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How to Create a New Segment

Creating and Editing Segments

HP 81200 Data Generator/Analyzer Platform User Guide, Revision 2.1

165

How to Create a PRBS/PRWS Segment

Start the create new segment dialog (see 

“How to Start Creating a New 

Segment” on page 157

). Once you have decided to create a PRBS or PRWS 

segment, the window changes.

Figure 89

New PRBS/PRWS Segment Window

1

Choose one of the available 

Polynoms

.

The polynom also defines the length of the segment. A 2

15

–1 PRBS, for 

example, uses 32767 words in memory.

2

Select 

Normal

 or 

Inverted

.

If inverted is selected, the PRBS/PRWS is output in inverse mode.

3

Choose the 

PRBS/PRWS Type

.

The options are:

–

Pure PRxS

–

Errored PRxS

–

Variable Mark Density

–

Extended Zeros/ones

Depending on your choice, adequate parameters can be set.

Summary of Contents for 81200

Page 1: ...Revision 2 1 HP 8 1 200 D a t a G e n e r a t o r A n a l y z e r P l a t f o r m User Guide ...

Page 2: ...bH Herrenberger Straße 130 D 71034 Böblingen Germany The information in this manual is subject to change without notice Hewlett Packard GmbH makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this manual including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Hewlett Packard GmbH shall not be liable for errors contained herein or direct indirect specia...

Page 3: ...tends 22 Trigger Pod 22 Identification of Hardware Resources 23 Open VXI Configurations 24 Summary of Hardware Related Terms 25 Operating Principles 26 Virtual Instruments Systems 26 Hardware and Setup Models 27 Software Structure 28 Summary of Setup Related Terms 30 Timing Principles 31 Choice of Clock Sources 31 FMR and Blocklength Granularity 31 Clock Setup Example 32 Testing up to 1 3 Gbit s w...

Page 4: ... 49 Procedure for Setting Up the Test 51 Procedure for Running the Test 53 Procedure for Viewing Test Results 54 Procedure for Saving the Test Setting 55 Structure of the User Interface 57 How to Start the System 59 How to Set the Kind of Display 59 How to Set the Resolution of a CRT Display 61 How to Start the HP 81200 Software 62 Overview of the Windows 66 Overview of Test Setup Windows 66 Overv...

Page 5: ... Delete a Port 99 How to Rename a Port 99 How to Add a Terminal to a Port 99 How to Change the Characteristics of a Terminal 101 How to Delete a Terminal 101 How to Rename a Terminal 101 How to Move a Terminal 101 How to Connect a Terminal 102 How to Disconnect a Terminal 103 Setting Up Ports and Channels 105 How to Start the Parameter Editor for Ports Channels 107 How to Start the Parameter Edito...

Page 6: ...ndow 135 How to Add Move or Delete Blocks 137 How to Change Block Characteristics 138 How to Replace a Current Segment 140 How to Replace a Current Segment by a New Segment 140 How to Replace a Current Segment by a Stored Segment 140 How to Insert a Different Pseudo Segment 142 How to Create and Change Loops 143 How to Create a Loop 143 How to Change a Loop 144 How to Specify Events and Reactions ...

Page 7: ...g the Test 181 How to Download the Test Sequence 183 How to View BER Test Results 184 How to Start Stop the Test 185 Viewing Generated and Captured Data 187 How to View Captured Test Results 189 How to Start the Error State Display 189 How to Operate the Error State Display 189 How to Transfer Captured Data Into a Segment 190 How to View Waveforms 193 How to Start the Waveform Viewer 193 Descripti...

Page 8: ...ow Can I Generate a Clock Signal of up to 1 3 GHz 219 How Do I Use Events 222 How Do I Select Between Two Different Tests 222 How Do I Set a Trigger on Error 223 How Do I Wait for Synchronization of the DUT 224 How Can I Communicate With a Test System 225 How Can I Execute Different Tests Embedded in One Sequence 226 How Can I Change all Traces of a Port to Don t Care 227 How Do I Set Up a Multipl...

Page 9: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 9 What s New in This Release ...

Page 10: ...Revision 2 1 This chapter gives an overview of the most important changes and enhancements of the HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform It starts with revision 2 1 which builds up on revision 2 0 The information is organized as follows Major Changes from Rev 2 0 to 2 1 on page 11 ...

Page 11: ...address the upcoming LVDS technology LVDS stands for Low Voltage Differential Signals LVDS Low Voltage Differential Signals There are two industry standards that define LVDS The more common is the general electrical layer standard defined by TIA ANSI TIA EIA 644 LVDS connections have the following characteristics New Generator and Analyzer Frontends The new frontends are E4838A a differential outp...

Page 12: ...ermination Signal voltage range External Clock Multiplier There are applications where parts of the DUT are running at different frequencies for example serial to parallel converters parallel to serial converters multiplexers and so on Such applications require a system with two central clock modules two clockgroups one running as a slave to the other However if the different frequencies were not ...

Page 13: ...r available memory depth and segment resolution are hardware related Different ports can have different frequency multiplier settings For a data port the setting applies to all the terminals belonging to the port This is in contrast to a pulse port where each terminal can have an individual setting Overview and quick access to all the frequency multiplier settings for a given device are provided b...

Page 14: ...What s New in This Release Major Changes from Rev 2 0 to 2 1 14 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 15: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 15 Introduction to the System ...

Page 16: ...ata Generator Analyzer Platform its components operating principles and terms The information is organized as follows System Capabilities on page 17 System Components on page 19 Operating Principles on page 26 Timing Principles on page 31 Data Generation Principles on page 37 Data Analysis Principles on page 43 Event Handling Principles on page 45 ...

Page 17: ...al Devices The device under test DUT and its application setup are modeled in software In the graphical user interface a raw DUT scheme is shown in the Connection Editor window In this window it is possible to define groups of signals for the DUT these groups of signals are called ports The DUT template offers two types of ports Data ports are used for data signals such as stimulus data and respon...

Page 18: ...cs of the frontends Small mainframe up to 10 or 20 channels 2 ps timing resolution Logical addition of two or four generator channels XOR Pattern formats NRZ DNRZ RZ R1 PRBS up to 215 1 Sequencing with up to five loop levels nested loops Variable delay width transition times voltage levels individually adjustable for each channel Semi automatic signal delay compensation Event recognition and react...

Page 19: ... An HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform consists of a VXI mainframe and modules built into the mainframe There are two mainframes available The E4840A with the built in E4801A controller and three free module slots The E4849A with the built in E4806A controller and ten free module slots The latter can be upgraded by adding up to two expander mainframes E4848A The controllers are PCs that inc...

Page 20: ... 20 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 Figure 1 E4849A Mainframe Configuration Figure 2 E4840A Mainframe Configuration For details please refer to the HP 81200 Installation Guide and the HP 81200 Configuration Guide ...

Page 21: ...ls within generated data sequences HP E4831A Central Clock and Data Generator Module This module combines some features of the central clock module and of a data generator module It is used for systems that provide only stimulus signals but do not analyze or capture DUT output data The E4831A synchronizes up to 6 generator modules It permits to use up to 2 loop levels Data Generator Analyzer Modul...

Page 22: ...HP E4837A 660 MSa s differential input high sensitivity analyzer HP E4844A 660 MSa s single input frontend HP E4845A 330 MSa s dual input frontend HP E4847A 330 MSa s high Z dual input frontend For details please refer to the HP 81200 Technical Specifications Trigger Pod The HP 81200 Trigger Pod is an option of the HP E4805A Central Clock Module It can be used to detect external events and react o...

Page 23: ...are Resources The hardware resources pool is comparable to a traditional instrument Here the instrument is seen as a collection of modules which provide several signal connectors Parameters that can be modified on a connector level such as levels or timings are handled here An HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform can consist of multiple clockgroups Each clockgroup consists of modules which in...

Page 24: ...0 modules start from the leftmost slot and remain in contiguous slots Additional software can be installed on the built in harddisk to operate these modules The HP E4806A controller of a 13 slot mainframe can be replaced by a VXI computer interface module such as an IEEE 1394 interface available from HP or an MXI 2 interface available from National Instruments Such modules which are shipped with s...

Page 25: ... frontend Channel The circuitry behind a connector which includes data generating or analyzing capabilities data memory frequency multiplexing and so on Trigger Pod An option of the E4805A Central Clock Module for detecting external events Clockgroup The summary of modules connected to a single clock module ClockgroupNumber Identifies the clock master 1 and up to two slaves 2 and 3 ModuleNumber Id...

Page 26: ...ice under asynchronous conditions The concept of the HP 81200 system is to create so called virtual instruments out of the system s present hardware resources generator and analyzer channels By editing the dvtsys txt configuration file new virtual instruments can be created New modules added to the HP 81200 system are automatically added to the dvtits txt configuration file The basic default instr...

Page 27: ...onnector A channel is identified by Cx My Cz ClockgroupNumber ModuleNumber ConnectorNumber DUT Configuration The image of the DUT is constructed from a template The HP 81200 system includes a general DUT template The general DUT template provides two types of ports Data port This provides the capability to define data to be sent or analyzed Data is handled in the form of segments Two major data se...

