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Texas Instruments TMS320C6 Series, User Manual

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Texas Instruments TMS320C6 Series User Manual Download Page 264

Using Expression Analysis in the Debugger

 

12-6

Note how the first expression differs from the expression:

(float)*10

In this case, the debugger fetches an integer from address 10 and con-
verts the integer to a floating-point value.

You can also typecast to user-defined types such as structures. For exam-
ple, in the expression:

((struct STR *)10)–>field

the debugger treats memory location 10 as a pointer to a structure of type
STR (assuming that a structure is at address 10) and accesses a field from
that structure.

Summary of Contents for TMS320C6 Series

Page 1: ...TMS320C6x C Source Debugger User s Guide For SPARCstations Preliminary Literature Number SPRU224 Manufacturing Part Number D426029 9761 revision January 1997 Printed on Recycled Paper ...

Page 2: ...DUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED INTENDED AUTHORIZED OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE SUPPORT APPLICATIONS DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS Inclusion of TI products in such applications is understood to be fully at the risk of the customer Use of TI products in such applications requires the written approval of an appropriate TI officer Questions concerning potential risk applica...

Page 3: ...ruments standard programmer s interface for debugging This book is divided into three parts Part I Hands On Information is presented first so that you can start using your debugger the same day you receive it J Chapter 1 lists the key features of the debugger describes additional C6x software tools tells you how to prepare a C6x program for de bugging and provides instructions and options for invo...

Page 4: ...rs who are unfamiliar with C J Part III also includes a glossary and an index The way you use this book depends on your experience with similar products As with any book it would be best for you to begin on page 1 and read to the end Because most people don t read technical manuals from cover to cover here are some suggestions for choosing what to read If you have used TI development tools or othe...

Page 5: ...identify mouse actions For simplicity these sym bols represent a mouse with two buttons However you can use a mouse with only one button or a mouse with more than two buttons Symbol Action Point Without pressing a mouse button move the mouse to point the cursor at a window or field on the display Note that the mouse cursor displayed on the screen is not shaped like an arrow it s shaped like a bloc...

Page 6: ...alics Portions of a syntax that are in bold face should be entered as shown portions of a syntax that are in italics describe the kind of information to be entered Here is an example of a command syntax load object filename load is the command This command has one required parameter indi cated by object filename Square brackets and identify an optional parameter If you use an optional parameter yo...

Page 7: ...mize your assembly code TMS320C6x Software Tools Getting Started Guide literature number SPRU185 describes how to install the TMS320C6x assembly language tools the C compiler the simulator and the C source debugger Installa tion instructions for SunOS Solaris Windows 95 and Windows NT systems are given TMS320C62xx CPU and Instruction Set Reference Guide literature number SPRU189 describes the C62x...

Page 8: ...Institute ANSI standard for C Programming in C Kochan Steve G Hayden Book Company The C Programming Language second edition 1988 by Brian W Kernig han and Dennis M Ritchie published by Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Trademarks OpenWindows Solaris and SunOS are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Inc UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries licensed exclusively ...

Page 9: ...an Factory Repair 33 4 93 22 25 40 Europe Customer Training Helpline Fax 49 81 61 80 40 10 Asia Pacific Literature Response Center 852 2 956 7288 Fax 852 2 956 2200 Hong Kong DSP Hotline 852 2 956 7268 Fax 852 2 956 1002 Korea DSP Hotline 82 2 551 2804 Fax 82 2 551 2828 Korea DSP Modem BBS 82 2 551 2914 Singapore DSP Hotline Fax 65 390 7179 Taiwan DSP Hotline 886 2 377 1450 Fax 886 2 377 2718 Taiw...

Page 10: ...x ...

Page 11: ...ne d option 1 13 Identifying additional directories i option 1 14 Selecting the minimal debugging mode min option 1 14 Entering the profiling environment profile option 1 14 Loading the symbol table only s option 1 14 Identifying a new initialization file t option 1 15 Loading without the symbol table v option 1 15 Ignoring D_OPTIONS x option 1 15 1 6 Exiting the Debugger 1 15 1 7 Debugging Your P...

Page 12: ...Change some values 2 28 Define a memory map 2 29 Define your own command string 2 30 Close the debugger 2 30 Part II Debugger Description 3 The Debugger Display 3 1 Describes the default displays tells you how to switch between assembly language and C debugging describes the various types of windows on the display and tells you how to move and size the windows 3 1 Debugging Modes and Default Displ...

Page 13: ...6 4 2 Using the Menu Bar and the Pulldown Menus 4 7 Pulldown menus in the profiling environment 4 8 Using the pulldown menus 4 8 Escaping from the pulldown menus 4 9 Using menu bar selections that don t have pulldown menus 4 10 4 3 Using Dialog Boxes 4 11 Entering text in a dialog box 4 11 4 4 Entering Commands From a Batch File 4 13 Echoing strings in a batch file 4 14 Controlling command executi...

Page 14: ...ning code conditionally 6 14 6 6 Halting Program Execution 6 15 7 Managing Data 7 1 Describes the data display windows and tells you how to edit data memory contents register contents and individual variables 7 1 Where Data Is Displayed 7 2 7 2 Basic Commands for Managing Data 7 2 7 3 Basic Methods for Changing Data Values 7 4 Editing data displayed in a window 7 4 Advanced editing using expressio...

Page 15: ...ng a custom display 9 10 Loading a custom display 9 10 Invoking the debugger with a custom display 9 11 Returning to the default display 9 11 9 4 Changing the Prompt 9 12 10 Profiling Code Execution 10 1 Describes the profiling environment and tells you how to collect statistics about code execution 10 1 An Overview of the Profiling Process 10 2 A profiling strategy 10 2 10 2 Entering the Profilin...

Page 16: ...ration commands 11 9 Mode commands 11 9 11 3 Alphabetical Summary of Debugger Commands 11 10 11 4 Summary of Profiling Commands 11 46 11 5 Summary of Special Keys 11 50 Editing text on the command line 11 50 Using the command history 11 50 Switching modes 11 51 Halting or escaping from an action 11 51 Displaying pulldown menus 11 51 Running code 11 52 Selecting or closing a window 11 52 Moving or ...

Page 17: ...uring the invocation process this appendix lists these steps B Debugger Messages B 1 Describes progress and error messages that the debugger may display B 1 Associating Sound With Error Messages B 2 B 2 Alphabetical Summary of Debugger Messages B 2 B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors B 17 C Glossary C 1 Defines acronyms and key terms used in this book ...

Page 18: ...ode 3 3 3 2 Typical C Display for Auto Mode Only 3 3 3 3 Typical Mixed Display for Mixed Mode Only 3 4 3 4 Default and Additional MEMORY Windows 3 14 3 5 Default Appearance of an Active and an Inactive Window 3 21 4 1 The COMMAND Window 4 2 4 2 The Menu Bar in the Basic Debugger Display 4 7 4 3 All of the Pulldown Menus Basic Debugger Display 4 7 5 1 Sample Memory Map for Use With a TMS320C6x Simu...

Page 19: ... 10 1 Debugger Commands That Can Can t Be Used in the Profiling Environment 10 3 10 2 Menu Selections for Marking Areas 10 7 10 3 Menu Selections for Disabling Areas 10 9 10 4 Menu Selections for Enabling Areas 10 10 10 5 Menu Selections for Unmarking Areas 10 12 10 6 Types of Data Shown in the PROFILE Window 10 18 10 7 Menu Selections for Displaying Areas in the PROFILE Window 10 20 11 1 Marking ...

Page 20: ...xx ...

Page 21: ...he debugger is the interface to the C6x simulator This chapter gives an overview of the programmer s interface describes the C6x code development environment and provides instructions and options for invoking the debugger Topic Page 1 1 Description of the C Source Debugger 1 2 1 2 Description of the Profiling Environment 1 5 1 3 Developing Code for the TMS320C6x 1 7 1 4 Preparing Your Program for ...

Page 22: ...4 LDW D2 B15 1 A0 00006848 00006000 NOP 4 0000684c 00002058 SHL S1 A0 0x01 A0 00006850 0008677c STW D2 A0 B14 0x86 00006854 00001190 B S1 call 172 000 00006858 00008000 NOP 5 0000685c 003c22e4 LDW D2 B15 1 A0 CALLS 2 call 1 main CPU A0 00006998 B0 00000000 A1 00000001 B1 00000000 A2 00000000 B2 00000000 A3 00000000 B3 00000000 A4 00002a28 B4 00000000 A5 00000000 B5 00000000 A6 00000000 B6 00000000...

Page 23: ...or displaying and editing the values of variables arrays structures point ers any kind of data in their natural format float int char enum or pointer You can even display entire linked lists WATCH 1 str a 0 2 F0 1 000000e 3 color GREEN DISP str a 123 b 0 c 75435 f1 3 f2 6 f3 0x00f000a f4 DISP str f3 a 8327 b 666 c 87213 f1 45 f2 27 f3 0x00f000a f4 DISP str f3 f3 a 75 b 3212 c 782 f1 7 f2 9 f3 0x00...

Page 24: ...they are highlighted with color Variety of screen sizes The debugger s default configuration is set up for a typical PC display with 25 lines by 80 characters If you use a sophis ticated graphics card you can take advantage of the debugger s addi tional screen sizes A larger screen size allows you to display more infor mation and provides you with more screen space for organizing the display bring...

Page 25: ...ints Profile DISASSEMBLY 00007cdc 00000000 NOP 00007ce0 07d5142a Le c_int00 MVK S2 0xffffaa28 B15 00007ce4 0780606a MVKH S2 0xc00000 B15 00007ce8 0007fe2a MVK S2 0x0ffc B0 00007cec 0000006a MVKH S2 0x0000 B0 00007cf0 07bc01e2 ADD S2 B0 B15 B15 00007cf4 07bf07a2 AND S2 0xfffffff8 B15 B15 00007cf8 0700002a Ld MVK S2 0x0000 B15 00007cfc 0700606a MVKH S2 0xc00000 B14 00007d00 013fe428 MVK S1 0x7fc8 A2...

Page 26: ...splay of statistics Display the entire set of data or display one type of data at a time Display all the areas you re profiling or display a selected subset of the areas Visual representation of statistics When you choose to display one type of data at a time the statistics will be accompanied by histograms for each area showing the relationship of each area s statistics to those of the other prof...

Page 27: ...ssembler and linker Figure 1 3 illustrates the C6x code development flow The most common paths of soft ware development are highlighted in grey the other portions are optional Figure 1 3 TMS320C6x Software Development Flow C6x target system Linker Assembler source Debugging tools runtime support library Macro library Library of object files COFF object files Runtime support library Executable COFF...

Page 28: ...bly language output The compiler generates assembly lan guage source that you can inspect ANSI standard runtime support The compiler package comes with a complete runtime library that conforms to the ANSI C library standard The library includes functions for string manipulation dynamic memory alloca tion data conversion timekeeping trigonometry exponential operations and hyperbolic operations Func...

Page 29: ...inker creates the executable module it performs relocation and resolves external references The linker is a tool that allows you to define your system s memory map and to associate blocks of code with defined memory areas The main purpose of the development process is to produce a module that can be executed in a C6x target system You can use the debugger as an inter face for the software simulato...

Page 30: ...e program with the as option 2 Assemble the resulting assembly language pro gram The compiler does this automatically 3 Link the resulting object file This produces an object file that you can load into the debugger If you re preparing to debug an assembly language program 1 Assemble the assembly language source file 2 Link the resulting object file This produces an object file that you can load i...

Page 31: ...not case sensitive z invokes the linker After compiling assembling your programs you can invoke the linker in a separate step If you want the shell to automatically invoke the linker however use z link options affect the way the linker processes input files use theseoptions only when you use z Options and filenames can be specified in any order on the command line However z must follow all C assem...

Page 32: ...that you can use when invoking a debug ger and the subsections that follow the table describe these options You can also specify filename and option information with the D_OPTIONS environ ment variable see Setting up the environment variables in your installation guide Table 1 1 Summary of Debugger Options Option Brief Description b Select a preset screen size 80 characters by 40 lines bb Select a...

Page 33: ...at run time by using your mouse to change the size of the operating system window that contains the debugger The maximum size of the debugger screen is 132 characters by 60 lines Clearing the bss section c option The c option clears the bss section when the debugger loads code You can use this option when you have C programs that use the RAM initialization mod el specified with the cr linker optio...

