system within the instrument s firmware or hardware during the transfer of block data or during calibration Execution Errors 299 to 200 indicate that an error has been detected by the instrument s execution control block Errors in this class set the execution error bit bit 4 in the event status register IEEE 488 2 section 11 5 1 In this case Either a PROGRAM DATA element following ...

Страница 682: ...e upgraded when new firmware is released New firmware releases may contain signal generator features and functionality not available in previous firmware releases To inquire about the availability of new signal generator firmware contact Agilent at http www agilent com find upgradeassistant or call 1 800 452 4844 ...

Страница 683: ...Call the phone number listed on the Internet http www agilent com find assist that is specific to your geographic location If you do not have access to the Internet contact your Agilent field engineer After sharing information regarding the signal generator and its condition you will receive information regarding where to ship your signal generator for repair 3 Ship the signal generator in the ori...

Страница 684: ...lent com find assist You can also purchase E4428C 38C ESG accessories or documentation items on the Internet at http www agilent com find esg If you do not have access to the Internet please contact your field engineer NOTE In any correspondence or telephone conversation refer to the signal generator by its model number and full serial number With this information the Agilent representative can de...

Страница 685: ...r 13 34 depth 207 modulation 207 rate 207 208 wideband input connector 32 wideband procedure 208 amplitude display area 15 36 hardkey 7 27 LF output 213 214 modulation See AM power search 648 amplitude offset 52 amplitude reference 52 amplitude sensitivity search 280 analog modulation 5 24 205 214 configuring 206 annunciators display area 13 14 34 36 ARB triggers 145 waveform clipping 154 161 wave...

Страница 686: ...odifying channel parameters 323 scaling to 0 dB 324 setting EbNo 326 setting equal channel powers 325 setting noise parameters 325 setting the carrier to noise ratio 326 reverse link adjusting code domain power 330 changing channel states 329 changing the operating mode 328 configuring the RF output 333 editing channel setups 328 generating the baseband signal 332 mobile setup 328 modifying channe...

Страница 687: ... 28 external triggering 148 external triggering source 150 GPIB 17 44 I 32 208 I OUT 39 I bar OUT 38 LAN 18 44 LF OUTPUT 8 29 PATT TRIG IN 41 Q 32 Q OUT 39 Q bar OUT 40 RF OUTPUT 9 29 RS 232 17 44 SWEEP OUT 18 45 SYMBOL SYNC 31 TRIG IN 18 45 TRIG OUT 18 45 continuous triggering 147 continuous step sweep example 55 continuous wave description 5 24 continuous wave output 50 contrast hardkeys 10 30 c...

Страница 688: ...el data 223 clock timing parallel interleaved data 226 clock timing phase and skew 228 clock timing serial data 228 common frequency reference 222 differential encoding bits per symbol 180 differential state map bits per symbol 180 digital bus 43 digital modulation annunciators 36 component testing 307 412 424 formats 24 IQ map QAM 181 receiver testing 381 TDMA 372 W CDMA 411 442 577 641 digital o...

Страница 689: ...ue 655 types 657 ESG configuring GSM mode 272 modes of operation 5 24 EVENT 1 connector 40 EVENT 2 connector 40 example 5 Pack License history 117 Waveform 5 Pack License history 117 examples ΦM configuring 210 AM configuring 207 continuous wave output 50 custom cdma2000 state storing 316 317 files storing 69 viewing 68 FIR filters creating 173 modifying 178 using 334 FM configuring 209 LF output ...

Страница 690: ...5 firmware upgrades obtaining 3 22 using GPIB 3 22 using LAN 3 22 using RS 232 3 22 firmware upgrading 658 flatness correction See user flatness correction FM annunciator 13 34 configuration example 209 deviation 209 rate 209 format generating 58 formula skew discrete steps 228 forward link modulation cdma2000 308 forward link modulation cdma2000 322 forward link traffic channels inserting 311 314...