Page 28: ...ery saved setting can be reloaded at any time Every setting contains also references to the signal patterns used for the test These patterns are stored as segments If a setting is exported to or imported from another system the required segments have to be exported imported as well Therefore all the segments required by a setting can be stored in a local segment pool Software Structure The softwar...

Page 29: ...ivers provide the APIs for programs created with HP VEE C C or Visual Basic and perform the protocol conversion Figure 6 Client Server Architecture In remote controlled operation each virtual instrument needs an individual handle so that the system knows which virtual instrument should receive the command for executing it All commands and queries have to start with the virtual instrument s specifi...

Page 30: ...bus Data port A port that receives or returns digital data Pulse port A port that receives parametric signals such as a clock Terminal A signal line assigned to a port a DUT pin Setting The complete setup for a DUT including all parameters and and references to the test patterns segments Handle The identification of an instrument such as DSRA API Application Programming Interface SCPI Standard Com...

Page 31: ...o 16 bits The number of bits which are allocated to one word depends on the blocklength granularity The individual bits allocated at a specific channel may be varied by setting the frequency multiplier to a value other than 1 The 1 Mbit memory of each channel consists of 64 K words Depending on how many bits are used this results in 64 Kbits to 1 Mbits usable memory If 16 bits are allocated to a w...

Page 32: ...c System Clock Rates 1 bit 1 1 2 4 8 16 64 Kbit 41 67 MHz 2 bits 2 1 2 1 2 4 8 128 Kbit 83 83 MHz 4 bits 4 1 4 1 2 1 2 4 256 Kbit 166 67 MHz 8 bits 8 d 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 2 512 Kbit 333 33 MHz 16 bits 16 e f 1 16 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 1 Mbit 660 MHz a For frequencies below 651 041666 kHz it is not possible to select fractions of the system clock frequency for individual connectors Therefore it is recommended t...

Page 33: ...t s This general rule may be restricted by the designated frontend s because some generator or analyzer frontends are restricted to a range of 200 or 330 MHz respectively Testing up to 1 3 Gbit s with Two 660 Mbit s Outputs Two 660 Mbit s outputs in RZ mode 50 duty cycle and the second output delayed with 50 of the period can be added to achieve a 1 3 Gbit s NRZ data stream Channel Addition Two or...

Page 34: ...eral time offset for all connectors so that individual ones can be set to negative delays and hence start earlier than others The delay offset feature can be used in Setup and Hold time measurements Trigger Controlled Start and Stop The EXT INPUT of the clock module can be used to start and stop the timing system of the HP 81200 The state of this input is sampled once a system period If the CLOCK ...

Page 35: ... via the EXT INPUT some restrictions apply The timing system is stopped immediately even if the period and delay of a bit is not complete The consequence is that the word at the output might not be aligned during such a stop After a restart in Gated mode the bits are realigned again When stopping the system ensure that the output word is stable for a longer time Use a PAUSE segment for that purpos...

Page 36: ...ck rate The actual range is determined by the blocklength granularity FM Frequency Multiplier The individual factor by which a channel frequency differs from the system clock Choices are restricted by the FMR Block A portion of transmitted or expected data Blocklength granularity The available resolution of the block in bits Depends on the frequency multiplying factor This corresponds to the chose...

Page 37: ...1200 system Captured data or data produced by a simulation can be imported as an ASCII text file The HP 81200 system can be used to stimulate communications devices using its sequencing capability Packets or cells consisting of payload and control data can be produced by creating control segments and using a PRBS segment for the payload Cell packet size can be varied and control segments can be st...

Page 38: ...ected while a block is executed actions can be taken immediately or at the end of the block The length of a block must be a multiple of the blocklength granularity Loops have an impact on the minimal blocklength and the allowed number of blocks see Hardware Dependencies on page 41 Data Segments Segments can be freely created A segment has a width and a length The width defines the number of parall...

Page 39: ... To understand data memory consumption in sequence mode it is best to think in data words A word consists of 1 to 16 Bits depending on the blocklength granularity and the frequency multiplier of the specific channel One word is reserved for internal use A PRBS PRWS segment consumes as many words as its polynomial says A 215 1 PRBS for example consumes 32767 words Even if you don t use a PRBS there...

Page 40: ...cond gets trace1 and so on The assignment to the connectors depends on what connections you have selected from the terminals to the connectors in the Connection Editor If a terminal is connected to a connector where channels are added the connector that holds the connection gets the first trace An added channel gets the next trace In this case an exception to the rule from top to bottom is made Ad...

Page 41: ... of the PRxS will go on as long as the looping lasts The data representation in the HP 81200 system memory and the data stream output for one connector may look as follows Figure 10 PRBS Memory Representation and Generated Data Stream Hardware Dependencies The number of blocks and loops that can be used depends on the sequencer used Generating Loops With the HP E4831A Clock Module For the E4831A C...

Page 42: ...ps on level 1 must be 60 Number of blocks number of loops on levels 2 3 or 4 must be 60 Minimum blocklength blocklength granularity if no counted loop is used 2 blocklength granularity if one loop is starting on level 1 2 3 or 4 4 blocklength granularity if two loops are starting on level 2 3 or 4 5 blocklength granularity if loops are starting on level 2 3 and 4 Summary of Data Related Terms Sequ...

Page 43: ...te The display is updated every second Compare and Acquire around Error mode The Compare and Acquire around Error mode acquires data in real time The memory capacity is 64 K words The word length and hence the number of captured bits depends on the chosen blocklength granularity or multiplying factor respectively It can be 1 to 16 bits If an error occurs it is possible to define when the system sh...

Page 44: ...ddition capability of the HP 81200 system as well as glitches and pulse delay variations Up to 4 channels can be added to emulate a real time pulse delay variation with up to 4 phases Display of Test Results The results of a bit error rate measurement are displayed in the Bit Error Rate Display The Bit Error Rate Display shows the current and accumulated results and is continuously updated Capture...

Page 45: ...rtions of the overall sequence can be executed This has the advantage that one and the same sequence can be created and downloaded once and then used for several tests There is no need for re programming the instrument Trigger external devices The event can generate a trigger signal at the TRIGGER OUTPUT of the clock module This can be used to trigger an external instrument like a sampling oscillo...

Page 46: ... remotely All combinations are allowed Events can be generated within the HP 81200 system or by external sources Theoretically the system can differentiate between 212 events In practice 10 events can be defined five for immediate actions and five for deferred actions Events Causing Deferred Action Actions on such events occur at the end of the current data block If the events come unsynchronized ...

Page 47: ...r Launch a trigger pulse to the TRIGGER OUTPUT of the central clock module VXI T01 Set the VXI ECL trigger lines T0 and T1 to 01 10 or 11 All these options can be freely combined Summary of Event Related Terms Event A signal that must be responded to Event causing deferred action An event that causes an action at the end of the currently executed data block Event causing immediate action An event ...

Page 48: ...Introduction to the System Event Handling Principles 48 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 49: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 49 Test Development Overview ...

Page 50: ...ers 5 Repeat steps 2 to 4 until the results are adequate 6 Save the final setting for reuse All these steps are supported and simplified by the graphical user interface of the HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform This chapter provides an overview Procedure for Setting Up the Test on page 51 Procedure for Running the Test on page 53 Procedure for Viewing Test Results on page 54 Procedure for S...

Page 51: ...f the trigger generator etc The tool for setting all kinds of parameters is the Parameter Editor For details see Setting Global System Parameters on page 83 4 Construct an image of the DUT on the screen and connect the DUT pins to the connectors of the generator and analyzer frontends This is supported by the Connection Editor which automatically shows an image of the instrument and an empty templ...

Page 52: ...re created with the Segment Editor For details see Creating and Editing Segments on page 155 9 Connect the DUT physically to the instrument Use the Connection Editor to ensure that all physical connections correspond to the image on the screen NOTE The general setup procedure is easy to remember It corresponds to the sequence of icons in the tool bar from left to right starting with the Connection...

Page 53: ...to be started by a trigger For details see How to Download the Test Sequence on page 183 2 If the test has been set up for measuring the bit error rate open the Bit Error Rate Measurement Display window For details see How to View BER Test Results on page 184 3 Click the Run icon If the test is set up to be controlled by an external start trigger it will now wait for that trigger If not it starts ...

Page 54: ... If you have been running one of the other tests 1 Open the Error State Display The Error State Display shows the captured DUT output data If you have been running one of the compare tests it shows also the deviations between the captured and expected data Various address and data formats support the investigation For details see How to View Captured Test Results on page 189 2 Open the Waveform Vi...

Page 55: ...provides different options for different kinds of measurements it is recommended to save every measurement configuration such as bit error rate or compare and capture in its own file To create a new setting 1 Open the File menu 2 Choose Save Setting As 3 Enter a filename that gives some information about the purpose of the setting 4 Confirm To save the current setting occasionally 1 Click the Save...

Page 56: ...Test Development Overview Procedure for Saving the Test Setting 56 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 57: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 57 Structure of the User Interface ...