Page 34: ...r has a minimal debugging mode that displays the COMMAND WATCH and DISP windows only The WATCH and DISP windows are dis played only if you cause them to display by entering the WA or DISP com mands Minimal mode may be useful when you need to debug a memory problem To invoke the debugger and enter minimal mode use the min option sim6x min For more information about the windows in the debugger inter...

Page 35: ...onsumes less memory The v option affects all loads including those performed when you invoke the debugger and those performed with the LOAD command within the debugger environment Ignoring D_OPTIONS x option The x option tells the debugger to ignore any information supplied with the D_OPTIONS environment variable described in the installation guide 1 6 Exiting the Debugger To exit the debugger ent...

Page 36: ...uage program for de bugging See Section 1 4 Preparing Your Program for Debugging page 1 10 Step 1 Ensure that the debugger has a valid memory map See Chapter 5 Defining a Memory Map Load the program s object file See Section 6 3 Loading Ob ject Code page 6 8 Run the loaded file You can run the entire program run parts of the program or single step through the program See Section 7 5 Running Your P...

Page 37: ...program s object code 2 3 Take a look at the display 2 4 What s in the DISASSEMBLY window 2 5 Select the active window 2 5 Resize the active window 2 7 Zoom the active window 2 8 Move the active window 2 9 Scroll through a window s contents 2 10 Display the C source version of the sample file 2 11 Execute some code 2 12 Become familiar with the four debugging modes 2 12 Open another text file then...

Page 38: ...her way to display the current code in MEMORY is to show memory begin ning from the current PC Important This tutorial assumes that you have correctly and completely installed your debugger including invoking any files or operating system commands as instructed in the installation guide A note about entering commands Whenever this tutorial tells you to type a debugger command just type the debugge...

Page 39: ... off the path without any idea of where they are or how they got there This probably won t happen to you But if it does you can almost always get back to familiar ground by pressing ESC If you were running a program when you pressed ESC you should also type RESTART Then go back to the beginning of whatever lesson you were in and try again Invoke the debugger and load the sample program s object co...

Page 40: ...nts COMMAND window display area Memory contents Command line Load Break Watch Memory Color MoDe Run F5 Step F8 Next F10 00007cdc 00000000 NOP 00007ce0 07d5142a c_int00 MVK S2 00007ce4 0780606a MVKH S2 00007ce8 0007fe2a MVK S2 00007cec 0000006a MVKH S2 00007cf0 07bc01e2 ADD S2 00007cf4 07bf07a2 AND S2 00007cf8 0700002a MVK S2 00007cfc 0700606a MVKH S2 00007d00 013fe428 MVK S1 00007d04 01000068 MVKH...

Page 41: ...MORY display to show the same object code that is dis played in the DISASSEMBLY window mem 0x7cdc Notice that the addresses in the first column of the DISASSEMBLY window correspond to the addresses in the first column of the MEMORY window the values in the second column of the DISASSEMBLY window correspond to the memory contents displayed in the second third and fourth columns of the MEMORY window...

Page 42: ... use the mouse to make a window active 1 Point to any location on the window s border 2 Click the left mouse button Be careful If you point inside the window the window becomes active when you press the mouse button but something else may happen as well If you re pointing inside the CPU window then the register you re pointing to becomes active The debugger then treats the text you type as a new v...

Page 43: ... window size The maximum width and length depend on which screen size option you used when you invoked the debugger Make the CPU window larger size Enter the SIZE command without parameters Make the window 3 lines longer Make the window 4 characters wider Press this key when you finish sizing the window You can use to make the window shorter and to make the window narrower Try This You can use the...

Page 44: ... can now see the current value of the PC register Unzoom or return the window to its previous size by entering the ZOOM command again zoom The ZOOM command will be recognized even though the COMMAND window is hidden by the CPU window The window should now be back to the size it was before zooming Try This You can use the mouse to zoom a window Zoom the DISASSEMBLY window 1 Point to the upper left ...

Page 45: ... you invoked the debugger and on the position of the win dow before you tried to move it Try This You can use the MOVE command with no parameters and then use arrow keys to move the window move Press until the CPU window is back where it was it may seem as if only the border is moving this is normal ESC Press ESC when you finish moving the window You can use to move the window up to move the windo...

Page 46: ...re scroll arrows Scroll through the contents of the DISASSEMBLY window 1 Point to the up or down scroll arrow 2 Press the left mouse button continue pressing it until the dis play has scrolled several lines 3 Release the button Try This You can use several of the keys to modify the display in the active window Make the MEMORY window the active window win MEMORY Now try pressing these keys observe ...

Page 47: ...is opens a FILE window that displays the contents of the file sample c sample c was one of the files that contributed to making the sample object file You can always tell which file you re displaying by looking at the label in the FILE window Right now the label says FILE sample c If you can t see the label press F6 until the FILE window becomes the active window The CALLS window is displayed also...

Page 48: ...ments in the DISASSEMBLY win dow have changed color because these statements are associated with the current C statement which is highlighted in the FILE window The CALLS window which tracks functions as they re called now lists main The color for the value of the PC in the CPU window has changed because the PC s value changed during program execution Become familiar with the four debugging modes ...

Page 49: ...auto mode 1 Press This displays and freezes the MoDe menu 2 Now select C auto To do so choose one of these methods Press the arrow keys to move up down through the menu when C auto is highlighted press Type C Point the mouse cursor at C auto then click the left mouse but ton You should be in auto mode now and you should see the FILE window The statement that defines the main label should still be ...

Page 50: ...o switch modes by typing one of these commands asm switches to assembly only mode c switches to auto mode mix switches to mixed mode minimal switches to minimal mode Switch back to mixed mode before continuing mix You ve finished the first half of the tutorial and the first set of lessons If you want to close the debugger just type QUIT When you come back reinvoke the debugger and load the sample ...

Page 51: ...lay a C source file it automatically displays that code in the FILE window regardless of whether the window is open or not and regardless of what is already displayed in the FILE window Display a file that isn t a C source file file init cmd This replaces sample c in the FILE window with your init cmd file Remember you can tell which file you re displaying by the label in the FILE window Right now...

Page 52: ... you should have seen changes in the display similar to the changes you saw when you entered go main earlier in the tutorial When you pressed ESC you had little control over where the program stopped Knowing that information changed was nice but what part of the program affected the information This information would be much more useful if you picked an explicit stopping point before running the p...

Page 53: ... the line and that the line is high lighted 2 Reset the program entry point restart 3 Enter the run command run Once again you should see that some statements are highlighted in the CPU window showing that they were changed by program execution But this time you know that the changes were caused by code from the beginning of the program to line 42 in the FILE window Clear the breakpoint 1 Point th...

Page 54: ... in a particular memory location or in the value of some variable You can observe these data items in a WATCH window Set up the WATCH window before you start the single step execution Open a WATCH window and change to mixed mode wa b15 Stack Pointer x wa pc x wa 0x6820 Call wa i mix If the WATCH window isn t wide enough to display the value of the stack point er resize the window You may have noti...

Page 55: ...anguage statement in fact you single stepped through 20 assembly language statements The debugger supports additional single step com mands that have a slightly different flavor For example if you enter cstep 20 you ll single step 20 C statements not assembly language statements notice how the PC jumps in the DISASSEMBLY window Reset the program entry point and run to main restart go main Now ente...

Page 56: ...ms Delete the first three data items from the WATCH window don t watch them anymore wd 3 wd 1 wd 1 The variable i was the fourth item added to the WATCH window in the previous tutorial step and it should now be the only remaining item in the window Set up for the conditional run examples 1 Set software breakpoints at lines 72 and 74 2 Reset the program entry point restart 3 Run the first part of t...

Page 57: ...find yourself saying something like but isn t that sup posed to point to an integer Here s how you can check on this kind of infor mation be sure to watch the COMMAND window display area as you enter these commands Use the WHATIS command to find the types of some of the variables declared in the sample program whatis genum enum yyy genum genum is an enumerated type whatis tiny6 struct tiny6 is a s...

Page 58: ...ype The WATCH window is convenient for watching single or scalar values When you re debugging a C program though you may need to observe values that aren t scalar for example you might need to observe the effects of program execution on an array The debugger provides another type of window called a DISP window where you can display the individual members of an array or structure Show a structure i...

Page 59: ...q1 is an array you can tell because q1 shows instead of a value Member q2 is another structure you can tell because q2 shows instead of a value Member q3 is a pointer you can tell because it is displayed as a hexadeci mal address indicated by a 0x prefix instead of an integer value If a member of a structure or an array is itself a structure or an array or even a pointer you can display its member...

Page 60: ... 1 Close any additional DISP windows or move them out of the way so that you can clearly see the original DISP window that you opened to display big1 2 Make big1 s DISP window the active window 3 Use these arrow keys to move the field cursor _ through the list of big1 s members until the cursor points to q2 F9 4 Now press F9 Close all of the DISP windows 1 Make big1 s DISP window the active window...

Page 61: ...ther format is through casting which is part of the C language In the expression below the float portion of the expres sion tells the debugger to treat address 0x100 as type float exponential floa ting point format Display memory contents in floating point format disp float 0x100 This opens a DISP window to show memory contents in an array format The array member identifiers don t necessarily corr...

Page 62: ...rmats setf 3 Now display the following data types with new formats setf int c Ints as characters setf float o Floats as octal integers setf double x Doubles as hex integers 4 List the data types to display formats again You might want to zoom the COMMAND window to compare the new listing of the type formats to the listing that you saw in step 2 setf 5 Add the variables to the WATCH window again us...

Page 63: ...g examples are for and WA DISP and MEM work similarly Use display formats with the and WA commands 1 Evaluate a variable and display it as a character small ra 1 c 2 Add a variable to the watch window and display it as an octal integer wa str a o Notice that because no label was used with WA an extra comma was inserted otherwise the o parameter would have been interpreted as a label To get ready f...

Page 64: ... location 0x0100 are in the second column of the MEMORY window 3 Click the left mouse button Notice that this highlights and identifies the field to be edited 4 Type 00000000 5 Press to enter the new value 6 Press to conclude editing Try This Here s another method for editing data 1 Make the CPU window the active window win CPU 2 Press the arrow keys until the field cursor _ points to the contents...

Page 65: ... the sample program that s fine which is why this lesson was saved for the end View the default memory map settings ml Look in the COMMAND window display area you ll see a listing of the areas that are currently mapped It s easy to add new ranges to the map or delete existing ranges Change the memory map 1 Use the MD memory delete command to delete the block of program memory md 0x0080 0000 This d...

Page 66: ... the same map that was defined in the previous lesson Define an alias for setting up the memory map 1 Use the ALIAS command to associate a nickname with the commands used for defining a memory map alias mymap mr ma 0x0080 0000 0x20 ROM ma 0x0080 0100 0x7f RAM ml Note Because of space constraints the command is shown on two lines 2 Now to use this memory map just enter the alias name mymap This is ...

Page 67: ...ke and describes the basic types of windows that you ll use Topic Page 3 1 Debugging Modes and Default Displays 3 2 3 2 Descriptions of the Different Kinds of Windows 3 6 and Their Contents 3 3 Cursors 3 20 3 4 The Active Window 3 21 3 5 Manipulating a Window 3 24 3 6 Manipulating a Window s Contents 3 29 3 7 Closing a Window 3 32 Chapter 3 ...

Page 68: ...he default mode when you first invoke the debugger you ll see a a display similar to Figure 3 1 Auto mode has two types of displays When the debugger is running assembly language code you ll see an assembly display similar to the one in Figure 3 1 The DISASSEMBLY window displays the reverse assembly of memory contents When the debugger is running C code you ll see a C display similar to the one in...

Page 69: ...00007ce0 07d5142a c_int00 MVK S2 0xfffaa28 B15 00007ce4 0780606a MVKH S2 0xc00000 B15 00007ce8 0007fe2a MVK S2 0x0ffc B0 00007cec 0000006a MVKH S2 0x0000 B0 00007cf0 07bc01e2 ADD S2 B0 B15 B15 00007cf4 07bf07a2 AND S2 0xfffffff8 B15 B15 00007cf8 0700002a MVK S2 0x0000 B14 00007cfc 0700606a MVKH S2 0xc00000 B14 00007d00 013fe428 MVK S1 0x7fc8 A2 00007d04 01000068 MVKH S1 0x0000 A2 00007d08 0fffd410...