Страница 691: ...e structure 300 GSM framed modulation 386 GSM mode configuring the ESG 272 configuring the VSA 271 GSM timeslot ramping control 384 387 guides xxiii H handover word GPS 353 hardkeys Amplitude 7 27 arrow 10 30 contrast 10 30 Frequency 7 26 Help 8 28 Hold 10 30 Incr Set 9 30 Local 10 30 MENUS group 7 27 Mod On Off 9 29 numeric 9 29 Preset 10 30 Recall 7 27 Return 10 30 RF On Off 9 29 Save 7 27 Trigg...

Страница 692: ...ernate scramble code 436 LF output amplitude 213 214 configuration example 213 214 description 212 frequency 213 source function generator 214 internal modulation monitor 213 swept sine start frequency 214 stop frequency 214 waveform 206 212 214 LF OUTPUT connector 8 29 LFO See LF output license key 84 limits clock sample rates logic outputs 216 line power green LED 10 31 list error messages 655 l...

Страница 693: ...g configuring 206 annunciators 14 35 36 carrier signal 60 component testing 307 412 424 digital 24 format generation 58 forward link cdma2000 308 framed DECT 401 EDGE 382 GMSK 382 GSM 386 NADC 407 PDC 405 PHS 403 TETRA 409 frequency See FM IS 95A 336 phase See ΦM pulse 5 24 211 receiver testing 381 reverse link cdma2000 312 modulator I Q mod filters 120 122 module user interface location 234 243 M...

Страница 694: ... frequency 51 offset binary use 237 250 on off switch 11 31 operation modes of 5 24 operation basic 47 88 Option 22x 113 options 3 21 007 5 24 409 GPS 351 424 GPS 351 424 MSGPS 344 601 602 description 24 baseband generator 21 enabling 84 UN7 BERT 264 361 UNT 5 24 UNU 5 24 UNW 5 24 Options 221 229 113 out of synchronization testing W CDMA DL 600 output connectors 10 MHz OUT 18 46 AUX I O 41 COH CAR...

Страница 695: ...ower 454 data part power 455 data part power formulas 456 457 power formula 458 preamble power 454 PRAM 90 preamble power control 454 scrambling codes 451 signature 450 pre fir samples selection 237 250 Preset hardkey 10 30 primary scramble code 435 private data 75 problems with security function 82 problems See troubleshooting programming guide xxiii proprietary data 75 protecting data 75 PSG fir...

Страница 696: ...nunciator 14 35 RF On Off hardkey 9 29 RF output configuring 50 57 connector 9 29 troubleshooting 645 user flatness correction 61 67 right alternate scramble code 436 routing marker 131 RF blanking 142 saving settings 130 RS 232 connector 17 44 runtime scaling 164 dual ARB 164 multitone 165 S S service request annunciator 14 35 sample rates 216 rates parallel parallel intrlvd port configuration 21...

Страница 697: ...rigger mode 146 skew clock timing 228 range 228 slot formats A and B DPCH 609 slot formats message part 452 softkeys location key 6 26 location labels 15 36 table editor 49 source external trigger 148 special pattern ignore function 296 spectral regrowth 156 standard features signal generator 2 20 standby yellow LED 10 31 step array user flatness number of points configuration 64 start and stop fr...

Страница 698: ...filtered samples 237 250 unframed data 146 UNLEVEL annunciator 14 35 UNLOCK annunciator 14 35 UNT option 5 24 UNU option 5 24 UNW option 5 24 upgrading firmware 3 22 uplink DPCCH frame structure 442 575 DPDCH frame structure 442 575 uploading waveform files 85 user documentation xxiii user files data creating 195 data modifying 198 data storing 197 FIR files catalog 334 GPS usage 356 modifying 198...

Страница 699: ...ear panel output signal descriptions 629 rear panel output signals configuring 627 scaling to 0 dB 581 setting EcNo 583 setting equal channel powers 582 setting noise parameters 583 setting the carrier to noise ratio 583 STTD encoding 586 transmit diversity 586 TSTD for SCH 587 uplink adjusting code domain power 548 compressed mode 517 configuring DPCCH DPDCH 504 configuring PRACH 464 configuring ...

Страница 700: ...Index 676 Index ...

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