Page 58: ...r displaying test results The menu bar on top of the window frame can be used to access the individual windows and to operate the system Shortcuts are provided by the tool bar buttons This chapter provides basic information on both the windows and the options of the main menu How to Start the System on page 59 Overview of the Windows on page 66 Operating the User Interface on page 68 Items of the ...

Page 59: ...u see is the upper left hand corner of an 800 x 600 pixel display in enlarged mode 640 x 480 pixels The visible area can be moved with the mouse Once the Windows desktop is displayed you need to inform the operating system about your display NOTE This should always be the first step after power on Problems can arise if you operate Windows or the HP 81200 software without specifying your display Ho...

Page 60: ...inNT Control Panel icon Figure 13 WinNT Display Control Panel 5 Activate your display from the window Select CRT or Panel Click OK TIP To speed up future system starts it may be a good idea to create a shortcut to the program C WINNT Control exe and place it on the Windows desktop Figure 14 Shortcut to the Windows Control Panel This shortcut provides quick access to the Windows Control Panel ...

Page 61: ...800 x 600 pixels The standard screen controller however supports resolutions up to 1024 x 768 pixels To set or reset the screen to 1024 x 768 pixels 1 If the Windows Control Panel is not already displayed open it Press Ctrl Esc to access the Windows START menu select Settings and click Control Panel Figure 15 Upper Portion of the Windows Control Panel in Menu View 2 Double click Display 3 Click th...

Page 62: ...ardware shall be controlled but the system shall not be operated from the built in computer The system can then be operated via HP IB or LAN The HP 81200 server is started Remote Used to operate a system which is in controlled mode remotely The HP 81200 user interface is started How to Start the System in its Last Operating Mode To start the system in its last operating mode 1 Double click the HP ...

Page 63: ...Checkboxes indicate which software components will be started 3 Choose from the options If you intend to start the system in controlled mode and operate it via LAN you can disable the HP IB Gateway Start Automatically can be useful for a controlled system where you don t have to care about display properties The setting takes effect as soon as the DVT user logs in Build Systems checks the availabl...

Page 64: ...onfigured to be controlled by another computer and then started When the HP IB gateway is active the HP IB to HP 81200 Gateway control panel can be displayed from the Windows task bar Figure 21 HP IB to HP 81200 Gateway Control Panel The options are Settings Used to specify the termination character for received commands Transmitted commands and responses are automatically terminated with LF 0AHex...

Page 65: ...les These usual characters can also be chosen from the pull down menu Monitor Used to monitor the command transfer in case of problems Shows the commands passing through the receive and send buffers Close Terminates the HP IB to HP 81200 gateway You will be asked whether you wish to terminate the HP 81200 server as well Character Hex Decimal Octal HT 0x09 9 011 LF 0x0a 10 012 FF 0x0c 12 014 CR 0x0...

Page 66: ... of test such as bit error rate or capture and compare Sequence Editor for specifying the sequence of data blocks which include generated and expected data and loops Segment Editor for creating the data segments to be generated or expected within the data blocks Data Sequence Editor a combination of Sequence and Segment Editor Channel Configuration Editor for adding generator channels to produce a...

Page 67: ...d Capture or Compare and Acquire around Error has been selected Shows captured data and highlights deviations from expected data Captured Data not available if Error Rate Measurement has been selected Shows captured data Errored Data only available if Compare and Capture or Compare and Acquire around Error has been selected Shows zeroes no error and ones errors Waveform not available if Error Rate...

Page 68: ...tes the default action The default action is automatically executed if you double click on an active area with the left mouse button NOTE If you have highlighted an item by clicking once with the left mouse button you can also select appropriate actions from the menus of the menu bar on top of the window frame How to Navigate With the Keyboard There are people who hate mice They may use the keyboa...

Page 69: ...ome windows contain data entry fields with vernier buttons and units To change the default unit or vernier step size 1 Double click on the unit field Figure 23 Unit and Step Size Adjustment Example 2 Change unit and step size as desired 3 Click OK NOTE You can also click with the right mouse button on the unit of a data entry field and change unit and step size separately ...

Page 70: ...r not depends on the open window and the current situation Therefore the individual windows include context menus which can be opened by positioning the cursor to the area of interest and clicking the right mouse button File Menu The File menu is primarily used for storing data in files and retrieving data from files New Setting Closes the current setting and returns you to the default setting The...

Page 71: ...ting to a new DUT Shortcut Open Setting icon in the tool bar Save Setting Saves the currently loaded setting on the disk including all changes that have been made Overwrites the previous version For saving or creating a new setting or keeping the original setting use Save Setting As instead Shortcut Save Setting icon in the tool bar Save Setting As Displays a list of the stored settings and enable...

Page 72: ...tive Displays a list of the stored segments The list can be toggled to show the contents of the LocalSegments or GlobalSegments pool Enables you to overwrite one of the existing segments or to save the current segment under a new name on the disk Delete Segment Displays a list of the stored segments The list can be toggled to show the contents of the LocalSegments or GlobalSegments pool Enables yo...

Page 73: ...Setting without cable delays Cable delays only The generated file is an ASCII file which can be investigated with a suitable text editor A setting file contains all the firmware commands that establish that setting Export Segments When exporting segments the options are all from GlobalSegments pool all from LocalSegments pool a single segment which can be chosen from the browser The generated file...

Page 74: ...es more than one master clock generator module this function enables you to switch to another system Reconnect System displays a list of all available system configurations to choose from NOTE You can also run two systems in parallel by starting the user interface twice Exit Closes the user interface and terminates the system run Shortcut The Close button in the upper right hand corner of the wind...

Page 75: ...d location Paste after An option of the Sequence Editor Only available if a block has been copied to the clipboard Inserts the clipboard contents below the specified location Insert An option of the Connection Editor and the Segment Editor Inserts a new port terminal vector or trace at the specified location Insert before An option of the Sequence Editor Inserts a new block above the specified loc...

Page 76: ... An option of the Segment Editor Enables you to jump to a specified vector address Trigger An option of the Sequence Editor Used to enable or disable the generation of a trigger pulse associated with a block Events An option of the Sequence Editor Enables you to edit events and actions upon events branches Set Start An option of the Sequence Editor Enables you to specify the start block of a seque...

Page 77: ...her horizontally or vertically Invert An option of the Segment Editor Inverts the highlighted section zeros to ones ones to zeros Coding An option of the Segment Editor Changes the coding of the highlighted section View Menu The options of the View menu allow you to change the appearance of data and waveform displays and to choose a suitable result display Address Format Enables you to change the ...

Page 78: ...te display window Shortcut Bit Error Rate Display icon in the tool bar Compared Data only available if Compare and Capture or Compare and Acquire around Error has been selected Opens the Error State display window Shortcut Error State Display icon in the tool bar Captured Data not available if Error Rate Measurement has been selected Opens the Error State display window Shortcut Error State Displa...

Page 79: ...ow see Choosing the Kind of Measurement on page 127 Shortcut Measurement Configuration icon in the tool bar Parameter Editor Opens the Parameter Editor see How to Start the Parameter Editor for Global Parameters on page 85 and How to Start the Parameter Editor for Ports Channels on page 107 Shortcut Parameter Editor icon in the tool bar Frequency Overview Opens the Frequency Overview window see Ho...

Page 80: ...e tool bar Run Starts a test Shortcut Run icon in the tool bar Stop Stops a running test Shortcut Stop icon in the tool bar Prepare Downloads the test sequence to the modules This is required for immediate reaction on a start trigger Shortcut Prepare icon in the tool bar Connectors On Off Switches relays inside the frontends Connectors Off opens all input and output relays This isolates the DUT el...

Page 81: ...ication numbers of installed frontends Module Selftest Enables you to check all or single modules Checks the frontends built into the modules and may take a minute Power On Test Is automatically performed at power on Checks all modules BIOS Revisions Returns the current firmware revisions of the modules Dump Configuration Enables you to write the current system configuration to a file You have to ...

Page 82: ...ator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 Tile Attempts to arrange all active windows within the window frame Help Menu The Help menu is supposed to be self explanatory You can start with the table of contents or search from the alphabetical index For general help press F1 ...

Page 83: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 83 Setting Global System Parameters ...

Page 84: ...a frequency multiplier divider two input connectors named CLOCK REF INPUT and EXT INPUT and one output connector named TRIGGER OUTPUT The Parameter Editor is used for setting appropriate parameters This chapter provides instructions on how to set up the clock module How to Start the Parameter Editor for Global Parameters on page 85 How to Set the Clock Characteristics on page 87 How to Set the Cha...

Page 85: ... the global system parameters associated with the master clock module you have the following options If the Connection Editor is displayed double click System Parameters in the module section Alternatively you can also click System Parameters with the right mouse button and select Properties The ClockRef window appears Click the Parameter Editor icon in the tool bar or choose Parameter Editor from...

Page 86: ...lobal Parameters 86 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 Figure 26 Clock Reference Window NOTE Once the Parameter Editor has been started it provides on the top of the window a browser and up down arrows that enable you to switch to another item ...

Page 87: ...for Global Parameters on page 85 The Clock Reference window appears How to Choose the Clock Source If you wish to use an external clock this signal has to be connected to the CLOCK REF INPUT of the central clock module The external clock can be used as a reference an input to the built in PLL controlled oscillator or directly Figure 27 Clock Reference Window 1 If your system comprises more than on...