Page 70: ...053d02f4 STW D2 A10 B15 8 0000693c 05bd22f4 STW D2 A11 B15 9 00006940 063d42f4 STW D2 A12 B15 10 00006944 06bd62f4 STW D2 A13 B15 11 00006948 000000f8 ZERO L1 A0 0000694c 003c62f4 STW D2 A0 B15 3 00006950 000000f8 ZERO L1 A0 Load Break Watch Memory Run F5 Step F8 Next F10 Color CPU A0 00007d28 B0 00000ffc A1 00000000 B1 00000000 A2 00007fc8 B2 00000000 A3 00000070 B3 00000000 A4 00000009 B4 000000...

Page 71: ... mode respectively To return to minimal mode use the MINIMAL com mand Restrictions associated with debugging modes The assembly language code that the debugger shows you is the disassembly reverse assembly of the memory contents If you load object code into memory the assembly language code is the disassembly of that object code If you don t load an object file the disassembly won t be very useful...

Page 72: ...The CALLS window identifies the current function and previous func tion calls when C code is running The PROFILE window displays statistics about code execution Data display windows are for observing and modifying various types of data There are four data display windows J A MEMORY window displays the contents of a range of memory You can display multiple MEMORY windows at one time J The CPU windo...

Page 73: ...that display output in the display area Any condition or input that creates an error The COMMAND window has two parts Command line This is where you enter commands When you want to en ter a command just type no matter which window is active The debug ger keeps a list of the last 50 commands that you entered You can select and reenter commands from the list without retyping them For more in formati...

Page 74: ...n sets a software breakpoint on an assembly language statement Modes Auto assembly display only assembly and mixed Created Automatically Affected by DASM and ADDR commands Breakpoint and run commands Within the DISASSEMBLY window the debugger highlights The statement that the program counter PC is pointing to if that line is in the current display Any statements with software breakpoints The addre...

Page 75: ...n a C statement Modes Auto C display only and mixed Created With the FILE command Automatically when you re in auto or mixed mode and your program begins executing C code Affected by FILE FUNC and ADDR commands Breakpoint and run commands You can use the FILE command to display the contents of any file within the FILE window but this window is especially useful for viewing C source files Whenever ...

Page 76: ...Automatically when you re displaying C code With the CALLS command if you closed the CALLS window Affected by Run and single step commands The display in the CALLS window changes automatically to reflect the latest function call CALLS 1 UNKNOWN CALLS 1 main If you haven t run any code no functions have been called yet You ll also see this if you re running code but are not currently run ning a C f...

Page 77: ...e selected function in the FILE window 1 Make the CALLS window the active window see Section 3 4 on page 3 21 2 Use the arrow keys to move up down through the list of function names until the appropriate function is indicated F9 3 Press F9 This displays the selected function in the FILE window You can close and reopen the CALLS window Closing the window is a two step process 1 Make the CALLS windo...

Page 78: ...ption Affected by The PF and PQ commands Any commands on the View menu Clicking in the header area of the window The PROFILE window is visible only when you are in the profiling environment The illustration above shows the window with a default set of data but the display can be modified to show specific sets of data collected during a profil ing session Note that within the profiling environment ...

Page 79: ... address column is displayed Each address in this column identifies the address of the data immediately to its right Data The remaining columns display the values at the listed addresses The data is shown in hexadecimal format as 32 bit words You can display more data by making the window wider and or longer The MEMORY window above has three columns of data and each new address is incremented by 1...

Page 80: ...RY windows To open an additional MEMORY window or to display another range of memory in a MEMORY window use the MEM command Opening an additional MEMORY window To open an additional MEMORY window enter the MEM command with a unique window name mem address display format window name For example if you want to open a new MEMORY window starting at address 0x8000 named RANGE1 enter mem 0x8000 RANGE1 T...

Page 81: ...7 You can close and reopen any of the MEMORY windows as often as you like Closing a MEMORY window Closing a window is a two step process 1 Make the appropriate MEMORY window the active window see Sec tion 3 4 on page 3 21 2 Press F4 Reopening a MEMORY window To reopen an additional MEMORY window after you ve closed it enter the MEM command with a unique window name To reopen the default MEMORY win...

Page 82: ...0000 B1 00000000 A2 00000100 B2 00000000 A3 ffffffdd B3 00000001 A4 00000002 B4 00000100 A5 00000001 B5 00000000 A6 00007754 B6 00000000 A7 00000000 B7 00000000 A8 00000000 B8 00000000 Purpose Shows the contents of the C6x registers Editable Yes you can edit the value of any displayed register Modes Auto assembly display only assembly and mixed Created Automatically Affected by Data management com...

Page 83: ...l values Modes Auto C display only mixed and minimal Created With the DISP command Affected by DISP command A DISP window is similar to a WATCH window but it shows the values of an entire array or structure instead of a single value Use the DISP command to open a DISP window the basic syntax is disp expression Data is displayed in its natural format Integer values are displayed in decimal Floating...

Page 84: ...e the WATCH window to track the values of the specific regis ters you re interested in To display the values of expressions variables or registers use the WA command the syntax is wa expression label display format window name WA adds expression to the WATCH window If there s no WATCH window then WA also opens a WATCH window The label parameter is optional When used it provides a label for the wat...

Page 85: ...individual entries from a WATCH window use the WD command with the appropriate windowname To delete all entries at once and close a WATCH window use the WR command with the appropriate window name Note that you don t need to specify a window name if you are deleting items from the de fault WATCH window ...

Page 86: ...rsor is a block shaped cursor that tracks mouse movements over the entire display This cursor is controlled by the mouse driver in stalled on your system if you haven t installed a mouse you won t see a mouse cursor on the debugger display The current field cursor identifies the current field in the active window On PCs this is the hardware cursor that is associated with your graphics card Arrow k...

Page 87: ...e debugger moves the active window to the top of other windows You can alter the active window s border style and colors if you wish Figure 3 5 illustrates the default appearance of an active window and an inactive window Figure 3 5 Default Appearance of an Active and an Inactive Window COMMAND load sample Loading sample out Done file sample c go main COMMAND load sample Loading sample out This wi...

Page 88: ...E window you ll set a break point on the statement you re pointing to Press the button again to clear the breakpoint F6 This key cycles through the windows on your display making each one active in turn and making the previously active window inactive Pressing this key highlights one of the windows showing you that the window is active Pressing F6 again makes a different window active Press F6 as ...

Page 89: ...nd to select one of them If you supply an ambiguous name such as C which could stand for CPU or CALLS the debugger selects the first window it finds whose name matches the name you supplied If the debugger doesn t find the window you asked for because you closed the window or misspelled the name then the WIN command has no effect ...

Page 90: ...ndow size varies depending on which screen size option you re using but you can t make a window larger than the screen There are two basic ways to resize a window By using the mouse By using the SIZE command 1 Point to the lower right corner of the window This corner is highlighted here s what it looks like COMMAND load sample Loading sample out Done Lower right corner highlighted 2 Grab the highl...

Page 91: ...dow size is 80 characters by 24 lines If a window is in the middle of the display you can t size it to the maximum height and width you can size it only to the right and bottom screen borders The easiest way to make a window as large as possible is to zoom it as described on page 3 26 For example if you want to use commands to make the CALLS window 8 characters wide by 20 lines long you could ente...

Page 92: ... To unzoom a window repeat the same steps you used to zoom it This will re turn the window to its prezoom size and position There are two basic ways to zoom or unzoom a window By using the mouse By using the ZOOM command 1 Point to the upper left corner of the window This corner is highlighted here s what it looks like COMMAND load sample Loading sample out go main Upper left corner highlighted 2 ...

Page 93: ...nt to the top edge or the left edge 2 Press the left mouse button but don t release it now move the mouse in any direction 3 Release the mouse button when the window is in the desired position move The MOVE command allows you to move the active window The format of this command is move X position Y position width length You can use the MOVE command in one of two ways Method 1 Supply a specific X p...

Page 94: ...indow in the lower right hand corner of the screen No X value greater than 70 or Y value greater than 20 is valid in this example Note If you choose you can resize a window at the same time you move it To do this use the width and length parameters in the same way that they are used for the SIZE command see page 3 25 MOVE method 2 Use arrow keys to interactively move the window If you enter the MO...

Page 95: ... Scrolling through a window s contents If you resize a window to make it smaller you may hide information Some times a window contains more information than can be displayed on a screen In these cases the debugger allows you to scroll information up and down within the window There are two ways to view hidden portions of a window s contents You can use the mouse to scroll the contents of the windo...

Page 96: ...ls down through the contents of the active window one window length at a time You can use CONTROL PAGE DOWN to scroll down through an array of structures displayed in a DISP window HOME When the FILE window is active pressing HOME adjusts the window s con tents so that the first line of the text file is at the top of the window You can t use HOME outside the FILE window END When the FILE window is...

Page 97: ...g data for edit ing pointing at a line and pressing F9 or the left mouse button does not allow you to modify data In the FILE and DISASSEMBLY windows pressing F9 or the mouse but ton sets or clears a breakpoint on any line of code that you select You can t modify text in a FILE or DISASSEMBLY window In the CALLS window pressing F9 or the mouse button shows the source for the function named on the ...

Page 98: ...WATCH and MEMORY windows To close one of these windows 1 Make the appropriate window active 2 Press F4 You can also close a WATCH window by using the WR command wr window name When you close a window the debugger remembers the window s size and position The next time you open the window it will have the same size and position That is if you close the CALLS window and reopen it it will have the sam...

Page 99: ... Mouse use and function key use differ from situation to situation and are described throughout this book whenever applicable This chapter includes specific rules that apply to entering commands and using pulldown menus Topic Page 4 1 Entering Commands From the Command Line 4 2 4 2 Using the Menu Bar and the Pulldown Menus 4 7 4 3 Using Dialog Boxes 4 11 4 4 Entering Commands From a Batch File 4 1...

Page 100: ... COMMAND window Figure 4 1 shows the COMMAND window Figure 4 1 The COMMAND Window COMMAND go main step 50 Display area Command line The COMMAND window serves two purposes The command line portion of the window provides you with an area for en tering commands For example the command line in Figure 4 1 shows that a STEP command was typed in but not yet entered The display area provides the debugger ...

Page 101: ...press The debugger then 1 Echoes the command to the display area 2 Executes the command and displays any resulting output 3 Clears the command line when command execution completes Once you ve typed a command you can edit the text on the command line with these keystrokes To Press Move back over text without erasing characters Move forward through text without erasing characters CONTROL L or Move ...

Page 102: ... pressing the ALT key typing certain letters causes the debugger to display a pulldown menu When a pulldown menu is displayed typing a letter causes the debugger to execute a selection from the menu When you re pressing the CONTROL key pressing H or L moves the command line cursor backward or forward through the text on the com mand line When you re editing a field typing enters a new value in the...

Page 103: ...T TAB Move backward through the list of executed commands one by one TAB Repeat the last command that you entered F2 As you move through the command history the debugger displays the commands one by one on the command line When you see a command that you want to execute simply press to execute the command You can also edit these displayed commands in the same manner that you can edit new commands ...

Page 104: ...e information is recorded into To end the recording session enter dlog close If necessary you can write over existing log files or append additional informa tion to existing files The extended format for the DLOG command is dlog filename a w The optional parameters of the DLOG command control how the log file is created and or used Creating a new log file If you use the DLOG command without one of...

Page 105: ...Run F5 Step F8 Next F10 Color CPU A0 00007d28 B0 00000ffc A1 00000000 B1 00000000 A2 00007fc8 B2 00000000 A3 00000070 B3 00000000 A4 00000009 B4 00000000 A5 00000014 B5 00000000 A6 0000003c B6 00000000 A7 00000000 B7 00000000 A8 00000000 B8 00000000 COMMAND file sample c go main mix FILE sample c 0060 0061 str f1 str f2 value 0062 0063 0064 main 0065 0066 int i 0 MEMORY 00000000 00000000 00000000 ...

Page 106: ...ct as executing a command by typing it in If you select a command that has no parameters or only optional parame ters the debugger executes the command as soon as you select it If you select a command that has one or more required parameters the debugger displays a dialog box when you make your selection A dialog box offers you the chance to type in the parameters values for the com mand The follo...

Page 107: ...the key that corresponds to the highlighted letter of your selection in the menu Keyboard method 2 ALT 1 Press the ALT key don t release it X 2 Press the key that corresponds to the highlighted letter in the selection name release both keys This displays the menu and freezes it 3 Use the arrow keys to move up and down through the menu 4 When your selection is highlighted press Escaping from the pu...