Page 88: ...bles you to multiply the applied clock frequency by any integer factor between 1 and 256 Only restriction The frequency of the external source clock must exceed 1 302083 MHz How to Set the System Clock Parameters You can specify the desired period or the desired frequency Both is equivalent Figure 28 Clock Parameters To set the system clock parameters 1 Accept or change the unit The Parameter Edit...

Page 89: ...he Frequency Multiplier Range FMR determines the available multiplication factors that can be used for multiplying the entered system clock frequency The blocklength granularity has an impact on the available memory resources for generating or capturing data Depending on the desired clock rate you can choose a lower or higher blocklength granularity For details refer to FMR and Blocklength Granula...

Page 90: ...ndow appears 2 Click the External Input tab The External Input window shows the alternatives Figure 29 External Input Configuration Window 3 Choose the desired start stop mode Options are Immediate The timing system is started either manually by the user with a mouse click or by a software command Gated The timing system is armed by pressing the Run icon The user interface displays HALTED as long ...

Page 91: ...he first edge according to the chosen polarity The system is stopped when the Stop icon is pressed or the sequence terminates Stop The timing system is started by pressing the Run icon The timing system is halted by the first edge according to the chosen polarity and stopped when the Stop icon is pressed or the sequence terminates See also Trigger Controlled Stop on page 35 4 Specify the trigger p...

Page 92: ...ristics 1 Open the Parameter Editor for the master clock module see How to Start the Parameter Editor for Global Parameters on page 85 The Clock Reference window appears 2 Click the Trigger Output tab Figure 30 Trigger Output Configuration Window 3 Set the voltages and output impedance 4 Select the Mode Clock Generator generates a clock signal derived from the system clock Sequencer Generates a tr...

Page 93: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 93 Connecting the DUT ...

Page 94: ...ule connectors You can also move a terminal rename it or disconnect it All this can be done from the Connection Editor After at least one terminal has been connected the Connection Editor is also used to access the Parameter Editor for setting port and terminal specific properties NOTE Of course physical connections are required as well But you need only take care that the physical connections are...

Page 95: ...fter starting the user interface To start the Connection Editor if you have closed its window 1 Click the Connection Editor icon in the tool bar Alternatively you can also start the Connection Editor from the Go menu Contents of the Connection Editor Window The Connection Editor shows at the left hand side an image of the instrument including all its modules channels and connectors Figure 31 Conne...

Page 96: ...s is Cx My Cz ClockgroupNumber ModuleNumber ConnectorNumber such as C1 M3 C2 The connectors are also marked with arrows So you know at a glance whether a connector belongs to a generator or analyzer channel At the right hand side there is a template for setting up an image of the DUT You can add Data input ports Data output ports Pulse ports Port terminals ...

Page 97: ...o create a port 1 Right click on the port area right mouse button 2 Choose the type of port Select either Insert Input Port or Insert Output Port Pulse ports are always DUT input ports The Insert Port dialog box is displayed Figure 32 Insert Port Dialog If you have chosen a data port you can still switch between input and output port NOTE The terminals of an input port can only be connected to dat...

Page 98: ...the DUT How to Create a Port 98 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 Figure 33 Display of Ports and Terminals The terminal names as well as their sequence can be changed Port Terminals ...

Page 99: ...connect all terminals Set or change the port parameters How to Delete a Port To delete a port 1 Open the port s context window 2 Choose Delete 3 Confirm How to Rename a Port To rename a port 1 Open the port s context window 2 Choose Rename 3 Overwrite or edit the old name 4 Confirm with Enter How to Add a Terminal to a Port To add a terminal to a port 1 Open the port s context window 2 Choose Inse...

Page 100: ...ort 100 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 4 Keep the suggested position or enter one of the occupied positions to place the new terminal there 5 Confirm with Enter NOTE The terminal s name and position can be changed at any time ...

Page 101: ...sconnect the terminal Set or change the channel parameters How to Delete a Terminal To delete a terminal 1 Open the terminal s context window 2 Choose Delete 3 Confirm How to Rename a Terminal To rename a terminal 1 Open the terminal s context window 2 Choose Rename 3 Overwrite or edit the old name 4 Confirm with Enter How to Move a Terminal To move a terminal within its port 1 Open the terminal s...

Page 102: ...nter a channel identifier with the keyboard NOTE The terminals of a data input port or a pulse port can only be connected to generator channels The terminals of a data output port can only be connected to analyzer channels Figure 34 Display of Terminal Connections Connecting a Terminal With the Mouse To connect a terminal with the mouse 1 Position the cursor on the terminal 2 Press the left mouse ...

Page 103: ...sor downwards Observe how one terminal border after the other becomes illuminated 4 Release the mouse button If you drop the cursor on a terminal that terminal is connected If you drop the cursor on a terminal border a new terminal is inserted at that position and immediately connected Connecting a Terminal With the Keyboard To connect a terminal with the keyboard 1 Open the terminal s context men...

Page 104: ...Connecting the DUT How to Change the Characteristics of a Terminal 104 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 105: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 105 Setting Up Ports and Channels ...

Page 106: ...annels NOTE Individual channel parameters override port parameters Port and channel parameters can be set and changed with the Parameter Editor In addition to setting parameters there is another function that determines channel properties Two or four data generator channels can be added to produce a combined signal This is done with the Channel Configuration Editor which can be invoked from the Co...

Page 107: ...hannel that has been chosen when starting the Parameter Editor How to Start the Parameter Editor for Setting Port Parameters Port parameters refer to all channels connected to a port Individual channel parameters override port parameters To start the Parameter Editor for setting port parameters you have the following options If the Connection Editor is displayed double click the port in the DUT im...

Page 108: ...e following options If the Connection Editor is displayed double click the terminal in the DUT section Alternatively you can also click on the terminal with the right mouse button and select Properties If the Connection Editor is displayed you can also double click the channel identification in the module section Alternatively you can also click on the channel identification with the right mouse b...

Page 109: ...e window that appears depends on whether you have chosen a generator channel or DUT input terminal belonging to a data input port or pulse port or an analyzer channel or DUT output terminal belonging to a data output port NOTE Once the Parameter Editor has been started it also provides a browser and up down arrows that enable you to switch to another item ...

Page 110: ...ameters on page 108 Figure 37 General Timing Parameters for a Data Generator Note that the window displays the identification of the frontend and may offer more parameters depending on the frontend How to Set Generator Timing Parameters 1 Check the units The Parameter Editor displays default units and has default vernier steps Both can be changed see How to Change Units and or Vernier Steps on pag...

Page 111: ...ds only The Rise Fall Time can be set in the range of 0 5 to 10 0 ns to achieve the specified 0 7 to 6 0 ns The rise and fall times are coupled and yield a signal as shown below Figure 38 Variable Slopes Setting Format Choose from the list Figure 39 Signal Formats The default format for a data port and the channels connected to a data port is NRZ The default format for a pulse port or an unconnect...

Page 112: ...s to view the options Figure 40 Frequency Multiplier Options for the Connection With a Pulse Generator The selection window shows the present Frequency Multiplier Range FMR This is one of the global system parameters It can be changed for a whole data port or individual terminals connected to a pulse port All terminals of a data port have to have the same frequency For details refer to FMR and Blo...

Page 113: ...he table below If you are using your own custom setting External impedance is usually the input impedance of the DUT Figure 42 External Impedance The minimal termination voltage for a terminal that is not connected to ground is 2 V Table 3 Predefined Generator Signal Levels Name High Level Low Level Termination Voltage Termination Impedance E4838A E4842A E4843A E4846A TTL into open 2 5 V 0 0 V 0 0...

Page 114: ...ential termination by clicking the graphical button Figure 44 Termination Options for Differential Generators Center tapped termination uses two 50 τ resistors The termination voltage range is 2 to 3 V Figure 45 Supported Signal Termination Options at the DUT Choose the polarity E4838A frontend only Allows to invert the polarity of the output signal HP 81200 current LOAD DUT current LOAD DUT Defau...

Page 115: ... Analog Channel Add Parameters The window illustrates how the analog channel addition works You are adding two differential signals A differential signal consists of an OUT and a complementary OUT voltage Both signals can have different slew rates rise fall times and amplitudes the voltage difference between high and low level But the output voltage of the E4838A frontend at 50 τ load is limited t...

Page 116: ...s you need to correct the amplitudes Example Assume the following setting High level 1 5 V First low level 0 V Second low level 0 V This results in the following OUT signal The method is once more illustrated below Figure 47 Analog Channel Addition The above setting is accepted because the resulting amplitude and voltages can be generated by the E4838A frontend If you have chosen one of the predef...

Page 117: ...og mode by means of the Channel Configuration Editor Both channels can have different timing parameters such as frequency pulse width and delay High level and expected load are determined by the channel that holds the connector How to View and Change All Frequency Settings Different ports can have different frequency multiplier settings For a data port the setting applies to all the terminals belo...

Page 118: ...ts of 6 columns and two blocks The upper block shows the frequency multiplier FM factors and consequences available for the chosen system clock frequency If you change the system clock frequency it can happen that the FM factors are no longer valid Clicking the right arrow or left arrow buttons selects the next higher or lower FMR The lower block shows the ports pulse port terminals and unconnecte...

Page 119: ...pulse ports pulse terminals or unconnected channels To change the FM factor of a single port or channel 1 Click the corresponding radio button To change the FM factor of all ports or channels 1 Click the Set All button of the desired FM factor This sets all ports pulse terminals or unconnected channels which support that frequency to the chosen FM factor All ports or channels which do not support ...

Page 120: ...g Port Parameters on page 107 or How to Start the Parameter Editor for Setting Channel Parameters on page 108 Figure 50 Timing Parameters for a Data Analyzer Note that the window displays the identification of the frontend How to Set Analyzer Timing Parameters 1 Check the units The Parameter Editor displays default units and has default vernier steps Both can be changed see How to Change Units and...

Page 121: ...e predefined levels The predefined levels for an analyzer are listed in the table below If you are using your own custom setting Standard input Impedance of an analyzer frontend is 50 τ See specifications External impedance is usually the output impedance of the DUT The minimal Termination Voltage for a terminal that is not connected to ground is 2 V Table 4 Predefined Analyzer Signal Levels Name ...

Page 122: ... by clicking the graphical button Figure 52 Termination Options for Differential Analyzer Center tapped termination uses two 50 τ resistors The termination voltage range is 2 V to 3 V Differential termination inserts a 100 τ resistor The E4838A frontend provides hence the following input and measurement options Figure 53 Termination and Measurement Options for Differential Analyzer Set the Polarit...

Page 123: ... important step of all TIP When running a test check the green LEDs of the frontends They indicate whether the channel is enabled or disabled 5 Close the window Table 5 Data Acquisition With HP E4837A Differential Analyzer Input Type Input Signal Condition Acquired Data Normal Polarity Inverted Polarity Differential Signal at IN IN 1 0 Signal at IN IN 0 1 Normal Input Signal at IN Threshold 1 0 Si...

Page 124: ...e Channel Addition on page 33 The addition takes place before levels are applied to the signals The final signal is routed to one output amplifier The analog channel addition is available if the module contains at least one E4838A generator module It allows to add signal voltages One can thus produce signals or pulses with overshot ringing and so on Channel adding is done with the Channel Configur...

Page 125: ... the following window Figure 55 Channel Configuration Editor You can change the property of channel 2 and or channel 4 To add channels 1 and 2 and channels 3 and 4 in digital mode 1 Activate D2 for channel 1 2 Activate D2 for channel 4 Figure 56 Channel Configuration Editor Two Added Channels Note that the connectors of channel 1 and channel 3 are no longer available To combine all four channels 1...

Page 126: ...channels 1 to 3 are no longer available If the module contains one or several E4838A generator frontends in even numbered slots channel 2 or 4 you can also add two channels in analog mode by clicking the A2 button Figure 58 Channel Configuration Editor Analog Added Channels If this is done the parameter settings of the E4838A frontend for Analog Channel Add take effect see How to Add Channels in A...

Page 127: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 127 Choosing the Kind of Measurement ...

Page 128: ... different tests require different settings Although the procedure for setting up the data sequence is always the same the available segment options and result displays depend on the kind of measurement NOTE It is recommended to save settings repeatedly during test setup You should take care of the chosen measurement type and save the setting under a file name that indicates the kind of measuremen...

Page 129: ...ide Revision 2 1 129 How to Access the Measurement Configuration Window To open the Measurement Configuration window 1 Click the Measurement Configuration icon in the tool bar Alternatively you can also use the corresponding option of the Go menu The Measurement Configuration window appears Figure 59 Measurement Configuration Window ...

Page 130: ...ntil the sequence is finished or until the memory is filled The result can be reviewed in the Error State Display and with the Waveform Viewer Error Rate Measurement In this measurement mode the system continuously captures data applied to the analyzer connectors and compares the data in real time with expected data The errors are counted and the bit error rate is calculated The result can be revi...

Page 131: ...ewed in the Error State Display and with the Waveform Viewer If you have chosen Compare and Acquire around Error you have one additional option Figure 61 Measurement Configuration Window for Capture Around Error Measurement You can set the number of vectors to be stored after an error If an error occurs the test will stop after the specified number of vectors has been acquired The test will of cou...

Page 132: ...Choosing the Kind of Measurement How to Set the Measurement Configuration 132 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 133: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 133 Creating the Stream of Generated and Expected Data ...

Page 134: ...the order of the block execution becomes variable Based on specified events you can leave a loop or even a block and continue with another block of the sequence The blocks contain data segments The segments specify the generated and expected data patterns The test sequence is created and maintained with the Sequence Editor How to Start the Sequence Editor on page 135 How to Add Move or Delete Bloc...

Page 135: ...evice With Two Data Ports and BER Test The block has a default length of 80 bits and includes default segments for all data input and data output ports that have been configured with the Connection Editor If the DUT setup includes more ports than can be shown then a horizontal scroll bar is displayed to move to the hidden ports NOTE The default segments as well as the available pseudo segments dep...

Page 136: ...Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 At the right hand side of the block is the loop area where repetitions can be specified NOTE A system equipped with the HP E4805A clock module provides 5 loop levels A system equipped with the HP E4831A clock and generator module provides 2 loop levels ...

Page 137: ...Block Menu 2 Choose the desired action Add Block Before Inserts a new default block with default segments before the current block Add Block After Inserts a new default block with default segments below the current block Copy Block Copies the chosen block to the clipboard Cut Block Copies the chosen block to the clipboard and removes it from the sequence Paste Block Before Available after a block ...

Page 138: ...l identifies the block that can be jumped to NOTE There are two block labels which have a special meaning The label START denotes the first block of a sequence If this label is present blocks above may exist but are not processed when the test is run The START label can also be assigned from the Block context menu by clicking Set START label The label END denotes the end of a sequence This is an i...

Page 139: ...g the Stream of Generated and Expected Data HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 139 is started The block area of the Sequence Editor indicates if a trigger is set Figure 65 Block Trigger Indicator Trigger Indicator ...

Page 140: ...text menu right click on the segment name You get a menu like the one shown below Figure 66 Segment Selection Menu of the Sequence Editor 2 Choose one of the options You can create a new segment select an existing segment or choose one of the available pseudo segments How to Replace a Current Segment by a New Segment To replace the current segment by a new segment 1 Select a segment and open the s...

Page 141: ...ed segment please note Any segment will not fit any block If the length and or width of a segment is smaller than the blocklength or port width then an error message is displayed when the sequence is downloaded It is necessary to edit the segment to match the blocklength and port width If the length or width of a segment is larger than the blocklength or port width then the segment will be cropped...

Page 142: ... Transmit logical one for the specified blocklength Pseudo segments for data analyzer channels Pause Fall asleep for the specified blocklength Acquire Capture all DUT output data Expected 0 Consider all non zero data as errors Expected 1 Consider all data that are not logical one as errors Don t Care Capture but don t compare with expected data 2 Choose from the menu Table 6 Default and Available ...

Page 143: ...the HP E4805A clock module provides 5 loop levels A system equipped with the HP E4831A clock and generator module provides 2 loop levels The right hand column is reserved for infinite loops How to Create a Loop To create a loop 1 Click with the left mouse button into one of the columns Alternatively you can also open the context menu of an empty column choose New Loop and confirm the default loop ...

Page 144: ...to Change a Loop With the Mouse To change the length of a loop 1 Click the upper or lower end of the loop and drag vertically To move a loop to a different level 2 Click the loop and drag horizontally To change the number of repetitions of a loop 3 Double click the loop This opens the Loop Properties window Type the desired number and confirm How to Change Loop Characteristics 1 Open the context m...

Page 145: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 145 2 Choose from the menu You can Delete the loop Enable a trigger to be generated each time the loop is repeated Select Properties to change the loop characteristics with the keyboard Figure 70 Loop Properties Window ...

Page 146: ...he end of the block This is in contrast to a trigger associated with a block or loop Those actions occur when the execution of the block is started Events for deferred action are prioritized The highest event number has the highest priority What You Need to Find Out Before Using Events 1 Determine what you wish to achieve Choices are Issue a trigger pulse for starting synchronizing an external ins...

Page 147: ...course a delay between the occurrence of an event and its recognition There is also a delay between the recognition of an event and the reaction to that event Detection and Reaction Times Detection of and reaction to events is controlled by an internal sequencer clock The port dependent frequency of that clock is Clkp_freq system clock frequency blocklength granularity The maximal sequencer clock ...

Page 148: ...ing a trigger and the respective block is looped it must have a length of at least 38 blocklength granularity to ensure that the system can react during the next repetition of the block If the respective block is not looped proper triggering or sequence changing on errors during block execution is only ensured if the block contains 38 blocklength granularity more generated vectors than are compare...

Page 149: ... to Define Events To specify events 1 Open the context menu of a block and choose Edit Events Alternatively you can also choose Events from the Edit menu and select Edit Actually event definitions are independent of the chosen block The Module Events window appears Figure 72 Module Events Window 2 Choose the type deferred immediate and the priority of the event 3 Enter the Event Name Every event r...