Page 108: ...mouse button This executes your choice in the same manner as typing in the associated command without its optional expression parameter F5 Pressing this key is equivalent to typing in the RUN command without an expression parameter F8 Pressing this key is equivalent to typing in the STEP command without an expression parameter F10 Pressing this key is equivalent to typing in the NEXT command witho...

Page 109: ...s a dialog box that asks you for this parameter information The dialog box looks like this Label Expression Format Watch Add OK Cancel Window name You can enter an expression just as you would if you typed the WA command After you enter an expression press TAB or The cursor moves down to the next parameter Label Expression Format Watch Add OK Cancel Window name MY_VAR When the dialog box displays ...

Page 110: ...ress TAB or to move to the next parameter You can edit what you type or values that remain from a previous entry in the same way that you can edit text on the command line See Section 4 1 for more information on editing text on the command line When you ve entered a value for the final parameter point and click on OK to save your changes or on Cancel to discard your changes the debugger closes the...

Page 111: ... supply path information with the filename the debugger looks for the file in the specified directory only J If you don t supply path information with the filename the debugger looks for the file in the current directory J If the debugger can t find the file in the current directory it looks in any directories that you identified with the D_DIR environment variable You can set D_DIR within the ope...

Page 112: ...vice echo Creating new memory map Notice that the string is not enclosed in quotes When you execute the batch file the following message appears Creating new memory map Note that any leading blanks in your string are removed when the ECHO com mand is executed Controlling command execution in a batch file In batch files you can control the flow of debugger commands You can choose to execute debugge...

Page 113: ...12 Basic Information About C Expressions for more information To set up a looping situation to execute debugger commands in a batch file use the LOOP ENDLOOP commands The syntax is loop expression debugger command debugger command endloop These looping commands evaluate using the same method as the run conditional command expression See Chapter 12 Basic Information About C Expressions for more inf...

Page 114: ...the expression For example if you want to trace some register values continuously you can set up a looping expression like the following loop 0 step PC A0 endloop The IF ELSE ENDIF and LOOP ENDLOOP commands work with the follow ing conditions You can use conditional and looping commands only in a batch file You must enter each debugger command on a separate line in the batch file You can t nest co...

Page 115: ...s For example suppose you always began a debugging session by loading the same object file displaying the same C source file and running to a certain point in the code You could define an alias to do all these tasks at once alias init load test out file source c go main Now you could enter init instead of the three commands listed within the quote marks Supplying parameters to the command string T...

Page 116: ...he debugger displays the definition in the COMMAND window For example if you have defined the init alias as shown on page 4 17 you could enter alias init Then you d see INIT aliased as load test out file source c go main Nesting alias definitions You can include a defined alias name in the command string of another alias definition This is especially useful when the command string is longer than t...

Page 117: ...tions are lost when you exit the debugger If you want to reuse aliases define them in a batch file 2 Individual commands within a command string are limited to an expand ed length of 132 characters The expanded length of the command includes the length of any substituted parameter values ...

Page 118: ...4 20 ...

Page 119: ...mmands described in this chapter can also be entered by using the Memory pulldown menu see Section 4 2 Using the Menu Bar and the Pulldown Menus page 4 7 Topic Page 5 1 The Memory Map What It Is and Why You Must Define It 5 2 5 2 A Sample Memory Map 5 4 5 3 Identifying Usable Memory Ranges 5 5 5 4 Enabling Memory Mapping 5 8 5 5 Checking the Memory Map 5 9 5 6 Modifying the Memory Map During a Deb...

Page 120: ...his can be inconvenient be cause in most cases you ll set up one memory map before you begin debug ging and will use this map for all of your debugging sessions The easiest method for defining a memory map is to put the memory mapping commands in a batch file Defining the memory map in a batch file There are two methods for defining the memory map in a batch file You can redefine the memory map de...

Page 121: ...the data display windows On color monitors invalid memory locations by default are displayed in red Accessing an undefined or protected area When memory mapping is enabled the debugger checks each of its memory accesses against the memory map If you attempt to access an undefined or protected area the debugger displays an error message Loading a COFF file with sections that cross a memory range Be...

Page 122: ...add commands define valid memory ranges and identify the read write characteristics of the memory ranges By default mapping is enabled when you invoke the debugger Figure 5 1 b illustrates the memory map defined by the MA commands in Figure 5 1 a Figure 5 1 Sample Memory Map for Use With a TMS320C6x Simulator a Memory map commands b Memory map for C6x local memory 0x0000 0000 to 0x0002 FFFF 0x0003...

Page 123: ...xisting entry If you define a range that overlaps an existing range the debugger ignores the new range and displays this error message in the display area of the COMMAND window Conflicting map range The length parameter defines the length of the range This parameter can be any C expression The type parameter identifies the read write characteristics of the memory range The type must be one of thes...

Page 124: ...do not allocate more than 20K words of memory in your memory map For example the following memory map allocates 64K words of C6x program memory Example 5 1 Sample Memory Map for the TMS320C6x Using Memory Cache Capabilities MA 0 0x5000 R W MA 0x5000 0x5000 R W MA 0xa000 0x5000 R W MA 0xf000 0x1000 R W The simulator creates temporary files in a separate directory on your disk For example when you e...

Page 125: ...ould be sufficient free space on your disk to run any memory map you want to use If you use the MA command to allocate 20K words 40K bytes of memory in your memory map your disk should have at least 40K bytes of free space available To do this enter ma 0x0 0x5000 ram Note You can also use the memory cache capability feature for the data memory ...

Page 126: ... map off Note that disabling memory mapping can cause bus fault problems in the target because the debugger may attempt to access nonexistent memory Note When memory mapping is enabled you cannot Access memory locations that are not defined by an MA command Modify memory areas that are defined as read only or protected If you attempt to access memory in these situations the debugger displays this ...

Page 127: ... command is ml The ML command lists the starting address ending address and read write characteristics of each defined memory range Here is an example of the re sults shown in the display area of the COMMAND window when you enter the ML command Memory range Attributes 00000000 0000ffff READ WRITE 00800000 008000ff READ WRITE 00c00000 00c0ffff READ WRITE Ending address Starting address ...

Page 128: ...ebugger memory map ma If you want to add a memory range to the memory map use the MA memory add command The syntax for this command is ma address length type The MA command is described in detail on page 5 5 Returning to the original memory map If you modify the memory map you may want to go back to the original memory map without quitting and reinvoking the debugger You can do this by resetting t...

Page 129: ...d view the associated source code Many of the commands described in this chapter can also be executed from the Load pulldown menu see Section 4 2 Using the Menu Bar and the Pulldown Menus page 4 7 Topic Page 6 1 Code Display Windows 6 2 Viewing Assembly Language Code C Code or Both 6 2 Displaying Your Source Programs or Other Text Files 6 4 6 3 Loading Object Code 6 8 6 4 Where the Debugger Looks ...

Page 130: ...ssembly language code or C code Here s a summary of the modes and displays for a complete description of the three debugging modes refer to Section 3 1 Debugging Modes and Default Displays on page 3 2 Use this mode To view The debugger uses these code display windows assembly assembly language code only even if your program is execut ing C code DISASSEMBLY auto assembly language code when that s w...

Page 131: ...n the menu until your choice is highlighted 3 Release the mouse button For more information about the pulldown menus refer to Section 4 2 Using the Menu Bar and the Pulldown Menus on page 4 7 F3 Pressing this key causes the debugger to switch modes in this order auto assembly mixed Enter any of these commands to switch to the desired debugging mode c Changes from the current mode to auto mode asm ...

Page 132: ...ILE windows are not large enough to show the entire contents of most assembly language and C files but you can scroll through the windows You can also tell the debugger to display specific portions of the disassembly or C source Displaying assembly language code The assembly language code in the DISASSEMBLY window is the reverse assembly of program memory contents This code doesn t come from any o...

Page 133: ... dasm Use the DASM command to display code beginning at a specific point The syntax for this command is dasm address or dasm function name This command modifies the display so that address or function name is displayed within the DISASSEMBLY window The debugger continues to dis play this portion of the code until you run a program and halt it addr Use the ADDR command to display assembly language ...

Page 134: ...gram and halt in a C function Although this command is most useful for viewing C code you can use the FILE command for displaying any text file You can view only one text file at a time Note that you can also access this command from the Load pulldown menu Displaying a file doesn t load that file s object code If you want to be able to run the program you must load the file s associated object cod...

Page 135: ... applies only to the functions listed in the CALLS window 1 In the CALLS window point to the name of the C function 2 Click the left mouse button If the CALLS window is active you can also use the arrow keys and F9 to display the function see the CALLS window discussion on page 3 10 for details Displaying other text files TheDISASSEMBLY window always displays the reverse assembly of memory content...

Page 136: ...e debugger you can use one of three commands to load object code and or the symbol table associated with an object file Use these commands as described below or use them from the Load pulldown menu load Use the LOAD command to load both an object file and its associated symbol table In effect the LOAD command performs both a RELOAD and an SLOAD The format for this command is load object filename I...

Page 137: ...g system environment you can name additional directories with the D_SRC environment variable The format for doing this is setenv D_SRC pathname pathname This allows you to name several directories that the debugger can search J When you invoke the debugger you can use the i option to name additional source directories for the debugger to search The format for this option is i pathname You can spec...

Page 138: ...fining the starting point for program execution All run and single step commands begin executing from the current PC When you load an object file the PC is automatically set to the starting point for pro gram execution You can easily identify the current PC by Finding its entry in the CPU window Finding the appropriately highlighted line in the FILE or DISASSEMBLY window To do this execute one of ...

Page 139: ...ply a logical or relational expression this becomes a conditional run see page 6 14 If you supply any other type of expression the debugger treats the expres sion as a count parameter The debugger executes count instructions halts then updates the display go Use the GO command to execute code up to a specific point in your program The format for this command is go address If you don t supply an ad...

Page 140: ...logical or relational expression this becomes a conditional single step execution see page 6 14 If you supply any other type of expression the debugger treats the expres sion as a count parameter The debugger single steps count C or assembly language statements depending on the type of code you re in step Use the STEP command to single step through assembly language or C code The format for this c...

Page 141: ...lled functions they always step to the next consecutive state ment The formats for these commands are next expression cnext expression You can also single step through programs by using function keys F8 Acts as a STEP command F10 Acts as a NEXT command When you use the function keys to single step through programs you can t en ter an expression for the command The debugger allows you to execute se...

Page 142: ...ommand becomes a conditional run The debugger executes the command repeatedly for as long as the expression evaluates to true You must use software breakpoints with conditional runs the expression is evaluated each time the debugger encounters a breakpoint Breakpoints are described in Chapter 8 Using Software Breakpoints Each time the debugger evaluates the conditional expression it updates the sc...

Page 143: ...er encounters a breakpoint or if it reaches a particular point where you told it to stop by supplying a count or an address If you d like to explicitly halt program execution there are two ways to accom plish this Click the left mouse button ESC Press the escape key After halting execution you can continue program execution from the current PC by reissuing any of the run or single step commands ...

Page 144: ...6 16 ...

Page 145: ...registers Variables including scalar types ints chars etc and aggregate types arrays structures etc Topic Page 7 1 Where Data Is Displayed 7 2 7 2 Basic Commands for Managing Data 7 2 7 3 Basic Methods for Changing Data Values 7 4 7 4 Managing Data in Memory 7 6 7 5 Managing Register Data 7 10 7 6 Managing Data in a DISP Display Window 7 11 7 7 Managing Data in a WATCH Window 7 14 7 8 Displaying D...

Page 146: ...ta This group of windows is referred to as data display windows 7 2 Basic Commands for Managing Data The debugger provides special purpose commands for displaying and modify ing data in dedicated windows The debugger also supports several general purpose commands that you can use to display or modify any type of data whatis If you want to know the type of a variable use the WHATIS command The synt...

Page 147: ...ays the entire contents of the structure or array you can halt long listings by pressing ESC Here are some examples that use the command Command Result displayed in the COMMAND window aai aai 0 0 1 aai 0 1 23 aai 0 2 45 etc j 4194425 j 0x5a 90 Note that the DISP command described in detail on page 7 11 behaves like the command when its expression parameter does not identify an aggregate type eval ...

Page 148: ...m that you want to modify 2 Click the left button The debugger highlights the selected field Note that the window containing this field becomes active when you press the mouse button ESC 3 Type the new information If you make a mistake or change your mind press ESC or move the mouse outside the field and press release the left button this resets the field to its original value 4 When you finish ty...