Page 150: ... you plan to set the VXI trigger lines as an answer to an event ensure that are set to xx The Errors column refers to the built in analyzer channels Open the pulldown menu and choose from the list A very simple event table which activates just the command controlled events might look as shown below Figure 73 Simple Event Table The event CMD0 occurs as soon as the CMD radio button of the Sequence E...

Page 151: ...ay be helpful to understand the procedure It builds up on the event definition example shown above Stop and Go Example We have set up the sequence shown below Figure 74 Sequence for the Stop and Go Example We wish to run the Payload block until the result stabilizes Then upon a command the test shall pause so that we can examine the results A second command shall cause the test to continue with th...

Page 152: ...the table is built up If the specified event occurred go to a certain block of the sequence and or output a trigger at the clock module and or set the VXI trigger lines Figure 76 Branch Table Structure 4 In the IF column select one of the available events The display starts with the lowest priority event that has been defined see also How to Define Events on page 149 The pull down menu offers also...

Page 153: ...le is shown below Figure 78 Branch Table Block 2 As soon as CMD1 occurs the block will not be repeated any more The sequence will execute the Idle block 6 Decide whether you wish to generate a trigger pulse If you wish to activate the VXI triggers for controlling other VXI modules ensure that you have not defined an event based on the status of the VXI trigger lines 7 Click OK To complete the exam...

Page 154: ...form User Guide Revision 2 1 The sequence now shows that branches have been inserted Figure 80 Sequence With Branches on Events If you now run the test you can terminate the Payload test by clicking the CMD 1 checkbox You can then resume the test by clicking the CMD 0 checkbox Block 4 and block 5 will be executed and the test will finish ...

Page 155: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 155 Creating and Editing Segments ...

Page 156: ...ents contain or specify the data to be included into the blocks of a sequence There are pseudo segments and real segments see Data Segments on page 38 Real segments can be created and changed This is explained in this chapter How to Create a New Segment on page 157 How to Edit a Stored Segment on page 167 ...

Page 157: ... pattern Both types are created and can be edited with the Segment Editor NOTE Note that any new or modified segment needs to be saved on disk see How to Save a New or Changed Segment on page 166 How to Start Creating a New Segment To start the New Segment dialog 1 Open the File menu and choose New Segment You start with the defaults as shown in the figure below Figure 81 New Segment Window If the...

Page 158: ...ate of the generated random sequence followed by the next lower pin and so on If you had set up a 4 bit port and bit count starts with one the first terminal would receive bit 1 5 9 and so on A PRWS segment requires that the connectors used are in the same module and if it spans across multiple modules these modules have to be in adjacent slots How to Create a Memory Segment Start the New Segment ...

Page 159: ...remain under the length of the block where the segment is going to be inserted Figure 82 New Segment Window for Creating a Memory Segment 3 Click OK This opens the Segment Editor for the specified memory segment Figure 83 Segment Editor Window The window shows the specified vectors horizontal lines and traces vertical rows The Segment Editor has many exciting features ...

Page 160: ...haracteristics of the Segment Editor Window The Segment Editor window has three active areas An area for vector operations an area for trace operations the data edit area Figure 84 Segment Editor Window Areas Each of these areas has its own flexible context menu Area for vector operations Area for trace operations Data edit area ...

Page 161: ...Editor s Vector Operations Area Clicking an address highlights that vector Dragging the cursor across several addresses highlights a block of vectors The context menu provides the following options Figure 85 Segment Editor Context Menu for Vector Operations You can change the address display format insert or delete vectors or jump to a certain address ...

Page 162: ...xt menu provides the following options Figure 86 Segment Editor Context Menu for Trace Operations You can Change the data display format In binary mode each trace has its own column In hexadecimal mode four traces are combined in one column range 0 to Fhex In octal mode three traces are combined in one column range 0 to 7oct Display the port defined terminals or connected channels instead of trace...

Page 163: ...ghts that bit With the spacebar you can switch from zero to one and vice versa Dragging the cursor across several bits highlights a block The context menu initially provides the following options Figure 87 Segment Editor Initial Context Menu for Editing Data You can Change the data display format Insert or delete vectors or traces Change the state coding or Review the segment s setup information ...

Page 164: ...r details see How to Transfer Captured Data Into a Segment on page 190 Segment Editor Shortcuts and Defaults The cursor movement is from left to right and from top to down If a block is highlighted the cursor moves within that block Page Up and Page Down keys scroll through the data segment with the number of lines actually visible in the editor window The Home key moves the cursor to the vector n...

Page 165: ...e a PRBS or PRWS segment the window changes Figure 89 New PRBS PRWS Segment Window 1 Choose one of the available Polynoms The polynom also defines the length of the segment A 215 1 PRBS for example uses 32767 words in memory 2 Select Normal or Inverted If inverted is selected the PRBS PRWS is output in inverse mode 3 Choose the PRBS PRWS Type The options are Pure PRxS Errored PRxS Variable Mark De...

Page 166: ...n 5 Save the segment see How to Save a New or Changed Segment 6 Close the segment specification display How to Save a New or Changed Segment To save a new or changed segment 1 Open the File menu 2 Click Save Segment to save the segment under its original name Alternatively you can also click Save Segment As to save the segment under a new name See also Save Segment on page 72 and Save Segment As o...

Page 167: ...rom the pool of segments How to Select a Segment 1 Click the Segment Editor icon Alternatively you can also open the File menu and choose Open Segment The Open Segment window appears Figure 91 Open Segment Window 2 Select the Segment you wish to view or edit 3 Click OK This opens the Segment Editor NOTE You can also open the Segment Editor directly by double clicking a segment in the Sequence Edit...

Page 168: ...t a Memory Segment After selecting a memory segment the Segment Editor shows the data pattern Figure 92 Segment Editor Window For details see Characteristics of the Segment Editor Window on page 160 How to Edit a PRBS PRWS Segment After selecting a PRBS PRWS segment the Segment Editor shows the specification Figure 93 Segment Specification ...

Page 169: ...Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 169 To change the segment open the context menu and click Properties The Segment Properties window appears Figure 94 PRBS PRWS Segment Property Window For details see How to Create a PRBS PRWS Segment on page 165 ...

Page 170: ...Creating and Editing Segments How to Edit a Stored Segment 170 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 171: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 171 Using the Data Sequence Editor ...

Page 172: ...s Inspect and change the segments contained in the blocks The Data Sequence Editor is particularly useful on a system equipped with a high resolution video screen because it eliminates the need for switching between the two standard editors The procedures for editing data are essentially the same as incorporated in the Sequence Editor and the Segment Editor This chapter comprises the sections How ...

Page 173: ...bar Alternatively you can also start the Data Sequence Editor from the Go menu Contents of the Data Sequence Editor Window The Data Sequence Editor identifies The DUT i o ports that have been set up The terminals that have been set up within the ports The blocks that form the test sequence The loops that repeat single or groups of blocks The segments that have been included in the blocks The data ...

Page 174: ... User Guide Revision 2 1 Figure 95 Data Sequence Editor Window NOTE Note that the Data Sequence Editor provides scroll bars for each block and an overall scroll bar for the sequence 1st Block 2nd Block Address column Data input port Data output port Genera ted Data Expected Data Segment labels Manual event buttons ...

Page 175: ... The labeling of the displayed traces How to Change the Width of the Columns To view more or less columns 1 Move the cursor onto the vertical line that marks the column border The cursor changes its shape 2 Hold the mouse button depressed and drag the border line horizontally How to Change the Height of a Block To view more or less blocks 1 Move the cursor onto the horizontal line that marks the l...

Page 176: ...igure 96 Customized Data Sequence Editor Window How to Change the Format of Displayed Addresses To change the address format 1 Open the context menu of the address column 2 Choose from the menu Choices are Decimal Hexadecimal Octal Note that from this menu you can also jump to any address within the current block by choosing the Go to option ...

Page 177: ...Revision 2 1 177 How to Change the Labels of Displayed Traces To change the display of trace labels 1 Open the context menu of the port terminal display area 2 Choose from the menu Choices are Trace View Port View Terminal View Channel View see Data Format on page 77 Note that from this menu you can also add or delete traces ...

Page 178: ...ovides not only the capabilities but also the same way of operation In fact the Data Sequence Editor just invokes well known procedures How to Change the Sequence Characteristics To change the sequence 1 Open the context menu of a block label Figure 97 Block Menu You have all the options the Sequence Editor provides 2 Choose from the menu For details please refer to How to Add Move or Delete Block...

Page 179: ...easurement and on the type of port data input port or data output port 2 Choose from the menu For details please refer to How to Replace a Current Segment on page 140 How to Edit the Contents of a Segment For changing the contents of a segment you have all the options the Segment Editor provides You can change individual bits or highlight rows or columns and change their contents Figure 98 Data Se...

Page 180: ...Using the Data Sequence Editor How to Change the Sequence or Edit Segments 180 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 181: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 181 Running the Test ...

Page 182: ...pped by an external signal applied to the EXT INPUT connector of the master clock module NOTE Before starting a test it is recommended to check the parameter settings of the ports and channels To be successful delays must fit to the chosen data formats voltages and impedances to the DUT This chapter informs you about How to Download the Test Sequence on page 183 How to View BER Test Results on pag...

Page 183: ...NOTE This is especially important if you have changed the type of measurement because pseudo segments like Acquire Expected 0 and so on apply only to certain tests see How to Insert a Different Pseudo Segment on page 142 Downloading also prepares the HP 81200 system for immediate start on a trigger event The sequence is also downloaded to the modules when the Run button is pressed But downloading ...

Page 184: ... Display The resulting BER is shown as actual and accumulated values per terminal and port The time elapsed from start of the measurement is also displayed All counters can be reset at any time either individually per terminal R buttons in the Rst column or per port Reset Port button or all at once Reset All button There is a summary line at the bottom By clicking the marker in the S column termin...

Page 185: ...ontrolled by an external start trigger the user interface will display HALTED and the system will wait for that trigger If not it starts immediately The test will run until the test sequence is executed or the capture memory is full or if it is controlled by an external stop trigger until the trigger is set whichever comes first If the test sequence includes an infinite loop stop the test by click...

Page 186: ...Running the Test How to Start Stop the Test 186 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 187: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 187 Viewing Generated and Captured Data ...

Page 188: ...e captured data After running one of the tests Compare and Acquire around Error or Compare and Capture you can also investigate errors the pattern around errors and generated data The results of a bit error rate measurement are displayed in the Bit Error Rate window see How to View BER Test Results on page 184 This chapter informs you about How to View Captured Test Results on page 189 How to View...

Page 189: ...e tool bar Alternatively you can also open the View menu and choose Result Displays The Error State Display identifies the DUT output port and shows the memory contents of the analyzer channels How to Operate the Error State Display The Error State Display has three display modes It can show Captured Data Shows what has been captured Compared Data Shows captured data where errors are highlighted E...

Page 190: ... traces are combined in one column range 0 to 7oct Figure 101 Error State Display in Compare Mode In Compare mode the window provides three Go to Error buttons to move quickly from one error to the next or previous How to Transfer Captured Data Into a Segment Captured data can be saved in a data segment This makes it possible to use the response of a device as a reference for future devices of the...

Page 191: ...ssary change the state coding see How to Create a Memory Segment on page 158 How to Copy Captured Data Into a Segment To copy captured data into a new or existing segment 1 Put the Error State Display in Capture mode 2 Drag the cursor across the trace numbers This highlights all the captured data You can of course also highlight a data section Figure 102 Highlighted Captured Data 3 Open the contex...

Page 192: ...zer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 5 In the Segment Editor highlight the traces that shall get the data pattern Figure 103 Empty Segment 6 Open the context menu and choose Paste The result is shown below Figure 104 New Segment Copied data that does not fit into the segment is ignored 7 Save the segment ...

Page 193: ...e ports Figure 105 Waveform Viewer Selection Window If you select a data block of the test sequence or a pulse port generated and expected data will be displayed in time mode The available resolution is the blocklength granularity the unit is nanoseconds ns This enables you to check the delays that have been set up Note that PRBS PRWS data cannot be displayed in time mode If you select a DUT outpu...

Page 194: ...ataIn and one data output port Databus Figure 106 Waveform Viewer in Time Mode Two traces show the code transitions and the generated and expected codes in hexadecimal format The display provides two markers A and B Their current position and distance is indicated in the lower left hand corner They can be moved with the verniers or by dragging their handles along the ruler The column Val A shows t...

Page 195: ...crease or decrease the waveform amplitudes Rearrange the display To view additonal or different data 1 Click Arrange Signals The Arrange Signals Window appears Figure 108 Waveform Viewer Arrange Signals Window 2 To view an item in the display highlight it in the list of Available Signals and click the right arrow 3 To remove an item from the display highlight it in the list of Displayed Signals an...

Page 196: ... pulse terminals and have sourced an added channel see also How to Combine Generator Channels on page 124 The Waveform Viewer shows only the signal of the channel that has a connector If you have opened the Waveform Viewer for a data output port it shows the summary of the captured data and the individual channels in sample mode If error recognition was enabled it shows also the deviations from ex...

Page 197: ...red data Err error data The display is presently limited to 10 characters A zero line tells you that nothing was received or expected The Arrange Signals menu now offers additional options You can differentiate between captured compared and error data and thus compose an individual display The result may look as shown below Figure 111 Waveform Viewer in Sample Mode Additional Waveforms ...

Page 198: ...Viewing Generated and Captured Data How to View Waveforms 198 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 199: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 199 Using Auxiliary Functions ...

Page 200: ...chapter provides information on auxiliary functions which are not directly related to test setup and execution It covers the following topics How to Compensate for Internal and External Delays on page 201 How to Export Import Settings or Segments on page 207 How to Execute Firmware Commands on page 211 ...

Page 201: ...zer connectors of the system at the input and output connectors of the DUT board or even at the pins of the DUT Figure 112 Supported Timing Adjustments After installing new modules or after replacement of frontends a zero adjust procedure has to be performed to synchronize the new outputs or inputs with the ones already installed To compensate for signal delays in the used cables a cable delay com...

Page 202: ...s that an edge produced by the generator channels appears simultaneously at all generator connectors and that received data is sampled at all analyzer connectors at the same point of time NOTE To perform this procedure you need a reference SMA cable with known signal delay Once the Deskew Editor has been started 1 Decide whether you wish to measure generator or analyzer channels 2 Click the Zero b...

Page 203: ...d zero adjust value is automatically entered in the table and the next instruction to connect the next generator output is displayed When all marked generators are adjusted the Automated Deskew window disappears How to Compensate for Cable Delays The cable delay compensation assures that the edges of all generator outputs of the HP 81200 system appear at the same time at the end of the cables used...

Page 204: ...nt is enabled If you have connected the generator outputs in the Connection Editor then you can easily mark the outputs for this measurement by clicking on All connected 5 Click the Measure button The following window pops up Figure 115 Deskew Editor Cable Measurement Window for a Generator Channel 6 Follow the instructions given in this window The measured cable delay value is automatically enter...

Page 205: ...ng to be used You need also an active probe e g the HP 1144A 800 MHz Active Probe 10 1 It is recommended to use cables of the same type and same length at all inputs and outputs To compensate for cable and propagation delays 1 Connect the cables you will use in your application to the HP 81200 system s output connectors 2 Create a scheme of your application in the Connection Editor Group the signa...

Page 206: ...resulting value as the probe delay and repeat the measurement Now the resulting value for this output should be 0 ns 9 Follow the instructions given in the window The measured delay value is automatically entered into the table and the next instruction to connect the next generator output is displayed After all marked generators have been adjusted the Automated Deskew window disappears 10 Continue...

Page 207: ...tion serves the following purposes You can create an archive of settings and store it at a secure place If you need one of the settings once again you can import any of the settings from the archive You can investigate the exported setting with an editor and use it as a template for programming a test If you have downgraded your HP 81200 system or frontends have been changed some of your current s...

Page 208: ...put0 SGEN PPUL1 APP INPUT_PORT 1 Clock SGEN PPUL1 TERM1 REN Clock0 SGEN CONN PPUL1 TERM1 TO 0105001 Module type E4805A SGEN GLOB TRIG INT10 SGEN GLOB TRIG TVOL 0 0E 0 SGEN GLOB PER 8 333333333333E 9 SGEN GLOB MUX 4 MCL SOUR ON SGEN GLOB DOFF 0 0E 0 SGEN GLOB ARM IMM SGEN GLOB ARM SENS PLEV SGEN GLOB ARM THR 2 0E 1 SGEN GLOB ARM TVOL 0 0E 0 TRIG DEL 0 0E 0 TRIG MUX 1 0E 0 TRIG VOLT 2 5E 0 TRIG VOLT...

Page 209: ...n archive of segments and store it at a secure place You can create segments with an editor and import them Available data patterns can easily be inserted into the test sequence Exported segments can be edited and re imported How to Export Segments 1 Open the File menu 2 Choose Export Segments see Export Segments on page 73 How to Import Segments 1 Open the File menu 2 Choose Import Segments see I...

Page 210: ...orm User Guide Revision 2 1 Contents of a Segment File A segment file can hold several segments Each segment has a general structure as shown in the example below vectorVariablesDefinitions paraPatternVar name Input1 statePar A 01 stateSet A vectorWidth 1 vectors 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 parameters _Type MEMORY ...

Page 211: ... intended as a test editor to test individual commands for a remote program How to Start the Command Line Editor To start the Command Line Editor 1 Open the Go menu 2 Choose Command Line Figure 117 Command Line Editor The Command Line window is divided into two areas Display area occupies the upper part of the window Command entry area occupies the lower part of the window Commands can be entered ...

Page 212: ...he command to the firmware where it is executed Commands which have been successfully executed are moved into the display area Figure 118 Command Line Editor Executed Commands Copy and Paste in the Command Line Editor Selected text can be cut copied or pasted from and to the command entry area The Command Line Editor provides a context menu that supports these operations and the editor reacts on c...