Page 149: ...xpressions can have side effects When an expression has a side effect it means that the value of some variable in the expression changes as the result of evaluating the expression This means that you can coerce many commands into changing values for you Specifically it s most helpful to use and EVAL to change data as well as display it For example if you want to see what s in auxiliary register A3...

Page 150: ...Methods for Changing Data Values Displaying memory contents The main way to observe memory contents is to view the display in a MEMORY window The debugger displays the default MEMORY windows au tomatically labeled MEMORY You can open any number of additional MEMORY windows to display different memory ranges The amount of memory that you can display in a MEMORY window is limited by the size of the ...

Page 151: ...operator to use the address of the symbol J C expression If you use a C expression as a parameter the debug ger evaluates the expression and uses the result as a memory ad dress mem SP A0 label The display format parameter is optional When used the data is dis played in the selected format as shown in Table 7 1 on page 7 17 The window name parameter is optional if you are displaying a different me...

Page 152: ...ry location you can use the command to display the value at this address For example if you want to know the contents of data memory location 26 hex you could enter 0x26 The debugger displays the memory value in the display area of the COMMAND window If you want the opportunity to observe a specific memory location over a longer period of time you can display it in a WATCH window Use the WA comman...

Page 153: ...that were saved in a file use the LOAD command For example to reload the values that were stored in memsave enter load memsave obj Filling a block of memory fill Sometimes it s useful to be able to fill an entire block of memory at once You can do this by using the FILL command The syntax for this command is fill address length data The address parameter identifies the first address in the block T...

Page 154: ...sted in all of the registers if you re in terested in only a few registers you might want to make the CPU window small and use the extra screen space for the DISASSEMBLY or FILE display In this type of situation there are several ways to observe the contents of the selected registers If you have only a temporary interest in the contents of a register you can use the command to display the register...

Page 155: ...82452229 6 35659888 7 37749506 8 134742016 9 138412801 Remember you can use the data management commands or the debugger s overwrite editing capability to modify the contents of any value displayed in a DISP window For more information refer to Section 7 3 Basic Methods for Changing Data Values Displaying data in a DISP window disp To open a DISP window use the DISP command Its basic syntax is dis...

Page 156: ...named str and one of str s members is an array named f4 you can display the contents of the array by entering this command disp str f4 This opens a new DISP window that shows the contents of the array If str has a member named f3 that is a pointer you could enter disp str f3 This opens a window to display what str f3 points to Here s another method of displaying the additional data 1 Point to the ...

Page 157: ...e two step process 1 Make the DISP window that you want to close active see Section 3 4 The Active Window on page 3 21 2 Press F4 Note that you can close a window and all of its children by closing the original window Note The debugger automatically closes any DISP windows when you execute a LOAD or SLOAD command ...

Page 158: ...ue The debugger displays a WATCH window only when you specifically request a WATCH window with the WA command described below For additional details concerning the WATCH window see WATCH windows on page 3 18 Remember you can use the data management commands or the debugger s overwrite editing capability to modify the contents of any value displayed in the WATCH window For more information refer to...

Page 159: ...the WATCH window If you want to use the contents of an address as a parameter be sure to prefix the address with the C indirection operator Use the WA com mand to do this wa 0x26 The label parameter is optional When used it provides a label for the watched entry If you don t use a label the debugger displays the expres sion in the label field The display format parameter is optional When used the ...

Page 160: ...item from a WATCH window use the WD watch delete command The syntax is wd index number window name Whenever you add an item to a WATCH window the debugger assigns it an index number The illustration of the WATCH window on page 7 14 points to these watch indexes The WD command s index number parameter must cor respond to one of the watch indexes in the named WATCH window Note that deleting an item ...

Page 161: ...t format use the SETF command The syntax for this command is setf data type display format The display format parameter identifies the new display format for any data of type data type Table 7 1 lists the available formats and the corresponding characters that can be used as the display format parameter Table 7 1 Display Formats for Debugger Data Display Format Parameter Display Format Parameter D...

Page 162: ...type short as an unsigned decimal enter setf short u To return all data of type short to its default display format enter setf short To list the current display formats for each data type enter the SETF command with no parameters setf You ll see a display that looks something like this Type Format Defaults char ASCII uchar Unsigned decimal int Decimal uint Unsigned decimal short Decimal ushort Uns...

Page 163: ...ETF command When you don t use a display format parameter data is shown in its natural format unless you have changed the format for the data type with SETF Here are some examples To watch the PC in decimal enter wa pc d To display memory contents in octal enter mem 0x0 o To display an array of integers as characters enter disp ai c The valid combinations of data types and display formats listed f...

Page 164: ...7 20 ...

Page 165: ...oftware breakpoints at critical points in your code You can set soft ware breakpoints in assembly language code and in C code A software break point halts any program execution whether you re running or single stepping through code Software breakpoints are especially useful in combination with conditional execution described on page 6 14 Topic Page 8 1 Setting a Software Breakpoint 8 2 8 2 Clearin...

Page 166: ...ghlights the associated statement in the disassembly If more than one assembly language statement is associated with a C statement the debugger highlights the first of the associated assembly language statements DISASSEMBLY 00006930 073d94f4 BP main STW D2 00006934 003ce2f4 STW D2 00006938 053d02f4 STW D2 FILE sample c 0063 0064 BP main 0065 0066 int i 0 A breakpoint is set at this C statement not...

Page 167: ... where you d like to set a breakpoint F9 3 Press the F9 key Repeating this action clears the breakpoint ba If you know the address where you d like to set a software breakpoint you can use the BA breakpoint add command This command is useful because it doesn t require you to search through code to find the desired line The syntax for the BA command is ba address This command sets a breakpoint at a...

Page 168: ...nted assembly language or C statement F9 2 Press the F9 key br If you want to clear all the software breakpoints that are set use the BR break point reset command This command is useful because it doesn t require you to search through code to find the desired line The syntax for the BR command is br bd If you d like to clear one specific software breakpoint and you know the address of this breakpo...

Page 169: ...is bl The BL command displays a table of software breakpoints in the display area of the COMMAND window BL lists all the software breakpoints that are set in the order in which you set them Here s an example of this type of list Address Symbolic Information 00006930 in main at line 60 user fred c6xhll sample c The address is the memory address of the breakpoint The symbolic informa tion identifies...

Page 170: ...8 6 ...

Page 171: ...y features such as window borders how the current statement is highlighted etc In addition if you re using a color display you can change the colors of any area on the screen Once you ve customized the display to your liking you can save the custom configuration for use in future debugging sessions Topic Page 9 1 Changing the Colors of the Debugger Display 9 2 9 2 Changing the Border Styles of the...

Page 172: ...n imme diately and COLOR doesn t update the screen the new colors attributes take effect as soon as the debugger executes another command that updates the screen You might use the COLOR command several times followed by an SCOLOR command to put all of the changes into effect at once The area name parameter identifies the areas of the display that are affected The attributes identify how the areas ...

Page 173: ...to type an entire attribute or area name you need to type only enough letters to uniquely identify either parameter If you supply ambiguous attribute names the debugger interprets the names in this order black blue bright blink If you supply ambiguous area names the debugger interprets them in the order that they re listed in Table 9 2 left to right top to bottom The remainder of this section iden...

Page 174: ...tive win_border The reversed L in the lower right corner of a resizable window win_resize Window border of the active window win_hiborder Area names COMMAND window COMMAND go main cmd_echo cmd_input cmd_prompt cmd_cursor Done file sample c wa eee Name eee not found error_msg Area identification Parameter name Echoed commands in display area cmd_echo Errors shown in display area error_msg Command l...

Page 175: ...in 00056 eof asm_cdata file_eof Area identification Parameter name Object code in DISASSEMBLY window that is associated with current C statement asm_cdata Object code in DISASSEMBLY window asm_data Addresses in DISASSEMBLY window asm_label Addresses in DISASSEMBLY window that are associated with current C statement asm_clabel Line numbers in FILE window file_line End of file marker in FILE window ...

Page 176: ...ite Area identification Parameter name Label of a window field includes register names in CPU win dow addresses in MEMORY window index numbers and labels in WATCH window member names in DISP window field_label Text of a window field includes data values for all data dis play windows and of most command output messages in command window field_text Text of a highlighted field field_hilite Text of a ...

Page 177: ...d Load Break Watch Add Delete Reset Memory Color Mode Area identification Parameter name Top line of display screen background to main menu choices menu_bar Border of any pulldown menu menu_border Text of a menu entry menu_entry Invocation key for a menu or menu entry menu_cmd Text for current selected menu entry menu_hilite Invocation key for current selected menu entry menu_hicmd ...

Page 178: ...ese styles Index Style 0 Double lined box 1 Single lined box 2 Solid 1 2 tone top double lined sides and bottom 3 Solid 1 4 tone top double lined sides and bottom 4 Solid box thin border 5 Solid box heavy sides thin top and bottom 6 Solid box heavy borders 7 Solid 1 2 tone box 8 Solid 1 4 tone box Here are some examples of the BORDER command Note that you can skip parameters if desired border 6 7 ...

Page 179: ... con figurations Note that these are binary files not text files so you can t edit the files with a text editor Changing the default display for monochrome monitors The default display is most useful with color monitors The debugger highlights changed values messages and other information with color this may not be particularly helpful if you are using a monochrome monitor The debugger package inc...

Page 180: ... configuration into a file named init clr Note that you can execute this command as the Save selection on the Color pulldown menu Loading a custom display sconfigYou can use the SCONFIG command to restore the display to a particular con figuration The format for this command is sconfig filename This restores the screen resolution colors window positions window sizes border styles and on PCs video ...

Page 181: ...tom display If you set up the screen in a way that you like and always want to invoke the debugger with this screen configuration you have two choices for accomplishing this Save the configuration in init clr Add a line to the batch file that the debugger executes at invocation time init cmd This line should use the SCONFIG command to load the cus tom configuration Returning to the default display...

Page 182: ...string Note that the SSAVE command doesn t save the command line prompt as part of a custom configuration The SCONFIG command doesn t change the command line prompt If you change the prompt it stays changed until you change it again even if you use SCONFIG to load a different screen configura tion If you always want to use a different prompt you can add a PROMPT com mand to the init cmd batch file...

Page 183: ...basic debugging envi ronment the only way to switch between the two environments is by exiting and then reinvoking the debugger Topic Page 10 1 An Overview of the Profiling Process 10 2 10 2 Entering the Profiling Environment 10 3 10 3 Defining Areas for Profiling 10 5 10 4 Defining the Stopping Point 10 13 10 5 Running a Profiling Session 10 15 10 6 Viewing Profile Data 10 17 10 7 Saving Profile ...

Page 184: ... 17 Step 5 Note When you compile a program that will be profiled you must use the g and the as options The g option includes symbolic debugging information the as option ensures that you will be able to include ranges as profile areas A profiling strategy The profiling environment provides a method for collecting execution statistics about specific areas in your code This gives you immediate feedb...

Page 185: ...ever you can use a similar feature called stopping points when you mark sections of code for profiling The profiling environment supports only a subset of the debugger commands Table 10 1 lists the debugger commands that can and can t be used in the profiling environment Table 10 1 Debugger Commands That Can Can t Be Used in the Profiling Environment Can be used Can t be used ALIAS CD CLS DASM DIR...

Page 186: ...ample here s one of the submenus for the Mark menu Mark C level Asm level Line areas Range areas Function areas Explicitly in one Function C level Line areas Explicitly in one Function Chapter 11 Summary of Commands and Special Keys shows which debug ger commands are associated with the menu items in the basic debugger pull down menus Because the profiling environment supports over 100 profile spe...

Page 187: ...ks and more complex tasks The following subsections explain how to mark disable reenable and unmark profile areas by using the mouse or the pulldown menus The individual com mands are summarized in Restrictions of the profiling environment on page 10 3 Restrictions on profiling areas are summarized on page 10 12 Marking an area Marking an area qualifies it for profiling so that the debugger can co...

Page 188: ...to the first line of the range you want to mark 2 Click the left mouse button The beginning of the line will be highlighted with 3 Point to the last line of the range 4 Click the left mouse button again The beginning of the line will be highlighted with Re range enabled marking the beginning of the range The last line will be highlighted with marking the end of the range Marking a function These i...

Page 189: ...t applicable C areas are identified by line number disassembly areas are identified by address Disabling an area At times it is useful to identify areas that you don t want to impact profile statis tics To do this you should disable the appropriate area Disabling effectively subtracts the timing information of the disabled area from all profile areas that include or call the disabled area Areas mu...

Page 190: ... area 1 Point to the marked line 2 Click the left mouse button once The beginning of the line will be highlighted with Rd range disabled Disabling a function area 1 Point to the marked statement that declares the function 2 Click the left mouse button once The beginning of the line will be highlighted with Fd function disabled ...

Page 191: ...pplicable in one Function in one Module Globally Ranges By line numbers All ranges in a function All ranges in a module All ranges everywhere Range areas Explicitly in one Function in one Module Globally Range areas Explicitly in one Function in one Module Globally Range areas not applicable in one Function in one Module Globally Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions e...

Page 192: ... everywhere Line areas Explicitly in one Function in one Module Globally Line areas Explicitly in one Function in one Module Globally Line areas not applicable in one Function in one Module Globally Ranges By line numbers All ranges in a function All ranges in a module All ranges everywhere Range areas Explicitly in one Function in one Module Globally Range areas Explicitly in one Function in one ...

Page 193: ... a line area 1 Point to the marked line 2 Click the right mouse button once The line will no longer be highlighted Unmarking a range area 1 Point to the marked line 2 Click the right mouse button once The line will no longer be highlighted Unmarking a function area 1 Point to the marked statement that declares the function 2 Click the right mouse button once The line will no longer be highlighted ...

Page 194: ...odule Globally Range areas not applicable in one Function in one Module Globally Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions everywhere Function areas Explicitly in one Module Globally not applicable Function areas not applicable in one Module Globally All areas All areas in a function All areas in a module All areas everywhere All areas in one Function in one Module Globall...

Page 195: ...op at the first one it finds Each stopping point is highlighted in the FILE or DISASSEMBLY window with a character at the beginning of the line Even though no statistics can be gathered for areas following a stopping point the areas will be listed in the PROFILE window You can use the mouse or commands to add or delete a stopping point you can also use commands to list or reset all the stopping po...

Page 196: ...be a label a function name or a memory address sd To delete a stopping point use the SD stop delete command The syntax for this command is sd address This deletes address as a stopping point As for SA the address can be a label a function name or a memory address sr To delete all the stopping points at once use the SR stop reset command The syntax for this command is sr This deletes all stopping p...

Page 197: ...yntax for this command is pq starting point update rate The debugger will collect statistics on the defined areas between the starting point and the stopping point The starting point parameter can be a label a function name or a memory address There is no default starting point The update rate is an optional parameter that determines how often the statis tics listed in the PROFILE window will be u...

Page 198: ...sion by pressing ESC pr Use the PR command to resume a profiling session that has halted The syntax for this command is pr clear data update rate The optional clear data parameter tells the debugger whether or not it should clear out the previously collected data The clear data parameter can have one of these values 0 The profiler will continue to collect data adding it to the existing data for th...

Page 199: ... the default set of profile data including Count Inclusive Incl Max Exclusive and Excl Max The data is sorted on the address of the first line in each area All marked areas are listed including disabled areas You can modify the PROFILE window to display selected profile areas or different data you can also sort the data differently The following subsections explain how to do these things Note To r...

Page 200: ...on of a profile area Address The memory address of the line If the area is a function or range the Address field shows the memory address of the first line in the area In addition to viewing this data in the default manner you can view each of these statistics individually The benefit of viewing them individually is that in addition to a cycle count you are also supplied with a percentage indicati...

Page 201: ...hould not change Sorting profile data By default the data displayed in the PROFILE window is sorted according to the memory addresses of the displayed areas The area with the least signifi cant address is listed first followed by the area with the next least significant address etc When you view fields individually the data is automatically sorted from highest cycle count to lowest instead of by a...

Page 202: ...ule Globally Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions everywhere Function areas Explicitly in one Module Globally not applicable Function areas not applicable in one Module Globally All areas All areas in a function All areas in a module All areas everywhere Range areas in one Function in one Module Globally Range areas in one Function in one Module Globally Range areas i...

Page 203: ...ws Use the mouse to select the profile area in the PROFILE window and display the associated code 1 Point to the appropriate area name in the PROFILE window 2 Click the right mouse button The area name and the associated C or disassembly statement will be highlighted To view the code associated with another area point and click again If you are attempting to show disassembly you may have to make s...

Page 204: ...s all views of the data including the individual count inclusive etc with the percentage indications and histograms Both commands write profile data to filename The filename can include path information There is no default filename If filename already exists the command will overwrite the file with the new data Note that if the PROFILE window displays only a subset of the areas that are marked for...

Page 205: ...mands profiling com mands and the debugger s special key sequences Topic Page 11 1 Functional Summary of Debugger Commands 11 2 11 2 How the Menu Selections Correspond to Commands 11 8 11 3 Alphabetical Summary of Debugger Commands 11 10 11 4 Summary of Profiling Commands 11 46 11 5 Summary of Special Keys 11 50 Chapter 11 ...

Page 206: ...th some control over the target system Managing breakpoints These commands listed on page 11 4 provide you with a command line method for controlling software breakpoints Displaying files and loading programs These commands listed on page 11 5 enable you to change the displays in the FILE and DISASSEMBLY windows and to load object files into memory Customizing the screen These commands listed on p...

Page 207: ... do this Use this command See page Evaluate and display the result of a C expression 11 10 Display the values in an array or structure or display the value that a pointer is pointing to disp 11 18 Evaluate a C expression without displaying the results eval 11 22 Display a different range of memory in the MEMORY window or display an additional MEMORY window mem 11 26 Change the default format for d...

Page 208: ...tch file if else endif 11 23 Loop debugger commands in a batch file loop endloop 11 24 Exit the debugger quit 11 32 Reset the target system reset 11 32 Associate a beeping sound with the display of error messages sound 11 38 Execute commands from a batch file take 11 40 Delete an alias definition unalias 11 40 Name additional directories that can be searched when you load source files use 11 41 Ma...

Page 209: ...creen To do this Use this command See page Change the border style of any window border 11 14 Change the screen colors but don t update the screen immediately color 11 16 Change the command line prompt prompt 11 31 Change the screen colors and update the screen immediately scolor 11 34 Load and use a previously saved custom screen configuration sconfig 11 35 Save a custom screen configuration ssav...

Page 210: ...ode one C statement at a time cstep 11 17 Run a program up to a certain point go 11 23 Single step through assembly language or C code step over function calls next 11 29 Reset the target system reset 11 32 Reset the program entry point restart 11 32 Execute code in a function and return to the func tion s caller return 11 33 Run a program run 11 33 Single step through assembly language or C code ...

Page 211: ... from the command line instead of from a menu these commands are also described in the alphabetical command summary The remaining profiling commands are summarized in Section 11 4 Summary of Profiling Com mands on page 11 46 To do this Use this command See page Run a full profiling session pf 11 30 Run a quick profiling session pq 11 31 Resume a profiling session pr 11 31 Add a stopping point sa 1...

Page 212: ...in the command you ve selected For example on the Load menu to execute FIle press F If you don t want to execute a command press ESC to close the menu Note Because the profiling environment supports over 100 profile specific commands it s not practical to show the commands associated with the profile menu choices Program execution commands Run F5 Step F8 Next F10 RUN command without a parameter NE...

Page 213: ...ommands Memory Add Delete Reset List Enable Fill Save MA command MD command MR command ML command MAP command FILL command MS command Screen configuration commands Color Load Save Config Border Prompt SCONFIG command SSAVE command SCOLOR command BORDER command PROMPT command Mode commands MoDe C auto Asm Mixed MiNimal C command ASM command MIX command MINIMAL command ...

Page 214: ...ession including an expression with side effects however you cannot use a string constant or function call in the expression If the result of expression is not an array or structure then the debugger displays the results in the COMMAND window If expression is a structure or array displays the entire contents of the structure or array you can halt long listings by pressing ESC When you use the opti...

Page 215: ...c point ADDR s behavior changes depending on the current debugging mode In assembly mode ADDR works like the DASM command positioning the code starting at address or at function name as the first line of code in the DISASSEMBLY window In a C display ADDR works like the FUNC command displaying the code starting at address or at function name in the FILE window In mixed mode ADDR affects both the DI...

Page 216: ...ign followed by a number 1 2 etc The total number of characters for an individual command expanded to include parameter values is limited to 132 this restriction applies to the debugger version of the ALIAS command only Previously defined alias names can be included as part of the definition for a new alias To find the current definition of an alias enter the ALIAS command with the alias name only...

Page 217: ...param eter is treated as a program memory address Delete Software Breakpoint bd Syntax bd address Menu selection Break Delete Environments basic debugger profiling Description The BD command clears a software breakpoint at a specific address The address can be an absolute address any C expression the name of a C func tion or the name of an assembly language label List Software Breakpoints bl Synta...

Page 218: ...ex Style 0 Double lined box 1 Single lined box 2 Solid 1 2 tone top double lined sides bottom 3 Solid 1 4 tone top double lined sides bottom 4 Solid box thin border 5 Solid box heavy sides thin top bottom 6 Solid box heavy borders 7 Solid 1 2 tone box 8 Solid 1 4 tone box Note that you can execute the BORDER command as the Border selection on the Color pulldown menu The debugger displays a dialog ...

Page 219: ... no effect Open CALLS Window calls Syntax calls Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description The CALLS command displays the CALLS window The debugger displays this window automatically when you are in auto C or mixed mode However you can close the CALLS window the CALLS command opens the window again Clear Screen cls Syntax cls Menu selection none Environments basic debugg...

Page 220: ... you want to single step You can also use a conditional expression for conditional single step execution Running code conditionally page 6 14 discusses this in detail Change Screen Colors color Syntax color area name attribute1 attribute2 attribute3 attribute4 Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description The COLOR command changes the color of specified areas of the debugge...

Page 221: ...expression Menu selection Step F8 in C code Environments basic debugger profiling Description The CSTEP single steps through a program one C statement at a time updating the display after executing each statement If you re using CSTEP to step through assembly language code the debugger won t update the display until it has executed all assembly language statements associated with a single C statem...

Page 222: ...nter expressions to a scalar type of the form pointer If the expression is not one of these types then DISP acts like a command Once you open a DISP window you may find that a displayed member is itself an array structure or pointer A member that is an array looks like this A member that is a structure looks like this A member that is a pointer looks like an address 0x0000 You can display the addi...

Page 223: ...nsigned decimal f Decimal floating point x Hexadecimal The display format parameter can be used only when you are displaying a scalar type an array of scalar type or an individual member of an aggregate type You can also use the DISP command with a typecast expression to display memory contents in any format Here are some examples disp 0 disp float 123 disp char 0x111 This shows memory in the DISP...

Page 224: ...sults with a semicolon to turn them into comments This way you can easily reexecute the commands in your log file by using the TAKE command To end the recording session enter dlog close If necessary you can write over existing log files or append additional informa tion to existing files The optional parameters of the DLOG command control how existing log files are used Appending to an existing fi...

Page 225: ...is executed You can execute the ECHO command only in a batch file Execute Alternative Commands else Description ELSE provides an alternative list of commands in the IF ELSE ENDIF command sequence See page 11 23 for more information about these commands Terminate Conditional Sequence endif Description ENDIF identifies the end of a conditional execution command sequence begun with an IF command See ...

Page 226: ...er profiling Description The FILE command displays the contents of any text file in the FILE window The debugger continues to display this file until you run a program and halt in a C function This command is intended primarily for displaying C source code You can view only one text file at a time You are restricted to displaying files that are 65 518 bytes long or less Fill Memory fill Syntax fil...

Page 227: ...xecutes code up to a specific point in your program If you don t supply an address then GO acts like a RUN command without an expression parameter Conditionally Execute Debugger Commands if else endif Syntax if expression debugger commands else debugger commands endif Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description These commands allow you to execute debugger commands conditi...

Page 228: ...loop Syntax loop expression debugger commands endloop Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description The LOOP ENDLOOP commands allow you to set up a looping situation in a batch file These looping commands evaluate in the same method as in the run conditional command expression If you use an expression that is not Boolean the debugger evaluates the expression as a loop count...

Page 229: ... the length of the range This parameter can be any C expression The type parameter identifies the read write characteristics of the memory range The type must be one of these keywords To identify this kind of memory Use this keyword as the type parameter Read only memory R ROM or READONLY Write only memory W WOM or WRITEONLY Read write memory WR or RAM No access memory PROTECT Input port INPORT or...

Page 230: ...nments basic debugger profiling Description The MEM command identifies a new starting address for the block of memory displayed in the MEMORY window The optional window name parameter opens an additional MEMORY window allowing you to view a separate block of memory The debugger displays the contents of memory at expression in the first data position in the MEMORY window The end of the range is def...