Page 213: ...or The Command Line Editor provides the following buttons New Session Clears the display area You can start to create a new sequence of commands to be combined in a new session Save Session Saves the commands shown in the display area in a file on disk The files are saved as command session dcs files in the c hp81200 dsr bin directory Open Session Used to open a previously saved session and execut...

Page 214: ...Using Auxiliary Functions How to Execute Firmware Commands 214 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

Page 215: ...HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 215 How Do I ...

Page 216: ...ta Generator Analyzer Platform It is this kind of problems which is addressed in this chapter The chapter covers the following topics How Can I Generate a Clock Signal With an E4841A Module on page 217 How Can I Generate a Clock Signal of up to 1 3 GHz on page 219 How Do I Use Events on page 222 How Can I Change all Traces of a Port to Don t Care on page 227 How Do I Set Up a Multiplexer BER Test ...

Page 217: ...ut frontend HP E4846A 200 Mbit s dual output single ended frontend The most comfortable way to apply a clock signal to the DUT is 1 Use the Connection Editor and create a pulse port 2 Connect the pulse terminal to the generator connector you wish to use 3 Use the Parameter Editor to adjust the channel properties such as frequency pulse width delay voltage levels load resistors and so on Keep the d...

Page 218: ...o Zero as the format In RZ format every logical 1 creates an electrical pulse as illustrated in the figure below Figure 119 Signal Formats 4 If necessary adjust the channel properties such as pulse width delay voltage levels termination resistors and so on Switch the generator output on NOTE This procedure covers one block of the overall test sequence If the clock signal shall be output during exe...

Page 219: ...t 660 MHz generator frontends such as the HP E 4843A or the E4838A frontend The frontends must be mounted in one E4841A module 1 Use the Connection Editor and create a pulse port 2 Connect the pulse terminal to the generator connector you wish to use either Cx Mx C2 or Cx Mx C4 3 Combine the chosen generator with the generator displayed above see also How to Combine Generator Channels on page 124 ...

Page 220: ...lier field choose the desired frequency a 2n multiple or fraction of the system clock frequency Figure 121 Parameter Editor Window In this example we multiply the system clock frequency of 100 MHz by a factor of two This yields a clock period of 5 ns Do not forget to switch the generator output on 5 Use the Parameter Editor to adjust the characteristics of the lower channel Keep the RZ format Set ...

Page 221: ...vision 2 1 221 The channel add function performs a logical XOR addition as illustrated in the figure below Figure 123 Channel Add Function NOTE The combined pulse cannot be inspected with the Waveform Viewer The Waveform Viewer shows only the pulse of the connected channel First channel Second channel Added channels ...

Page 222: ...ests With this setup you can switch very fast between two different test sequences using the command control feature Using the trigger pod and external hardware even more blocks could be selected 1 Define the deferred events CMD0 and CMD1 Figure 124 Definition of 2 Command Events 2 Create the sequence and fill in the branch tables of the blocks Figure 125 Sequence and Branch Tables for Selecting O...

Page 223: ...gnal out of the trigger output whenever an error is detected somewhere in the system Note that we use an immediate event here 1 Define the immediate error event Figure 126 Definition of an Immediate Error Event 2 Create the sequence and fill in the branch tables Figure 127 Sequence and Branch Tables for Triggering on Error Error 1 00 If Go to Trig VXI T01 Error 1 00 ...

Page 224: ... Here we wait until we have no error condition for a certain time determined by the block length 1 Define a deferred error event Figure 128 Definition of a Deferred Error Event 2 Create the sequence and fill in the branch table of the START block Figure 129 Sequence and Branch Table for a Match Loop Test If Go to Trig VXI T01 Error START 0 00 ...

Page 225: ...er 1 Define four events Figure 130 Definition of Pod and Error Events 2 Create the sequence and fill in the branch tables Note that we use a one terminal data input generator output port and two segments to generate and return the pass fail signal Figure 131 Sequence and Branch Tables Remarks The Meas_1 and Meas_2 blocks need to be longer than the actual measurement so that all analyzer pipelines ...

Page 226: ... immediate The Ok and Error events however must be deferred and the Error event must have a higher priority than the Ok event If you want to save events the Ok event could be replaced by the DEFAULT event How Can I Execute Different Tests Embedded in One Sequence Starting at a certain block label is fairly simple the CMD 0 1 command the VXI trigger lines or the trigger pod can be used to switch be...

Page 227: ...evision 2 1 227 How Can I Change all Traces of a Port to Don t Care Don t care setting is available for data output ports Use the Sequence Editor or Data Sequence Editor To replace the present segment by a Don t Care pseudo segment 1 Open the segment s context menu 2 Click Don t Care Figure 133 Segment Context Menu ...

Page 228: ...ort to Don t Care 228 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 To change individual or all traces 1 Right click the segment s display area This opens the Segment Editor context menu Figure 134 Segment Editor Context Menu ...

Page 229: ...lick Coding or Properties and ensure that the state coding is set to 0x1 Only 0x1 segments can have don t care settings 3 Highlight the traces or vectors you wish to change 4 Open the Segment Editor context menu once more and click Set To Figure 135 Segment Editor Context Menu after Highlighting Data 5 Choose x from the pull down menu ...

Page 230: ... Up a Multiplexer BER Test The bit error rate BER of a multiplexer can be measured by sourcing a PRWS pseudo random word stream segment to the DUT and comparing the serial output with a PRBS pseudo random bit stream segment of the same order The connections could be made as shown below Figure 136 Connections for a Multiplexer Test ...

Page 231: ...dow 2 Create a PRBS segment of the same order the same polynomial to be used for the DUT output port 3 Use the Sequence Editor and insert the segments into the sequence Figure 138 MUX Test Sequence The correspondence between the generated PRWS and the expected PRBS is as follows Input Port Terminal 1 Terminal 2 Terminal 3 Terminal 4 Terminal n Time 1 n 4 3 2 PRBS bitstream PRWS n 1 1 n 1 2 n 2 3 n...

Page 232: ...the PRWS to channels which have been digitally added In this case the system assumes that the word length n is equal to the total number of channels involved It assigns the first m bits to the connected channels and the remaining n m bits to the added unconnected channels Example If you had an input port with five terminals and the first two terminals were connected to two added channels then term...

Page 233: ...requencies than a single frontend channel can provide Assume your DUT has four high speed input pins The required data rate exceeds the capability of your frontends 1 Create a DUT input port with four terminals 2 Set the port data rate 3 Connect the four terminals to four digitally added connectors Figure 141 Generator Setup Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 to Terminal 1 to Terminal 2 Chann...

Page 234: ...atform User Guide Revision 2 1 4 Use the Parameter Editor to set all the eight frontends to RZ format and 50 duty cycle Figure 142 Generator Frontend Timing This setting generates a half period pulse for every logical one Figure 143 Signal in NRZ and RZ Format Signal NRZ Signal RZ 1 0 0 1 1 0 Clock ...

Page 235: ...he random bits will be assigned to the generator channels as shown below Figure 145 Bit Assignment to Digitally Added Channels The combination of the RZ data format with the half period delay of the odd channels yields a digital data signal with twice the port frequency The XOR addition of two RZ signals as performed by two added generator channels creates an NRZ signal This is the input signal ap...

Page 236: ...If your analyzer frontend can make it you can capture the signal with twice the generator frequency and 50 delay If not you may be able to set up two analyzer channels operating at the generator frequency In this case the first analyzer should be set to 25 delay and the second to 75 delay RZ Signal at channel 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Added signal Clock Delayed RZ signal at channel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0...

Page 237: ... Display menu item 79 DSR 26 DSRA 26 DSRB 26 DSRC 26 Dump Configuration menu item 81 DUT Configuration 27 Duty Cycle generator timing 110 E Edit Menu 74 END label 138 Error Rate Measurement 130 Error State Display 189 Event Handling Principles 45 Events menu item 76 Exit menu item 74 Export menu item 73 Export Segment menu item 73 Export Setting menu item 73 Export Import a Setting 207 Export Impo...

Page 238: ...aste 75 Paste after 75 Paste before 75 Power On Test 81 Prepare 80 Properties 76 Reconnect Application 74 Reconnect Server 73 Rename 76 Result Display 78 Run 80 Save Segment 72 Save Segment As 72 Save Setting 71 Save Setting As 71 Sequence Editor 79 Set Start 76 Set to 77 Signals 78 Stop 80 System Selftests 81 Tile 82 Trigger 76 Waveform Viewer 80 Zoom 78 Menus Control 80 Edit 74 File 70 Go 79 Hel...

Page 239: ...T Terminals 27 termination analyzer setup 122 generator setup 114 termination voltage analyzer setup 121 external input option 91 generator setup 113 trigger output 92 threshold voltage external input option 91 Tile menu item 82 tool bar 58 Tools Menu 77 traces 38 Transition times generator timing 111 Trigger menu item 76 Trigger output 92 Trigger Output setup 92 Trigger Pod Description 22 Trigger...

Page 240: ...Index 240 HP 81200 Data Generator Analyzer Platform User Guide Revision 2 1 ...

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