Page 231: ...o effect Enter Mixed Mode mix Syntax mix Menu selection MoDe Mixed Environments basic debugger profiling Description The MIX command changes from the current debugging mode to mixed mode If you re already in mixed mode the MIX command has no effect List Memory Map ml Syntax ml Menu selection Memory List Environments basic debugger profiling Description The ML command lists the memory ranges that a...

Page 232: ...e and the window size X positions are valid if the X position plus the window width in characters is less than or equal to the screen width in characters Y positions are valid if the Y position plus the window height is less than or equal to the screen height in lines For example if the window is 10 characters wide and 5 lines high and the screen size is 80 x 25 the command move 70 20 would put th...

Page 233: ... a system file If you don t supply an extension the debugger adds an obj extension Single Step Next Statement next Syntax next expression Menu selection Next F10 in disassembly Environments basic debugger profiling Description The NEXT command is similar to the STEP command If you re in C code the debugger executes one C statement at a time In assembly or mixed mode the debugger executes one assem...

Page 234: ...UN and collects a full set of statistics on the defined areas between the starting point and the first encountered stopping point The starting point parameter can be a label a function name or a memory address The optional update rate parameter determines how often the PROFILE window will be updated The update rate parameter can have one of these values Value Description 0 This is the default Stat...

Page 235: ...R command resumes the last profiling session initiated by PF or PQ starting from the current program counter The optional clear data parameter tells the debugger whether or not it should clear out the previously collected data The clear data parameter can have one of these values Value Description 0 This is the default The profiler will continue to collect data adding it to the existing data for t...

Page 236: ...r the RELOAD command without specifying a filename the debugger reloads the file that you loaded last Reset Target System reset Syntax reset Menu selection Load ReseT Environments basic debugger profiling Description The RESET command resets the simulator and reloads the monitor Note that this is a software reset If you execute the RESET command the simulator simulates the C6x processor and periph...

Page 237: ... command for running an entire program The command s behavior depends on the type of parameter you supply If you don t supply an expression the program executes until it encounters a breakpoint or until you press the left mouse button or press ESC If you supply a logical or relational expression the run becomes conditional Running code conditionally page 6 14 discusses this in detail If you supply...

Page 238: ... the color of specified areas of the debugger display and updates the display immediately The area name parameter identi fies the area of the display that is affected The attributes identify how the area is affected The first two attribute parameters usually specify the foreground and background colors for the area If you do not supply a background color the debugger uses black as the background V...

Page 239: ...splay to a specified configuration This restores the screen colors window positions window sizes and border styles that were saved with the SSAVE command into filename If you don t supply a filename the debugger looks for init clr The debugger searches for the specified file in the current directory and then in directories named with the D_DIR environment variable When you use SCONFIG to restore a...

Page 240: ...loat ptr The display format parameter can be any of the following characters Parameter Result Parameter Result Default for the data type o Octal c ASCII character bytes p Valid address d Decimal s ASCII string e Exponential floating point u Unsigned decimal f Decimal floating point x Hexadecimal Only a subset of the display formats can be used for each data type Listed below are the valid combinat...

Page 241: ... is needed for the menu bar For example if the screen size is 80 characters by 25 lines the largest window size is 80 characters by 24 lines If a window is in the middle of the display you can t size it to the maximum height and width you can size it only to the right and bottom screen borders The easiest way to make a window as large as possible is to zoom it see Zooming a window on page 3 26 If ...

Page 242: ...ol table before loading the new one but does not modify memory or set the program entry point Note that SLOAD closes the WATCH and DISP windows Enable Error Beeping sound Syntax sound on off Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description You can cause a beep to sound every time a debugger error message is displayed This is useful if the COMMAND window is hidden because you w...

Page 243: ...step Syntax step expression Menu selection Step F8 in disassembly Environments basic debugger profiling Description The STEP command single steps through assembly language or C code If you re in C code the debugger executes one C statement at a time In assembly or mixed mode the debugger executes one assembly language statement at a time If you re single stepping through C code and encounter a fun...

Page 244: ...ND window and updates the display as it reads the commands from the batch file For the debugger you can change this behavior If you don t use the suppress echo flag parameter or if you use it but supply a nonzero value then the debugger behaves in the default manner If you would like to suppress the echoing and updating use the value 0 for the suppress echo flag parameter Delete Alias Definition u...

Page 245: ...nu selection View Save All views Environments basic debugger profiling Description The VAA command saves all statistics collected during the current profiling session The data is stored in a system file Save Displayed Profile Data to a File vac Syntax vac filename Menu selection View Save Current view Environments basic debugger profiling Description The VAC command saves all statistics currently ...

Page 246: ...xpression parameter can be any C expression including an expression that has side effects WA is most useful for watching an expression whose value changes over time constant expressions serve no useful function in the watch window The label parameter is optional When used it provides a label for the watched entry If you don t use a label the debugger displays the expression in the label field When...

Page 247: ... wd index number window name Menu selection Watch Delete Environments basic debugger profiling Description The WD command deletes a specific item from the WATCH window The WD command s index number parameter must correspond to one of the watch indexes listed in the WATCH window The optional window name parameter is used to specify a particular WATCH window Find Data Type whatis Syntax whatis symbo...

Page 248: ...t use the WIN command to select one of them If you supply an ambiguous name such as C which could stand for CPU or CALLS the debugger selects the first window it finds whose name matches the name you supplied If the debugger doesn t find the window you asked for because you closed the window or misspelled the name then the WIN command has no effect Close WATCH Window wr Syntax wr window name Menu ...

Page 249: ... Keys Zoom Active Window zoom Syntax zoom Menu selection none Environments basic debugger profiling Description The ZOOM command makes the active window as large as possible To unzoom a window enter the ZOOM command a second time this returns the window to its prezoom size and position ...

Page 250: ...ss MALF function Ranges By line numbers MCRE filename line number line number MARE address address Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions everywhere MCFE function MCFM filename MCFG not applicable Table 11 2 Disabling Marked Areas To disable this area C only Disassembly only C and disassembly Lines By line number address All lines in a function All lines in a module All...

Page 251: ... number address All lines in a function All lines in a module All lines everywhere ECLE filename line number ECLF function ECLM filename ECLG EALE address EALF function EALM filename EALG not applicable EBLF function EBLM filename EBLG Ranges By line numbers addresses All ranges in a function All ranges in a module All ranges everywhere ECRE filename line number ECRF function ECRM filename ECRG EA...

Page 252: ...y line numbers addresses All ranges in a function All ranges in a module All ranges everywhere UCRE filename line number UCRF function UCRM filename UCRG UARE address UARF function UARM filename UARG not applicable UBRF function UBRM filename UBRG Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions everywhere UCFE function UCFM filename UCFG not applicable not applicable UBFM filena...

Page 253: ...ction VFCRM filename VFCRG VFARE address VFARF function VFARM filename VFARG not applicable VFBRF function VFBRM filename VFBRG Functions By function name All functions in a module All functions everywhere VFCFE function VFCFM filename VFCFG not applicable not applicable VFBFM filename VFBFG All areas All areas in a function All areas in a module All areas everywhere VFCAF function VFCAM filename ...

Page 254: ...active field Editing text on the command line To do this Use these function keys Move back over text without erasing characters CONTROL H or BACK SPACE Move forward through text without erasing characters CONTROL L Move back over text while erasing characters DELETE Move forward through text while erasing characters SPACE Insert text into the characters that are already on the command INSERT line ...

Page 255: ...ndo an edit of the active field in a data display window pressing this key leaves the field unchanged Halt the display of a long list of data in the display area of the COMMAND window Displaying pulldown menus To do this Use these function keys Display the Load menu ALT L Display the Break menu ALT B Display the Watch menu ALT W Display the Memory menu ALT M Display the Color menu ALT C Display th...

Page 256: ...dow pressing this key makes each window F6 active in turn stop pressing the key when the desired window becomes active Close the CALLS WATCH DISP or additional MEMORY window F4 the window must be active before you can close it Moving or sizing a window You can use the arrow keys to interactively move a window after entering the MOVE or SIZE command without parameters To do this Use these function ...

Page 257: ...ine at a time FILE window only Scroll left eight characters at a time Other windows Move the field cursor left one field at the first field on a line wrap back to the last fully displayed field on the previous line FILE window only Scroll right eight characters at a time Other windows Move the field cursor right one field at the last field on a line wrap around to the first field on the next line ...

Page 258: ...active This has various effects depending on the field To do this Use this function key FILE or DISASSEMBLY window Set or clear a breakpoint F9 CALLS window Display the source to a listed function Any data display window Edit the contents of the current field DISP window Open an additional DISP window to display a member that is an array structure or pointer ...

Page 259: ... effects that is the evaluation of some types of expressions can affect existing values you can use the same com mand to display or to change a value This reduces the number of commands in the command set This chapter contains basic information that you ll need to know in order to use C expressions as debugger command parameters Topic Page 12 1 C Expressions for Assembly Language Programmers 12 2 ...

Page 260: ...book is referred to in the C community and in Texas Instruments documentation as K R Note A single value or symbol is a legal C expression K R contains a complete description of C expressions to get you started here s a summary of the operators that you can use in expression parameters Reference operators indirect structure reference direct structure reference array reference indirection unary add...

Page 261: ...t the symbol s final value they have side effects Bitwise operators bitwise AND bitwise OR bitwise exclusive OR left shift right shift 1s complement unary Assignment operators assignment assignment with addition assignment with subtrac tion assignment with division assignment with modulo assignment with bitwise AND assignment with bitwise XOR assignment with bitwise OR assignment with left shift a...

Page 262: ...t supported in expres sions The debugger supports a limited capability of type casts the following forms are allowed basic type basic type structure union enum structure union enum tag structure union enum structure union enum tag Note that you can use up to six s in a cast Additional features All floating point operations are performed in double precision using stan dard widening This is transpar...

Page 263: ... any extension Thus if the vari able ABC is in file source c you can specify it as source ABC Note that these expression forms can be combined into an expression of the form filename function name variable name Any integral or void expression can be treated as a pointer and used with the indirection operator Here are several examples of valid use of a pointer in an expression 123 AR5 AR2 123 I J B...

Page 264: ...integer from address 10 and con verts the integer to a floating point value You can also typecast to user defined types such as structures For exam ple in the expression struct STR 10 field the debugger treats memory location 10 as a pointer to a structure of type STR assuming that a structure is at address 10 and accesses a field from that structure ...

Page 265: ... configuration file The debugger searches for the screen configuration file in directories named with D_DIR 5 Initializes the debugger screen and windows but initially displays only the COMMAND window 6 Finds the batch file that defines your memory map by searching in directo ries named with D_DIR The debugger expects this file to set up the memory map and follows these steps to look for the batch...

Page 266: ...names specified with D_OPTIONS or specified on the command line during invocation 8 Determines the initial mode auto assembly mixed or minimal and dis plays the appropriate windows on the screen At this point the debugger is ready to process any commands that you enter ...

Page 267: ... the debugger might display in the display area of the COMMAND window Each message contains both a description of the situation that causes the message and an action to take if the message indicates a problem or error Topic Page B 1 Associating Sound With Error Messages B 2 B 2 Alphabetical Summary of Debugger Messages B 2 B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors B 17 Appendix B ...

Page 268: ...ror it means that the parameter contained an opening bracket symbol but didn t contain a closing bracket symbol Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 expected Description This is an expression error it means that the parameter contained an opening parenthesis symbol but didn t con tain a closing parenthesis symbol Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructi...

Page 269: ...Under normal conditions this should not be a problem it is rarely necessary to set this many breakpoints Action Enter a BL command to see where breakpoints are set in your program Use the BR command to delete all software break points or use the BD command to delete individual software breakpoints C Cannot allocate host memory Description This is a fatal error it means that the debugger is running...

Page 270: ...the correct directory verify that the D_DIR environment variable is set up to identify the directory See Setting Up the Debugger Environment in the appropriate installation guide Cannot halt the processor Description This is a fatal error for some reason pressing ESC didn t halt program execution Action Exit the debugger Invoke the autoexec or initdb bat file then invoke the debugger again Cannot ...

Page 271: ...n a window would have made 128 which isn t possible Action Close any unnecessary windows Windows that can be closed include WATCH CALLS DISP and additional MEMORY windows To close the WATCH window enter WD To close any of these windows make the desired window ac tive and press F4 Cannot read processor status Description This is a fatal error for some reason pressing ESC didn t halt program executi...

Page 272: ...ctions for Expression Errors page B 17 Command cmd not found Description The debugger didn t recognize the command that you typed Action Reenter the correct command Refer to Chapter 11 Sum mary of Commands and Special Keys Conflicting map range Description A block of memory specified with the MA command overlaps an existing memory map entry Blocks cannot overlap Action Use the ML command to list t...

Page 273: ...eturn then this is normal behavior as long as you intended for the function not to return Otherwise you may be overwriting program memory E Error in expression Description This is an expression error Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 F File does not exist Description The port file could not be opened for reading Action Be sure that the file exists as na...

Page 274: ... modules Float not allowed Description This is an expression error a floating point value was used incorrectly Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 Function required Description The parameter for the FUNC command must be the name of a function in the program that is loaded Action Reenter the FUNC command with a valid function name I Illegal addressing mode...

Page 275: ...ction Modify your source code Illegal opcode Description An invalid C6x instruction was encountered Action Modify your source code Illegal operand of Description This is an expression error the expression attempts to take the address of an item that doesn t have an address Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 Illegal pointer math Description This is an exp...

Page 276: ...pression error the expression parameter does not meet the C language rules Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 Integer not allowed Description This is an expression error the command did not accept an integer as a parameter Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions for Expression Errors page B 17 Invalid address Memory access outside valid range addr...

Page 277: ... The third parameter of the MA command specifies the type or attribute of the block of memory that MA adds to the memory map The parameter entered did not match one of the valid attributes Action Reenter the MA command Use one of the following valid parameters to identify the memory type R ROM read only memory W WOM write only memory R W RAM read write memory PROTECT no access memory OUTPORT P W o...

Page 278: ...n Action You can use the mouse to move the window If you don t have a mouse enter the MOVE command without parameters then use the arrow keys to move the window When you re finished you must press ESC or If you prefer to use the MOVE command with parameters the minimum XY position is 0 1 the maximum position depends on which screen size you re using Invalid window size Description The width and le...

Page 279: ... blocks have been added to the memory map This will rarely happen unless blocks are added word by word which is inadvisable Action Stop adding blocks to the memory map Consolidate any adjacent blocks that have the same memory attributes N Name name not found Description The command cannot find the object named name Action If name is a symbol be sure that it was typed correctly If it wasn t reenter...

Page 280: ...und Description The MD command was entered with an address or block that is not in the memory map Action Use the ML command to verify the current memory map When using MD you can specify only the first address of a defined block Structure member not found Description This is an expression error an expression references a non existent structure member Action See Section B 3 Additional Instructions ...

Page 281: ...second file into the first This will remove a level of nesting Too many breakpoints Description 200 breakpoints are already set and there was an attempt to set another Note that the maximum limit of 200 breakpoints includes internal breakpoints that the debugger may set for single stepping Under normal conditions this should not be a problem it is rarely necessary to set this many breakpoints Acti...

Page 282: ...ot found Description The parameter supplied for the WIN command is not a valid window name Action Reenter the WIN command Remember that window names must be typed in uppercase letters Here are the valid window names the bold letters show the smallest acceptable abbre viations CALLS CPU DISP COMMAND DISASSEMBLY FILE MEMORY PROFILE WATCH Write not allowed for port Description You attempted to connec...

Page 283: ...tions for Expression Errors Whenever you receive an expression error you should reenter the command and edit the expression so that it follows the C language expression rules If necessary refer to a C language manual such as The C Programming Language by Brian W Kernighan and Dennis M Ritchie ...

Page 284: ...B 18 ...

Page 285: ...o matter what type of code is currently running autoexec bat A batch file that contains DOS commands for initializing your PC auto mode A context sensitive debugging mode that automatically switches between showing assembly language code in the DISASSEMBLY window and C code in the FILE window depending on what type of code is currently running B batch file One of two different types of files One t...

Page 286: ...DISASSEMBLY FILES and CALLS windows COFF Common Object File Format An implementation of the object file format of the same name developed by AT T The TMS320 fixed point DSP compiler assembler and linker use and generate COFF files command line The portion of the COMMAND window where you can enter commands command line cursor A block shaped cursor that identifies the current character position on t...

Page 287: ... be come nonsequential as a result of instructions that load the PC with new values such as branches calls and returns DISP window A window that displays the members of an aggregate data type display area The portion of the COMMAND window where the debugger echoes command entry shows command output and lists progress or error messages D_OPTIONS An environment variable that you can use for identify...

Page 288: ...s found at the top of the debug ger display minimal mode A debugging mode that displays the COMMAND window WATCH window and DISP window only mixed mode A debugging mode that simultaneously shows both assembly language code in the DISASSEMBLY window and C code in the FILE window mouse cursor A block shaped cursor that tracks mouse movements over the entire display P PC Personal computer or program ...

Page 289: ...in the expression simulator A development tool that simulates the operation of the C6x and lets you execute and debug applications programs by using the C6x de bugger single step A form of program execution that allows you to see the effects of each statement The program is executed statement by statement the debugger pauses after each statement to update the data display windows symbol table A fi...

Page 290: ...C 6 ...

Page 291: ...window 2 5 3 13 7 7 invalid memory 5 3 nonexistent memory locations 5 2 pointers in DISP window 2 23 protected areas 5 3 5 8 addresses continued symbolic addresses 7 7 undefined areas 5 3 5 8 aggregate types definition C 1 displaying 2 22 3 17 7 11 to 7 13 ALIAS command 2 30 4 17 to 4 20 11 12 See also aliasing supplying parameters 4 17 aliasing 4 17 to 4 20 ALIAS command 2 30 4 17 to 4 20 11 12 d...

Page 292: ...it cmd 5 2 A 1 siminit cmd A 1 mem map 5 10 memory maps 5 10 mono clr 9 9 siminit cmd A 1 TAKE command 4 13 5 10 11 40 bb debugger option 2 3 See also b debugger option BD command 8 4 11 13 menu selection 11 8 benchmarking definition C 1 bitwise operators 12 3 BL command 8 5 11 13 menu selection 11 8 blanks 9 3 BORDER command 9 8 11 14 menu selection 11 9 borders colors 9 4 styles 9 8 BR command 8...

Page 293: ...s 9 2 to 9 7 area names 9 3 to 9 7 comma operator 12 4 command history 4 5 function key summary 11 50 command line 3 7 4 2 changing the prompt 9 12 11 31 cursor 3 20 customizing its appearance 9 4 9 12 definition C 2 editing 4 3 function key summary 11 50 COMMAND window 3 6 3 7 4 2 colors 9 4 command line 2 4 3 7 4 2 editing keys 11 50 customizing 9 4 definition C 2 display area 2 4 3 7 4 2 cleari...

Page 294: ...urrent PC 6 10 data in MEMORY window 3 13 data display windows 3 6 7 2 colors 9 6 CPU window 3 6 3 16 7 2 7 10 definition C 3 DISP window 2 22 3 6 3 17 7 2 7 11 to 7 13 MEMORY window 2 5 3 6 3 13 to 3 32 7 2 7 6 to 7 9 WATCH window 2 18 to 2 19 3 6 3 18 7 2 7 14 to 7 16 data formats 7 17 data types 7 18 data management commands 2 23 7 2 11 3 command 6 11 7 3 7 10 11 10 controlling data format 2 25...

Page 295: ...fying current directory 6 9 search algorithm 4 13 6 9 A 1 to A 2 disabling areas 10 7 to 10 22 disassembly definition C 3 DISASSEMBLY window 2 5 3 6 3 8 6 2 6 4 colors 9 5 customizing 9 5 definition C 3 modifying display 11 18 discontinuity definition C 3 DISP command 2 22 3 17 7 11 11 18 to 11 22 display formats 2 27 7 19 11 19 effect on debugging modes 3 5 DISP window 2 22 3 6 3 17 7 2 7 11 to 7...

Page 296: ...mands from menu selections 4 7 to 4 10 on the command line 4 2 to 4 6 entry point 6 10 enumerated types display format 3 17 environment variables D_DIR 9 10 11 35 effects on debugger invocation A 1 D_OPTIONS 1 15 effects on debugger invocation A 1 A 2 D_SRC 1 12 6 9 effects on debugger invocation A 1 definition C 3 error messages B 1 to B 17 beeping 11 38 B 2 EVAL command 7 3 11 22 modifying PC 6 ...

Page 297: ... 3 9 function calls displaying functions 11 23 keyboard method 3 11 mouse method 3 11 executing function only 11 33 11 34 in expressions 7 5 12 4 stepping over 11 16 11 29 tracking in CALLS window 3 10 to 3 32 6 7 11 15 G g shell option 1 10 1 11 10 2 GO command 2 12 6 11 11 23 grouping reference operators 12 2 H halting batch file execution 4 13 debugger 1 15 2 30 11 32 program execution 1 15 2 1...

Page 298: ...nu selections 11 8 RELOAD command 6 8 11 32 RESTART command 2 17 11 32 SLOAD command 6 8 11 38 loading batch files 4 13 COFF files restrictions 5 3 custom displays 9 10 object code 2 3 6 8 after invoking the debugger 6 8 symbol table only 6 8 11 38 while invoking the debugger 1 12 6 8 without symbol table 6 8 11 32 log files 4 6 11 20 logical operators 12 2 conditional execution 6 14 LOOP ENDLOOP ...

Page 299: ...dditional windows 3 14 3 15 memory map commands See also memory mapping commands menu selections 11 9 menu bar 2 4 4 7 customizing its appearance 9 7 definition C 4 items without menus 4 10 using menus 4 7 to 4 10 menu selections 4 7 11 8 to 11 9 colors 9 7 customizing their appearance 9 7 definition pulldown menu C 5 entering parameter values 4 11 to 4 13 escaping 4 9 function key methods 4 9 11 ...

Page 300: ... contents 2 23 7 11 format in DISP window 2 23 3 17 7 12 11 18 natural format 12 5 typecasting 12 5 pointing definition C 4 PQ command 10 15 11 31 effect on PROFILE window 3 12 PR command 10 16 11 31 profile debugger option 1 14 PROFILE window 3 6 3 12 10 17 to 10 21 associated code 10 21 data accuracy 10 19 displaying areas 10 19 to 10 22 displaying different data 10 17 to 10 22 sorting data 10 1...

Page 301: ...to 10 22 sorting data 10 19 program debugging 1 16 entry point 6 10 resetting 11 32 execution halting 1 15 2 16 6 10 6 15 11 32 11 51 preparation for debugging 1 10 to 1 11 program counter PC 7 10 program memory adding to memory map 11 25 deleting from memory map 11 26 filling 7 9 11 22 saving 7 9 11 29 PROMPT command 9 12 11 31 menu selection 11 9 pulldown menus See also menu selections definitio...

Page 302: ...command 9 8 11 14 COLOR command 9 2 11 16 to 11 17 menu selections 11 9 PROMPT command 9 12 11 31 SCOLOR command 9 2 11 34 to 11 35 SCONFIG command 9 10 11 35 SSAVE command 9 10 11 39 scrolling 2 10 3 29 to 3 32 definition C 5 function key method 2 10 3 30 11 53 mouse method 2 10 3 29 to 3 30 7 7 SD command 10 14 11 35 SETF command 2 26 to 2 30 7 17 to 7 20 11 36 to 11 37 shell program 1 11 side e...

Page 303: ...2 CLS command 2 22 4 5 11 15 DIR command 2 22 DLOG command 4 6 to 4 20 11 20 ECHO command 4 14 11 21 IF ELSE ENDIF commands 4 14 to 4 20 11 23 conditions 4 16 11 23 predefined constants 4 15 LOOP ENDLOOP commands 4 15 to 4 20 11 24 conditions 4 16 11 24 system commands continued PAUSE command 11 30 QUIT command 1 15 2 30 11 32 RESET command 2 4 11 32 SOUND command 11 38 B 2 TAKE command 4 13 5 10 ...

Page 304: ...mmand 2 5 to 2 6 windows 3 6 to 3 19 active window 3 21 to 3 23 border styles 9 8 11 14 CALLS window 2 12 3 6 3 10 to 3 32 6 2 6 7 closing 3 32 COMMAND window 3 6 3 7 4 2 windows continued commands MOVE command 2 9 3 27 SIZE command 2 7 3 25 11 37 WIN command 2 5 to 2 6 3 22 11 28 to 11 29 11 44 ZOOM command 2 8 3 26 11 45 CPU window 3 6 3 16 7 2 7 10 definition C 5 DISASSEMBLY window 2 5 3 6 3 8 ...

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